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Aklat - Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya
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<div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pangunahing pagpipilian</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Maglibot </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" title="Puntahan ang unang pahina [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Unang pahina</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tingnan_ang_buod" title="Mga gabay sa pagbabasa ng laktaw-laktaw sa Wikipedia"><span>Mga nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-Napiling-nilalaman" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_napiling_artikulo"><span>Napiling nilalaman</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Alin_man" title="Magpalabas ng kahit-anong artikulo [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Alinmang artikulo</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patungkol"><span>Patungkol sa Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kasalukuyang_pangyayari" title="Hanapin ang mga impormasyon 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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Mga huling binago</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Makipag-ugnayan_sa_amin" title="Paano makokontak ang Wikipedia"><span>Makipag-ugnayan</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tulong" title="Ang lugar para maghanap ng tulong sa Wikipedia."><span>Tulong</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Unang_Pahina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ang Malayang Ensiklopedya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-tl.svg" width="119" height="13" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Maghanap" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Hanapin</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" aria-label="Maghanap sa Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Maghanap sa Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Natatangi:Maghanap"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hanapin</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itsura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itsura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl" class=""><span>Donasyon</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Aklat" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito" class=""><span>Gumawa ng account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Aklat" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mag-login</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Marami pang pagpipilian" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga pansariling kagamitan" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga pansariling kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_tl.wikipedia.org&uselang=tl"><span>Donasyon</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Mag-ambag</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Likhain_ang_kuwenta&returnto=Aklat" title="Mas maganda kung gagawa ka ng account at magla-login; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Gumawa ng account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Paglagda_ng_tagagamit&returnto=Aklat" title="Mas maganda kung magla-login ka; gayunpaman, hindi ka pinipilit gawin ito [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mag-login</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga pahina para sa naka-logout na mga patnugot o editor <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Maligayang_pagdating!" aria-label="Alamin pa ang tungkol sa pagpapatnugot"><span>alamin pa</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Usapan_ko" title="Usapang tungkol sa mga pagbabagong ginawa sa ip address na ito [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mga nilalaman" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga nilalaman</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">itago</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Simula</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimolohiya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimolohiya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimolohiya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimolohiya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kasaysayan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasaysayan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kasaysayan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Kasaysayan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kasaysayan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinaunang_panahon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinaunang_panahon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sinaunang panahon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinaunang_panahon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Silangang_Asya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Silangang_Asya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gitnang Panahon sa Silangang Asya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Silangang_Asya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gitnang Panahon sa Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannes_Gutenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannes_Gutenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Johannes Gutenberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johannes_Gutenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ika-16_hanggang_ika-19_na_siglo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ika-16_hanggang_ika-19_na_siglo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ika-16 hanggang ika-19 na siglo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ika-16_hanggang_ika-19_na_siglo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sa_Pilipinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sa_Pilipinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Sa Pilipinas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sa_Pilipinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernong_panahon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernong_panahon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Modernong panahon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernong_panahon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uri</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uri-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ipakita/Itago ang subseksyon na Uri</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ayon_sa_nilalaman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayon_sa_nilalaman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ayon sa nilalaman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayon_sa_nilalaman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piksyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piksyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Piksyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piksyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Di-piksyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Di-piksyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Di-piksyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Di-piksyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayon_sa_pormat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayon_sa_pormat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ayon sa pormat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayon_sa_pormat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hardcover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardcover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hardcover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardcover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paperback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paperback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Paperback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paperback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Ebook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ebook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiobook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiobook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Audiobook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiobook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayon_sa_sukat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayon_sa_sukat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ayon sa sukat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayon_sa_sukat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aklatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aklatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aklatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aklatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klasipikasyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klasipikasyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Klasipikasyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klasipikasyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epekto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epekto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epekto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epekto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagpepreserba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagpepreserba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pagpepreserba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagpepreserba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talababa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talababa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Talababa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talababa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanggunian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanggunian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sanggunian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanggunian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mga nilalaman" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itago/Ipakita ang talaan ng mga nilalaman</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aklat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pumunta sa isang artikulo na nakasulat sa ibang wika. Mayroon ito sa 203 (na) wika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">203 wika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%8D" title="መጽሐፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codad" title="Codad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Codad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="কিতাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিতাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibru" title="Llibru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikan" title="Masinahikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panka" title="Panka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab" title="Kitab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کیتاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیتاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buach" title="Buach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kninga" title="Kninga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kninga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="किताब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किताब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaf%C9%9B" title="Gafɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gafɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="বই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr" title="Levr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Ном (бэшэг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ном (бэшэг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre" title="Llibre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жайна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жайна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎪᏪᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏪᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="کتێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Кĕнеке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕнеке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr" title="Llyfr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tab" title="Kıtab – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıtab" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%CC%A0uuk" title="B̠uuk – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="B̠uuk" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Βιβλίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburu" title="Liburu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libru" title="Libru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Libru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirja" title="Kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivola" title="Ivola – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ivola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_(document)" title="Livre (document) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre (document)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vro" title="Lévro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lévro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(dokouman)" title="Liv (dokouman) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liv (dokouman)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranduka" title="Aranduka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aranduka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalo%27uta" title="Karalo'uta – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Karalo'uta" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioar" title="Lioar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lioar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littafi" title="Littafi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Littafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB" title="Sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="ספר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaab" title="Kitaab – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kitaab" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(pou_li)" title="Liv (pou li) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liv (pou li)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyv" title="Könyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bup" title="Bup – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дешарг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дешарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k" title="Bók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6/qimirruat" title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" title="本 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cukta" title="cukta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cukta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წიგნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიგნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlis" title="Adlis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adlis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3" title="Takayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaa%CC%B1mbwat" title="Kwaa̱mbwat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwaa̱mbwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Кітап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85" title="책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch_(z_l%C3%A4%C3%A4se)" title="Boch (z lääse) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Boch (z lääse)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBk" title="Pirtûk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Небӧг – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyver" title="Lyver – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyver" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Китеп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Китеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="mga napiling artikulo"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Улуб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Улуб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAku" title="Búku – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Búku" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1" title="ປຶ້ມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປຶ້ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyga" title="Knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%81mata" title="Grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky" title="Boky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="പുസ്തകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စာအုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кинига – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кинига" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="نومه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtli" title="Amoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbro" title="Libbro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek_(literetuur)" title="Boek (literetuur) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boek (literetuur)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="सफू – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सफू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirju" title="Kirju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Чиныг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чиныг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕਿਤਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਤਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82" title="पोत्थकं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोत्थकं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka" title="Książka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Książka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro" title="Livro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwru" title="Liwru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liwru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte" title="Carte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carti" title="Carti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo" title="Igitabo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кинигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кинигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbru" title="Libbru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuk" title="Beuk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ڪتاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girji" title="Girji – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girji" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පොත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuku" title="Bhuku – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuku" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafad_(Buug)" title="Shafad (Buug) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shafad (Buug)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri" title="Libri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Књига – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dncwadz%C3%AD" title="Íncwadzí – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Íncwadzí" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cudad" title="cudad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cudad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/biru" title="biru – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="biru" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పుస్తకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుస్తకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Китоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="หนังสือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka" title="Buka – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Buka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitob" title="Kitob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ibro" title="Łibro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łibro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirj" title="Kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch" title="Sách – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(po_l%C3%A9re)" title="Live (po lére) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Live (po lére)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კჷრბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კჷრბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="בוך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9" title="Ìwé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw" title="Saw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheh" title="Chheh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Baguhin ang link sa ibang wika" class="wbc-editpage">baguhin ang mga link</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespace"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aklat" title="Tingnan ang nilalaman [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usapan:Aklat" rel="discussion" title="Usapan tungkol sa nilalaman nito [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Usapan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ibahin ang baryante o variant ng wika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tagalog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Mga tingin"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aklat"><span>Basahin</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Baguhin</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Baguhin ang wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=history" title="Nakaraang pagbabago sa pahinang ito [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tingnan ang kasaysayan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mga kagamitan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mga kagamitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mga kagamitan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">itago</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mga aksyon </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aklat"><span>Basahin</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit" title="Baguhin ito [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Baguhin</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit" title="Baguhin ang kodigong batayan ng pahinang ito [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Baguhin ang wikitext</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=history"><span>Tingnan ang kasaysayan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pangkalahatan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Ano_ang_nakakawing_dito/Aklat" title="Talaan ng mga pahinang wiking nakaturo rito. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Mga nakaturo rito</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Nakakawing_ng_kamakailang_pagbabago/Aklat" rel="nofollow" title="Mga huling binago sa mga kaugnay na pahina mula sa pahinang ito [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Kaugnay na pagbabago</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=tl" title="Magkarga ng mga larawan o iba pang midya [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Mag-upload ng file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Natatanging_mga_pahina" title="Tala ng mga natatanging pahina [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Natatanging pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&oldid=2137992" title="Ibigay ang palagiang kawing para sa kasalukuyang bersyon ng pahinang ito"><span>Permanenteng link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Impormasyon ng pahina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Sipiin&page=Aklat&id=2137992&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Impormasyon sa pagsangguni sa pahinang ito"><span>Sumangguni</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAklat"><span>Kumuha ng pinaikling URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAklat"><span>I-download ang QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> I-print/I-export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:Aklat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aklat"><span>Lumikha ng isang aklat</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natatangi:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aklat&action=show-download-screen"><span>I-download bilang PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&printable=yes" title="Ipakita ang bersyon ng pahinang itong madaling maililimbag [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bersyong mapi-print</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sa iba pang proyekto </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571" title="Link sa nakakonektang item sa repositoryo ng datos [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Item na Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itsura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itsura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ilipat sa gilid</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">itago</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Mula sa Wikipedia, ang malayang ensiklopedya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tl" dir="ltr"><div style="position:absolute;z-index:100;right:10px;top:10px"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Napiling Artikulong Kandidato"><img alt="Napiling Artikulong Kandidato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cscr-candidate.svg/14px-Cscr-candidate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cscr-candidate.svg/21px-Cscr-candidate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cscr-candidate.svg/28px-Cscr-candidate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="438" usemap="#ImageMap_04b9ac77920a3492" /></span><map name="ImageMap_04b9ac77920a3492"><area href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mga_nominasyon_para_sa_Napiling_Artikulo_at_Larawan" shape="rect" coords="0,0,13,12" alt="Wikipedia:Mga nominasyon para sa Napiling Artikulo at Larawan" title="Wikipedia:Mga nominasyon para sa Napiling Artikulo at Larawan" /></map><figcaption>Napiling Artikulong Kandidato</figcaption></figure> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Latin_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mga aklat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/300px-Latin_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/450px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Latin_dictionary.jpg/600px-Latin_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Mga aklat.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aklát</b> o <b>libró</b> ang tawag sa katipunan ng mga <a href="/wiki/Paglilimbag" title="Paglilimbag">nilimbag</a> na akda.<sup id="cite_ref-McFarland2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McFarland2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pisikal na bagay ang tipikal na itinuturing na mga aklat; gayunpaman, maaari rin itong tumukoy sa isang bahagi ng mas mahabang komposisyon, tulad ng kaso ng mga aklat sa <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">Bibliya</a>. Ang digital na katumbas ng mga aklat ay tinatawag naman na mga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebook</a></i>, samantalang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiobook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audiobook (hindi pa naisusulat)">audiobook</a></i> naman ang tawag sa mga aklat na nasa anyong tunog. </p><p><i>Dahon</i> ang tawag sa mga indibidwal na papel ng isang aklat, samantalang <i>pahina</i> naman ang tawag sa bawat harap at likod nito. <i>Lomo</i> naman ang tawag sa likurang bahagi o pinakatadyang ng isang aklat na hindi pa nabibigkis.<sup id="cite_ref-JETE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JETE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayon sa isang dokumento ng <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> noong 1964, maituturing na isang aklat ang isang limbag kung ito ay may 49 na pahina (25 dahon) o higit pa.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinatayang nasa 130 milyong aklat ang nailathala hanggang noong 2010, ayon sa isang pag-aaral na isinagawa ng <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimolohiya">Etimolohiya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Etimolohiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimolohiya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hindi malinaw ang etimolohiya ng salitang <i>aklat</i>. Lumabas ito sa <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a></i> (1754) bilang <i>aclat</i>. Ayon dito, ang naturang salita ay ginamit din bilang isang pandiwa, para sa akto ng pagbuklat sa aklat.<sup id="cite_ref-tagala_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samantala, direktang hiniram naman mula sa wikang <a href="/wiki/Espanyol" class="mw-disambig" title="Espanyol">Espanyol</a> ang salitang <i>libro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tgllang_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgllang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginagamit din ito bilang isang pandiwa, para gawing aklat ang isang bagay (hal. <a href="/wiki/Pelikula" title="Pelikula">pelikula</a> o <a href="/wiki/Kanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanta">kanta</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tgllang_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tgllang-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kasaysayan">Kasaysayan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Kasaysayan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kasaysayan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinaunang_panahon">Sinaunang panahon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sinaunang panahon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Sinaunang panahon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kuniporme (cuneiform sa Ingles) sa bansang Turkiye, noong panahon ni Xerxes I." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/300px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/450px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG/600px-Xerxes_Cuneiform_Van.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Isang kunipormeng ginawa noong panahon ni <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Achaemenid">Imperyong Achaemenid</a>, sa lalawigan ng Armenia (ngayo'y <a href="/wiki/Lalawigan_ng_Van" title="Lalawigan ng Van">Lalawigan ng Van</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkiye">Turkiye</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>May mga ebidensiya na may <a href="/wiki/Wika" title="Wika">wika</a> na'ng ginagamit ang mga sinaunang tao simula pa noong tinatayang 35000 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span>. Gayunpaman, lumitaw lang ang <a href="/wiki/Pagsusulat" title="Pagsusulat">pagsusulat</a> noong tinatayang 3500–3000 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span> sa <a href="/wiki/Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dito umusbong ang pagsusulat sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabletang_luwad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabletang luwad (hindi pa naisusulat)">tabletang</a> gawa sa <a href="/wiki/Luwad" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwad">luwad</a>, na tinatawag na mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuniporme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuniporme (hindi pa naisusulat)">kuniporme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">cuneiform</i>). Kumalat ang paraan ng pagsusulat na ito mula sa Sumer papunta sa mga kapitbahay nitong rehiyon, partikular na sa <a href="/wiki/Ehipto" title="Ehipto">Ehipto</a>, kung saan naimbento naman ang mga <a href="/wiki/Hiroglipo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroglipo">hiroglipo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">hieroglyphics</i>). </p><p>Ginamit ang mga tableta mula <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bronse" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bronse">Panahon ng Bronse</a> hanggang <a href="/wiki/Panahon_ng_Bakal" class="mw-redirect" title="Panahon ng Bakal">Bakal</a>. Bukod sa luwad, nagsusulat din ang mga sinaunang tao sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabletang_pagkit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabletang pagkit (hindi pa naisusulat)">tabletang</a> gawa sa <a href="/wiki/Pagkit" title="Pagkit">pagkit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, maraming mananalaysay ang nagtuturo sa pinagmulan ng mga aklat sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papiro (hindi pa naisusulat)">papiro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">papyrus</i>) ng mga taga-Ehipto.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinatayang unang nagawa noong 3000 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span>, ginagawang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scroll (hindi pa naisusulat)">scroll</a> ang mga ito sa pamamagitan ng pagtatahi sa mga indibidwal na pahina nito. Gawa ito sa halamang <a href="/wiki/Tambo" title="Tambo">tambo</a>, na laganap sa mga dalampasigan ng <a href="/wiki/Ilog_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilog Nile">Ilog Nile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Ancientlibraryalex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pagguhit sa Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/300px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/450px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ancientlibraryalex.jpg/600px-Ancientlibraryalex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Isang pagguhit noong ika-19 na siglo na nagpapakita sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakilang_Aklatan_ng_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria</a>. Ang naturang aklatan ang kinikilala bilang pinakamalaking aklatan ng sinaunang panahon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lumaganap ang paggamit ng mga scroll na papiro pagsapit ng ika-6 na siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span> sa mga bansa sa <a href="/wiki/Dagat_Mediteraneo" title="Dagat Mediteraneo">Dagat Mediteraneo</a>, partikular na sa mga Griyego at Romano. Sa panahong ito, tinatayang nasa kalahating milyong scroll ang nasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakilang_Aklatan_ng_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria</a>, mga 30 hanggang 70% ng lahat ng mga nagawang aklat nung panahong yon ayon sa ilang mga iskolar.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang monopolyo ng Ehipto sa papiro ang isa sa mga dahilan kung bakit naghanap ang mga karatig-bansa nito ng ibang alternatibong pagsusulatan. </p><p>Gawa sa balat ng hayop na pinanipis ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pergamino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pergamino (hindi pa naisusulat)">pergamino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">parchment</i>). Kumpara sa papiro, mas madali itong sulatan, at nasusulatan ang harap at likod nito. Pagsapit ng ika-2 hanggang ika-4 na siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, naisipan ng mga Romano na pagsamahin ang papiro at pergamino, at lagyan ng isang pabalat na gawa sa kahoy. Ang imbensiyong ito, na tinatawag na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (hindi pa naisusulat)">kodeks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">codex</i>, maramihan <i>codices</i>), ang itinuturing ng mga eksperto bilang ang tunay na ninuno ng mga modernong aklat. Mabilis na tinangkilik ito ng mga tao, dahil na rin sa ginhawang hatid nito sa pagbabasa. Gayunpaman, nanatiling ginagamit pa rin ang mga scroll sa mga sekular na gawain, nang ilang siglo. Ang paglaganap ng <a href="/wiki/Kristiyanismo" title="Kristiyanismo">Kristiyanismo</a> noong ika-6 na siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, sa pamamagitan ng pagtangkilik ng mga Kristiyanong manunulat sa kodeks, ang naging dahilan upang unti-unting lumaos ang mga scroll.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinatayang tumagal ang paggamit sa mga ito hanggang noong ika-8 siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Silangang_Asya">Gitnang Panahon sa Silangang Asya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Gitnang Panahon sa Silangang Asya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Gitnang Panahon sa Silangang Asya"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ang proseso ng paggawa sa <a href="/wiki/Papel" title="Papel">papel</a> ay nagsimula sa <a href="/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina">Tsina</a>. May mga nahukay na bahagi ng mga sinaunang papel na tinatayang nagawa noong ikalawang milenyo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samantala, ang <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a> na si <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> ang itinuturing na nag-imbento sa proseso ng paggawa sa papel noong ikalawang siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang prosesong ito ay sinasabing naipasa sa <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">mga Muslim</a> noong bandang 751 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, sa rehiyon ng <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dumating naman ang prosesong ito sa Europa noong ika-13 siglo.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dahil ginagawa ang karamihan sa mga papel sa lungsod ng <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> noon, tinawag itong <i>bagdatikos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Jingangjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diamond Sutra, nakasulat sa wikang Tsino." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/300px-Jingangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/450px-Jingangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/600px-Jingangjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>Harapan ng <i>Diamond Sutra</i> sa wikang Tsino, ang pinakamatandang napetsahang aklat sa mundo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samantala, nagsimula rin sa Tsina ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paglilimbag_na_silograpiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paglilimbag na silograpiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">paglilimbag na silograpiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">woodblock printing</i>). Tinatayang nagsimula ito sa <a href="/wiki/Dinastiyang_Tang" title="Dinastiyang Tang">Dinastiyang Tang</a> noong 700 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>. Noong 764 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, nagpakomisyon naman si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinsipe_Sh%C5%8Dtoku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinsipe Shōtoku (hindi pa naisusulat)">Prinsipe Shōtoku</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Hap%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapón">Hapón</a> ng mga scroll na may nakalimbag na teksto ng mga dasal sa <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">Budismo</a>, isa sa mga pinakaunang halimbawa ng naturang proseso. Ang aklat na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diamond_Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diamond Sutra (hindi pa naisusulat)">Diamond Sutra</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schopen_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopen-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inilimbag noong 868 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, ang itinuturing naman na pinakamatandang nailimbag na aklat napetsahan sa mundo.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tinatayang noong 971 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>, nilimbag rin sa lalawigan ng <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> sa Tsina ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tripitaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tripitaka (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tripitaka</a></i>, isang banal na aklat sa Budismo, gamit ang mahigit 130,000 bloke ng kahoy para sa bawat pahina.<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, ang pagkakaroon ng maraming karakter sa mga <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">wikang Tsino</a> ang naging balakid upang hindi tuluyang umusad ang imbensyon na ito sa mas nakakarami. Samantala, gumawa rin ang kaharian ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goryeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goryeo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Goryeo</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Tangway_ng_Korea" title="Tangway ng Korea">tangway ng Korea</a> ng sarili nitong <i>Tripitaka</i> noong 1087.<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakita ng mga hari ng Goryeo ang kahalagahan ng pagpreserba sa pagkakakilalanlan nila, dahil na rin sa tuloy-tuloy na pagsakop sa kanila ng mga tagalabas. Lalo pa itong naging mahalaga noong dekada 1220s nang sinugod at sinakop sila nang tuluyan (noong 1232) ng <a href="/wiki/Imperyong_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperyong Mongol">Imperyong Mongol</a> sa pangunguna ni <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pinasunog ng mga Mongol ang <i>Tripitaka</i> noong 1232, kaya naman naglimbag muli sila ng bago.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindi ito matatapos hanggang 1251, kaya naman nagpalimbag rin sila ng iba pang mga aklat. Isa sa mga ito ang aklat na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangjeong_Gogeum_Yemun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lithub_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na may mahigit 50 bolyum.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inatasan ng hari noong 1234 ang ministrong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choe_Yun-Ui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choe Yun-Ui (hindi pa naisusulat)">Choe Yun-Ui</a> na ilimbag ito, at alam niya na kakailanganin nila ng napakaraming bloke ng kahoy para mailimbag ito.<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaya naman, gumawa ng alternatibong paraan si Choe para solusyunan ito, na halos kapareho sa konsepto ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limbagan (hindi pa naisusulat)">limbagang</a> gagawin ni <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> dalawang siglo sa hinaharap.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:JikjiType.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nagagalaw na uri (movable type sa Ingles) na ginamit para malimbag ang Jikji sa Timog Korea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/JikjiType.gif/220px-JikjiType.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/JikjiType.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Ang ginamit na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagagalaw_na_uri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagagalaw na uri (hindi pa naisusulat)">nagagalaw na uri</a> para mailimbag ang <i>Jikji</i>. Kasalukuyan itong nasa Timog Korea.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jikji, isang lang aklat mula sa Timog Korea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/220px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/330px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/440px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Ang <i>Jikji</i>, ang pinakalumang aklat na nalimbag gamit ang isang nagagalaw na uri. Kasalukuyan itong nasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_Aklatan_ng_Pransiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang Aklatan ng Pransiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pambansang Aklatan ng Pransiya</a>, sa <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nawala na sa kasaysayan ang aklat ni Choe.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, noong 1377, inilimbag rin sa Goryeo ang <i>Baegun Hwasang Chorok Buljo Jikji Simche Yojeol</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mas kilala sa pinaiksing tawag na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jikji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jikji (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jikji</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isinulat ito noong 1372 ng mongheng si Baegun, ang punong pari ng Templo ng Anguk at Shinwang sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haeju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haeju (hindi pa naisusulat)">Haeju</a> sa ngayo'y Timog Korea. Namatay si Baegun noong 1374, tatlong taon bago ang paglimbag ng mga mag-aaral niya sa <i>Jikji</i> sa Templo ng Heungdeok sa <a href="/wiki/Cheongju" title="Cheongju">Cheongju</a>. May dalawang bolyum ito, pero tanging ang ikalawang bolyum lang ang nananatili hanggang ngayon. Ito ang itinuturing na pinakamatandang aklat na nailimbag gamit ang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagagalaw_na_uri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagagalaw na uri (hindi pa naisusulat)">nagagalaw na uri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">movable type</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-lithub_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bagamat mas nauna ang Goryeo at Tsina sa paggawa sa unang limbagan kesa kay Gutenberg, hindi nila naipakalat ang paggamit nito sa mas makakarami, dahil na rin sa mga problemang panloob nila at sa paghihigpit ng mga pinuno nito sa paggamit sa naturang imbensyon.<sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, posibleng nakaabot pa rin ito sa ma malalayong lugar dahil na rin sa laki ng sakop ng Imperyong Mongol noong 1200s. Noong naitatag ang <a href="/wiki/Dinastiyang_Yuan" title="Dinastiyang Yuan">Dinastiyang Yuan</a> sa Tsina sa pangunguna ni <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, inilipat niya ang kabisera ng imperyong Mongol sa <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Maraming mga eksperto ang nagsasabi na posibleng naidala ng mga Mongol ang teknolohiya ng mga Koreano at Tsino papunta sa Gitnang Asya, partikular na sa mga <a href="/wiki/Uyghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur">Uyghur</a> sa ngayo'y lalawigan ng <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> sa Tsina, bagamat walang pisikal na patunay na nagpapatunay sa teoryang ito. Gayunpaman, ayon kay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsien_Tsuen-Hsien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsien Tsuen-Hsien (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tsien Tsuen-Hsien</a> sa aklat na <i>Science and Civilization in China</i> (1985) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Needham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Needham (hindi pa naisusulat)">Joseph Needham</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2106284">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kung may koneksyon man sa pagkalat ng <a href="/wiki/Paglilimbag" title="Paglilimbag">paglilimbag</a> sa pagitan ng <a href="/wiki/Asya" title="Asya">Asya</a> at ng <a href="/wiki/Kanluraning_Mundo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanluraning Mundo">Kanluran</a>, may matinding opurtunidad para gumanap ng isang mahalagang papel sa pagpapakilalang ito ang <a href="/wiki/Uyghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur">mga Uyghur</a>, na parehong gumagamit ng paglilimbag na silograpiya at sa nagagalaw na uri.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tricycle_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tsien Tsuen-Hsien, <i>Science and Civilization in China</i> ni Joseph Needham</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gitnang_Panahon_sa_Europa">Gitnang Panahon sa Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Gitnang Panahon sa Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gitnang Panahon sa Europa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_(Use_of_Utrecht)-_fol._63r,_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Halimbawa ng isang aklat na may "pinaliwanag na manuskrito"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-275px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-413px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-550px-Master_of_the_Boston_City_of_God_-_Book_of_Hours_%28Use_of_Utrecht%29-_fol._63r%2C_Initial_with_Holy_Trinity_-_1998.124.63.a_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4620" data-file-height="5493" /></a><figcaption>Isang halimbawa ng "pinaliwanag na manuskrito" (<i>illuminated manuscript</i>). Ang partikular na halimbawang ito ay mula sa aklat na <i>Aklat ng mga Oras</i> (Ingles: <i lang="en">Book of Hours</i>), tinatayang nilimbag noong 1460-65. Makikita ito ngayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museo_ng_Sining_ng_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museo ng Sining ng Cleveland (hindi pa naisusulat)">Museo ng Sining ng Cleveland</a> sa Estados Unidos.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang mga inobasyon na nagawa sa Asya ay di umabot sa Europa maging hanggang sa <a href="/wiki/Gitnang_Panahon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitnang Panahon">Gitnang Panahon</a>, kaya naman mano-mano pa ring kinokopya ng mga <a href="/wiki/Eskriba" title="Eskriba">eskriba</a> ang mga aklat para makagawa ng panibagong kopya, lalo sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monasteryo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monasteryo (hindi pa naisusulat)">monasteryo</a>. May mga silid ang mga malalaking monasteryo para lang sa gawaing ito, na tinatawag na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scriptorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scriptorium (hindi pa naisusulat)">scriptorium</a></i>. Ginagawa rin sa mga silid na ito ang mga magagarang disenyo sa gilid. Tinatawag na mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinaliwanag_na_manuskrito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinaliwanag na manuskrito (hindi pa naisusulat)">pinaliwanag na manuskrito</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">illuminated manuscript</i>), ginagawa ito ng mga eskriba noong panahong yon para sa samu't saring bagay, madalas ng <a href="/wiki/Simbahang_Katoliko" class="mw-redirect" title="Simbahang Katoliko">Simbahang Katoliko</a>, at kahit maging sa mga batas, proklamasyon, at iba pang mga sekular na dokumento noong panahong yon.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinatayang nagsimula ito noong bandang 600 <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">KP</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahal at matrabaho ang paggawa sa mga aklat noong panahong ito, kahit na mataas ang pagpapahalaga ang binibigay ng marami sa mga ito. Gayunpaman, nang dumating ang papel mula Tsina sa Europa, nagmura ito nang kaunti. Ang mga Muslim ang unang nakagamit sa prosesong ito mula Tsina. Sinasabi na noong ika-12 siglo, may isang kalsada sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marrakesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marrakesh (hindi pa naisusulat)">Marrakesh</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> na may daan-daang nagbebenta ng aklat. Aabot pa ng dalawang siglo bago nagsimula ring gumawa ng mga papel ang mga Europeo.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johannes_Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Johannes Gutenberg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Johannes Gutenberg"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Gutenberg_Bible,_Lenox_Copy,_New_York_Public_Library,_2009._Pic_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ang Bibliyang Gutenberg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/300px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/450px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/600px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Kopya ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliyang_Gutenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliyang Gutenberg (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bibliyang Gutenberg</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampublikong_Aklatan_ng_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampublikong Aklatan ng New York (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pampublikong Aklatan ng New York</a>. Kasalukuyang may 49 na kopya ang nananatili pa rin hanggang ngayon sa mundo.</figcaption></figure> <p>Noong bandang dekada 1430s hanggang 1440s, sinubukan ng Aleman na si <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> na gumawa ng isang mekanikal na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limbagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limbagan (hindi pa naisusulat)">limbagan</a>. Matapos ng ilang mga <i>prototype</i> at paghahanap ng pondo para sa proyekto niya, matagumpay niyang nagawa ang isang mekanikal na nagagalaw na uri (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">movable type</i>) noong 1448.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kilala ngayon bilang ang limbagang Gutenberg (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Gutenberg press</i>), itinuturing ang imbensyong bilang isa sa mga pinakamahahalagang imbensyon ng tao. Sinimulan nito ang isang rebolusyon sa <a href="/wiki/Impormasyon" title="Impormasyon">impormasyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paglilimbag" title="Paglilimbag">paglilimbag</a> — ang "rebolusyong Gutenberg".<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nilimbag ni Gutenberg ang isang <a href="/wiki/Bibliya" title="Bibliya">Bibliyang</a> nasa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">wikang Latin</a>, ngayon kilala bilang ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliyang_Gutenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibliyang Gutenberg (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bibliyang Gutenberg</a>, noong 1450 hanggang 1455.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ito ang unang mahalagang aklat na nailimbag gamit ang palimbagang ito. May 180 kopya na nalimbag, at naging matagumpay ito.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ang tagumpay na ito ang naging dahilan para kumalat ang imbensyong ito mula <a href="/wiki/Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> kung saan nakatira si Gutenberg, papunta sa iba't ibang panig ng <a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya">Alemanya</a> at Europa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ika-16_hanggang_ika-19_na_siglo">Ika-16 hanggang ika-19 na siglo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ika-16 hanggang ika-19 na siglo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ika-16 hanggang ika-19 na siglo"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malaki ang epekto ng imbensyon ni Gutenberg sa kabuuan ng Europa. Tinatayang nasa 300 palimbagan ang nakatayo sa Alemanya bago matapos ang ika-15 siglo. Ayon sa isang pag-aaral sa Estados Unidos, nasa 30,000 aklat lang ang nailimbag bago ang pagkakaimbento ni Gutenberg sa limbagan niya. Pagsapit ng sumunod na siglo, tinatayang umabot na ito sa 10 hanggang 12 milyon.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sumasang-ayon ang mga iskolar na isa sa mga dahilan ang pagkakaimbento sa palimbagan ni Gutenberg sa pagsisimula sa <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a> sa Europa. Kasabay ng pag-usbong ng <a href="/wiki/Globalisasyon" title="Globalisasyon">pandaigdigang kalakalan</a> noong pagpasok ng ika-16 na siglo, marami rin ang nagkainteres sa <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Gresya" title="Sinaunang Gresya">sinaunang Gresya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sinaunang_Roma" title="Sinaunang Roma">Roma</a> dahil sa pagkalat ng impormasyon ukol dito. Ang pagkalat ng mga aklat sa mas nakararami ang itinuturong dahilan para sa pag-usbong ng mga makabagong ideya sa <a href="/wiki/Pulitika" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulitika">pulitika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rehiliyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehiliyon">rehiliyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kultura" title="Kultura">kultura</a>, at iba pa.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gayunpaman, may mga sumubok din na pigilan ang pagkalat na ito, wala pang isang siglo pagkatapos maimbento ni Gutenberg ang limbagan niya. Noong 1487, inutos ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papa_Inosente_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papa Inosente VII (hindi pa naisusulat)">Papa Inosente VII</a> na dumaan muna sa mga otoridad ng Simbahan ang lahat ng mga aklat na ililimbag sa Europa, upang masiguro na nakasulat lang ang mga Bibliya sa wikang Latin, ang wika ng Simbahan. Ang paghihigpit na ito sa wika (bukod sa iba pang mga hinaing) ang iprinotesta ni <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> noong 1517, nang ipaskil niya ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=95_Tisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="95 Tisis (hindi pa naisusulat)">95 Tisis</a></i>, na nagpasimula sa <a href="/wiki/Protestantismo" title="Protestantismo">Protestantismo</a> at kalaunan sa <a href="/wiki/Kontra-Reporma" title="Kontra-Reporma">Kontra-Reporma</a> ng Simbahan.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasabay ng unti-unting pagsalin sa Bibliya sa iba't-ibang wika, nagsimula rin ang pag-akda ng mga may-akda sa kanilang wika mismo, tulad ng <i><a href="/wiki/Banal_na_Komedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Banal na Komedya">Banal na Komedya</a></i> ni <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Italyano" title="Wikang Italyano">wikang Italyano</a> at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mga_Kuwento_sa_Canterbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mga Kuwento sa Canterbury (hindi pa naisusulat)">Mga Kuwento sa Canterbury</a></i> ni <a href="/wiki/Chaucer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaucer">Chaucer</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">wikang Gitnang Ingles</a>. Umusbong din ang mga <a href="/wiki/Aklatan" title="Aklatan">aklatan</a> sa iba't-ibang panig ng kontinente, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pambansang_Aklatan_ng_Espanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pambansang Aklatan ng Espanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pambansang Aklatan ng Espanya</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklatan_ng_Britanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aklatan ng Britanya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aklatan ng Britanya</a> sa <a href="/wiki/London" class="mw-disambig" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang mabilis na paglimbag sa mga aklat ang nagbigay-daan upang pagkakitaan ito ng mga may-akda at mga manlilimbag, na nagbigay-daan naman upang lumutang ang konsepto ng <a href="/wiki/Karapatang-sipi" title="Karapatang-sipi">karapatang-sipi</a> sa mga may-akda. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatutong_Anna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estatutong Anna (hindi pa naisusulat)">Estatutong Anna</a>, ginawang batas noong 1710 sa <a href="/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera">Inglatera</a>, ang tinuturing na ang unang batas tungkol sa karapatang-sipi. Kinopya ito ng mga mambabatas ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> matapos nilang lumaya sa <a href="/wiki/Gran_Britanya" title="Gran Britanya">Gran Britanya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kasabay ng paglago ng industriya ang mga inobasyon na nagawa nito sa aklat. Noong 1500s, ginawa ng Italyanong si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldus_Manutious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldus Manutious (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aldus Manutious</a> ang mga <i>pocketbook</i>. Lumabas naman ang mga unang pabalat sa aklat noong 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang patuloy na pagmura ng produksiyon sa mga aklat ang naging dahilan upang dumami ang mga nagbabasa. Sa Estados Unidos at Gran Britanya unang nagsulputan ang mga samahan ng mga nagbabasa.<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa siglo ring ito nagkaroon ng mga pabalat na matigas (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardcover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardcover (hindi pa naisusulat)">hardcover</a></i>) at papel (<i><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-booktrust_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sa_Pilipinas">Sa Pilipinas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sa Pilipinas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sa Pilipinas"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Doctrina Christiana." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/300px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg/450px-Doctrina-cristiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Doctrina-cristiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Harapan ng <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i>, ang pinakaunang aklat na nalimbag sa Pilipinas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ang aklat na <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i> ('Doktrinang Kristiyano') ang itinuturing na pinakaunang aklat na nalimbag sa Pilipinas. May tatlong bersyon ito, na nalimbag sa pagitan ng 1590 hanggang 1593. Ang una, pinamagatang <i>Bian Zhengjiao Zhenchuan Shilu</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ay isinulat ng prayleng si Juan Cobo at nilimbag sa pamamagitan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silograpiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silograpiya (hindi pa naisusulat)">silograpiya</a> at nakasulat sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">wikang Tsino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nadiskubre lang ito noong 1952 sa <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, at pinaniniwalaang na ngayon ng mga eksperto na hindi ito napetsahan dahil di pa ito lisensiyado. Ito ang sinasabing aklat na tinukoy ni <a href="/wiki/Gobernador-Heneral" title="Gobernador-Heneral">Gobernador-Heneral</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perez_Dasmari%C3%B1as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perez Dasmariñas (hindi pa naisusulat)">Perez Dasmariñas</a> sa kanyang sulat noong 1593 sa hari ng Espanya na si <a href="/wiki/Felipe_II" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Felipe II">Felipe II</a>. Dito, nilahad niya na kailangan niyang makakuha ng lisensya para ilimbag ang dalawang <i>Doktrina</i> para sa pagpapakalat ng Kristiyanismo sa lugar.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nagresulta ito sa sikat na bersyon ng <i>Doctrina</i> na nakasulat sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Espanyol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikang Espanyol">wikang Espanyol</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tagalog" title="Wikang Tagalog">Tagalog</a> (sa parehong <a href="/wiki/Alpabetong_Romano" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpabetong Romano">alpabetong Romano</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>), na pinamagatang <i>Doctrina Christiana en lengua espanola y tagala</i> ('Doktrinang Kristiyano sa wikang Espanyol at Tagalog'). Nagkaroon rin ito ng bersyon sa wikang Tsino para sa <a href="/wiki/Tsinong_Pilipino" title="Tsinong Pilipino">komunidad ng mga Tsino</a> sa lugar, na pinamagatan namang <i>Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China</i> ('Doktrinang Kristiyano sa sulat at wikang Tsino'). Nilimbag ng Tsinong manlilimbag na si Keng Yong, pinaniniwalaan ng mga mananalaysay na siya at ang sikat na manlilimbag na si Juan de Vera ay iisang tao lang dahil sa gawain noon ng mga prayle sa Pilipinas na gawing Kristiyano ang mga Tsino noon at bigyan sila ng isang Kristiyanong pangalan.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Si Juan de Vera ang kinikilalang naglimbag rin sa ilang mga pinakaunang aklat sa Pilipinas. Noong 1604, nilimbag niya ang <i>Ordinationes Generales Provintiae Sanctissimi Rosarii Philippinarum</i> ('Mga Pangkalahatang Ordinansa ng mga Ordinansa sa Pilipinas ng Lalawigan ng Banal na Rosaryo sa Pilipinas'), na nakasulat sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Latin" title="Wikang Latin">wikang Latin</a>. Ito ang itinuturing na ang pinakamatandang aklat na nalimbag gamit ang nagagalaw na uri, na nananatili hanggang ngayon.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukod dito, nilimbag din ni De Vera noong 1602 sa <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> ang aklat na <i>Libro de Nuestra Señora del Rosario en lengua y letra de Filipinas</i> ('Aklat ng Mahal na Ina ng Rosaryo sa wika at sulat ng Pilipinas') ni Padre Francisco Blancas de San Jose. Gayunpaman, nawala na ito sa kasaysayan, at pinagdududahan ng mga iskolar kung ginawa ba ito sa nagagalaw na uri o sa pamamagitan ng silograpiya.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Si De Vera rin ang naglimbag sa aklat na <i>Libro de los Cuatro Postrimerias del Hombre</i> ('Aklat ng Apat na Kahahantungan ng Tao'), na sinulat rin ni Padre De San Jose noong 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinaniniwalaan na tinuloy ng kapatid ni Juan, si Pedro de Vera, ang paglilimbag nang namatay ito.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilan sa mga nilimbag niya ang <i>Memorial de la Vida Christiana en Lengua China</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> na sinulat ni Padre Domingo de Nieva. Dito, ginamit ni Pedro De Vera ang isang kombinasyon ng mga paraan ng mga Tsino at ng mga Europeo.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sa ganitong paraan niya rin nilimbag ang <i>Simbolo de la Fe, en Lengua y Letra China</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samantala, isinulat noong 1613 ang <i><a href="/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala" title="Vocabulario de la lengua tagala">Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</a></i> ng prayleng si Pedro de San Buenaventura, ang kauna-unahang <a href="/wiki/Diksyonaryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diksyonaryo">diksyonaryo</a> ng wikang Tagalog.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ocampo2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocampo2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May dalawa pang <i>Vocabulario</i> ang sumunod na nilimbag, noong 1754 at noong 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-Ocampo2014_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ocampo2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang mga unang aklat sa Pilipinas ay puro mga <a href="/wiki/Doktrina" title="Doktrina">doktrina</a> ng Simbahan at diksyonaryo. Mga Tsino rin ang unang mga manlilimbag sa Pilipinas. Gayunpaman, ang Pilipinong si <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Pinpin" title="Tomas Pinpin">Tomas Pinpin</a> ang sinasabing unang Pilipinong manlilimbag.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taga-<a href="/wiki/Abucay" title="Abucay">Abucay</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, kilala rin siya bilang ang unang Pilipinong may-akda, dahil sa pag-akda niya sa <i>Librong Pagaaralan nang mga Tagalog nang Uicang Castila</i> (moderno: 'Aklat ng wikang Espanyol na Pag-aaralan ng mga Tagalog') noong 1610. Nilimbag niya rin sa parehong taon ang <i>Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala</i> ('Sining at Tuntunin ng wikang Tagalog') ni Padre De Jose, at noong 1613 naman, nilimbag niya ang <i>Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala</i> sa tulong ni Domingo Loag, isang Pilipinong manlilimbag.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukod sa Laguna at Bataan, naglimbag rin siya sa <a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a>, at nakagawa siya ng di bababa sa isang dosenang akda mula 1609 hanggang 1639.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tinatayang nasa 100 aklat ang nailimbag sa Pilipinas mula 1563 hanggang 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-bibl2021_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayon sa <a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Komisyon_para_sa_Kultura_at_mga_Sining" title="Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining">Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining</a> (NCCA), tinatayang nasa 6000 akda naman ang nailimbag sa bansa mula 1593 hanggang 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-ncca_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernong_panahon">Modernong panahon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Modernong panahon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Modernong panahon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mataas na ang <a href="/wiki/Literasiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Literasiya">literasiya</a> sa mga mauunlad na bansa sa Europa gayundin sa Estados Unidos pagpasok ng ika-20 siglo, kaya naman lalo pang dumami ang paggawa sa mga aklat sa panahong ito. Ang mga inobasyon sa paglilimbag ang nagpamura sa presyo ng mga aklat. Sa siglo ring ito umusbong ang mga aklat na pang-edukasyon at pampaaralan, gayundin ang mga aklat na tungkol sa isang partikular na paksa o larangan.<sup id="cite_ref-britBook_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britBook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang paglaki ng industriya ay pansamantalang pinabagal nang sumiklab ang <a href="/wiki/Unang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Unang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Sinundan ito ng <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Depresyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakilang Depresyon">Dakilang Depresyon</a> noong dekada 1920s hanggang 1930s, na lalo pang nagpabagal sa industriya. Gayunpaman, gumawa ng mga paraan ang mga palimbagan para manatiling buhay sa panahong ito, kabilang na ang pagbibigay ng diskwento at paglimbag sa mas marami at mas murang mga <i><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></i>. Parehas ding bumagal ang industriya sa <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>, dahil sa kakulangan sa mga papel.<sup id="cite_ref-britBook_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britBook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pagkatapos ng digmaan, mabilis ding nakabawi ang industriya, partikular na ang industriya ng aklat sa <a href="/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya">Alemanya</a>, kung saan halos nawala ang buong industriya nito matapos itong makatanggap ng matinding pinsala mula sa nagdaang digmaan.<sup id="cite_ref-britBook_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britBook-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patuloy ang paglago ng mga aklat sa sumunod na kalahati ng ika-20 siglo, kahit na sa pagpasok ng <a href="/wiki/Telebisyon" title="Telebisyon">telebisyon</a> at iba pang mga uri ng <a href="/wiki/Libangan" class="mw-disambig" title="Libangan">libangan</a>. Gayunpaman, ang pagpasok ng mga <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">kompyuter</a> at kalaunan ang <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> noong huling dekada ng siglo ang nagbigay-daan upang bumagal ang paglagong ito. Ang pag-usbong ng mga <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebook</a></i> at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiobook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audiobook (hindi pa naisusulat)">audiobook</a></i> sa ika-21 siglo, at ang unti-unting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitalisasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitalisasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagsasa-digital</a> ng mga aklat ang nagpapabago sa tanawin ng mga aklat sa kasalukuyan.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcFuture_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcFuture-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uri">Uri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Uri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Uri"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayon_sa_nilalaman">Ayon sa nilalaman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ayon sa nilalaman" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ayon sa nilalaman"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mga binebentang nobela." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/170px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/255px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/340px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mga <a href="/wiki/Nobela" title="Nobela">nobela</a> sa isang tindahan ng mga aklat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Madalas hinahati ng mga aklatan ang mga aklat nila sa dalawa: <a href="/wiki/Piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piksyon">piksyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Di-piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-piksyon">di-piksyon</a>. Hinahati ang mga ito sa kani-kanilang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyanrang_pampanitikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyanrang pampanitikan (hindi pa naisusulat)">dyanra</a>, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Komedya" title="Komedya">komedya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror">horror</a> sa piksyon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piksyon">Piksyon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Piksyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Piksyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piksyon">Piksyon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Fiction_books.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mga aklat na piksyon sa isang aklatan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fiction_books.jpg/170px-Fiction_books.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fiction_books.jpg/255px-Fiction_books.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fiction_books.jpg/340px-Fiction_books.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3920" /></a><figcaption>Mga aklat na piksyon sa isang aklatan.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piksyon">Piksyon</a> ang tawag sa kahit anong produkto ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imahinasyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imahinasyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">imahinasyon</a>. Kathang-isip ang nilalaman ng mga aklat na piksyon. Bagamat gawa-gawa ito, posible ibase ng may-akda ang kuwento niya sa isang tunay na pangyayari. Posible ring tunay ang mga lugar o maging mga karakter.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriot_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maraming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyanrang_pampanitikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyanrang pampanitikan (hindi pa naisusulat)">dyanra</a> ang piksyon. Nahahati ito kalimitan sa anim:<sup id="cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowaResearch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikal_na_piksyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historikal na piksyon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Historikal</a></b> – mga kuwentong nakabase sa mga pangyayari sa kasaysayan. Nakahalo ang mga tunay na pangyayari sa mga kathang-isip na ginawa ng may-akda para sa kuwento. Posibleng may karakter ito na totoong nabuhay noon. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historikal_na_pantasya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Historikal na pantasya (hindi pa naisusulat)">Historikal na pantasya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alternatibong_kasaysayan" title="Alternatibong kasaysayan">alternatibong kasaysayan</a> ang ilan sa mga dyanrang nasa ilalim nito. Ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="All the Light We Cannot See (hindi pa naisusulat)">All the Light We Cannot See</a></i> (2014) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Doerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Doerr (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anthony Doerr</a> at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nightingale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nightingale (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Nightingale</a></i> (2015) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristin_Hannah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kristin Hannah (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kristin Hannah</a> ang ilan sa mga sikat na modernong halimbawa nito.<sup id="cite_ref-tarasoninhisfic_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarasoninhisfic-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makatotohanang_panitikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makatotohanang panitikan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Makatotohanan</a></b> – mga kuwentong makatotohanan at posibleng mangyari sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realidad (hindi pa naisusulat)">tunay na buhay</a>. Posible itong mangyari sa isang lugar sa tunay na mundo tulad halimbawa ng <a href="/wiki/Paaralan" title="Paaralan">paaralan</a>, at magkaroon ng mga problemang nagaganap sa tunay na buhay tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Rasismo" title="Rasismo">rasismo</a>. Kumpara sa historikal na piksyon, nagaganap ito sa kasalukuyan (ng panahong isinulat ang kuwentong yon).<sup id="cite_ref-bookriot_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, hindi ito base sa <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan">kasaysayan</a> o <a href="/wiki/Agham" title="Agham">agham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowaResearch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne of Green Gables (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anne of Green Gables</a></i> (1908) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucy_Maud_Montgomery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucy Maud Montgomery (hindi pa naisusulat)">Lucy Maud Montgomery</a> at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Outsiders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Outsiders (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Outsiders</a></i> (1967) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.E._Hinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.E. Hinton (hindi pa naisusulat)">S.E. Hinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriot_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Misteryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Misteryo">Misteryo</a></b> – mga kuwentong sumesentro sa isang misteryosong pangyayari tulad ng isang di maresolbang krimen. May mga <i>clue</i> na binibigay ang may-akda na madalas nakatago at nakakalat sa kuwento, pero tipikal na lalabas lang ang sagot sa misteryo sa dulo ng kuwento. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thriller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thriller (hindi pa naisusulat)">Thriller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror">horror</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krimen_(panitikan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krimen (panitikan) (hindi pa naisusulat)">krimen</a> ang ilan sa mga dyanrang nasa ilalim nito. Ang kuwento ni <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> na isinulat ni <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> at ang mga gawa ni <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a> tulad ng <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=And_There_Were_None&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="And There Were None (hindi pa naisusulat)">And There Were None</a></i> (1939) ang ilan sa mga sikat na halimbawa ng dyanrang ito.</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobelang_nakaguhit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nobelang nakaguhit (hindi pa naisusulat)">Nakaguhit</a></b> – mga kuwentong kinukwento gamit ang sining at teksto imbes na nakasulat. Tipikal na mahahaba ang mga ito, at nagkakaroon ng maraming bolyum. <a href="/wiki/Komiks" title="Komiks">Komiks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> ang ilan sa mga pinakasikat na halimbawa nito. Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maus_(nobelang_nakaguhit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maus (nobelang nakaguhit) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Maus</a></i> (1980–1991) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Art_Spiegelman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Art Spiegelman (hindi pa naisusulat)">Art Spiegelman</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Contract_with_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Contract with God (hindi pa naisusulat)">A Contract with God</a></i> (1978) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Will_Eisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Will Eisner (hindi pa naisusulat)">Will Eisner</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akira (hindi pa naisusulat)">Akira</a></i> (1982–1990) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katsuhiro_Otomo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katsuhiro Otomo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>, at <i><a href="/wiki/One_Piece" title="One Piece">One Piece</a></i> (1997–kasalukuyan) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eiichiro_Oda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eiichiro Oda (hindi pa naisusulat)">Eiichiro Oda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pantasya" title="Pantasya">Pantasya</a></b> – mga kuwentong di nakabase sa lohika at agham ng tunay na mundo.<sup id="cite_ref-masterclass_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masterclass-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madalas may <a href="/wiki/Mahika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahika">mahika</a> sa mga ito, at nagtatampo ng mga bagay na imposibleng mangyari sa tunay na buhay, tulad ng pagkakaroon ng <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> na kapangyarihan ng tao. Ilan sa mga tradisyonal na dyanrang nasa ilalim nito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mataas_na_pantasya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataas na pantasya (hindi pa naisusulat)">mataas na pantasya</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realismong_mahikal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realismong mahikal (hindi pa naisusulat)">realismong mahikal</a>. Depende sa pagpapakahulugan, tipikal din na ginugrupo sa pantasya ang mga <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction">piksyong maagham</a> dahil sa parehong pagtalakay ng dalawa sa konsepto ng "paano kaya?" (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">what if?</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-npr2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilan sa mga halimbawa ng dyanrang ito ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Lord_of_the_Rings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Lord of the Rings (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> (1954–1955) ni <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a></i> (1967) ni <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frankenstein (hindi pa naisusulat)">Frankenstein</a></i> (1818) ni <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, at <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_(nobela_ni_Asimov)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation (nobela ni Asimov) (hindi pa naisusulat)">Foundation</a></i> (1951) ni <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-masterclass_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masterclass-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuwentong_tradisyonal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuwentong tradisyonal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tradisyonal</a></b> – mga kuwentong pinagpasa-pasahan ng iba't-ibang henerasyon, kagaya ng mga <a href="/wiki/Pabula" title="Pabula">pabula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwentong-bayan" title="Kuwentong-bayan">kuwentong-bayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamat" title="Alamat">alamat</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Epiko" title="Epiko">epiko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iowaResearch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <i><a href="/wiki/Ang_Pagong_at_ang_Matsing" title="Ang Pagong at ang Matsing">Ang Pagong at ang Matsing</a></i> at <i><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang</a></i>, gayundin ang mga kuwento ng <a href="/wiki/Magkapatid_na_Grimm" title="Magkapatid na Grimm">magkapatid na Grimm</a> tulad ng <i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel">Si Hansel at Si Gretel</a></i> at <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Di-piksyon">Di-piksyon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Di-piksyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Di-piksyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Di-piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-piksyon">Di-piksyon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_(3709719083).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mga aklat na di-piksyon sa isang aklatan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg/170px-Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg/255px-Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg/340px-Junior_nonfiction_on_the_shelves_%283709719083%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Mga aklat na di-piksyon sa isang aklatan.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Di-piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-piksyon">Di-piksyon</a> ang tawag sa mga aklat na naglalaman ng mga tunay na pangyayari o impormasyon. Halimbawa nito ang mga <a href="/wiki/Anekdota" title="Anekdota">anekdota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya">ensiklopedya</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Talambuhay" title="Talambuhay">talambuhay</a>. Bagamat tunay ang nilalaman ng mga aklat na ito, posible rin silang gumamit ng istraktura at paraan ng pagkukuwentong tulad ng mga piksyon, tulad ng aklat na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Cold_Blood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Cold Blood (hindi pa naisusulat)">In Cold Blood</a></i> (1966) ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Truman_Capote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Truman Capote (hindi pa naisusulat)">Truman Capote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriot_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriot-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May limang pangunahing uri ang di-piksyon:<sup id="cite_ref-aasl_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aasl-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stewart_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stewart-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Tradisyonal</b> – mga di-piksyon na nagbibigay ng impormasyon sa mambabasa. Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedya" title="Ensiklopedya">ensiklopedya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diksyonaryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Diksyonaryo">diksyonaryo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tesawro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tesawro (hindi pa naisusulat)">tesawro</a>, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almanac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almanac (hindi pa naisusulat)">almanac</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Nagagalugad</b> – tulad ng mga tradisyonal na di-piksyon, nagbibigay din ito ng impormasyon. Gayunpaman, mas nagpopokus ito sa isang partikular na paksa, at kalimitang maiksi at para sa mga batang mambabasa.</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Malikhaing_di-piksyon" title="Malikhaing di-piksyon">Naratibo</a></b> – mga di-piksyon na gumagamit ng mga estilo at paraan ng pagkukuwentong tulad ng mga piksyon. Bagamat matagal na itong ginagamit ng ilang mga manunulat, sumikat lang ang estilong ito noong pagpasok ng ika-21 siglo, kaya naman maraming mga <a href="/wiki/Talambuhay" title="Talambuhay">talambuhay</a> at mga aklat sa <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan">kasaysayan</a> na nilimbag sa kasalukuyan ang kabilang sa dyanrang ito.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Ekspositoryo</b> – mga di-piksyon na nagpopokus lang sa isang ispesipikong paksa. Madalas pambata, kalimitang <a href="/wiki/Agham" title="Agham">agham</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a> ang pokus nito, at nagtatampok ng malikhaing sining upang mapukaw ang interes ng mambabasa.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Aktibo</b> – mga di-piksyon na nagtuturo at naggagabay sa mambabasa ng isang kasanayan. Ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat-panluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aklat-panluto (hindi pa naisusulat)">aklat-panluto</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_guide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field guide (hindi pa naisusulat)">field guide</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayon_sa_pormat">Ayon sa pormat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ayon sa pormat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Ayon sa pormat"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hinahati din ang mga aklat base sa pormat nito — kung paano ito nilimbag. Sa mahabang panahon, may dalawang pormat lang ang meron: ang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardcover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardcover (hindi pa naisusulat)">hardcover</a></i> at <i><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></i>, pero sa pagpasok ng ika-21 siglo, nagkaroon din ng mga aklat na nililimbag nang digital (mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebook</a>) at nang tunog (mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiobook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audiobook (hindi pa naisusulat)">audiobook</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hardcover">Hardcover</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Hardcover" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Hardcover"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardcover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardcover (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hardcover</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardcover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardcover (hindi pa naisusulat)">Hardcover</a> (literal na 'matigas na pabalat') ang tawag sa mga aklat na may pabalat na gawa sa isang matigas na materyales. Sa modernong panahon, kalimitang cardboard ang materyales na ito. Nagmula ito sa mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kodeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kodeks (hindi pa naisusulat)">kodeks</a> na may pabalat na gawa sa kahoy.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para maprotektahan ang pabalat nito, kalimitang nilalagyan ang mga ito ng <i>dust jacket</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madalas na nililimbag muna ang isang aklat sa pormat na hardcover bago ang iba pang mga pormat. Madalas ding ito ang pormat na makikita sa mga <a href="/wiki/Aklatan" title="Aklatan">aklatan</a>, lalo sa mga sikat na aklat.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matitibay ang mga hardcover. Dahil dito, naging dominanteng pormat ito ng mga aklat sa mahabang panahon. Gayunpaman, mahal ang paglimbag sa ganitong paraan, kaya naman madalas na limitado lang ito sa mga aklat na inaasahang papatok o sisikat ng mga palimbagan sa modernong panahon. Unti-unti itong naungusan ng mga paperback simula noong dekada 1930s, at kalauna'y naungusan nang tuluyan noong dekada 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gayunpaman, nananatiling mabenta ang mga hardcover dahil sa tibay nito at sa patuloy na pagtangkilik ng mga tao, bukod sa iba pang mga dahilan.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paperback">Paperback</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Paperback" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Paperback"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a> (literal na 'papel na likod') ang tawag sa mga aklat na may pabalat na gawa sa malambot na materyales. Tinatangkilik ang mga ito dahil sa pagiging mura nito kumpara sa mas dominanteng hardcover.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partikular na sumikat ito noong kasagsagan ng <a href="/wiki/Dakilang_Depresyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakilang Depresyon">Dakilang Depresyon</a> at sa <a href="/wiki/Ikalawang_Digmaang_Pandaigdig" title="Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig">Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig</a>, sa tinatawag na 'Rebolusyon ng Paperback'.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May mga mura na'ng paperback bago pa man pumasok ang ika-20 siglo. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapbook (hindi pa naisusulat)">chapbook</a> sa Europa ang isang maagang halimbawa nito. Samantala, sumikat naman noong ika-19 na siglo ang mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dime_novel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dime novel (hindi pa naisusulat)">dime novel</a> sa Estados Unidos at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dime_dreadful&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dime dreadful (hindi pa naisusulat)">dime dreadful</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Gran_Britanya" title="Gran Britanya">Gran Britanya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May dalawang klase ng paperback: <b>pangmasa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">mass market</i>) at <b>pampalitan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">trade</i>). Tipikal na mas maayos at mas mataas ang kalidad ang mga paperback na pampalitan kumpara sa mga bersyon nitong pangmasa.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nililimbag madalas ang mga <a href="/wiki/Di-piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Di-piksyon">di-piksyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoir">memoir</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Tula" class="mw-redirect" title="Tula">tula</a> sa paperback na pampalitan, habang madalas namang nililimbag ang mga <a href="/wiki/Piksyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Piksyon">piksyon</a> sa pangmasang paperback.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tinatayang noong dekada 1960s naungusan ng mga paperback ang mga hardcover pagdating sa benta. Ayon sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapisanan_ng_mga_Amerikanong_Manlilimbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapisanan ng mga Amerikanong Manlilimbag (hindi pa naisusulat)">Kapisanan ng mga Amerikanong Manlilimbag</a> (AAP), tinatayang nasa 56% sa mga aklat na nabenta noong 2009 ang paperback (parehong pangmasa at pampalitan), kumpara sa 35% ng mga hardcover.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ebook">Ebook</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ebook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ebook"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ebook</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ebook na nasa e-reader." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/200px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/300px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg/400px-Reading_on_the_bus_train_or_transit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">ebook</a> na binabasa gamit ang isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-reader (hindi pa naisusulat)">e-reader</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebook (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ebook</a> ang tawag sa mga aklat na nalimbag sa paraang digital. Depende sa mga kahulugan, maaari rin itong tumukoy sa digital na bersyon ng isang pisikal na aklat. Dahil dito, kilala rin ito sa tawag na <i>electronic book</i> ('elektronikong aklat') at <i>digital book</i> ('aklat na digital').<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Binabasa ang mga ebook gamit ang isang <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">kompyuter</a>, o di kaya'y isang <a href="/w/index.php?title=E-reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-reader (hindi pa naisusulat)">e-reader</a>. Kumpara sa mga pisikal na aklat, mas mura kalimitan ang paglimbag sa mga ebook. Dahil sa pagiging digital nito, hindi ito nawawala sa merkado, at madaling mada-download at mababasa agad ito ng mga mambabasa.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang mga unang ebook ay puro mga aklat na nasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pampublikong_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pampublikong domain (hindi pa naisusulat)">pampublikong domain</a>. Pag-usbong ng <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> sa ika-21 siglo, nagsimulang maglimbag din ang mga palimbagan ng mga ebook bukod sa mga pisikal na aklat. Nagsulputan din ang mga online na tindahan ng aklat, katulad ng <a href="/wiki/Amazon" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Amazon">Amazon</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Play_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Play Books (hindi pa naisusulat)">Play Books</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>. Bagamat maliit na porsyento lang ng mga aklat na nabebenta kada taon ang ebook sa ngayon, unti-unti itong tumataas, at inaasahan tataas pa ito lalo. Gayunpaman, malaking problema sa industriya ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamimirata_online&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamimirata online (hindi pa naisusulat)">pamimirata</a> sa mga ebook.<sup id="cite_ref-umcFormats_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Audiobook">Audiobook</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Audiobook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Audiobook"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiobook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audiobook (hindi pa naisusulat)">Audiobook</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiobook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audiobook (hindi pa naisusulat)">Audiobook</a> ang tawag sa mga aklat na nasa anyong tunog. Isa itong recording ng boses ng isang <i>narrator</i>, na papakinggan naman ng tagapakinig. Nagsimula noong dekada 1930s sa <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> bilang isang kagamitan sa edukasyon, naging isang pormal na pormat ito ng mga aklat pagpasok ng ika-21 siglo sa tulong ng <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lifewire_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifewire-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kilala ito dati sa tawag na <i>talking book</i> (literal na 'nagsasalitang aklat'). Orihinal itong rinerekord sa mga <a href="/wiki/Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette">cassette</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinyl (hindi pa naisusulat)">vinyl</a>. Sa kasalukuyan, naka-digital na ang halos lahat ng mga audiobook, na mapapakinggan naman sa isang <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">kompyuter</a>, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Entertainment_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entertainment system (hindi pa naisusulat)">entertainment system</a>. Binebenta ang mga ito sa mga online na tindahan ng musika, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, o di kaya'y sa isang dedikadong tindahan para sa mga audiobook tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audible (hindi pa naisusulat)">Audible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lifewire_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifewire-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ayon_sa_sukat">Ayon sa sukat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Ayon sa sukat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ayon sa sukat"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sukat_ng_aklat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sukat ng aklat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sukat ng aklat</a></div> <p>Nakadepende ang sukat ng isang aklat base sa papel nito. Galing ang mga pangalan ng sukat sa dami ng tiklop na kailangang gawin para makagawa ng isang pahina. Halimbawa, ang tiniklop ang orihinal na papel nang apat na beses sa sukat na 'quarto'.<sup id="cite_ref-abeBooks_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abeBooks-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipinapakita ng talahanayan sa baba ang iba't-ibang sukat ng mga aklat na ginagamit sa industriya. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Mga sukat ng aklat<sup id="cite_ref-abeBooks_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abeBooks-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Pangalan</th> <th>Sukat </th></tr> <tr> <td>miniature</td> <td><span class="nowrap">>2 pul × 1.5 pul (5.08 cm × 3.81 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sexagesimo-quarto (64mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">2 pul × 3 pul (5.08 cm × 7.62 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>quadragesimo-octavo (48mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">2.5 pul × 4 pul (6.35 cm × 10.16 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tricesimo-secondo (32mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">3.5 pul × 5.5 pul (8.89 cm × 13.97 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>octodecimo (18mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">4 pul × 6.5 pul (10.16 cm × 16.51 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sextodecimo (16mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">5 pul × 7.5 pul (12.70 cm × 19.05 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duodecimo (12mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">5 pul × 7.375 pul (12.70 cm × 18.73 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>duodecimo (malaki) (12mo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">5 pul × 7.5 pul (12.70 cm × 19.05 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>crown octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">6 pul × 9 pul (15.24 cm × 22.86 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">6 pul × 9 pul (15.24 cm × 22.86 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>medium octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">6.125 pul × 9.25 pul (15.56 cm × 23.50 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>royal octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">6.5 pul × 10 pul (16.51 cm × 25.40 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>super octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">7 pul × 11 pul (17.78 cm × 27.94 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>imperial octavo (8vo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">8.25 pul × 11.5 pul (20.96 cm × 29.21 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>quarto (4to)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">9.5 pul × 12 pul (24.13 cm × 30.48 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>folio (fo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">12 pul × 19 pul (30.48 cm × 48.26 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>elephant folio (fo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">23–25 pul (58.42–63.50 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>atlas folio (fo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">25–50 pul (63.50–127.00 cm)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>double elephant folio (fo)</td> <td><span class="nowrap">50 pul (127.00 cm)+</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aklatan">Aklatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Aklatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Aklatan"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/wiki/Aklatan" title="Aklatan">Aklatan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:NLP_Building_Facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NLP_Building_Facade.jpg/220px-NLP_Building_Facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NLP_Building_Facade.jpg/330px-NLP_Building_Facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NLP_Building_Facade.jpg/440px-NLP_Building_Facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="4514" /></a><figcaption>Ang <a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Aklatan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas">Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Ermita" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ermita">Ermita</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Maynila" title="Maynila">Maynila</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aklatan" title="Aklatan">Aklatan</a> ang tawag sa isang silid o gusali na may koleksyon ng mga aklat.<sup id="cite_ref-dikAklatan_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dikAklatan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tinatawag ding ito na <i>bibliyoteka</i> at <i>ateneo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dikAklatan_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dikAklatan-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maaari rin itong tumukoy sa isang koleksyon ng mga aklat. Sa modernong panahon, naglalaman ang mga karamihan sa mga aklatan ng parehong pisikal at digital na mga aklat. Posible rin itong nasa <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> lang, tulad ng kaso ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyektong_Gutenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyektong Gutenberg (hindi pa naisusulat)">Proyektong Gutenberg</a>. Bukod sa mga aklat, maaari ding maglaman ang mga aklatan ng mga <a href="/wiki/CD" title="CD">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompyuter" title="Kompyuter">kompyuter</a>, at iba pang mga paraan para makakuha ng impormasyon.<sup id="cite_ref-britAklatan_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britAklatan-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Makikita madalas ang mga aklatan sa mga <a href="/wiki/Paaralan" title="Paaralan">paaralan</a>, bagamat may mga pampublikong aklatan din tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Aklatan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas">Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas</a>. Nagkakaiba ang laki ng mga aklatan depende sa koleksyon nito; ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklatang_Briton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aklatang Briton (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aklatang Briton</a> at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklatan_ng_Kongreso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aklatan ng Kongreso (hindi pa naisusulat)">Aklatan ng Kongreso</a> ng <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a> ay may mahigit 170 milyong aklat sa kanilang koleksyon.<sup id="cite_ref-bookriotPinakamalaki_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bookriotPinakamalaki-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orihinal na ginawa ang mga aklatan upang mga mga taguan ng aklat. Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakilang_Aklatan_ng_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria</a> ay ang pinakamalaking aklatan ng sinaunang panahon, kung saan nasa 200,000 hanggang 700,000 aklat ang tinatayang nakatago. Pagsapit ng ika-11 siglo, unti-unting naitatag ang mga <a href="/wiki/Pamantasan" title="Pamantasan">pamantasan</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, at nagkaroon ang mga ito ng mga aklatan. Sa mga sumusunod na siglo, lumaganap ang pagkakaroon ng mga pribadong aklatan, lalo na sa mga hari sa Europa. Gayunpaman, ang pagpasok ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a> ang naging dahilan upang magkaroon ng mga aklatan na para mga iskolar. Ang Biblioteca Marciana ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosimo_de%27_Medici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosimo de' Medici (hindi pa naisusulat)">Cosimo de' Medici</a> at ang aklatan ni <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> ang ilan sa mga maagang halimbawa nito. Samantala, ang pagpasok ng <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> sa ika-21 siglo ang nagbigay-daan naman upang magkaroon ng mga tinatawag na <i>virtual library</i> (literal na 'aklatang birtwal'), na inaalok ng maraming mga aklatan bilang isang karagdagang serbisyo.<sup id="cite_ref-britAklatan_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britAklatan-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klasipikasyon">Klasipikasyon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Klasipikasyon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Klasipikasyon"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyon_sa_aklatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyon sa aklatan (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyon sa aklatan</a></div> <p>Hinahati ng mga unang aklatan ang kanilang mga aklat base sa mga malalawak na paksa, tulad ng mga agham, pilosopiya, rehiliyon, at batas. Halimbawa nito ang sistemang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinakes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinakes (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pinakes</a> na ginamit ng iskolar na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Callimachus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Callimachus (hindi pa naisusulat)">Callimachus</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakilang_Aklatan_ng_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dakilang Aklatan ng Alexandria</a> noong ikatlong siglo <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Karaniwang_Panahon_(kalendaryong_Gregoryano)" title="Karaniwang Panahon (kalendaryong Gregoryano)">BKP</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ginamit din bilang batayan ng pagkaklase ang wika ng aklat gayundin ang pormat nito. </p><p>Gayunpaman, naging imposible ang pagkaklase sa mga aklat batay sa mga malalawak na paksa pagsapit ng ika-16 na siglo dahil sa mabilis na pagdami ng mga nalilimbag na aklat kada taon.<sup id="cite_ref-shera_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shera-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noong 1627, nilimbag ng Pranses na si <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Naud%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabriel Naudé (hindi pa naisusulat)">Gabriel Naudé</a> ang <i>Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque</i> ('Ukol sa Pagtatag ng isang Aklatan'). Dito, hinati niya ang mga aklat sa pitong (kalaunan labindalawang) larangan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noong 1842 naman, dinebelop naman ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Charles_Brunet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Charles Brunet (hindi pa naisusulat)">Jacques Charles Brunet</a> ang isang sistema ng klasipikasyon na tatawagin kalaunan bilang ang klasipikasyong Paris Bookseller. Itinuturing na pinakaunang modernong klasipikasyon, hinati naman ni Brunet sa limang larangan ang mga aklat.<sup id="cite_ref-sayers_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sayers-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Desimal_ni_Dewey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Desimal ni Dewey (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Desimal ni Dewey</a> ay ang pinakaginagamit na klasipikasyon ng aklat sa mundo ngayon. Unang dinebelop ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melville_Dewey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melville Dewey (hindi pa naisusulat)">Melville Dewey</a> noong 1876 sa <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>, hinahati nito ang mga aklat sa sampung pangunahing klase (kumakatawan sa mga malalawak na larangan tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Agham_pangkalikasan" title="Agham pangkalikasan">agham pangkalikasan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kasaysayan" title="Kasaysayan">kasaysayan</a>). Ito rin ang nagsilbing batayan para sa iba pang mga pangkalahatan at pambansang sistema ng klasipikasyon, tulad ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyon_ng_Aklatan_ng_Kongreso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyon ng Aklatan ng Kongreso (hindi pa naisusulat)">klasipikasyon ng Aklatan ng Kongreso</a> at ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_tutuldok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong tutuldok (hindi pa naisusulat)">klasipikasyong tutuldok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oclc_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oclc-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asia-libraries_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia-libraries-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heto ang mga sistema ng klasipikasyong na may malawakang paggamit lalo na sa mga bansang nagsasalita ng Ingles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Desimal_ni_Dewey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Desimal ni Dewey (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Desimal ni Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Dewey Decimal Classification</i>; DDC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandaigdigang_Klasipikasyong_Desimal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandaigdigang Klasipikasyong Desimal (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pandaigdigang Klasipikasyong Desimal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Universal Decimal Classification</i>; UDC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyon_ng_Aklatan_ng_Kongreso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyon ng Aklatan ng Kongreso (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyon ng Aklatan ng Kongreso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Library of Congress Classification</i>; LCC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Tutuldok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Tutuldok (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Tutuldok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">Colon Classification</i>; CC)</li></ul> <p>May mga klasipikasyon ding ginawa para sa mga ispesipikong paksa o disiplina. Halimbawa nito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Moys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Moys (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Moys</a> para sa larangan ng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abogasya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abogasya (hindi pa naisusulat)">abogasya</a> (sa <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Gran_Britanya" title="Gran Britanya">Gran Britanya</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-IALS_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IALS-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Harvard-Yenching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Harvard-Yenching (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Harvard-Yenching</a> para sa mga aklat na nakasulat sa <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">wikang Tsino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bukod pa dito, may mga sistema ring ginawa ang ilang mga bansa para sa mga aklat nila: ilan sa mga halimbawa nito ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Desimal_ng_Hapon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Desimal ng Hapon (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Desimal ng Hapon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyong_Desimal_ng_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyong Desimal ng Korea (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyong Desimal ng Korea</a> (sa <a href="/wiki/Timog_Korea" title="Timog Korea">Timog Korea</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klasipikasyon_ng_Aklatang_Tsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klasipikasyon ng Aklatang Tsino (hindi pa naisusulat)">Klasipikasyon ng Aklatang Tsino</a> (sa <a href="/wiki/Tsina" title="Tsina">Tsina</a>), at ang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagong_Klasipikasyon_para_sa_mga_Aklatang_Tsino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagong Klasipikasyon para sa mga Aklatang Tsino (hindi pa naisusulat)">Bagong Klasipikasyon para sa mga Aklatang Tsino</a> (sa <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-asia-libraries_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asia-libraries-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epekto">Epekto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Epekto" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Epekto"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ayon sa isang editoryal ng <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Stanford_Daily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Stanford Daily (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Stanford Daily</a></i> noong 2019, nakakahimok na paraan ang mga aklat upang kumonekta ang mga tao sa iba. Nagbibigay ang mga ito ng simpatiya habang binabasa ang mga karanasang pinagdadaanan ng iba o ng isang komunidad.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinapalawak nito ang pag-intindi sa <a href="/wiki/Kalikasan_ng_tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalikasan ng tao">kalikasan ng tao</a>, at ginagamit din bilang isang kasangkapan sa <a href="/wiki/Edukasyon" title="Edukasyon">edukasyon</a>. Naghihimok din ito ng malalimang pag-iisip, at hinuhulma din ito sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagtingin_sa_mundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagtingin sa mundo (hindi pa naisusulat)">pagtingin sa mundo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sa isang pag-aaral sa <a href="/wiki/Sikolohiya" title="Sikolohiya">sikolohiya</a> sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamantasan_sa_Buffalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamantasan sa Buffalo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pamantasan sa Buffalo</a>, napag-alaman ng mga sikolohista na kumikiling ang mga tao sa mga salitang may kinalaman sa kamakailang binasa nila, tulad ng mga <a href="/wiki/Salamangkero" class="mw-disambig" title="Salamangkero">salamangkero</a> sa mga nakabasa ng <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Bampira" title="Bampira">bampira</a> naman sa mga nakabasa sa <i><a href="/wiki/Twilight" class="mw-disambig" title="Twilight">Twilight</a></i>. Samantala, sa isang hiwalay na pag-aaral naman na isinagawa sa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamantasan_ng_Toronto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamantasan ng Toronto (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pamantasan ng Toronto</a>, napag-alaman na nakakapagpabago ng katauhan ang mga aklat. Sa eksperimentong ito, na isinagawa noong 2008 sa 166 na tao, pinabasa ang dalawang grupo ng maiksing kuwento ni <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> na <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dama_s_sobachkoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dama s sobachkoy (hindi pa naisusulat)">Dama s sobachkoy</a></i> ('Ang Ginang na may kasamang Aso'), isa sa orihinal na anyo nito, at isa sa istilong <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dokumentaryo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokumentaryo (hindi pa naisusulat)">dokumentaryo</a>. Napag-alaman sa pag-aaral na ito na mas nakakapagbago ng personalidad ang mga piksyon kumpara sa di-piksyon, dahil sa pagpokus nito sa mga iniisip ng mga karakter, kumpara sa pagtingin bilang tagalabas, ayon kay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_Oatley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith Oatley (hindi pa naisusulat)">Keith Oatley</a>, isa sa mga sikolohista sa pag-aaral.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pagpepreserba">Pagpepreserba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Pagpepreserba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Pagpepreserba"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Pangunahing artikulo: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagpepreserba_sa_mga_aklat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pagpepreserba sa mga aklat (hindi pa naisusulat)">Pagpepreserba sa mga aklat</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:Archivist_Survey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Isang babaeng konserbador ng papel na tumitingin sa mga dokumento" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Archivist_Survey.jpg/250px-Archivist_Survey.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Archivist_Survey.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Isang konserbador na tumitingin sa mga dokumento.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depende sa materyales na ginamit, mabilis na nabubulok ang mga aklat sa paglipas ng panahon, kabilang na yung mga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamanang_pangkultura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamanang pangkultura (hindi pa naisusulat)">itinuturing na mga "mahahalaga" sa kultura o kasaysayan</a>. Pinapahaba ng mga konserbador (<a href="/wiki/Wikang_Ingles" title="Wikang Ingles">Ingles</a>: <i lang="en">conservator</i>) ang buhay ng mga ito, sa pamamagitan ng samu't saring paraan sa <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimika</a>, at nakadepende ito sa pagkakagawa sa aklat. Madalas na itong isinasagawa ng mga grupo ng konserbador, sa ilalim ng mga pamahalaan ng bansa, tulad ng <a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Komisyong_Pangkasaysayan_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas">Pambansang Komisyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas</a>. Hindi pormal na propesyon ito hanggang noong dekada 1960s, nang naganap ang isang mapaminsalang <a href="/wiki/Baha" title="Baha">baha</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Florence" class="mw-disambig" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a> noong 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianArno_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianArno-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pininsala nito ang maraming mga mahahalagang dokumento (bukod pa sa ibang mga gawa sa panahon ng <a href="/wiki/Renasimiyento" title="Renasimiyento">Renasimiyento</a>), kaya pinagtulungan itong isaayos ng mga konserbador sa buong mundo sa pangunguna ni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Waters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Waters (hindi pa naisusulat)">Peter Waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardianArno_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianArno-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Talaksan:National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Isang babae na nagpepreserba sa isang dokumento na napinsala ng baha sa Arno sa Florence, Italya noong 1966." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-National_Library_manuscripts_being_washed_in_Florence_after_the_1966_flood_of_the_Arno_-_UNESCO_-_PHOTO_0000001407_0001_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5635" data-file-height="4225" /></a><figcaption>Mahalagang pangyayari ang naganap na mapaminsalang baha sa <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> sa <a href="/wiki/Florence" class="mw-disambig" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a> noong 1966 upang maging pormal na propesyon ang pagpepreserba sa mga aklat.</figcaption></figure> <p>May apat na pangunahing hakbang ang ginagawa sa pagpepreserba sa mga aklat: pagpapabagal, paglilinis, pagsasaayos, at pagpapanumbalik. Meron ding sinusunod na <a href="/wiki/Etika" title="Etika">etika</a> ang mga konserbador, lalo na sa mga kemikal na ginagamit nila na madalas ay hindi na maibabalik pa matapos nitong mailapat. Bilang pagtugon sa <a href="/wiki/Pagbabago_ng_klima" title="Pagbabago ng klima">pagbabago ng klima</a>, unti-unti na ring nagsasagawa ng mga pagbabagong nakapokus sa <a href="/wiki/Pagpapanatili" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagpapanatili">pagpapanatili</a>. Noong dekada 2000s, nagsimula na'ng hindi gumawa ng isang pangkalahatang paraan sa pagpepreserba, at nagpokus na lang sa mga paraang nakadepende sa lokal upang umayon ang mga ito sa klima ng lugar at kagamitan.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talababa">Talababa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Talababa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Talababa"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2121818">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Diyamanteng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sutra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sutra (hindi pa naisusulat)">Sutra</a>', <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Sanskrito" title="Wikang Sanskrito">Sanskrito</a>: <span lang="sa">Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra</span>, literal na 'Ang Pagperpekto ng Teksto ng Karunungan na Mala-kidlat na Humahati'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Koreano" title="Wikang Koreano">Koreano</a>: <span lang="ko">상정고금예문</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 詳定古今禮文, literal na 'Ang Ibinigay na Tekstong Pangritwal ng Nakaraan at Hinaharap'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Koreano" title="Wikang Koreano">Koreano</a>: <span lang="ko">백운화상초록불조직지심체요절</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節, literal na 'Mga Direktang Utos ni <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> sa Kaisipan ni Monghe Baegun'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orihinal na teksto: <i>If there was any connection in the spread of printing between Asia and the West, the Uyghurs, who used both block printing and movable type, had good opportunities to play an important role in this introduction.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">Tsino</a>: <span lang="zh">辯正教真傳實錄</span>; 'Ang Testimonya ng Tunay na Relihiyon')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Memoryal sa Buhay ng Kristiyano sa wikang Tsino'; <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">Tsino</a>: <span lang="zh">新刊僚氏正教便览</span>, literal na 'Ang Bagong Lathalain ng Simbahan'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'Mga Simbolo ng Fe, sa wika at sulat Tsino'; <a href="/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino">Tsino</a>: <span lang="zh">新刊格物窮理錄</span>, literal na 'Ang Bagong Dyornal sa Kahirapang Materyal'</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanggunian">Sanggunian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Baguhin seksiyon: Sanggunian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>baguhin</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aklat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Sanggunian"><span>baguhin ang wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2121818"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McFarland2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McFarland2017_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2132731">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcFarlandKomisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino2017" class="citation book cs1">McFarland, Curtis; <a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzSWDwAAQBAJ"><i>Diksyunaryong Monolingwal sa Filipino</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anvil_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anvil Publishing (hindi pa naisusulat)">Anvil Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9789712727443" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9789712727443"><bdi>9789712727443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diksyunaryong+Monolingwal+sa+Filipino&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789712727443&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft.au=Komisyon+sa+Wikang+Filipino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzSWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JETE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JETE_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish1977" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leo_James_English" title="Leo James English">English, Leo James</a> (1977). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Kinakailangan ng malayang pagrehistro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tagalogenglishdi00leoj/">"Lomo"</a></span>. <i>Tagalog-English Dictionary</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9710810731" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9710810731"><bdi>9710810731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lomo&rft.btitle=Tagalog-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Congregation+of+the+Most+Holy+Redeemer&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9710810731&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Leo+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftagalogenglishdi00leoj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=13068&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">"Recomendacion sobre la Normalizacion internacional de las Estadisticas relativas a la Edicion de Libros y Publicaciones Periodicas"</a> [Mungkahi Ukol sa Pandaigdigang Pamantayan ng Estadistika na may Kinalaman sa Paglalathala ng mga Aklat at Periodical] (sa wikang Kastila). <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. 19 Nobyembre 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">11 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recomendacion+sobre+la+Normalizacion+internacional+de+las+Estadisticas+relativas+a+la+Edicion+de+Libros+y+Publicaciones+Periodicas&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1964-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fes%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D13068%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTaycher2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taycher, Leonid (5 Agosto 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booksearch.blogspot.com/2010/08/books-of-world-stand-up-and-be-counted.html?m=1">"Books of the world, stand up and be counted! All 129,864,880 of you"</a> [Mga aklat ng mundo, tumindig at mabilang! Lahat kayong 129,864,880.]. <i>Inside Google Books</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">11 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Google+Books&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+world%2C+stand+up+and+be+counted%21+All+129%2C864%2C880+of+you.&rft.date=2010-08-05&rft.aulast=Taycher&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooksearch.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fbooks-of-world-stand-up-and-be-counted.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagala-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tagala_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Noceda1754" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">De Noceda, Juan José (1754). De Sanlucar, Pedro (pat.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.ph/books/about/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala.html"><i>Vocabulario de la lengua tagala</i></a> [<i>Bokabularyo ng wikang Tagalog</i>] (sa wikang Kastila). Imprenta de la compañia de Jesus. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">21 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocabulario+de+la+lengua+tagala&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Imprenta+de+la+compa%C3%B1ia+de+Jesus&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=De+Noceda&rft.aufirst=Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.ph%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FVocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tgllang-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tgllang_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tgllang_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagaloglang.com/libro/">"libro"</a>. <i>Tagalog Lang</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">21 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tagalog+Lang&rft.atitle=libro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagaloglang.com%2Flibro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMark2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mark, Joshua J. (28 Abril 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/writing/">"Writing"</a> [Pagsusulat]. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">21 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Writing&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fwriting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-booktrust-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-1">8.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-2">8.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-3">8.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-4">8.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-5">8.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-booktrust_8-6">8.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBurnell2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burnell, Cerrie (21 Setyembre 2021) [3 Disyembre 2019]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.booktrust.org.uk/news-and-features/features/2019/december/a-little-history-of-reading-how-the-first-books-came-to-be/">"A little history of reading: How the first books came to be"</a> [Isang maliit na kasaysayan ng pagbabasa: Paano nagsimula ang mga unang aklat]. <i>BookTrust</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">27 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookTrust&rft.atitle=A+little+history+of+reading%3A+How+the+first+books+came+to+be&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.aulast=Burnell&rft.aufirst=Cerrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.booktrust.org.uk%2Fnews-and-features%2Ffeatures%2F2019%2Fdecember%2Fa-little-history-of-reading-how-the-first-books-came-to-be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kasaysayan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-0">9.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-1">9.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-2">9.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-3">9.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-4">9.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-5">9.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-6">9.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-7">9.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-8">9.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-9">9.09</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-10">9.10</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-11">9.11</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-12">9.12</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-13">9.13</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kasaysayan_9-14">9.14</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"History of Books" [Kasaysayan ng mga Aklat]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/3-2-history-of-books/"><i>Understanding Media and Culture</i></a> [<i>Pag-intindi sa Midya at Kultura</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">26 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Books&rft.btitle=Understanding+Media+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fmediaandculture%2Fchapter%2F3-2-history-of-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin (hindi pa naisusulat)">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Needham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Needham (hindi pa naisusulat)">Needham, Joseph</a> (pat.). <i>Paper and Printing</i> [<i>Papel at Pag-imprenta</i>]. Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology (sa wikang Ingles). Bol. V.1. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%2C+Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tsien&rft.aufirst=Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWard2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ward, James (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qseCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66"><i>The Perfection of the Paper Clip: Curious Tales of Invention, Accidental Genius, and Stationery Obsession</i></a> [<i>Ang Pagkaperpekto sa Clip ng Papel: Mga Kakaibang Kuwento ng Imbensyon, Aksidenteng Pagkahenyo, at Kaadikan sa Stationery</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Atria Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-1476799865" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-1476799865"><bdi>978-1476799865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfection+of+the+Paper+Clip%3A+Curious+Tales+of+Invention%2C+Accidental+Genius%2C+and+Stationery+Obsession&rft.pub=Atria+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1476799865&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7qseCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burns, Robert I. (1996). "Paper comes to the West, 800–1400". Sa Lindgren, Uta (pat.). <i>Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation</i> [<i>Teknolohiyang Europeo sa Gitnang Panahon. 800 hanggang 1400. Tradisyon at Inobasyon</i>] (sa wikang Aleman) (ika-4 (na) edisyon). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: Gebr. Mann Verlag. pp. 413–422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/978-3-7861-1748-3" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/978-3-7861-1748-3"><bdi>978-3-7861-1748-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paper+comes+to+the+West%2C+800%E2%80%931400&rft.btitle=Europ%C3%A4ische+Technik+im+Mittelalter.+800+bis+1400.+Tradition+und+Innovation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=413-422&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann+Verlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-7861-1748-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i> [<i>Ang Aklatan: Isang Nakaguhit na Kasaysayan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Skyhorse Publishing. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schopen-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schopen_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSchopen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Schopen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Schopen (hindi pa naisusulat)">Schopen, Gregory</a> (2004). "Diamond Sutra". <i>MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i>. Bol. 1. New York, Estados Unidos: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 227–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/0-02-865719-5" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/0-02-865719-5"><bdi>0-02-865719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diamond+Sutra&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.place=New+York%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pages=227-28&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865719-5&rft.aulast=Schopen&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_ensiklopedya" class="mw-redirect" title="Padron:Cite ensiklopedya">cite ensiklopedya</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daley, Jason (11 Mayo 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/Five-things-to-know-about-diamond-sutra-worlds-oldest-dated-printed-book-180959052/">"Five Things to Know About the Diamond Sutra, the World's Oldest Dated Printed Book"</a> [Limang Bagay na Dapat Malaman Tungkol sa Diamond Sutra, ang Pinakamatandang Napetsahang Nalimbag na Aklat sa Mundo]. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">15 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Five+Things+to+Know+About+the+Diamond+Sutra%2C+the+World%E2%80%99s+Oldest+Dated+Printed+Book&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2FFive-things-to-know-about-diamond-sutra-worlds-oldest-dated-printed-book-180959052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lithub-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lithub_17-0">16.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lithub_17-1">16.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lithub_17-2">16.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lithub_17-3">16.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lithub_17-4">16.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Newman, M. Sophia (19 Hunyo 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lithub.com/so-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press/">"So, Gutenberg Didn't Actually Invent Printing As We Know It: On the Unsung Chinese and Korean History of Movable Type"</a> [So Di Pala si Gutenberg ang Nag-imbento sa Paglilimbag Tulad ng Alam Natin: Ukol sa Nakatagong Kasaysayan ng mga Tsino at Koreano sa Nagagalaw na Uri]. <i>Literary Hub</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Hub&rft.atitle=So%2C+Gutenberg+Didn%E2%80%99t+Actually+Invent+Printing+As+We+Know+It%3A+On+the+Unsung+Chinese+and+Korean+History+of+Movable+Type&rft.date=2019-06-19&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=M.+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flithub.com%2Fso-gutenberg-didnt-actually-invent-the-printing-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tricycle-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-0">17.00</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-1">17.01</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-2">17.02</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-3">17.03</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-4">17.04</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-5">17.05</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-6">17.06</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-7">17.07</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-8">17.08</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-tricycle_18-9">17.09</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Newman, M. Sophia (2016). <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Kailangang magbayad sa pagsubaybay"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/buddhist-history-moveable-type/">"The Buddhist History of Moveable Type"</a></span> [Ang Budismong Kasaysayan ng Nagagalaw na Uri]. <i>Tricycle</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">19 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tricycle&rft.atitle=The+Buddhist+History+of+Moveable+Type&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=M.+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Fbuddhist-history-moveable-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brit_22-0">18.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brit_22-1">18.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut E. (27 Abril 2022) [5 Pebrero 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg/Printing-of-the-Bible">"Johannes Gutenberg"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">21 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Johannes+Gutenberg&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft.aulast=Lehmann-Haupt&rft.aufirst=Hellmut+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohannes-Gutenberg%2FPrinting-of-the-Bible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibl2021-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-0">19.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-1">19.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-2">19.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-3">19.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-4">19.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-5">19.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-6">19.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-7">19.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bibl2021_24-8">19.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lee, Gracie (7 Hulyo 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-17/issue-2/jul-sep-2021/early-printing">"Early Printing in the Philippines"</a> [Maagang Paglilimbag sa Pilipinas]. <i>BiblioAsia</i> (sa wikang Ingles).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BiblioAsia&rft.atitle=Early+Printing+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gracie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioasia.nlb.gov.sg%2Fvol-17%2Fissue-2%2Fjul-sep-2021%2Fearly-printing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncca-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-0">20.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-1">20.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-2">20.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-3">20.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-4">20.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-5">20.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ncca_25-6">20.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFVallejo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vallejo, Rosa M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804000935/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/libraries-and-information-services/books-and-bookmaking-in-the-philippines/">"Books and Bookmaking in the Philippines"</a> [Mga Aklat at Paggawa sa mga Aklat sa Pilipinas]. <i><a href="/wiki/Pambansang_Komisyon_para_sa_Kultura_at_mga_Sining" title="Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining">Pambansang Komisyon para sa Kultura at mga Sining</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/libraries-and-information-services/books-and-bookmaking-in-the-philippines/">orihinal</a> noong 4 Agosto 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">26 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pambansang+Komisyon+para+sa+Kultura+at+mga+Sining&rft.atitle=Books+and+Bookmaking+in+the+Philippines&rft.aulast=Vallejo&rft.aufirst=Rosa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncca.gov.ph%2Fabout-ncca-3%2Fsubcommissions%2Fsubcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch%2Flibraries-and-information-services%2Fbooks-and-bookmaking-in-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wolff, John U. (2011). "The <i>Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala</i> (sic) of Fr. Pedro de San Buenaventura (1613)" [Ang <i>Vocabulario de Lengua Tagala</i> ni Padre Pedro de San Buenaventura (1613)]. <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Kailangang magbayad sa pagsubaybay"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783050056197.33/pdf"><i>Philippine and Chamorro Linguistics Before the Advent of Structuralism</i></a></span> [<i>Lingwistikang Pilipino at Chamorro Bago ang Pagpasok ng Istrakturalismo</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Akademie Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2F9783050056197.33">10.1524/9783050056197.33</a> – sa pamamagitan ni/ng De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Vocabulario+de+Lengua+Tagala+%28sic%29+of+Fr.+Pedro+de+San+Buenaventura+%281613%29&rft.btitle=Philippine+and+Chamorro+Linguistics+Before+the+Advent+of+Structuralism&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2F9783050056197.33&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783050056197.33%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ocampo2014-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ocampo2014_29-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ocampo2014_29-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambeth_Ocampo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambeth Ocampo (hindi pa naisusulat)">Ocampo, Ambeth R.</a> (1 Agosto 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/77034/vocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Inquirer</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">24 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Vocabulario+de+la+Lengua+Tagala%27&rft.pub=Inquirer&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F77034%2Fvocabulario-de-la-lengua-tagala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britBook-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britBook_30-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britBook_30-1">23.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britBook_30-2">23.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/publishing/Book-publishing">"book publishing"</a> [paglilimbag sa mga aklat]. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">28 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=book+publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpublishing%2FBook-publishing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcFuture-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcFuture_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFNuwer2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nuwer, Rachel (25 Enero 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160124-are-paper-books-really-disappearing">"Are paper books really disappearing?"</a> [Mawawala na nga ba talaga ang mga aklat na papel?]. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">28 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Are+paper+books+really+disappearing%3F&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20160124-are-paper-books-really-disappearing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookriot-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriot_32-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriot_32-1">25.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriot_32-2">25.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriot_32-3">25.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grant, Matt (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/difference-between-fiction-and-nonfiction/">"The Difference Between Fiction and Nonfiction"</a> [Ang Pagkakaiba ng Piksyon at Di-piksyon]. <i>BookRiot</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">28 Hulyo</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookRiot&rft.atitle=The+Difference+Between+Fiction+and+Nonfiction&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookriot.com%2Fdifference-between-fiction-and-nonfiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iowaResearch-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-0">26.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-1">26.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iowaResearch_33-2">26.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDonohue2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Donohue, Tracy (11 Mayo 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iowareadingresearch.org/blog/types-of-fiction">"Types of Fiction"</a> [Mga Uri ng Piksyon]. <i>Iowa Reading Research Center</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">1 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Reading+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Types+of+Fiction&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Donohue&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiowareadingresearch.org%2Fblog%2Ftypes-of-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tarasoninhisfic-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-tarasoninhisfic_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFtarasonin2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">tarasonin (12 Hulyo 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/50-best-works-revisionist-history-speculative-history-historical-fiction/">"The 50 Best Historical Fiction Books of All Time"</a> [Ang 50 Pinakamagagandang Aklat na Historikal na Piksyon sa Lahat ng Panahon]. <i>Barnes and Noble</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">1 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barnes+and+Noble&rft.atitle=The+50+Best+Historical+Fiction+Books+of+All+Time&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.au=tarasonin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fblog%2F50-best-works-revisionist-history-speculative-history-historical-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-npr_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWeldonMayer2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weldon, Glen; Mayer, Petra (12 Hulyo 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/07/12/533862948/lets-get-graphic-100-favorite-comics-and-graphic-novels">"Let's Get Graphic: 100 Favorite Comics And Graphic Novels"</a> [Maging Grapiko Tayo: 100 Paboritong Komiks At Nobelang Nakaguhit]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPR (hindi pa naisusulat)">NPR</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">1 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Get+Graphic%3A+100+Favorite+Comics+And+Graphic+Novels&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Weldon&rft.aufirst=Glen&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F07%2F12%2F533862948%2Flets-get-graphic-100-favorite-comics-and-graphic-novels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-masterclass-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-masterclass_36-0">29.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-masterclass_36-1">29.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-the-fantasy-genre-history-of-fantasy-and-subgenres-and-types-of-fantasy-in-literature">"What Is the Fantasy Genre? History of Fantasy and Subgenres and Types of Fantasy in Literature"</a> [Ano ang Dyanrang Pantasya? Kasaysayan ng Pantasya at mga Subdyanra at Uri ng Pantasya sa Panitikan]. <i>Masterclass</i> (sa wikang Ingles). 2 Oktubre 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Masterclass&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Fantasy+Genre%3F+History+of+Fantasy+and+Subgenres+and+Types+of+Fantasy+in+Literature&rft.date=2021-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-is-the-fantasy-genre-history-of-fantasy-and-subgenres-and-types-of-fantasy-in-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-npr2_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMayer2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer, Petra (18 Agosto 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/08/18/1027159166/best-books-science-fiction-fantasy-past-decade">"We asked, you answered: Your 50 favorite sci-fi and fantasy books of the past decade"</a> [Nagtanong kami, sumagot kayo: Ang inyong 50 paboritong aklat na sci-fi at pantasya ng nagdaang dekada]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPR (hindi pa naisusulat)">NPR</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=We+asked%2C+you+answered%3A+Your+50+favorite+sci-fi+and+fantasy+books+of+the+past+decade&rft.date=2021-08-18&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F08%2F18%2F1027159166%2Fbest-books-science-fiction-fantasy-past-decade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wired_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/best-sci-fi-books">"29 of the Best Science Fiction Books Everyone Should Read"</a> [29 sa mga Pinakamagagandang Aklat na Piksyong Maagham na Dapat Basahin ng Lahat]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wired&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wired (hindi pa naisusulat)">Wired</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). 22 Nobyembre 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=29+of+the+Best+Science+Fiction+Books+Everyone+Should+Read&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbest-sci-fi-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aasl-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aasl_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFBober2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bober, Tom (15 Nobyembre 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815030546/https://knowledgequest.aasl.org/5-kinds-of-nonfiction/">"5 Kinds of Nonfiction"</a> [5 Uri ng Di-piksyon]. <i>American Association of School Libraries</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledgequest.aasl.org/5-kinds-of-nonfiction/">orihinal</a> noong 15 Agosto 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+School+Libraries&rft.atitle=5+Kinds+of+Nonfiction&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=Bober&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledgequest.aasl.org%2F5-kinds-of-nonfiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stewart-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-stewart_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stewart, Melissa (Mayo 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melissa-stewart.com/img2018/pdfs/5_Kinds_of_Nonfiction_SLJ_May_2018.pdf">"5 Kinds of Nonfiction"</a> [5 Uri ng Di-piksyon] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">2 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+Kinds+of+Nonfiction&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melissa-stewart.com%2Fimg2018%2Fpdfs%2F5_Kinds_of_Nonfiction_SLJ_May_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Mukhang patay ang naunang link since Agosto 2024" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Dead external links">patay na link</a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umcFormats-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-0">34.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-1">34.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-2">34.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-3">34.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-4">34.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-5">34.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-6">34.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-7">34.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-umcFormats_41-8">34.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Book Formats" [Mga Pormat ng Aklat]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lib.umn.edu/mediaandculture/chapter/3-4-major-book-formats/"><i>Understanding Media and Culture</i></a> [<i>Pag-intindi sa Midya at Kultura</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">3 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+Formats&rft.btitle=Understanding+Media+and+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.lib.umn.edu%2Fmediaandculture%2Fchapter%2F3-4-major-book-formats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookriotFormats-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-0">35.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-1">35.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-2">35.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-3">35.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-4">35.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotFormats_42-5">35.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hill, Nicole (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/different-types-of-book-formats/amp/">"The Different Types of Book Formats Explained"</a> [Mga Iba't-ibang Uri ng Pormat ng Aklat Pinaliwanag]. <i>BookRiot</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">4 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookRiot&rft.atitle=The+Different+Types+of+Book+Formats+Explained&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookriot.com%2Fdifferent-types-of-book-formats%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lifewire-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lifewire_43-0">36.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lifewire_43-1">36.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harris, Mark (28 Abril 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/what-are-audiobooks-2438535">"What Are Audiobooks?"</a> [Ano ang mga Audiobook?]. <i>Lifewire</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">4 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=What+Are+Audiobooks%3F&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fwhat-are-audiobooks-2438535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abeBooks-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-abeBooks_44-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-abeBooks_44-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/books/rarebooks/collecting-guide/understanding-rare-books/guide-book-formats.shtml">"Guide to book formats"</a> [Gabay sa mga pormat ng aklat]. <i>Abe Books</i> (sa wikang Ingles). 3 Hunyo 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">6 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abe+Books&rft.atitle=Guide+to+book+formats&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fbooks%2Frarebooks%2Fcollecting-guide%2Funderstanding-rare-books%2Fguide-book-formats.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dikAklatan-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dikAklatan_45-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-dikAklatan_45-1">38.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diksiyonaryo.ph/search/aklatan">"aklatan"</a>. <i>Diksiyonaryo.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">6 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diksiyonaryo.ph&rft.atitle=aklatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiksiyonaryo.ph%2Fsearch%2Faklatan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britAklatan-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britAklatan_46-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-britAklatan_46-1">39.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haider, Salmon (29 Hulyo 2022) [20 Hulyo 1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/library">"library"</a> [aklatan]. <i><a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">6 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=library&rft.date=2022-07-29&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Salmon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Flibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bookriotPinakamalaki-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bookriotPinakamalaki_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTanjeem2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tanjeem, Namera (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookriot.com/biggest-libraries/">"How Many Books is Too Many? Ask the World's 10 Biggest Libraries"</a> [Ilang Aklat ang Masyado na'ng Marami? Tanungin [mo] ang 10 Pinakamalalaking Aklatan ng Mundo]. <i>BookRiot</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">6 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookRiot&rft.atitle=How+Many+Books+is+Too+Many%3F+Ask+the+World%27s+10+Biggest+Libraries&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Tanjeem&rft.aufirst=Namera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookriot.com%2Fbiggest-libraries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Kinakailangan ng malayang pagrehistro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The library: an illustrated history</i></a></span> [<i>Ang aklatan: isang nakaguhit na kasaysayan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Lungsod_ng_New_York" title="Lungsod ng New York">Lungsod ng New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: Skyhorse Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9781602397064" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9781602397064"><bdi>9781602397064</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203534">277203534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+library%3A+an+illustrated+history&rft.place=Lungsod+ng+New+York%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Pub.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F277203534&rft.isbn=9781602397064&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shera-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shera_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFShera1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shera, Jesse H. (1965). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Kinakailangan ng malayang pagrehistro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/librariesorganiz00sher"><i>Libraries and the organization of knowledge</i></a></span> [<i>Mga aklatan at ang pag-oorganisa sa kaalaman</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). Hamden, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: Archon Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libraries+and+the+organization+of+knowledge&rft.place=Hamden%2C+Connecticut%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=Archon+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Shera&rft.aufirst=Jesse+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibrariesorganiz00sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1969" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clarke, Jack A. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_library-quarterly_1969-10_39_4/page/331">"Gabriel Naudé and the Foundations of the Scholarly Library"</a> [Si Gabriel Naudé at ang mga Pundasyon ng Iskolar na Aklatan]. <i>The Library Quarterly</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>39</b> (4): 331–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F619792">10.1086/619792</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2519">0024-2519</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4306024">4306024</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (hindi pa naisusulat)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144274371">144274371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Naud%C3%A9+and+the+Foundations+of+the+Scholarly+Library&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-343&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0024-2519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144274371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4306024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F619792&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_library-quarterly_1969-10_39_4%2Fpage%2F331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sayers-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sayers_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFSayers1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sayers, Berwick (1918). <i>An introduction to library classification</i> [<i>Pagpapakilala sa klasipikasyon sa aklatan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). New York, Estados Unidos: H. W. Wilson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+library+classification&rft.place=New+York%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Sayers&rft.aufirst=Berwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oclc-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oclc_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries.en.html">"A Brief Introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification"</a> [Mabilis na Pagpapakilala sa Klasipikasyong Desimal ni Dewey] (sa wikang Ingles). OCLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130503183202/https://www.oclc.org/dewey/resources/summaries.en.html">Inarkibo</a> mula sa orihinal noong 3 Mayo 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Dewey+Decimal+Classification&rft.pub=OCLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclc.org%2Fdewey%2Fresources%2Fsummaries.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|archive-date=</code> / <code class="cs1-code">|archive-url=</code> timestamp mismatch (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#archive_date_url_ts_mismatch" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">tulong</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asia-libraries-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-asia-libraries_53-0">46.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-asia-libraries_53-1">46.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorWang_Guizhi" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Taylor, Insup; Wang Guizhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221100748/http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/mcluhan-studies/v1_iss6/1_6art3.htm">"Library Systems in East Asia"</a> [Mga Sistema sa Aklatan sa Silangang Asya]. <i>McLuhan Studies</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/mcluhan-studies/v1_iss6/1_6art3.htm">orihinal</a> noong 21 Pebrero 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McLuhan+Studies&rft.atitle=Library+Systems+in+East+Asia&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Insup&rft.au=Wang+Guizhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojects.chass.utoronto.ca%2Fmcluhan-studies%2Fv1_iss6%2F1_6art3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IALS-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IALS_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053537/http://ials.sas.ac.uk/library/archives/moys.htm">"IALS Library"</a> [Aklatan ng IALS]. Institute of Advanced Legal Studies. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ials.sas.ac.uk/library/archives/moys.htm">orihinal</a> noong 4 Marso 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IALS+Library&rft.pub=Institute+of+Advanced+Legal+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fials.sas.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Farchives%2Fmoys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFWu1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu, Eugene W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/jeal/vol1993/iss101/16/">"The Founding of the Harvard–Yenching Library"</a> [Ang Pagtatag sa Aklatang Harvard-Yenching]. <i>Journal of East Asian Libraries</i> (sa wikang Ingles). <b>101</b> (1): 65–69<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Founding+of+the+Harvard%E2%80%93Yenching+Library&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Eugene+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fjeal%2Fvol1993%2Fiss101%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_journal" title="Padron:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFPai2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pai, Sarayu (8 Nobyembre 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanforddaily.com/2019/11/08/the-impact-of-books/">"The impact of books"</a> [Ang epekto ng mga aklat]. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Stanford_Daily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Stanford Daily (hindi pa naisusulat)">The Stanford Daily</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Daily&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+books&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Sarayu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanforddaily.com%2F2019%2F11%2F08%2Fthe-impact-of-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFTenner2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tenner, Shara (21 Enero 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lifeisanepisode.com/how-books-affect-modern-society/">"How books affect modern society"</a> [Paano nakakaapekto ang mga aklat sa modernong lipunan]. <i>Life is an Episode</i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+is+an+Episode&rft.atitle=How+books+affect+modern+society&rft.date=2020-01-21&rft.aulast=Tenner&rft.aufirst=Shara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flifeisanepisode.com%2Fhow-books-affect-modern-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2011" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (7 Setyembre 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/07/reading-fiction-empathy-study">"Reading fiction 'improves empathy', study finds"</a> ['Nagpapahusay ng pakikiramay' ang pagbabasa sa piksyon, ayon sa isang pag-aaral]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Reading+fiction+%27improves+empathy%27%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fsep%2F07%2Freading-fiction-empathy-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_news" title="Padron:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFGow2012" class="citation web cs1">Gow, Kailin (7 Disyembre 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/1842370/how-fiction-impacts-fact-social-impact-books">"How Fiction Impacts Fact: The Social Impact Of Books"</a> [Paano Nakakaapekto ang Piksyon sa Katotohanan: Ang Epektong Panlipunan ng mga Aklat]. <i>The Fast Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fast+Company&rft.atitle=How+Fiction+Impacts+Fact%3A+The+Social+Impact+Of+Books&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Kailin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F1842370%2Fhow-fiction-impacts-fact-social-impact-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianArno-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guardianArno_60-0">53.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-guardianArno_60-1">53.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFKirchgaessner2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (4 Nobyembre 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/florence-flood-50-years-on-the-world-felt-this-city-had-to-be-saved">"Florence flood 50 years on: 'The world felt this city had to be saved'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Pagbaha sa Florence 50 taong ang lumipas: 'Pakiramdam ng mundo, kailangan iligtas ang lungsod na ito']. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italya" title="Italya">Italya</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Florence+flood+50+years+on%3A+%27The+world+felt+this+city+had+to+be+saved%27&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft.aulast=Kirchgaessner&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fnov%2F04%2Fflorence-flood-50-years-on-the-world-felt-this-city-had-to-be-saved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_news" title="Padron:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFNix2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nix, Elizabeth (22 Agosto 2018) [3 Nobyembre 2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-disaster-that-deluged-florences-cultural-treasures">"The Disaster that Deluged Florence's Cultural Treasures"</a> [Ang Sakunang Nagpadelubyo sa mga Kayamanang Pangkultura ng Florence]. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History</a></i> (sa wikang Ingles)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Disaster+that+Deluged+Florence%E2%80%99s+Cultural+Treasures&rft.date=2018-08-22&rft.aulast=Nix&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-disaster-that-deluged-florences-cultural-treasures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFMillerPellen2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miller, William; Pellen, Rita M., mga pat. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59"><i>Dealing with Natural Disasters in Libraries</i></a> [<i>Pagtugon sa mga Sakuna sa mga Aklatan</i>] (sa wikang Ingles). <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estados_Unidos" title="Estados Unidos">Estados Unidos</a>: The Haworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Natatangi:Mga_pinagmulang_aklat/9781136791635" title="Natatangi:Mga pinagmulang aklat/9781136791635"><bdi>9781136791635</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+with+Natural+Disasters+in+Libraries&rft.place=New+York%2C+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=The+Haworth+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781136791635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXl0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_book" title="Padron:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2132731"><cite id="CITEREFDardesStandiforth" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dardes, Kathleen; Standiforth, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724041434/https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/30_2/preventive_conservation.html">"Preventive Conservation: Sustainable Stewardship of Collections"</a> [Pagpepreserbang Nagpipigil: Napapanatiling Pangangasiwa sa mga Koleksyon]. <i>The Getty Conservation Institute</i> (sa wikang Ingles). Getty Conservation Research Foundation Museum. Inarkibo mula sa <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/newsletters/30_2/preventive_conservation.html">orihinal</a> noong 24 Hulyo 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nakuha noong <span class="nowrap">10 Agosto</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Getty+Conservation+Institute&rft.atitle=Preventive+Conservation%3A+Sustainable+Stewardship+of+Collections&rft.aulast=Dardes&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Standiforth%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fconservation%2Fpublications_resources%2Fnewsletters%2F30_2%2Fpreventive_conservation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftl.wikipedia.org%3AAklat" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Padron:Cite_web" title="Padron:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (<a href="/wiki/Kategorya:CS1_maint:_date_auto-translated" title="Kategorya:CS1 maint: date auto-translated">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1961329">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">May kaugnay na midya ang Wikimedia Commons tungkol sa artikulong:<br /><div style="margin: 5px 5%;"><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Book" class="extiw" title="commons:Book">Aklat</a></b></i></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1961329"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1961807">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Aklat</b> mula sa mga <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">kapatid na proyekto</span></a> ng Wikipedia</div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tl.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aklat" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Aklat">Mga kahulugan</a> mula sa Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://tl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aklat" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Aklat">Mga aklat</a> mula sa Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐647f8b45db‐gjv22 Cached time: 20241118185754 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.924 seconds Real time usage: 1.134 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5940/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 164158/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6810/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 203955/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.535/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21099432/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 941.632 1 -total 43.92% 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