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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usurpation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usurpation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regicide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83" title="قتل الملك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قتل الملك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Цареубийство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цареубийство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouelazh" title="Rouelazh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouelazh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicidi" title="Regicidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regicidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1lovra%C5%BEda" title="Královražda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Královražda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsmord" title="Königsmord – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königsmord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicidio" title="Regicidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regicidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="شاه‌کشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاه‌کشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gicide" title="Régicide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régicide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%97%AD" title="시역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regisida" title="Regisida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Regisida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicidio" title="Regicidio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regicidio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93" title="רג'יסייד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רג'יסייד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsmoord" title="Koningsmoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koningsmoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%AE%BA%E3%81%97" title="王殺し – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="王殺し" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lob%C3%B3jstwo" title="Królobójstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królobójstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regic%C3%ADdio" title="Regicídio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Regicídio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Цареубийство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цареубийство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regicid" title="Regicid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Regicid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="شاہ کشی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاہ کشی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%92%E5%90%9B" title="弒君 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="弒君" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%91%E5%90%9B" title="弑君 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弑君" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Regicide_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Regicide (disambiguation)">Regicide (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Regicide" title="Talk:Regicide">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg/220px-Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg/330px-Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg/440px-Delaroche_Jane_Grey_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Execution_of_Lady_Jane_Grey" title="The Execution of Lady Jane Grey">The Execution of Lady Jane Grey</a> Delaroche detail</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">Attempted murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_murder" title="Child murder">Child murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensual_homicide" title="Consensual homicide">Consensual homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">Contract killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">Crime of passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depraved-heart_murder" title="Depraved-heart murder">Depraved-heart murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">Felony murder rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">Child sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_homicide" title="Internet homicide">Internet homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonely_hearts_killer" title="Lonely hearts killer">Lonely hearts killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust_murder" title="Lust murder">Lust murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">Mass murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Mass shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stabbing" title="Mass stabbing">Mass stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor_murder" title="Misdemeanor murder">Misdemeanor murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_for_body_parts" title="Murder for body parts">Murder for body parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisoning" title="Poisoning">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_murder" title="Proxy murder">Proxy murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocommando" title="Pseudocommando">Pseudocommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">Serial killer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_mercy_(criminology)" title="Angel of mercy (criminology)">Angel of mercy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrill_killing" title="Thrill killing">Thrill killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture_murder" title="Torture murder">Torture murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_execution" title="Wrongful execution">Wrongful execution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_murder" title="Judicial murder">Judicial murder</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_in_English_law" title="Manslaughter in English law">In English law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter_(United_States_law)" title="Manslaughter (United States law)">In US law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_manslaughter" title="Voluntary manslaughter">Voluntary manslaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckless_homicide" title="Reckless homicide">Reckless homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicular_homicide" title="Vehicular homicide">Vehicular homicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-criminal homicide</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><i>Note: Varies by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foeticide" title="Foeticide">Foeticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justifiable_homicide" title="Justifiable homicide">Justifiable homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_kill_(concept)" title="Licence to kill (concept)">"License to kill"</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Family</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculicide" title="Avunculicide">Avunculicide/Nepoticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familicide" title="Familicide">Familicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariticide" title="Mariticide">Mariticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uxoricide" title="Uxoricide">Uxoricide</a></li> <li>Prolicide <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filicide" title="Filicide">Filicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">Infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonaticide" title="Neonaticide">Neonaticide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblicide" title="Siblicide">Siblicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senicide" title="Senicide">Senicide</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">Friendly fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androcide" title="Androcide">Androcide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Omnicide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">Stoning</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/120px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/250px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <p><b>Philosophers</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Works</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1265-1266)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1576)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1680)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Bavaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li>Low Countries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Orangism (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Uruguay" title="Monarchism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism" title="Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism" title="Template talk:Monarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Regicide</b> is the purposeful killing of a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> and is often associated with <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">the usurpation of power</a>. A regicide can also be the person responsible for the killing. The word comes from the Latin roots of <i>regis</i> and <i>cida</i> (<i>cidium</i>), meaning "of monarch" and "killer" respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> tradition, it refers to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial execution">judicial execution</a> of a king after a <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, reflecting the historical precedent of the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Charles_I" title="Trial of Charles I">trial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>. The concept of regicide has also been explored in media and the arts through pieces like <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(character)" title="Macbeth (character)">Macbeth</a>'s killing of <a href="/wiki/King_Duncan" title="King Duncan">King Duncan</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, regicide was far more common prior to 1200/1300.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sverre Bagge counts 20 cases of regicide between 1200 and 1800, which means that 6% of monarchs were killed by their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He counts 94 cases of regicide between 600 and 1200, which means that 21.8% of monarchs were killed by their subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that the most likely reasons for the decline in regicide is that clear rules of succession were established, which made it hard to remove rightful heirs to the throne, and only made it so that the nearest heir (and their backers) had a motive to kill the monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that regicide and the ability of states to keep or even expand their territories are negatively correlated: Firstly, elite violence hindered the development of territorial <a href="/wiki/State_capacity" title="State capacity">state capacity</a>, and the killing of rulers also directly resulted in a more likely loss of territory. And secondly, state capacity, reflected by territorial state capacity, could be hypothesized to have had a restraining effect on interpersonal <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. This would be consistent with Pinker's (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> view that modern state capacity leads to a reduction in violence, both interpersonal and in terms of <a href="/wiki/Military_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflict">military conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a> period, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> kings had been murdered while imprisoned (for example <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V</a>) or killed in battle by their subjects (for example <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a>); Scottish kings had also died in battle against rebels (such as <a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a>) or been assassinated (<a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a>); but none of these deaths is usually referred to as regicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"><span id="Execution_of_Mary.2C_Queen_of_Scots"></span>Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots">Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots</a></div> <p>The word regicide seems to have come into popular use among continental <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> renewed the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> against the "crowned regicide" Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for—among other things—executing <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, in 1587, although she had abdicated the Scottish crown some 20 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth had originally been excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis" title="Regnans in Excelsis">Regnans in Excelsis</a></i></span>, for converting England to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England">Execution of Charles I of England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Execution of Charles I of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">Execution of Charles I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">List of regicides of Charles I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War#First_English_Civil_War_(1642–1646)" title="English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> was a prisoner of the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarians</a>. The Parliamentarians attempted to negotiate a compromise with him, but he stuck steadfastly to his view that he was King by <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">divine right</a> and attempted in secret to raise an army to fight against them. It became obvious to the leaders of the Parliamentarians that they could not negotiate a settlement with him and they could not trust him to refrain from raising an army against them; they reluctantly came to the conclusion that he would have to be put to death. On 13 December 1648, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> broke off negotiations with the King. Two days later, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Officers">Council of Officers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> voted that the King be moved from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, where he was prisoner, to <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> "in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of December, the King was moved from Windsor to <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a> passed a Bill setting up a High Court of Justice in order to try Charles I for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> "in the name of the people of England." From a Royalist and post-<a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">restoration</a> perspective, this Bill was not lawful, as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> refused to pass it and it predictably failed to receive the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>. However, the Parliamentary leaders and the Army pressed on with the trial regardless. </p><p>At his trial in the High Court of Justice on Saturday 20 January 1649 in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>, Charles asked "I would know by what power I am called hither. I would know by what authority, I mean lawful".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In view of the historic issues involved, both sides based themselves on surprisingly technical legal grounds. Charles did not dispute that Parliament as a whole did have some judicial powers, but he maintained that the House of Commons on its own could not try anybody, and so he refused to plead. At that time under <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, if a prisoner refused to plead, they would be treated identically to one who had pleaded guilty. This has since changed; a refusal to plead is now interpreted as a not-guilty plea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby199914_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby199914-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles was found guilty on Saturday 27 January 1649, and his death warrant was signed by <a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides_of_Charles_I" title="List of regicides of Charles I">fifty-nine commissioners</a>. To show their agreement with the sentence of death, all of the Commissioners who were present rose to their feet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg/250px-The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg/330px-The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg/500px-The_Execution_of_Charles_I_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary print depicting Charles I's beheading</figcaption></figure> <p>On the day of his execution, 30 January 1649, Charles dressed in two shirts so that he would not shiver from the cold, lest it be said that he was shivering from fear. His execution was delayed by several hours so that the House of Commons could pass an emergency bill to make it an offence to proclaim a new King, and to declare the representatives of the people, the House of Commons, as the source of all just power. Charles was then escorted through a window of the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House" title="Banqueting House">Banqueting House</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a> to an outdoor scaffold where he would be beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He forgave those who had passed sentence on him and gave instructions to his enemies that they should learn to "know their duty to God, the King – that is, my successors – and the people".<sup id="cite_ref-kirby-Att-4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-Att-4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then gave a brief speech outlining his unchanged views of the relationship between the monarchy and the monarch's subjects, ending with the words "I am the martyr of the people".<sup id="cite_ref-kirby-36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kirby-36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His head was severed from his body with one blow. </p><p>One week later, the Rump, sitting in the House of Commons, passed a bill abolishing the monarchy. Ardent Royalists refused to accept it on the basis that there could never be a vacancy of the Crown. Others refused because, as the bill had not passed the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and did not have <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal Assent</a>, it could not become an Act of Parliament. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Breda" title="Declaration of Breda">Declaration of Breda</a> 11 years later paved the way for the restoration of the monarchy in 1660. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">restoration</a>, thirty-one of the fifty-nine Commissioners who had signed the death warrant were living. Parliament, with the assent of the new king, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, enacted the <a href="/wiki/Indemnity_and_Oblivion_Act" title="Indemnity and Oblivion Act">Indemnity and Oblivion Act</a>, giving a general pardon to those who had committed crimes during the civil war and interregnum, but the regicides were among those excluded from it. A number fled. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Blagrave" title="Daniel Blagrave">Daniel Blagrave</a>, fled to continental Europe, while others like <a href="/wiki/John_Dixwell" title="John Dixwell">John Dixwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whalley" title="Edward Whalley">Edward Whalley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Goffe" title="William Goffe">William Goffe</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>. Those regicides who could be found and arrested were put on trial. Six were found guilty and suffered the fate of being <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Harrison_(soldier)" title="Thomas Harrison (soldier)">Thomas Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_Maesygarnedd" title="John Jones Maesygarnedd">John Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Scrope" title="Adrian Scrope">Adrian Scrope</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_(regicide)" title="John Carew (regicide)">John Carew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scot" title="Thomas Scot">Thomas Scot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clement" title="Gregory Clement">Gregory Clement</a>. The captain of the guard at the trial, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Axtell" title="Daniel Axtell">Daniel Axtell</a>, who encouraged his men to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barrack#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:barrack">barrack</a> the King when he tried to speak in his own defence, an influential preacher, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Peters">Hugh Peters</a>, and the leading prosecutor at the trial, <a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(regicide)" title="John Cook (regicide)">John Cook</a>, were executed in a similar manner. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hacker" title="Francis Hacker">Francis Hacker</a>, who signed the order to the executioner of the king and commanded the guard around the scaffold and at the trial, was hanged. Concern amongst the royal ministers over the negative impact on popular sentiment of these public tortures and executions led to jail sentences being substituted for the remaining regicides.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some regicides, such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ingoldsby" title="Richard Ingoldsby">Richard Ingoldsby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Nye" title="Philip Nye">Philip Nye</a>, were conditionally pardoned, while a further 19 served life imprisonment. The bodies of the regicides <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(Judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bradshaw (Judge)">Bradshaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ireton" title="Henry Ireton">Ireton</a>, which had been buried in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, were disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered in <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_execution" title="Posthumous execution">posthumous executions</a>. In 1662, three more regicides, <a href="/wiki/John_Okey" title="John Okey">John Okey</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Barkstead" title="John Barkstead">John Barkstead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_Corbet" title="Miles Corbet">Miles Corbet</a>, were also hanged, drawn and quartered. The officers of the court that tried Charles I, those who prosecuted him, and those who signed his <a href="/wiki/Execution_warrant" title="Execution warrant">death warrant</a>, have been known ever since the restoration as regicides. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Archives" title="Parliamentary Archives">Parliamentary Archives</a> in the Palace of Westminster, London, holds the original death warrant for Charles I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain,_1760–1850"><span id="Britain.2C_1760.E2.80.931850"></span>Britain, 1760–1850</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Britain, 1760–1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some people throughout in the 1760–1850 period in England and Great Britain who have been suspected, arrested, and perhaps punished for trying to lethally harm the reigning monarch, which has sometimes been understood to be attempted "regicide", do not appear to have had the intention of actually killing the king or queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Poole (2000), the actions and utterances of English figures such as Nicholson, Firth, Sutherland, Hadfield, Collins, Oxford, Francis and Bean, all of whom tried to get the monarch's attention for some matter, "point more often to physical remonstance after experiences of extreme frustration with an ineffectual petitioning process."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who did try to kill the ruler did so not in order to replace the monarchy with a republic, but because they hoped that their successor would be a better ruler, and able to address certain issues which, in the would-be assassins' views, the current sovereign failed to properly act on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2000212-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British radical orator <a href="/wiki/John_Thelwall" title="John Thelwall">John Thelwall</a> (1764–1834), regicide was simply a means of replacing an unacceptable monarch with a better one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole200014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 June 1836, a Frenchman named Alibaud attempted to assassinate the "<a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarch</a>" <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> by shooting him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole200015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At trial, Alibaud held the king responsible for the economic ruin of his family, compared himself to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> (most well known amongst the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassins of Julius Caesar</a>), and stated: "Regicide is the right of all men who are debarred from any justice but that which they take into their own hands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole200015–16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200015–16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was executed by guillotine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoole200016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole200016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The separate 19th century executions of two of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Mexico's emperors</a> were carried out by Republicans. </p><p>After the abolishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín I</a> was first exiled and on 11 May 1823, the ex-emperor boarded the British ship Rawlins en route to <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, Italy (then part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>), accompanied by his wife, children, and some servants. After Conservative political factions in Mexico finally convinced Agustin I to return, and unaware of the consequences of a law aimed solely at him, he was taken prisoner by a general he had himself pardoned as emperor. He was executed by firing squad on 19 July 1824. The aftermath of his execution was met with indignation by <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Mexico" title="Monarchism in Mexico">Mexican royalists</a>. The sentiment of those horrified by the execution was compiled by novelist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_de_Olavarr%C3%ADa_y_Ferrari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique de Olavarría y Ferrari (page does not exist)">Enrique de Olavarría y Ferrari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_de_Olavarr%C3%ADa_y_Ferrari" class="extiw" title="es:Enrique de Olavarría y Ferrari">es</a>]</span> in "El cadalso de Padilla:" "Done is the dark crime, for which we will doubtlessly be called <a href="/wiki/Parricide" title="Parricide">Parricides</a>." </p><p>Later, after the <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico#Fall_of_the_Empire" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">downfall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>, which saw the reign of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>—a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, which had previously ruled Mexico as <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> from the 16th to 18th century—the Republican forces of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, with aid from the U.S. and sabotage by Colonel Miguel López, captured and executed him on 19 June 1867. Emperor Maximilian's last words were "…May my blood which is about to be spilled end the bloodshed which has been experienced in my new motherland. Long live Mexico! Long live its independence!". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisbon_Regicide&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a> or Regicide of 1908 (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Regicídio de 1908</i>) was the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">King Carlos I of Portugal and the Algarves</a> and his heir-apparent, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal</a>, by assassins sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> interests and aided by elements within the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%A1ria" title="Carbonária">Carbonária</a>, disenchanted politicians and anti-monarchists. The events occurred on 1 February 1908 at the <a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Praça do Comércio">Square of Commerce</a> along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagus River">Tagus River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, commonly referred to by its antiquated name <i>Terreiro do Paço</i>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></div> <p>On 14 July 1958, at least four members of the ruling Hashemite family (including the King and the Crown Prince) of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> were killed by revolutionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Officers%27_Organization" title="Nationalist Officers' Organization">Nationalist Officers' Organization</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Arif" title="Abdul Salam Arif">Abdul Salam Arif</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto I">Umberto I</a> was assassinated<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Italian-American <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Bresci" title="Gaetano Bresci">Gaetano Bresci</a> on the evening of 29 July 1900 in <a href="/wiki/Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a>. Bresci claimed he wanted to avenge the people killed in Milan in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Bava_Beccaris_massacre" title="Bava Beccaris massacre">Bava Beccaris massacre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usurpation">Usurpation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Usurpation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Death-of-Henry4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Death-of-Henry4.jpg/250px-Death-of-Henry4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Death-of-Henry4.jpg/330px-Death-of-Henry4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Death-of-Henry4.jpg/360px-Death-of-Henry4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">Ravaillac</a> murdering <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, rue de la Ferronnerie in Paris, 1610</figcaption></figure> <p>Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> were presumed by decision of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> to have a divinely anointed authority to rule. As such, an attack on a king by one of his own subjects was taken to amount to a direct challenge to the monarch, to his divine right to rule, and thus to God's will. </p><p>The biblical David refused to harm King Saul, because he was the Lord's anointed, even though Saul was seeking his life; and when Saul eventually was killed in battle and a person reported to David that he helped kill Saul, David put the man to death, even though Saul had been his enemy, because he had raised his hands against the Lord's anointed. Christian concepts of the inviolability of the person of the monarch have great influence from this story. <a href="/wiki/Diarmait_mac_Cerbaill" title="Diarmait mac Cerbaill">Diarmait mac Cerbaill</a>, King of Tara (mentioned above), was killed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_Dub_mac_Suibni" title="Áed Dub mac Suibni">Áed Dub mac Suibni</a> in 565. According to <a href="/wiki/Adomnan_of_Iona" class="mw-redirect" title="Adomnan of Iona">Adomnan of Iona</a>'s Life of St Columba, Áed Dub mac Suibni received God's punishment for this crime by being impaled by a treacherous spear many years later and then falling from his ship into a lake and drowning.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the disappearance of the divine right of kings and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a>, the term continued and continues to be used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> of a king. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the judicial penalty for regicides (i.e. those who had murdered, or attempted to murder, the king) was especially hard, even in regard to the harsh judicial practices of pre-<a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolutionary</a> France. As with many criminals, the regicide was <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> so as to make him tell the names of his accomplices. However, the method of execution itself was a form of torture. Here is a description of the death of <a href="/wiki/Robert-Fran%C3%A7ois_Damiens" title="Robert-François Damiens">Robert-François Damiens</a>, who attempted to kill <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was first tortured with red-hot pincers; his hand, holding the knife used in the attempted murder, was burnt using sulphur; molten wax, lead, and boiling oil were poured into his wounds. Horses were then harnessed to his arms and legs for his dismemberment. Damiens' joints would not break; after some hours, representatives of the Parlement ordered the executioner and his aides to cut Damiens' joints. Damiens was then dismembered, to the applause of the crowd. His trunk, apparently still living, was then burnt at the stake.</p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i>, the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> cites this case of Damiens the Regicide as an example of disproportionate punishment in the era preceding the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Reason</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">classical school of criminology</a> asserts that the punishment "should fit the crime", and should thus be proportionate and not extreme. This approach was spoofed by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>, when <a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a> sang, "<i>My object all sublime, I shall achieve in time, to let the punishment fit the crime</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In common with earlier executions for regicides: </p> <ul><li>the hand that attempted the murder is burnt</li> <li>the regicide is dismembered alive</li></ul> <p>In both the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">François Ravaillac</a> and the Damiens cases, court papers refer to the offenders as a <a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">patricide</a>, rather than as regicide, which lets one deduce that, through divine right, the king was also regarded as "Father of the country". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regicides" title="List of regicides">List of regicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a> saw the overthrow of Charles I as a divine sign of the second coming of Jesus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_King_Charles_the_Martyr" title="Society of King Charles the Martyr">Society of King Charles the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchomachs" title="Monarchomachs">Monarchomachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratricide" title="Fratricide">Fratricide</a> (killing one's brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a> (killing one's mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a> (killing of one's father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororicide" title="Sororicide">Sororicide</a> (killing one's sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">Tyrannicide</a> (killing of a tyrant)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagge2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bagge, Sverre (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/fmst-2019-005/html">"The Decline of Regicide and the Rise of European Monarchy from the Carolingians to the Early Modern Period"</a>. <i>Frühmittelalterliche Studien</i> (in German). <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Ffmst-2019-005">10.1515/fmst-2019-005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0812">1613-0812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203606658">203606658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fr%C3%BChmittelalterliche+Studien&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Regicide+and+the+Rise+of+European+Monarchy+from+the+Carolingians+to+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203606658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1613-0812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Ffmst-2019-005&rft.aulast=Bagge&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Ffmst-2019-005%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinker2011" class="citation book cs1">Pinker, S. 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"Territorial State Capacity and Elite Violence from the 6th to the 19th century". <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Territorial+State+Capacity+and+Elite+Violence+from+the+6th+to+the+19th+century&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=Joerg&rft.au=Keywood%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Wamser%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFda_Magliano1867" class="citation book cs1">da Magliano, Pamfilo (1867). <i>The Life of Saint Francis of Assisi and a Sketch of the Franciscan Order</i>. New York: P. O'Shea. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Kk_AAAAYAAJ&dq=%22crowned+regicide%22&pg=PA631">631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Saint+Francis+of+Assisi+and+a+Sketch+of+the+Franciscan+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=631&rft.pub=P.+O%27Shea&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=da+Magliano&rft.aufirst=Pamfilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Goodey2016" class="citation web cs1">Emma Goodey (3 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/mary-queen-scots-r1542-1567">"Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567)"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The record of the Trial also appears in Cobbett's <i>Complete Collection of State Trials</i>, Vol IV, covering 1640–1649 published in London in 1809. p. 995".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby199914-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby199914_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirby1999">Kirby 1999</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2014" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Charles (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoVgAwAAQBAJ"><i>Killers of the King: The Men Who Dared to Execute Charles I</i></a>. 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Transaction Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Terrorism&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin books, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsarchive.net/mikado/webopera/mk206.html">"The Mikado by W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan"</a>. <i>gsarchive.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002005841/http://gsarchive.net/mikado/webopera/mk206.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gsarchive.net&rft.atitle=The+Mikado+by+W.+S.+Gilbert+and+Arthur+Sullivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsarchive.net%2Fmikado%2Fwebopera%2Fmk206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/primarysources/charles.html"><i>The opening speech of Charles I at his trial</i></a>, The Constitution Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510142523/http://constitution.org/primarysources/charles.html">archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+opening+speech+of+Charles+I+at+his+trial&rft.pub=The+Constitution+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fprimarysources%2Fcharles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirby1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)" title="Michael Kirby (judge)">Kirby, Michael</a> (22 January 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/kirbyj/kirbyj_charle88.pdf"><i>The trial of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Canberra: High Court of Australia (Anglo-Australian Lawyers' Association conference, London), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212052547/http://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/speeches/former-justices/kirbyj/kirbyj_charle88.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 February 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trial+of+King+Charles+I+%E2%80%93+defining+moment+for+our+constitutional+liberties&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=High+Court+of+Australia+%28Anglo-Australian+Lawyers%27+Association+conference%2C+London%29&rft.date=1999-01-22&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcourt.gov.au%2Fassets%2Fpublications%2Fspeeches%2Fformer-justices%2Fkirbyj%2Fkirbyj_charle88.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoole2000" class="citation cs2">Poole, Steve (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_opBt15kOE0C"><i>The politics of regicide in England, 1760–1850: Troublesome subjects</i></a>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5035-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5035-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+regicide+in+England%2C+1760%E2%80%931850%3A+Troublesome+subjects&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5035-0&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_opBt15kOE0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWedgewood1964" class="citation cs2">Wedgewood, C.V. (June 1964), <i>A Coffin for King Charles: The Trial of Charles I</i> (First ed.), Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Coffin+for+King+Charles%3A+The+Trial+of+Charles+I&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1964-06&rft.aulast=Wedgewood&rft.aufirst=C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Lagomarsino, Charles T. Wood (Editor) <i>The Trial of Charles I: A Documentary History</i> Pub: Dartmouth College, (1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87451-499-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87451-499-1">0-87451-499-1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/stories/s1437592.htm">Geoffrey Robertson</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com.au/WEB_ASP/ttle_detail.asp?ISBN=0701176024">The Tyrannicide Brief</a></i>, Pub: Random House, (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-7602-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-7602-4">0-7011-7602-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A82426.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext"><i>Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+abolishing+the+Office+of+King%2C+17+March%2C+1649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA82426.0001.001%2F1%3A1%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegicide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regicide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regicides" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regicides">Regicides</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_145/Issue_1872/The_Regicides_of_this_Century" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 145/Issue 1872/The Regicides of this Century">Littell's Living Age/Volume 145/Issue 1872/The Regicides of this Century</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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