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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_second_wave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_second_wave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relationship with second wave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_second_wave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_against_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_against_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Violence against women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_against_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproductive rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclaiming_derogatory_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclaiming_derogatory_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reclaiming derogatory terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclaiming_derogatory_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sexual liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_cohesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_cohesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lack of cohesion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_cohesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objection_to_"wave_construct"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objection_to_"wave_construct""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Objection to "wave construct"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objection_to_"wave_construct"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_women_of_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_women_of_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Relationship with women of color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_women_of_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Girly"_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Girly"_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>"Girly" feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Girly"_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suggested_listening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suggested_listening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Suggested listening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suggested_listening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Third-wave feminism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A9" title="الموجة النسوية الثالثة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموجة النسوية الثالثة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A2%E0%A7%8C%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="তৃতীয় ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৃতীয় ঢৌৰ নাৰীবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizmin_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_dal%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Feminizmin üçüncü dalğası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feminizmin üçüncü dalğası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="নারীবাদের তৃতীয় তরঙ্গ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারীবাদের তৃতীয় তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Трэцяя хваля фемінізму – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэцяя хваля фемінізму" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трета вълна на феминизма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трета вълна на феминизма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_onada_de_teoria_feminista" title="Tercera onada de teoria feminista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tercera onada de teoria feminista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_b%C3%B8lge_af_feminisme" title="Tredje bølge af feminisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tredje bølge af feminisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismus#Dritte_Welle" title="Feminismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feminismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmanda_laine_feminism" title="Kolmanda laine feminism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmanda laine feminism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τρίτο Κύμα Φεμινισμού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτο Κύμα Φεμινισμού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercera_ola_del_feminismo" title="Tercera ola del feminismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tercera ola del feminismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="موج سوم فمینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج سوم فمینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_vague_f%C3%A9ministe" title="Troisième vague féministe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Troisième vague féministe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_onda_do_feminismo" title="Terceira onda do feminismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Terceira onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C3%EC%84%B8%EB%8C%80_%EC%97%AC%EC%84%B1%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="제3세대 여성주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제3세대 여성주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Ֆեմինիզմի երրորդ ալիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆեմինիզմի երրորդ ալիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की तीसरी लहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नारीवादी आंदोलन की तीसरी लहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmoderni_feminizam" title="Postmoderni feminizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Postmoderni feminizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_ondata_femminista" title="Terza ondata femminista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza ondata femminista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="הגל השלישי של הפמיניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגל השלישי של הפמיניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Трет феминистички бран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трет феминистички бран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F" title="स्त्रीवादाची तिसरी-लाट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्त्रीवादाची तिसरी-लाट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derde_feministische_golf" title="Derde feministische golf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Derde feministische golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="第三波フェミニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第三波フェミニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نسائیت دی تیسری لہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نسائیت دی تیسری لہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%90%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87_%DA%85%D9%BE%D9%87" title="د فیمینیزم درېيمه څپه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فیمینیزم درېيمه څپه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizm_trzeciej_fali" title="Feminizm trzeciej fali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Feminizm trzeciej fali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_onda_do_feminismo" title="Terceira onda do feminismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira onda do feminismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Третья волна феминизма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Третья волна феминизма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трећи талас феминизма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трећи талас феминизма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminizam_tre%C4%87eg_vala" title="Feminizam trećeg vala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feminizam trećeg vala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmannen_aallon_feminismi" title="Kolmannen aallon feminismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmannen aallon feminismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredje_v%C3%A5gens_feminism" title="Tredje vågens feminism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tredje vågens feminism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மூன்றாம் அலை பெண்ணியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூன்றாம் அலை பெண்ணியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BC_dalga_feminizm" title="Üçüncü dalga feminizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üçüncü dalga feminizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feminist movement, 1990s–2020s</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in 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</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebeccawalker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rebeccawalker.jpg/220px-Rebeccawalker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rebeccawalker.jpg/330px-Rebeccawalker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Rebeccawalker.jpg/440px-Rebeccawalker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a> in 2003. The term <i>third wave</i> is credited to Walker's 1992 article, "Becoming the Third Wave."<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Third-wave feminism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> that began in the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201522_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201522-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prominent in the decades prior to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">fourth wave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grounded in the civil-rights advances of the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Gen X</a> third-wave feminists born in the 1960s and 1970s embraced <a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">diversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> in women, and sought to redefine what it meant to be a feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201522_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201522-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third wave saw the emergence of new feminist currents and theories, such as <a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sex_positive_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex positive feminism">sex positivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">vegetarian ecofeminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">transfeminism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">postmodern feminism</a>. According to feminist scholar Elizabeth Evans, the "confusion surrounding what constitutes third-wave feminism is in some respects its defining feature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201549_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201549-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third wave is traced to <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>'s televised testimony in 1991 to an all-male all-white <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> that the judge <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas</a> had <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexually harassed</a> her. The term <i>third wave</i> is credited to <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a>, who responded to Thomas's appointment to the Supreme Court with an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i> magazine, "Becoming the Third Wave" (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So I write this as a plea to all women, especially women of my generation: Let Thomas' confirmation serve to remind you, as it did me, that the fight is far from over. Let this dismissal of a woman's experience move you to anger. Turn that outrage into political power. Do not vote for them unless they work for us. Do not have sex with them, do not break bread with them, do not nurture them if they don't prioritize our freedom to control our bodies and our lives. I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the Third Wave.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Walker sought to establish that third-wave feminism was not just a reaction but a movement in itself because the feminist cause had more work ahead. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">intersectionality</a></i> to describe the idea that women experience "layers of oppression" caused, for example, by gender, race, and class had been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> in 1989, and it was during the third wave that the concept flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201519_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201519-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, third-wave feminism is traced to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">riot grrrl</a> feminist <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As feminists came online in the late 1990s and early 2000s and reached a global audience with blogs and e-<a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">zines</a>, they broadened their goals, focusing on abolishing gender-role stereotypes and expanding feminism to include women with diverse racial and cultural identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tong_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave feminism</a></div> <p>The rights and programs gained by feminists of the second wave served as a foundation for the third wave. The gains included <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> (equal access to education), public discussion about the abuse and rape of women, access to contraception and other reproductive services (including the legalization of abortion), the creation and enforcement of sexual-harassment policies for women in the workplace, the creation of domestic-abuse shelters for women and children, child-care services, educational funding for young women, and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a> programs. </p><p>Feminists of color such as <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Hong_Kingston" title="Maxine Hong Kingston">Maxine Hong Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Marmon_Silko" title="Leslie Marmon Silko">Leslie Marmon Silko</a> and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Combahee_River_Collective" title="Combahee River Collective">Combahee River Collective</a> sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heywood_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heywood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherríe Moraga and Gloria E. Anzaldúa had published the anthology <i><a href="/wiki/This_Bridge_Called_My_Back" title="This Bridge Called My Back">This Bridge Called My Back</a></i> (1981), which, along with <i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Women_Are_White,_All_the_Blacks_Are_Men,_But_Some_of_Us_Are_Brave" title="All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave">All the Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave</a></i> (1982), edited by <a href="/wiki/Akasha_Gloria_Hull" title="Akasha Gloria Hull">Akasha (Gloria T.) Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bell-Scott" title="Patricia Bell-Scott">Patricia Bell-Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Barbara Smith</a>, argued that second-wave feminism had focused primarily on the problems of white women. The emphasis on the intersection between race and gender became increasingly prominent. However, allowing third wave feminism to adopt the paradigm of intersectionality can erase the narrative of second-wave feminist of color who worked towards inclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">feminist sex wars</a> arose as a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical feminism</a> of the second wave and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">its views on sexuality</a>, countering with a concept of "<a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">sex-positivity</a>", and heralding the third wave.<sup id="cite_ref-end_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-end-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another crucial point for the start of the third wave is the publication in 1990 of <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, which soon became one of the most influential works of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>. In it, Butler argued against homogenizing conceptions of "women", which had a normative and exclusionary effect not only in the social world more broadly but also within feminism. This was the case not only for racialized or working-class women, but also for <a href="/wiki/Female_masculinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Female masculinity">masculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary</a> women.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They outlined their theory of gender as <a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">performativity</a>, which posited that gender works by enforcing a series of repetitions of verbal and non-verbal acts that generate the "illusion" of a coherent and intelligible gender expression and identity, which would otherwise <a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism#Gender_performativity" title="Gender essentialism">lack any essential property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, Butler developed the claim that there is no "natural" <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sex</a>, but that what we call as such is always already culturally mediated, and therefore inseparable from gender.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These views were foundational for the field of <a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer theory</a>, and played a major role in the development of third-wave feminist theories and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anita_Hill">Anita Hill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anita Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg/170px-Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg/255px-Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg/340px-Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a>, when questioned, accused <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, an African-American judge who had been nominated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>. Thomas denied the accusations, calling them a "high-tech lynching". After extensive debate, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> voted 52–48 in favor of Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heywood_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heywood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <i>Ms. Magazine</i> published an article by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a>, entitled "Becoming the Third Wave", in which she stated: "I am not a post-feminism feminist. I am the third wave." Many had argued that Thomas should be confirmed, despite Hill's accusations, because of his plans to create opportunities for people of color. When Walker asked her partner his opinion and he said the same thing, she asked: "When will progressive black men prioritize my rights and well-being?" She wanted racial equality but without dismissing women.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Woman" title="Year of the Woman">Year of the Woman</a>", four women entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> to join the two already there. The following year, another woman, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Kay Bailey Hutchison</a>, won a special election, bringing the number to seven. The 1990s saw the US's first female <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a> (<a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>) and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>), as well as the second woman on the Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/US_First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="US First Lady">US First Lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, to have had an independent political, legal and activist career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riot_grrrl">Riot grrrl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Riot grrrl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg/170px-Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg/255px-Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg/340px-Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hanna" title="Kathleen Hanna">Kathleen Hanna</a>, lead singer of <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">riot grrrl</a>, the feminist <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a>, in the early 1990s in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a>, marked the beginning of third-wave feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-Piepmeier2009p45_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piepmeier2009p45-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The triple "r" in <i>grrrl</i> was intended to reclaim the word <i>girl</i> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alison_Piepmeier" title="Alison Piepmeier">Alison Piepmeier</a> writes that riot grrrl and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Dyer" title="Sarah Dyer">Sarah Dyer</a>'s <i>Action Girl Newsletter</i> formulated "a style, rhetoric, and iconography for grrrl <a href="/wiki/Zines" class="mw-redirect" title="Zines">zines</a>" that came to define third-wave feminism,<sup id="cite_ref-Piepmeier2009p45_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piepmeier2009p45-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that focused on the viewpoint of adolescent girls.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on hard-core <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>, the movement created zines and art, talked about rape, patriarchy, sexuality, and female empowerment, started chapters, and supported and organized women in music.<sup id="cite_ref-Schilt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An undated<sup>but collected by 2013</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a> tour flier asked "What is Riot grrrl?": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>BECAUSE in every form of media I see us/myself slapped, decapitated, laughed at, objectified, raped, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked, and killed. ... BECAUSE a safe space needs to be created for girls where we can open our eyes and reach out to each other without being threatened by this sexist society and our day to day bullshit. ... BECAUSE we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy. BECAUSE I am tired of these things happening to me; I'm not a fuck toy. I'm not a punching bag. I'm not a joke.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Riot grrrl was grounded in the <a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies#Punk_ethics" title="Punk ideologies">punk values</a>, adopting an <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporate">anti-corporate</a> stance of <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">self-sufficiency</a> and self-reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its emphasis on universal female identity and separatism often appeared more closely allied with second-wave feminism.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenberg_Garofalo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg_Garofalo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands associated with the movement included <a href="/wiki/Bratmobile" title="Bratmobile">Bratmobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excuse_17" title="Excuse 17">Excuse 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Off_Jill" title="Jack Off Jill">Jack Off Jill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Kitten" title="Free Kitten">Free Kitten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huggy_Bear_(band)" title="Huggy Bear (band)">Huggy Bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/L7_(band)" title="L7 (band)">L7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column_(band)" title="Fifth Column (band)">Fifth Column</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Team_Dresch" title="Team Dresch">Team Dresch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schilt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schilt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most prominently <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Riot grrrl culture gave people the space to enact change on a macro, meso and micro scale. As Kevin Dunn explains:</p><blockquote><p>Using the do-it-yourself ethos of punk to provide resources for individual empowerment, Riot Grrrl encouraged females to engage in multiple sites of resistance. At the macro-level, Riot Grrrls resist society's dominant constructions of femininity. At the meso-level, they resist stifling gender roles in punk. At the micro-level, they challenge gender constructions in their families and among their peers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The demise of riot grrrl is linked to commodification and misrepresentation of its message, mainly through media coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine, Jennifer Keishin Armstrong states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the early 1990s, the women's movement seemed dead to the mainstream. Few pop cultural figures embraced the term "feminist." The underground punk movement known as "Riot Grrrl" scared anyone outside of it, while Alanis Morissette's breakthrough single "You Oughta Know" scared everyone else even more. Then, in the middle of the decade, the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Girls" title="Spice Girls">Spice Girls</a> took all of that fear and made feminism – popularized as <a href="/wiki/Girl_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl Power">Girl Power</a> – fun. Suddenly, regular girls far outside Women's Studies classrooms had at least an inkling of what would be known in wonky circles as Third Wave Feminism – led by <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation Xers</a> pushing for sexual freedom and respect for traditionally "girly" pursuits like makeup and fashion, among many other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>El Hunt of <i><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i> states, "Riot grrrl bands in general were very focused on making space for women at gigs. They understood the importance of giving women a platform and voice to speak out against abusers. For a lot of young women and girls, who probably weren't following the Riot grrrl scene at all, The Spice Girls brought this spirit into the mainstream and made it accessible."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JenniferBaumgardner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JenniferBaumgardner.jpg/180px-JenniferBaumgardner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JenniferBaumgardner.jpg/270px-JenniferBaumgardner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/JenniferBaumgardner.jpg/360px-JenniferBaumgardner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baumgardner" title="Jennifer Baumgardner">Jennifer Baumgardner</a>, co-author of <i>Manifesta</i> (2000), in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Arguably the biggest challenge to third-wave feminism was that the gains of second-wave feminism were taken for granted, and the importance of feminism not understood. Baumgardner and Richards (2000) wrote: "[F]or anyone born after the early 1960s, the presence of feminism in our lives is taken for granted. For our generation, feminism is like fluoride. We scarcely notice that we have it—it's simply in the water."<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Essentially the claim was that gender equality had already been achieved, via the first two waves, and further attempts to push for women's rights were irrelevant and unnecessary, or perhaps even pushed the pendulum too far in women's favor. This issue manifested itself in the heated debates about whether affirmative action was creating gender equality or punishing white, middle-class males for the biological history that they had inherited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite201214–15_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite201214–15-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-wave feminism therefore focused on <a href="/wiki/Consciousness_raising" title="Consciousness raising">Consciousness raising</a>—"one's ability to open their mind to the fact that male domination does affect the women of our generation, is what we need.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third-wave feminists often engaged in "micro-politics", and challenged the second wave's paradigm as to what was good for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Faludi_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faludi-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of third-wave feminism said that it allowed women to define feminism for themselves. Describing third-wave feminism in <i>Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism And The Future</i> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baumgardner" title="Jennifer Baumgardner">Jennifer Baumgardner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Richards" title="Amy Richards">Amy Richards</a> suggested that feminism could change with every generation and individual: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fact that feminism is no longer limited to arenas where we expect to see it—<a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">NOW</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">women's studies</a>, and redsuited <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">congresswomen</a>—perhaps means that young women today have really reaped what feminism has sown. Raised after <a href="/wiki/Title_IX" title="Title IX">Title IX</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/William%27s_Doll" title="William's Doll">William Wants a Doll</a></i>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], young women emerged from college or high school or two years of marriage or their first job and began challenging some of the received wisdom of the past ten or twenty years of feminism. We're not doing feminism the same way that the seventies feminists did it; being liberated doesn't mean copying what came before but finding one's own way—a way that is genuine to one's own generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_(32427292776).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg/220px-Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg/330px-Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg/440px-Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_%2832427292776%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Protesters at a women's march in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Third-wave feminists used personal narratives as a form of feminist theory. Expressing personal experiences gave women space to recognize that they were not alone in the oppression and discrimination they faced. Using these accounts has benefits because it records personal details that may not be available in traditional historical texts.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third-wave ideology focused on a more <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralist</a> interpretation of gender and sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-structuralist feminists saw binaries such as male–female as an artificial construct created to maintain the power of the dominant group.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joan_W._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan W. Scott">Joan W. Scott</a> wrote in 1998 that "poststructuralists insist that words and texts have no fixed or intrinsic meanings, that there is no transparent or self-evident relationship between them and either ideas or things, no basic or ultimate correspondence between language and the world".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_second_wave">Relationship with second wave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with second wave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second wave of feminism is often accused of being elitist and ignoring groups such as women of colour and transgender women; instead, it focused on white, middle class, cisgender women. Third wave feminists questioned the beliefs of their predecessors and began to apply feminist theory to a wider variety of women, who had not been previously included in feminist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amy_Richards" title="Amy Richards">Amy Richards</a> defined the feminist culture for the third wave as "third wave because it's an expression of having grown up with feminism".<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-wave feminists grew up where the politics intertwined within the culture, such as "Kennedy, the Vietnam War, civil rights, and women's rights". In contrast, the third wave sprang from a culture of "punk-rock, hip-hop, 'zines, products, consumerism and the Internet".<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an essay entitled "Generations, Academic Feminists in dialogue" <a href="/wiki/Diane_Elam" title="Diane Elam">Diane Elam</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This problem manifests itself when senior feminists insist that junior feminists be good daughters, defending the same kind of feminism their mothers advocated. Questions and criticisms are allowed, but only if they proceed from the approved brand of feminism. Daughters are not allowed to invent new ways of thinking and doing feminism for themselves; feminists' politics should take the same shape that it has always assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a>, in <i>To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism</i> (1995), wrote about her fear of rejection by her mother (<a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a>) and her godmother (<a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a>) for challenging their views: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Young Women feminists find themselves watching their speech and tone in their works so as not to upset their elder feminist mothers. There is a definite gap among feminists who consider themselves to be second-wave and those who would label themselves as third-wave. Although, the age criteria for second-wave feminists and third-wave feminists is murky, younger feminists definitely have a hard time proving themselves worthy as feminist scholars and activists.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_against_women">Violence against women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Violence against women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg/170px-Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg/255px-Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg/340px-Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Vagina_Monologues" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagina Monologues">Vagina Monologues</a></i> premiered in New York in 1996.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, became<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a central issue. Organizations such as <a href="/wiki/V-Day_(movement)" title="V-Day (movement)">V-Day</a> formed with the goal of ending gender violence, and artistic expressions, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues">The Vagina Monologues</a>,</i> generated awareness. Third-wave feminists wanted to transform traditional notions of sexuality and embrace "an exploration of women's feelings about sexuality that included vagina-centred topics as diverse as orgasm, birth, and rape".<sup id="cite_ref-Brunell2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunell2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproductive_rights">Reproductive rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproductive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></div> <p>One of third-wave feminism's primary goals was to demonstrate that access to contraception and abortion are women's reproductive rights. According to Baumgardner and Richards, "It is not feminism's goal to control any woman's fertility, only to free each woman to control her own."<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Dakota's 2006 attempt to ban abortion in all cases, except when necessary to protect the mother's life,<sup id="cite_ref-Davey_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davey-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the US Supreme Court's vote to uphold the <a href="/wiki/Partial_birth_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial birth abortion">partial birth abortion</a> ban were viewed as restrictions on women's civil and reproductive rights.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Restrictions on abortion in the US, which was mostly legalized by the 1973 Supreme Court decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, were becoming more common in states around the country. These included mandatory waiting periods,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parental-consent laws,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spousal-consent laws.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reclaiming_derogatory_terms">Reclaiming derogatory terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reclaiming derogatory terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg/260px-Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg/390px-Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg/520px-Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Slutwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutwalk">Slutwalk</a>, Toronto, 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>English speakers continued to use words such as <i><a href="/wiki/Spinster" title="Spinster">spinster</a></i>, <i>bitch</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whore" class="mw-redirect" title="Whore">whore</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cunt" title="Cunt">cunt</a></i> to refer to women in derogatory ways. <a href="/wiki/Inga_Muscio" title="Inga Muscio">Inga Muscio</a> wrote, "I posit that we're free to seize a word that was kidnapped and co-opted in a pain-filled, distant past, with a ransom that cost our grandmothers' freedom, children, traditions, pride and land."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking back the word <i>bitch</i> was fueled by the single "<a href="/wiki/All_Women_Are_Bitches" title="All Women Are Bitches">All Women Are Bitches</a>" (1994) by the all-woman band <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column_(band)" title="Fifth Column (band)">Fifth Column</a>, and by the book <i>Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women</i> (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel" title="Elizabeth Wurtzel">Elizabeth Wurtzel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wurtzel_1998_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurtzel_1998-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The utility of the reclamation strategy became a hot topic with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/SlutWalk" title="SlutWalk">SlutWalks</a> in 2011. The first took place in Toronto on 3 April that year in response to a Toronto police officer's remark that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized."<sup id="cite_ref-slutwalktoronto1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slutwalktoronto1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional SlutWalks sprang up internationally, including in Berlin, London, New York City, Seattle, and West Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several feminist bloggers criticized the campaign; reclamation of the word <i>slut</i> was questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_liberation">Sexual liberation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sexual liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third-wave feminists expanded the second-wave feminist's definition of sexual liberation to "mean a process of first becoming conscious of the ways one's gender identity and sexuality have been shaped by society and then intentionally constructing (and becoming free to express) one's authentic gender identity".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since third-wave feminism relied on different personal definitions to explain feminism, there is controversy surrounding what sexual liberation really entails. Many third-wave feminists supported the idea that women should embrace their sexuality as a way to take back their power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third-wave feminism regarded race, social class, and transgender rights<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as central issues. It also paid attention to workplace matters such as the <a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">glass ceiling</a>, unfair <a href="/wiki/Maternity_leave" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternity leave">maternity-leave</a> policies,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> motherhood support for <a href="/wiki/Single_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Single mother">single mothers</a> by means of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_(financial_aid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare (financial aid)">welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>, respect for working mothers, and the rights of mothers who decide to leave their careers to raise their children full-time.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_cohesion">Lack of cohesion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lack of cohesion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One issue raised by critics was a lack of cohesion because of the absence of a single cause for third-wave feminism. The first wave fought for and gained the right for women to vote. The second wave fought for the right for women to have access to an equal opportunity in the workforce, as well as the end of legal sex discrimination. The third wave allegedly lacked a cohesive goal and was often seen as an extension of the second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argued that the third wave could be dubbed the "Second Wave, Part Two" when it came to the politics of feminism and that "only young feminist culture" was "truly third wave".<sup id="cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One argument ran that the equation of third-wave feminism with individualism prevented the movement from growing and moving towards political goals. Kathleen P. Iannello wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The conceptual and real-world 'trap' of <a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">choice feminism</a> (between work and home) has led women to challenge each other rather than the patriarchy. Individualism conceived of as 'choice' does not empower women; it silences them and prevents feminism from becoming a political movement and addressing the real issues of distribution of resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Iannello2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iannello2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objection_to_"wave_construct""><span id="Objection_to_.22wave_construct.22"></span>Objection to "wave construct"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Objection to "wave construct""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminist scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Shira_Tarrant" title="Shira Tarrant">Shira Tarrant</a> objected to the "wave construct" because it ignored important progress between the periods. Furthermore, if feminism is a global movement, she argued, the fact that the "first-, second-, and third waves time periods correspond most closely to American feminist developments" raises serious problems about how feminism fails to recognize the history of political issues around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Tarrant_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tarrant-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "wave construct", critics argued, also focused on white women's suffrage and continued to marginalize the issues of women of color and lower-class women.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_women_of_color">Relationship with women of color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationship with women of color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third-wave feminists proclaim themselves as the most inclusive wave of feminism. Critics have noted that while progressive, there is still exclusion of women of color. Black feminists argue that "the women rights movements were not uniquely for the liberation of Blacks or Black Women. Rather, efforts such as women's suffrage and abolition of slavery ultimately uplifted, strengthened, and benefited White society and White women".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Girly"_feminism"><span id=".22Girly.22_feminism"></span>"Girly" feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Girly" feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Third-wave feminism was often associated, primarily by its critics, with the emergence of so-called "lipstick" or "girly" feminists and the rise of "raunch culture". This was because these new feminists advocated "expressions of femininity and female sexuality as a challenge to objectification". Accordingly, this included the dismissal of any restriction, whether deemed patriarchal or feminist, to define or control how women or girls should dress, act, or generally express themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_&_White_2012_246_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_&_White_2012_246-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These emerging positions stood in stark contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_of_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist views of pornography">anti-pornography</a> strains of feminism prevalent in the 1980s. Second-wave feminism viewed pornography as encouraging violence towards women.<sup id="cite_ref-Iannello2011_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iannello2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new feminists posited that the ability to make autonomous choices about self-expression could be an empowering act of resistance, not simply <a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">internalized oppression</a>. </p><p>Such views were critiqued because of the subjective nature of <a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a> and autonomy. Scholars were unsure whether empowerment was best measured as an "internal feeling of power and agency" or as an external "measure of power and control". Moreover they critiqued an over-investment in "a model of free will and choice" in the marketplace of identities and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite2012247_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite2012247-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, the "girly" feminists attempted to be open to all different selves while maintaining a dialogue about the meaning of identity and femininity in the contemporary world. </p><p>Third-wave feminists said that these viewpoints should not be limited by the label "girly" feminism or regarded as simply advocating "raunch culture". Rather, they sought to be inclusive of the many diverse roles women fulfill. Gender scholars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Duits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Duits (page does not exist)">Linda Duits</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Duits" class="extiw" title="nl:Linda Duits">nl</a>]</span> and Liesbet van Zoonen highlighted this inclusivity by looking at the politicization of women's clothing choices and how the "controversial <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sartorial" class="extiw" title="wikt:sartorial">sartorial</a> choices of girls" and women are constituted in public discourse as "a locus of necessary regulation".<sup id="cite_ref-Newman_&_White_2012_246_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman_&_White_2012_246-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the "<a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">belly shirt</a>", as dress choices, were both identified as requiring regulation but for different reasons. Both caused controversy, while appearing to be opposing forms of self-expression. Through the lens of "girly" feminists, one can view both as symbolic of "political agency and resistance to objectification". The "hijab" could be seen as an act of resistance against Western ambivalence towards Islamic identity, and the "belly shirt" an act of resistance against patriarchal society's narrow views of female sexuality. Both were regarded as valid forms of self-expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite2012247_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite2012247-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width: 90%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth" title="The Beauty Myth">The Beauty Myth</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riot_grrrl" title="Riot grrrl">Riot grrrl</a> movement begins in <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia, Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1991</td> <td>In <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_R" title="R v R">R v R</a></i>, the House of Lords in the UK rules that a <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> exemption does not exist in English law. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1991</td> <td>In <i><a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers_v._Johnson_Controls,_Inc." title="United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.">United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.</a></i>, the US Supreme Court declares that employers cannot exclude women from jobs in which exposure to toxic substances could harm a developing fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1991</td> <td>Release of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Thelma_and_Louise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelma and Louise">Thelma and Louise</a></i>: "It took all those feelings of alienation and anger—which until that point had mostly found expression in things like 'Take Back the Night' rallies—and turned them into something rebellious, transgressive, iconic, punk rock and mainstream." – Carina Chocano, <i>New York Times</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 July 1991</td> <td>The US Senate votes overwhelmingly to open combat positions for women aviators.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Susan_Faludi" title="Susan Faludi">Susan Faludi</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Backlash:_The_Undeclared_War_Against_American_Women" title="Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women">Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination</a> and the televised testimony in October of <a href="/wiki/Anita_Hill" title="Anita Hill">Anita Hill</a> that he had sexually harassed her. </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1991</td> <td>"Opportunity 2000" is launched in the UK to increase women's employment opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 1992</td> <td>In response to the Thomas nomination, American feminist <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a> publishes "Becoming the Third Wave" in <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1992_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>Four women enter the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">US Senate</a> to join the two already there, lending 1992 the label "<a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Woman" title="Year of the Woman">Year of the Woman</a>" in the US. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>Third Wave Direct Action Corporation (later Third Wave Foundation and the Third Wave Fund) founded in the US by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Liss-Riordan" title="Shannon Liss-Riordan">Shannon Liss-Riordan</a> to support young activists;<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organized Freedom Ride 1992, a nationwide bus tour to register voters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Family and Medical Leave Act">Family and Medical Leave Act</a> becomes law in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a> nominated and confirmed as the first female US Attorney General after President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>'s previous choices, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Baird" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoe Baird">Zoë Baird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimba_Wood" title="Kimba Wood">Kimba Wood</a>, fail because of <a href="/wiki/Nannygate" title="Nannygate">Nannygate</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>"Take Our Daughters to Work Day" debuts in the US to build girls' self-esteem and open their eyes to a variety of career possibilities for women. It was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Take_Our_Daughters_and_Sons_to_Work_Day" title="Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day">Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993</td> <td>First edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Bust_(magazine)" title="Bust (magazine)">Bust</a></i> magazine appears, founded by Laurie Henzel, <a href="/wiki/Marcelle_Karp" title="Marcelle Karp">Marcelle Karp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stoller" title="Debbie Stoller">Debbie Stoller</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td>Women taking back the word <i>bitch</i> are helped by the single "<a href="/wiki/All_Women_Are_Bitches" title="All Women Are Bitches">All Women Are Bitches</a>" by the all-woman Canadian band <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column_(band)" title="Fifth Column (band)">Fifth Column</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_and_Public_Order_Act_1994" title="Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994">Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994</a> confirms that <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a> is illegal in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> becomes law in the US and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Office_on_Violence_Against_Women" title="Office on Violence Against Women">Office on Violence Against Women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Rebecca Walker</a> (ed.), <i>To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World_Conference_on_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth World Conference on Women">Fourth World Conference on Women</a> held in China.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Northern Ireland Women's Coalition">Northern Ireland Women's Coalition</a> founded.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1990_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1990-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>Feminist play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues">The Vagina Monologues</a></i>, by American playwright <a href="/wiki/Eve_Ensler" title="Eve Ensler">Eve Ensler</a>, premieres in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-qsanantonio.com_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qsanantonio.com-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>In <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i>, the US Supreme Court rules that male-only admissions policy of state-supported Virginia Military Institute violates the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>First edition of the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Bitch_(magazine)" title="Bitch (magazine)">Bitch: Feminist Response to Pop Culture</a></i> appears.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>Publication of Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake (eds.), <i>Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>Turkish feminist <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eenal_Sar%C4%B1han" title="Şenal Sarıhan">Şenal Sarıhan</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Layli_Miller-Muro" title="Layli Miller-Muro">Layli Miller-Muro</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Tahirih_Justice_Center" title="Tahirih Justice Center">Tahirih Justice Center</a> in the US following <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Kasinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Matter of Kasinga">Matter of Kasinga</a>, an asylum case dealing with <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eve_Ensler" title="Eve Ensler">Eve Ensler</a> and others, including <a href="/wiki/Willa_Shalit" title="Willa Shalit">Willa Shalit</a>, a producer of the Westside Theatre production of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues">The Vagina Monologues</a></i>, launch V-Day, a global non-profit movement that raises over $75 million for women's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">anti-violence</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-qsanantonio.com_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qsanantonio.com-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a>, <i>The Whole Woman</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Marcelle_Karp" title="Marcelle Karp">Marcelle Karp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stoller" title="Debbie Stoller">Debbie Stoller</a> (eds.), <i>The BUST Guide to the New Girl Order</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wurtzel" title="Elizabeth Wurtzel">Elizabeth Wurtzel</a>, <i>Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wurtzel_1998_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wurtzel_1998-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a>, <i>The World's Wife</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width: 90%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:10em;">Date </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baumgardner" title="Jennifer Baumgardner">Jennifer Baumgardner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Richards" title="Amy Richards">Amy Richards</a>, <i>Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgardnerRichards2000_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgardnerRichards2000-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 2000</td> <td>CBS agrees to pay $8 million to settle a sex discrimination lawsuit on behalf of 200 women.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> passes its first sex-discrimination bill.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> becomes the first female US national security adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/March_for_Women%27s_Lives" class="mw-redirect" title="March for Women's Lives">March for Women's Lives</a> is held in Washington, D.C., to support the right to abortion, access to birth control, scientifically accurate sex education, and prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and to show public support for mothers and children.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Asylum Gender Guidelines are introduced by the UK for female asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Publication of Vivien Labaton and Dawn Lundy (eds.), <i>The Fire This Time: Young Activists and the New Feminism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Start of <i><a href="/wiki/Feministing" title="Feministing">Feministing</a></i> blog by <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Valenti" title="Jessica Valenti">Jessica Valenti</a> and Vanessa Valenti. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> in Liberia becomes Africa's first elected woman leader and the first black female president in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> becomes Germany's first female chancellor.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> becomes the first woman Speaker in the US Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 2007</td> <td>The Gender Equality Duty of the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2006" title="Equality Act 2006">Equality Act 2006</a> comes into effect in the UK. It requires public authorities "to promote equality of opportunity between women and men".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Valenti" title="Jessica Valenti">Jessica Valenti</a>, <i>Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Serano" title="Julia Serano">Julia Serrano</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl">Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Feminism and the Scapegoating of Femininity</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Publication of <a href="/wiki/Jaclyn_Friedman" title="Jaclyn Friedman">Jaclyn Friedman</a> and Jessica Valenti (eds.), <i><a href="/wiki/Yes_Means_Yes" title="Yes Means Yes">Yes Means Yes</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Norway requires of all companies that at least 40 percent of their board members be women.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 2008</td> <td>In Los Angeles, Diana Bijon's husband, Michael, takes her last name upon marriage, after their lawsuit led to a new California state law guaranteeing the rights of married couples and registered domestic partners to choose whichever last name they prefer.<sup id="cite_ref-DianaBijon_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DianaBijon-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forced_Marriage_(Civil_Protection)_Act_2007" title="Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007">Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007</a> comes into force in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a> becomes the first female <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom">Poet Laureate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 April 2011</td> <td>First <a href="/wiki/SlutWalk" title="SlutWalk">SlutWalk</a> takes place in Toronto in response to Toronto police officer Michael Sanguinetti's statement that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2017114–115_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2017114–115-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slutwalktoronto1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slutwalktoronto1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Feliciano (New York Public Library, 2013): "The emergence of the Riot Grrrl movement began in the early 1990s, when a group of women in Olympia, Washington, held a meeting to discuss how to address sexism in the punk scene. The women decided they wanted to start a 'girl riot' against a society they felt offered no validation of women's experiences. And thus the Riot Grrrl movement was born."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amber Lynn Zimmerman, M. Joan McDermott, and Christina M. Gould wrote in 2009 that third-wave feminism offered five primary focuses: (1) Responsible choice grounded in dialogue; (2) respect and appreciation for experiences and dynamic knowledge; (3) an understanding of "the personal is political" that incorporates both the idea that personal experiences have roots in structural problems and the idea that responsible, individuated personal action has social consequences; (4) use of personal narratives in both theorizing and political activism; (5) political activism as local, with global connections and consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Walker1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1992_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Walker" title="Rebecca Walker">Walker, Rebecca</a> (January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf">"Becoming the Third Wave"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-8318">0047-8318</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/194419734">194419734</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115202333/http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ms.&rft.atitle=Becoming+the+Third+Wave&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1992-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F194419734&rft.issn=0047-8318&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msmagazine.com%2Fspring2002%2FBecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201522-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201522_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201522_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2015">Evans 2015</a>, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers2017" class="citation book cs1">Rivers, Nicola (2017). <i>Postfeminism(s) and the Arrival of the Fourth Wave</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postfeminism%28s%29+and+the+Arrival+of+the+Fourth+Wave&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kira_Cochrane" title="Kira Cochrane">Cochrane, Kira</a> (10 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women">"The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314123922/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Fourth+Wave+of+Feminism%3A+Meet+the+Rebel+Women&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Kira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fdec%2F10%2Ffourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism/The-third-wave-of-feminism#ref1228639">"The Third Wave of Feminism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528171627/https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism/The-third-wave-of-feminism#ref1228639">Archived</a> 2019-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumgardner_Richards-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baumgardner_Richards_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgardnerRichards2000">Baumgardner & Richards 2000</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201549-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201549_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2015">Evans 2015</a>, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heathengrrl.blogspot.com/2007/02/becoming-third-wave-by-rebecca-walker.html">"Becoming the Third Wave" by Rebecca Walker</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heathengrrl.blogspot.com/2007/02/becoming-third-wave-by-rebecca-walker.html">"Becoming the Third Wave" by Rebecca Walker</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201519-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201519_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2015">Evans 2015</a>, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeliciano2013" class="citation web cs1">Feliciano, Steve (19 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">"The Riot Grrrl Movement"</a>. New York Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403081524/https://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/06/19/riot-grrrl-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Riot+Grrrl+Movement&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft.aulast=Feliciano&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fblog%2F2013%2F06%2F19%2Friot-grrrl-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunell2008-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunell2008_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunell2008_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunell, Laura (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Feminism-Reimagined-The-Third-Wave-1376924">"Feminism Re-Imagined: The Third Wave"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922115211/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Feminism-Reimagined-The-Third-Wave-1376924">Archived</a> 2018-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year</i>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong2009" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Rosemarie (2009). <i>Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction</i> (Third ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>285, 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4375-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4375-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156811918">156811918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Thought%3A+A+More+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E285%2C+289&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156811918&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4375-4&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillis-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillisHowieMunford2007">Gillis, Howie & Munford 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heywood-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heywood_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heywood_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywoodDrake1997" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Leslie; Drake, Jennifer, eds. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdwaveagendab0000unse"><i>Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3005-9"><bdi>978-0-8166-3005-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36876149">36876149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Wave+Agenda%3A+Being+Feminist%2C+Doing+Feminism&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36876149&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-3005-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdwaveagendab0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Nancy A., ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/344074469"><i>No permanent waves: recasting histories of U.S. feminism</i></a>. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-4724-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/344074469">344074469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+permanent+waves%3A+recasting+histories+of+U.S.+feminism&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F344074469&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4724-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F344074469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-end-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-end_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As noted in: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan,_LisaHunter,_Nan_D.1995" class="citation book cs1">Duggan, Lisa; Hunter, Nan D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexwarssexualdis0000dugg"><i>Sex wars: sexual dissent and political culture</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91036-1"><bdi>978-0-415-91036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+wars%3A+sexual+dissent+and+political+culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91036-1&rft.au=Duggan%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Nan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexwarssexualdis0000dugg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_Karen_TranbergPhilipson,_Ilene_J.1990" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Karen Tranberg; Philipson, Ilene J. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenclassfemini0000unse"><i>Women, class, and the feminist imagination: a socialist-feminist reader</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-630-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-630-7"><bdi>978-0-87722-630-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+class%2C+and+the+feminist+imagination%3A+a+socialist-feminist+reader&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-630-7&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Karen+Tranberg&rft.au=Philipson%2C+Ilene+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenclassfemini0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard,_Jane_F.2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard, Jane F. (2001). <i>Desiring revolution: second-wave feminism and the rewriting of American sexual thought, 1920 to 1982</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11204-8"><bdi>978-0-231-11204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desiring+revolution%3A+second-wave+feminism+and+the+rewriting+of+American+sexual+thought%2C+1920+to+1982&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11204-8&rft.au=Gerhard%2C+Jane+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeidholdt,_DorchenRaymond,_Janice_G1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dorchen_Leidholdt" title="Dorchen Leidholdt">Leidholdt, Dorchen</a>; Raymond, Janice G (1990). <i>The Sexual liberals and the attack on feminism</i>. New York: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037457-4"><bdi>978-0-08-037457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+liberals+and+the+attack+on+feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037457-4&rft.au=Leidholdt%2C+Dorchen&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Janice+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVance,_Carole_S1989" class="citation book cs1">Vance, Carole S (1989). <i>Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality</i>. Thorsons Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-440593-1"><bdi>978-0-04-440593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pleasure+and+Danger%3A+Exploring+Female+Sexuality&rft.pub=Thorsons+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-04-440593-1&rft.au=Vance%2C+Carole+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1999" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Judith (1999). <i>Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 160, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Trouble%3A+Feminism+and+the+Subversion+of+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160%2C+9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikkola2022" class="citation web cs1">Mikkola, Mari (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-gender/">"Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Feminist+Perspectives+on+Sex+and+Gender&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft.aulast=Mikkola&rft.aufirst=Mari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ffeminism-gender%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1990" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Judith (1990). <i>Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity</i>. London: Routledge. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Trouble%3A+Feminism+and+the+Subversion+of+Identity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottenberg2003" class="citation web cs1">Rottenberg, Catherine (27 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=5173">"Judith Butler"</a>. The Literary Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judith+Butler&rft.pub=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2003-08-27&rft.aulast=Rottenberg&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fspeople.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D5173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1995" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Rebecca (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/toberealtelling00walk"><i>To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism</i></a>. New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47262-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-47262-3"><bdi>978-0-385-47262-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32274323">32274323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+Real%3A+Telling+the+Truth+and+Changing+the+Face+of+Feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32274323&rft.isbn=978-0-385-47262-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftoberealtelling00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piepmeier2009p45-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piepmeier2009p45_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piepmeier2009p45_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiepmeier2009" class="citation book cs1">Piepmeier, Alison (2009). <i>Girl Zines: Making Media, Doing Feminism</i>. New York: New York University Press. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girl+Zines%3A+Making+Media%2C+Doing+Feminism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Piepmeier&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe-Finbeiner-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe-Finbeiner_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe-Finkbeiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Rowe-Finkbeiner, Kristin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe/page/85"><i>The F Word: Feminism in Jeopardy</i></a>. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-114-9"><bdi>978-1-58005-114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+F+Word%3A+Feminism+in+Jeopardy&rft.place=Emeryville%2C+CA&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-114-9&rft.aulast=Rowe-Finkbeiner&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffwordfeminisminj00rowe%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Starr, Chelsea (2000). "Adolescent girls and feminism", in Code, Lorraine (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Feminist Theories</i>. London and New York: Routledge, p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30885-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30885-2">0-415-30885-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schilt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schilt_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schilt_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schilt, Kristen (2003). <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'A Little Too Ironic': The Appropriation and Packaging of Riot Grrrl Politics by Mainstream Female Musicians", in <i>Popular Music and Society</i>, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarms2013" class="citation book cs1">Darms, Lisa, ed. (2013). <i>The Riot Grrrl Collection</i>. The Feminist Press at the City University of New York. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558618220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558618220"><bdi>978-1558618220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riot+Grrrl+Collection&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=The+Feminist+Press+at+the+City+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1558618220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg_Garofalo-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_Garofalo_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenberg, Jessica and Gitana, Garofalo (Spring 1998). "Riot Grrrl: Revolutions from within", <i>Signs</i>, 23(3). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3175311">3175311</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcu2010" class="citation book cs1">Marcu, Sara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/girlstothefronttrue0000mare/page/nl/mode/2up"><i>Girls To The Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution</i></a>. New York: HarperPerennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-180636-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-180636-0"><bdi>978-0-06-180636-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Girls+To+The+Front%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Riot+Grrrl+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-180636-0&rft.aulast=Marcu&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgirlstothefronttrue0000mare%2Fpage%2Fnl%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Kevin C. (2014-04-03). "Pussy Rioting". <i>International Feminist Journal of Politics</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>334. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2014.919103">10.1080/14616742.2014.919103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-6742">1461-6742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146989637">146989637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Feminist+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Pussy+Rioting&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E334&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146989637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1461-6742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616742.2014.919103&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Kevin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/features/7439005/spice-girls-wannabe-girl-power-feminism">"Spice Girls' 'Wannabe': How 'Girl Power' Reinvigorated Mainstream Feminism in the '90s"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323030031/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/features/7439005/spice-girls-wannabe-girl-power-feminism">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Spice+Girls%27+%27Wannabe%27%3A+How+%27Girl+Power%27+Reinvigorated+Mainstream+Feminism+in+the+%2790s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F7439005%2Fspice-girls-wannabe-girl-power-feminism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48381340">"Spice Girls: What happened to Girl Power?"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525011653/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48381340">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spice+Girls%3A+What+happened+to+Girl+Power%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-48381340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite201214–15-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewmanWhite201214–15_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewmanWhite2012">Newman & White 2012</a>, p. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon1989" class="citation book cs1">MacKinnon, Catharine A. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth00mack"><i>Toward A Feminist Theory of the State</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/towardfeministth00mack/page/83">83</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674896451" title="Special:BookSources/9780674896451"><bdi>9780674896451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+A+Feminist+Theory+of+the+State&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780674896451&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=Catharine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftowardfeministth00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freedman_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2002" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Estelle B. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free"><i>No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345450531" title="Special:BookSources/9780345450531"><bdi>9780345450531</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49193867">49193867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Turning+Back%3A+The+History+of+Feminism+and+the+Future+of+Women&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49193867&rft.isbn=9780345450531&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Estelle+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoturningbackhis00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry2004">Henry 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faludi-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Faludi_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaludi1991" class="citation book cs1">Faludi, Susan (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backlashundeclar00falu"><i>Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-57698-4"><bdi>978-0-517-57698-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23016353">23016353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backlash%3A+The+Undeclared+War+Against+Women&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23016353&rft.isbn=978-0-517-57698-4&rft.aulast=Faludi&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbacklashundeclar00falu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYU2011" class="citation journal cs1">YU, SU-LIN (October 2011). "Reclaiming the Personal: Personal Narratives of Third-Wave Feminists". <i>Women's Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">873–</span>889. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00497878.2011.603606">10.1080/00497878.2011.603606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0049-7878">0049-7878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144937285">144937285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Reclaiming+the+Personal%3A+Personal+Narratives+of+Third-Wave+Feminists&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E873-%3C%2Fspan%3E889&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144937285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0049-7878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00497878.2011.603606&rft.aulast=YU&rft.aufirst=SU-LIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardinWhiteside,_Erin2013" class="citation book cs1">Hardin, Marie; Whiteside, Erin (2013). "From Second-Wave to Poststructuralist Feminism". <i>The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies: Media Effects/Media Psychology</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444361506.wbiems991">10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems991</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405193566" title="Special:BookSources/9781405193566"><bdi>9781405193566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Second-Wave+to+Poststructuralist+Feminism&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Media+Studies%3A+Media+Effects%2FMedia+Psychology&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444361506.wbiems991&rft.isbn=9781405193566&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Whiteside%2C+Erin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_Adams_St._Pierre2000" class="citation journal cs1">Elizabeth Adams St. Pierre (2000). "Poststructural feminism in education: An overview". <i>International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education</i>. <b>13</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>515. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09518390050156422">10.1080/09518390050156422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216559048">216559048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Qualitative+Studies+in+Education&rft.atitle=Poststructural+feminism+in+education%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E515&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09518390050156422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216559048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Elizabeth+Adams+St.+Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1988" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Joan W (1988). "Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3177997">10.2307/3177997</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0014.104">2027/spo.0499697.0014.104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177997">3177997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+Equality-versus-Difference%3A+Or%2C+the+Uses+of+Poststructuralist+Theory+for+Feminism&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0014.104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3177997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3177997&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Joan+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermanMcDermottGould2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Amber Lynn; McDermott, M. Joan; Gould, Christina M. (2009). "The Local is Global: Third Wave Feminism, Peace, and Social Justice". <i>Contemporary Justice Review</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">77–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10282580802681766">10.1080/10282580802681766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143985823">143985823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Justice+Review&rft.atitle=The+Local+is+Global%3A+Third+Wave+Feminism%2C+Peace%2C+and+Social+Justice&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10282580802681766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143985823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Amber+Lynn&rft.au=McDermott%2C+M.+Joan&rft.au=Gould%2C+Christina+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2018" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Edward (2018). <i>Third Wave Feminism and Transgender: Strength Through Diversity</i> (1 ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315107776" title="Special:BookSources/9781315107776"><bdi>9781315107776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Wave+Feminism+and+Transgender%3A+Strength+Through+Diversity&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781315107776&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davey-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davey_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2006" class="citation news cs1">Davey, Monica (7 March 2006). "South Dakota Bans Abortion, Setting Up a Battle". <i>The New York Times</i>. Vol. 155, no. 53511. pp. <span class="nowrap">A1 –</span> <span class="nowrap">A14</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Dakota+Bans+Abortion%2C+Setting+Up+a+Battle&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=53511&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA1+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA14%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Monica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudlow2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ludlow, Jeannie (Spring 2008). "Sometimes, It's a Child and a Choice: Toward an Embodied Abortion Praxis". <i><a href="/wiki/NWSA_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="NWSA Journal">NWSA Journal</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236179">10.1353/ff.2008.a236179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071251">40071251</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/364432908">364432908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Sometimes%2C+It%27s+a+Child+and+a+Choice%3A+Toward+an+Embodied+Abortion+Praxis&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F364432908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40071251%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236179&rft.aulast=Ludlow&rft.aufirst=Jeannie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzYanow2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weitz, Tracy A.; Yanow, Susan (May 2008). "Implications of the Federal Abortion Ban for Women's Health in the United States". <i>Reproductive Health Matters</i>. <b>16</b> (31): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2808%2931374-3">10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31374-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25475407">25475407</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/282104847">282104847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18772090">18772090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10189579">10189579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Health+Matters&rft.atitle=Implications+of+the+Federal+Abortion+Ban+for+Women%27s+Health+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25475407%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0968-8080%2808%2931374-3&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F282104847&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18772090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10189579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weitz&rft.aufirst=Tracy+A.&rft.au=Yanow%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Code" title="Indiana Code">Indiana Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title16/ar34/ch2.html#IC16-34-2-1.1">Title 16, art. XXXIV, ch. 2, § 1.1 cl. 1: Voluntary and informed consent required; viewing of fetal ultrasound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409200304/http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title16/ar34/ch2.html#IC16-34-2-1.1">Archived</a> 2009-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> x (1993; amended 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Dakota" title="Government of South Dakota">South Dakota</a> Code <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Type=Statute&Statute=34-23A-7">Title 34, ch. 23A, § 7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208231736/http://legis.state.sd.us/statutes/DisplayStatute.aspx?Statute=34-23A-7&Type=Statute">Archived</a> 2009-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="South Carolina Constitution">South Carolina</a> Code <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t44c041.htm#44-41-10">Title 44, ch. 41, art. 1, § 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721061925/http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t44c041.htm#44-41-10">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuscio1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Muscio" title="Inga Muscio">Muscio, Inga</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cuntdeclarationo00musc_0/page/9"><i>Cunt: A Declaration of Independence</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Momentum&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Violence+Against+Women+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalmomentum.org%2Fhistory-vawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder2008-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder2008_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnyder2008">Snyder 2008</a>, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qsanantonio.com-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qsanantonio.com_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qsanantonio.com_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qsanantonio.com/vday2.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Vagina Monologues" performances mark S.A. V-Day"</a>. QSanAntonio. 25 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120810202654/http://www.qsanantonio.com/vday2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Vagina+Monologues%22+performances+mark+S.A.+V-Day&rft.pub=QSanAntonio&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqsanantonio.com%2Fvday2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnsler2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eve_Ensler" title="Eve Ensler">Ensler, Eve</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/The_Vagina_Monologues" title="The Vagina Monologues"><i>The Vagina Monologues</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Villard_(imprint)" title="Villard (imprint)">Villard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75052-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75052-6"><bdi>978-0-375-75052-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37492271">37492271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vagina+Monologues&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Villard&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37492271&rft.isbn=978-0-375-75052-6&rft.aulast=Ensler&rft.aufirst=Eve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1995/1995_94_1941">"United States v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+v.+Virginia&rft.pub=The+Oyez+Project+at+IIT+Chicago-Kent+College+of+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F1990-1999%2F1995%2F1995_94_1941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitchmagazine.org/history">"Bitch Magazine: Our History"</a>. <i>Bitch: Feminist Response to Pop Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610080910/http://bitchmagazine.org/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bitch%3A+Feminist+Response+to+Pop+Culture&rft.atitle=Bitch+Magazine%3A+Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitchmagazine.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahirih_Justice_Center" class="citation web cs1">Tahirih Justice Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095120/http://www.tahirih.org/services/">"Services"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Services&rft.au=Tahirih+Justice+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tahirih.org%2Fservices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnall2008" class="citation web cs1">Schnall, Marianne (January 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104191925/http://womensmediacenter.com/ex/013008.html">"From Superdome to SUPERLOVE—V-Day at 10"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womensmediacenter.com/ex/013008.html">the original</a> on 4 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Superdome+to+SUPERLOVE%E2%80%94V-Day+at+10&rft.date=2008-01-30&rft.aulast=Schnall&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womensmediacenter.com%2Fex%2F013008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumgardnerRichards2000-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumgardnerRichards2000_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumgardnerRichards2000">Baumgardner & Richards 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2000" class="citation news cs1">Carlson, Scott (2000-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160911033207/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72470958.html">"CBS to pay $8 million to settle sex discrimination lawsuit"</a>. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72470958.html">the original</a> on 2016-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CBS+to+pay+%248+million+to+settle+sex+discrimination+lawsuit&rft.date=2000-10-25&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-72470958.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2000-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_95-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/2000.shtml">"Women's History Timeline: 2000–now"</a>. Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019051316/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/2000.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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April 25, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310100654/http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2005/04/25/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+for+Women%27s+Lives&rft.pub=Guttmacher.org&rft.date=2005-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guttmacher.org%2Fmedia%2Finthenews%2F2005%2F04%2F25%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DianaBijon-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DianaBijon_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506055814/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/05/05/us-usa-name-idUKN0541896320080505">"Los Angeles man wins right to use wife's last name"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 2008-05-05. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Los+Angeles+man+wins+right+to+use+wife%27s+last+name&rft.date=2008-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-name-idUKN0541896320080505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2017114–115-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlain2017114–115_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2017">Chamberlain 2017</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2017" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Prudence (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AIkDwAAQBAJ"><i>The feminist fourth wave : affective temporality</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319536828" title="Special:BookSources/9783319536828"><bdi>9783319536828</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+feminist+fourth+wave+%3A+affective+temporality&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783319536828&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Prudence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AIkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Elizabeth (2015). <i>The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms: Neoliberalism, Intersectionality, and the State in Britain and the US</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-29527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-29527-9"><bdi>978-1-137-29527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Third+Wave+Feminisms%3A+Neoliberalism%2C+Intersectionality%2C+and+the+State+in+Britain+and+the+US&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-29527-9&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillisHowieMunford2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, Stacy; <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Howie" title="Gillian Howie">Howie, Gillian</a>; Munford, Rebecca (2007). <i>Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration</i> (Revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1821-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1821-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-1821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Wave+Feminism%3A+A+Critical+Exploration&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1821-5&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft.au=Howie%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Munford%2C+Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2004" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Astrid (2004). <i>Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21713-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21713-4"><bdi>978-0-253-21713-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53932637">53932637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+My+Mother%27s+Sister%3A+Generational+Conflict+and+Third-Wave+Feminism&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53932637&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21713-4&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Astrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgardnerRichards2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baumgardner" title="Jennifer Baumgardner">Baumgardner, Jennifer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amy_Richards" title="Amy Richards">Richards, Amy</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum"><i>Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52622-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52622-1"><bdi>978-0-374-52622-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manifesta%3A+Young+Women%2C+Feminism%2C+and+the+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52622-1&rft.aulast=Baumgardner&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Richards%2C+Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanifestayoungwo00baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewmanWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Jacquetta A.; White, Linda Ann (2012). <i>Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women</i> (2nd ed.). Toronto: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195432497" title="Special:BookSources/9780195432497"><bdi>9780195432497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Politics%2C+and+Public+Policy%3A+The+Political+Struggles+of+Canadian+Women&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195432497&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Jacquetta+A.&rft.au=White%2C+Linda+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2008" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, R. Claire (1 September 2008). "What Is Third-Wave Feminism? A New Directions Essay". <i>Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F588436">10.1086/588436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740">0097-9740</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/588436">10.1086/588436</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144068546">144068546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs%3A+Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=What+Is+Third-Wave+Feminism%3F+A+New+Directions+Essay&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.issn=0097-9740&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144068546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F588436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F588436&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=R.+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgardnerRichards2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Baumgardner" title="Jennifer Baumgardner">Baumgardner, Jennifer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Amy_Richards" title="Amy Richards">Richards, Amy</a> (2005). <i>Grassroots: A Field Guide for Feminist Activism</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52865-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52865-2"><bdi>978-0-374-52865-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grassroots%3A+A+Field+Guide+for+Feminist+Activism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52865-2&rft.aulast=Baumgardner&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Richards%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2016" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Elizabeth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/en/publications/what-makes-a-third-wave(7fb16f95-5556-4a3f-b3c0-178a0cf69671).html">"What makes a (third) wave?"</a>. <i>International Feminist Journal of Politics</i>. <b>18</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">409–</span>428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616742.2015.1027627">10.1080/14616742.2015.1027627</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F7fb16f95-5556-4a3f-b3c0-178a0cf69671">1983/7fb16f95-5556-4a3f-b3c0-178a0cf69671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145102947">145102947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Feminist+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=What+makes+a+%28third%29+wave%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F7fb16f95-5556-4a3f-b3c0-178a0cf69671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145102947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616742.2015.1027627&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bristol.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fwhat-makes-a-third-wave%287fb16f95-5556-4a3f-b3c0-178a0cf69671%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes2010" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes, Leela (2010). "Unsettling 'Third Wave Feminism': Feminist Waves, Intersectionality, and Identity Politics in Retrospect". In Hewitt, Nancy (ed.). <i>No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4724-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-4724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Unsettling+%27Third+Wave+Feminism%27%3A+Feminist+Waves%2C+Intersectionality%2C+and+Identity+Politics+in+Retrospect&rft.btitle=No+Permanent+Waves%3A+Recasting+Histories+of+U.S.+Feminism&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4724-4&rft.aulast=Fernandes&rft.aufirst=Leela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlen1995" class="citation book cs1">Findlen, Barbara, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/listenupvoicesfr00find"><i>Listen Up! Voices from the Next Feminist Generation</i></a>. Seattle: Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878067-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878067-61-6"><bdi>978-1-878067-61-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listen+Up%21+Voices+from+the+Next+Feminist+Generation&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-878067-61-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flistenupvoicesfr00find&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnois2008" class="citation journal cs1">Harnois, Catherine (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/summary/v020/20.1.harnois.html">"Re-presenting feminisms: Past, present, and future"</a>. <i>NWSA Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236183">10.1353/ff.2008.a236183</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40071255">40071255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Re-presenting+feminisms%3A+Past%2C+present%2C+and+future&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fff.2008.a236183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40071255%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harnois&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnwsa_journal%2Fsummary%2Fv020%2F20.1.harnois.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernándezReman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Daisy Hernández">Hernández, Daisy</a>; Reman, Bushra (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonizethisyoun0000hern"><i>Colonize This! Young Women of Color and Today's Feminism</i></a>. Seal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-067-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58005-067-8"><bdi>978-1-58005-067-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonize+This%21+Young+Women+of+Color+and+Today%27s+Feminism&rft.pub=Seal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58005-067-8&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Daisy&rft.au=Reman%2C+Bushra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonizethisyoun0000hern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Heywood, Leslie L., ed. (2005). <i>The Women's Movement Today: An Encyclopedia of Third-Wave Feminism</i>. 2 vols. Westport: Greenwood Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hitchens, Donna (Fall 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/yjfem4&div=12&id=&page=">"Feminism in the Nineties: Coalition Strategies"</a>. <i>Yale Journal of Law and Feminism</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Law+and+Feminism&rft.atitle=Feminism+in+the+Nineties%3A+Coalition+Strategies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fyjfem4%26div%3D12%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=yjlf">Pdf.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaraian2001" class="citation book cs1">Karaian, Lara (2001). Rundle, Lisa Bryn; <a href="/wiki/Allyson_Mitchell" title="Allyson Mitchell">Mitchell, Allyson</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbochickstalki0000unse"><i>Turbo Chicks: Talking Young Feminisms</i></a>. Toronto: Sumach Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894549-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894549-06-6"><bdi>978-1-894549-06-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46629305">46629305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turbo+Chicks%3A+Talking+Young+Feminisms&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Sumach+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46629305&rft.isbn=978-1-894549-06-6&rft.aulast=Karaian&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbochickstalki0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinser2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kinser, Amber E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/nwsa_journal/summary/v016/16.3kinser.html">"Negotiating spaces for/through third-wave feminism"</a>. <i>NWSA Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">124–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FNWS.2004.16.3.124">10.2979/NWS.2004.16.3.124</a> (inactive 5 February 2025). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4317084">4317084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145349611">145349611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Negotiating+spaces+for%2Fthrough+third-wave+feminism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145349611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4317084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FNWS.2004.16.3.124&rft.aulast=Kinser&rft.aufirst=Amber+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnwsa_journal%2Fsummary%2Fv016%2F16.3kinser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_February_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2025">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpringer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Springer, Kimberly (Summer 2002). "Third Wave Black Feminism?". <i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1059–</span>1082. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F339636">10.1086/339636</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/339636">10.1086/339636</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143519056">143519056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Third+Wave+Black+Feminism%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1059-%3C%2Fspan%3E1082&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143519056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F339636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F339636&rft.aulast=Springer&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThird-wave+feminism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_listening">Suggested listening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Suggested listening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Kill" title="Bikini Kill">Bikini Kill</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/The_C.D._Version_of_the_First_Two_Records" title="The C.D. Version of the First Two Records">The C.D. Version of the First Two Records</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kill_Rock_Stars" title="Kill Rock Stars">Kill Rock Stars</a>) (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavens_to_Betsy" title="Heavens to Betsy">Heavens to Betsy</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Calculated" title="Calculated">Calculated</a></i> (Kill Rock Stars) (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huggy_Bear_(band)" title="Huggy Bear (band)">Huggy Bear</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Troubled_Youth" title="Our Troubled Youth">Our Troubled Youth</a></i> EP [appears on the <i><a href="/wiki/Yeah_Yeah_Yeah_Yeah" title="Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah">Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah</a></i> split LP with Bikini Kill] (Kill Rock Stars) (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanis_Morissette" title="Alanis Morissette">Alanis Morissette</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Jagged_Little_Pill" title="Jagged Little Pill">Jagged Little Pill</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Maverick_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Maverick Records">Maverick</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise</a>) (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Phair" title="Liz Phair">Liz Phair</a> - <i><a href="/wiki/Exile_in_Guyville" title="Exile in Guyville">Exile in Guyville</a></i> (Matador) (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third-wave_feminism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heathengrrl.blogspot.com/2007/02/becoming-third-wave-by-rebecca-walker.html">"Becoming the Third Wave" by Rebecca Walker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050130091522/http://www.rebeccawalker.com/article_2005_riding-the-third-wave.htm">interview with Rebecca Walker in Satya Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/11.29.00/feminism-0048.html">Interview with Jennifer Baumgardner and Amy Richards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism" title="Template talk:Feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_feminism" title="Timeline of feminism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_second-wave_feminism" title="Timeline of second-wave feminism">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Third-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a></li> <li><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Majority-Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">States of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Utah" title="Women's suffrage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Virginia" title="Women's suffrage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wyoming" title="Women's suffrage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies"><span class="wrap">Movements and ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Eco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Activism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post-structuralist_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="French post-structuralist feminism">French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Trans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Kurdish (Jineology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_feminism" title="Sámi feminism">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_feminism" title="Mizrahi feminism">Mizrahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy_in_feminist_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchy in feminist thought">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">Post-structuralist discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_rhetoric" title="Feminist rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriality_(gender_studies)" title="Seriality (gender studies)">Seriality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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