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class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/paul-watson-reste-en-prison-plongee-dans-les-coulisses-diplomatiques-de-laffaire-20241202_5V4MQZOYAVA2DEHMTNLLN3CPLM/" title="Paul Watson reste en prison : plongée dans les coulisses diplomatiques de l’affaire"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/paul-watson-reste-en-prison-plongee-dans-les-coulisses-diplomatiques-de-laffaire-20241202_5V4MQZOYAVA2DEHMTNLLN3CPLM/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 bpLyqQ">Géopolitique</a><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/paul-watson-reste-en-prison-plongee-dans-les-coulisses-diplomatiques-de-laffaire-20241202_5V4MQZOYAVA2DEHMTNLLN3CPLM/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Paul Watson reste en prison : plongée dans les coulisses diplomatiques de l’affaire"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 gDryWh font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom font_md-card-mae">Paul Watson reste en prison : plongée dans les coulisses diplomatiques de l’affaire</h2></a><p class="description-text font_secondary">Le défenseur des baleines a vu, ce lundi 2 décembre, sa sixième demande de remise en liberté refusée. «Libération» décrypte les rouages géopolitiques entre pressions japonaises, françaises et désir de souveraineté des Féroé et du Groenland.</p><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">2 déc. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk"></div><div><div translate="no" class='mailmunch-forms-widget-1128511'></div></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0fJsycQKg1T2Bk"></div></div></div><div order="2" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 eYDfrr col-sm-12 col-md-xl-3 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/climat/climat-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-de-la-haye-se-penche-sur-les-obligations-des-etats-20241202_DYCBDZWFAFBXZCUQ4JDE3RHIU4/" title="Climat : la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye se penche sur les obligations des Etats"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/climat/climat-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-de-la-haye-se-penche-sur-les-obligations-des-etats-20241202_DYCBDZWFAFBXZCUQ4JDE3RHIU4/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Justice</a><a href="/environnement/climat/climat-la-cour-internationale-de-justice-de-la-haye-se-penche-sur-les-obligations-des-etats-20241202_DYCBDZWFAFBXZCUQ4JDE3RHIU4/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Climat : la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye se penche sur les obligations des Etats"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Climat : la Cour internationale de justice de La Haye se penche sur les obligations des Etats</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">2 déc. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/climat/la-norvege-repousse-finalement-son-plan-dexploitation-miniere-des-abysses-20241202_3RFHKEHWYVBUBGPCRCWCXDZD2Q/" title="La Norvège repousse finalement son plan d’exploitation minière des abysses"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/climat/la-norvege-repousse-finalement-son-plan-dexploitation-miniere-des-abysses-20241202_3RFHKEHWYVBUBGPCRCWCXDZD2Q/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Bonne nouvelle</a><a href="/environnement/climat/la-norvege-repousse-finalement-son-plan-dexploitation-miniere-des-abysses-20241202_3RFHKEHWYVBUBGPCRCWCXDZD2Q/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="La Norvège repousse finalement son plan d’exploitation minière des abysses"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">La Norvège repousse finalement son plan d’exploitation minière des abysses</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">2 déc. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div order="3" class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kZyvoj col-sm-12 col-md-xl-3 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/international/asie-pacifique/dans-les-cliniques-de-bhopal-40-ans-apres-la-catastrophe-nous-ne-voyons-aucune-fin-a-ce-calvaire-20241202_ZPBD26IBVZGPZFVNXM3HEWIMOI/" title="En Inde, dans les cliniques de Bhopal, 40 ans après la catastrophe : «Nous ne voyons aucune fin à ce calvaire»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/international/asie-pacifique/dans-les-cliniques-de-bhopal-40-ans-apres-la-catastrophe-nous-ne-voyons-aucune-fin-a-ce-calvaire-20241202_ZPBD26IBVZGPZFVNXM3HEWIMOI/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Reportage</a><a href="/international/asie-pacifique/dans-les-cliniques-de-bhopal-40-ans-apres-la-catastrophe-nous-ne-voyons-aucune-fin-a-ce-calvaire-20241202_ZPBD26IBVZGPZFVNXM3HEWIMOI/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="En Inde, dans les cliniques de Bhopal, 40 ans après la catastrophe : «Nous ne voyons aucune fin à ce calvaire»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">En Inde, dans les cliniques de Bhopal, 40 ans après la catastrophe : «Nous ne voyons aucune fin à ce calvaire»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">2 déc. 2024</span></div></div></div></article></div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom "><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/a-la-reunion-les-pecheurs-despadon-formes-aux-premiers-secours-pour-les-tortues-capturees-accidentellement-20241202_5S22K2DQAJB33K66W5QFOQG5BI/" title="A la Réunion, les pêcheurs d’espadon formés aux premiers secours pour les tortues capturées accidentellement"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/a-la-reunion-les-pecheurs-despadon-formes-aux-premiers-secours-pour-les-tortues-capturees-accidentellement-20241202_5S22K2DQAJB33K66W5QFOQG5BI/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Reportage</a><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/a-la-reunion-les-pecheurs-despadon-formes-aux-premiers-secours-pour-les-tortues-capturees-accidentellement-20241202_5S22K2DQAJB33K66W5QFOQG5BI/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="A la Réunion, les pêcheurs d’espadon formés aux premiers secours pour les tortues capturées accidentellement"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">A la Réunion, les pêcheurs d’espadon formés aux premiers secours pour les tortues capturées accidentellement</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">2 déc. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="fusion-static-enter:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div><div><hr /></div><div id="fusion-static-exit:html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj" style="display:none" data-fusion-component="html-block-f0f1SxWwJhFg2Wj"></div></div><div class="default__Main-sc-sezp2u-2 kxxFcP sc-gOPDNC eIRGAC"><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/pollution/a-riyad-une-cop16-sur-la-desertification-pour-mieux-prendre-soin-des-sols-malmenes-20241201_LDMEUVEIQNCUPOJB3BHHS62DEM/" title="A Riyad, une COP16 sur la désertification pour mieux prendre soin des sols malmenés"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/pollution/a-riyad-une-cop16-sur-la-desertification-pour-mieux-prendre-soin-des-sols-malmenes-20241201_LDMEUVEIQNCUPOJB3BHHS62DEM/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Sommet</a><a href="/environnement/pollution/a-riyad-une-cop16-sur-la-desertification-pour-mieux-prendre-soin-des-sols-malmenes-20241201_LDMEUVEIQNCUPOJB3BHHS62DEM/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="A Riyad, une COP16 sur la désertification pour mieux prendre soin des sols malmenés"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">A Riyad, une COP16 sur la désertification pour mieux prendre soin des sols malmenés</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">1er déc. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/pollution/pollution-plastique-les-negociations-pour-le-premier-traite-international-font-flop-20241201_3X4GNGZ5IJHMFDWW5Q2YL4RMRE/" title="Pollution plastique : les négociations pour établir un premier traité international font un flop"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/pollution/pollution-plastique-les-negociations-pour-le-premier-traite-international-font-flop-20241201_3X4GNGZ5IJHMFDWW5Q2YL4RMRE/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Echec</a><a href="/environnement/pollution/pollution-plastique-les-negociations-pour-le-premier-traite-international-font-flop-20241201_3X4GNGZ5IJHMFDWW5Q2YL4RMRE/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Pollution plastique : les négociations pour établir un premier traité international font un flop"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Pollution plastique : les négociations pour établir un premier traité international font un flop</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">1er déc. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/sciences/espace/deforestation-trafic-maritime-changement-climatique-sentinel-1c-bientot-en-orbite-pour-observer-la-terre-20241201_2X6Q7GUJ4FCG7HIFTN26CN6Z5A/" title="Déforestation, trafic maritime, changement climatique… Sentinel-1C bientôt en orbite pour observer la Terre"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/sciences/espace/deforestation-trafic-maritime-changement-climatique-sentinel-1c-bientot-en-orbite-pour-observer-la-terre-20241201_2X6Q7GUJ4FCG7HIFTN26CN6Z5A/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Lancement</a><a href="/sciences/espace/deforestation-trafic-maritime-changement-climatique-sentinel-1c-bientot-en-orbite-pour-observer-la-terre-20241201_2X6Q7GUJ4FCG7HIFTN26CN6Z5A/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Déforestation, trafic maritime, changement climatique… Sentinel-1C bientôt en orbite pour observer la Terre"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Déforestation, trafic maritime, changement climatique… Sentinel-1C bientôt en orbite pour observer la Terre</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">1er déc. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="flex-chain container-fluid"><div class=""><div class="row"><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 gWdzdQ col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/ines-leraud-et-sa-bd-sur-le-remembrement-agricole-la-classe-paysanne-a-longtemps-ete-meprisee-negligee-20241130_4A5YXAQ5GFGQJOEPBVQYT7CLSY/" title="Inès Léraud et sa BD sur le remembrement agricole : «La classe paysanne a longtemps été méprisée, négligée»"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/ines-leraud-et-sa-bd-sur-le-remembrement-agricole-la-classe-paysanne-a-longtemps-ete-meprisee-negligee-20241130_4A5YXAQ5GFGQJOEPBVQYT7CLSY/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Interview croisée</a><a href="/environnement/agriculture/ines-leraud-et-sa-bd-sur-le-remembrement-agricole-la-classe-paysanne-a-longtemps-ete-meprisee-negligee-20241130_4A5YXAQ5GFGQJOEPBVQYT7CLSY/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Inès Léraud et sa BD sur le remembrement agricole : «La classe paysanne a longtemps été méprisée, négligée»"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Inès Léraud et sa BD sur le remembrement agricole : «La classe paysanne a longtemps été méprisée, négligée»</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 keBvAW col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/au-large-de-toulon-plongee-acoustique-a-la-recherche-des-cachalots-perdus-de-la-mediterranee-20241130_KYWW4HBFSBG25PCE34RZICEI54/" title="Au large de Toulon, plongée acoustique à la recherche des cachalots perdus de la Méditerranée"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/au-large-de-toulon-plongee-acoustique-a-la-recherche-des-cachalots-perdus-de-la-mediterranee-20241130_KYWW4HBFSBG25PCE34RZICEI54/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Reportage</a><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/au-large-de-toulon-plongee-acoustique-a-la-recherche-des-cachalots-perdus-de-la-mediterranee-20241130_KYWW4HBFSBG25PCE34RZICEI54/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Au large de Toulon, plongée acoustique à la recherche des cachalots perdus de la Méditerranée"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Au large de Toulon, plongée acoustique à la recherche des cachalots perdus de la Méditerranée</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div><div class="ItemChainElement__ItemElementLayout-sc-1c74lbk-0 kwKUVH col-sm-12 col-md-xl-4 layout-section"><div><div class="custom-card-list"><article class="container-fluid large-promo themes_promo margin-sm-bottom border border_solid border_bottom border_color_grey_2"><div class="row text-align_left"><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col"><a href="/economie/pour-remplacer-le-charbon-et-le-gaz-ces-gigantesques-batteries-misent-sur-le-vent-et-le-soleil-20241130_CRZF7XB6B5FKFG7UDNJO2VE57M/" title="Pour remplacer le charbon et le gaz, ces gigantesques batteries misent sur le vent et le soleil"><div><div class="sc-kSzVC sc-bxdjLI cSDozW ftfuWe"></div></div></a></div><div class="col-sm-xl-12 flex-col margin-xs-bottom"><a href="/economie/pour-remplacer-le-charbon-et-le-gaz-ces-gigantesques-batteries-misent-sur-le-vent-et-le-soleil-20241130_CRZF7XB6B5FKFG7UDNJO2VE57M/" class="Overline-sc-1o7iuj5-0 dCtggU">Transition énergétique</a><a href="/economie/pour-remplacer-le-charbon-et-le-gaz-ces-gigantesques-batteries-misent-sur-le-vent-et-le-soleil-20241130_CRZF7XB6B5FKFG7UDNJO2VE57M/" class="decoration_none color_grey_4" title="Pour remplacer le charbon et le gaz, ces gigantesques batteries misent sur le vent et le soleil"><h2 class="Headline-sc-16el3pa-0 hoFQxA font_lg-libe font_primary font_primary_spacing-0-6 font_normal margin-xs-bottom ">Pour remplacer le charbon et le gaz, ces gigantesques batteries misent sur le vent et le soleil</h2></a><div class="article-meta"><span class="font_xxs font_tertiary color_grey ">30 nov. 2024</span><span class="color_yellow_2 font_xxs font_tertiary margin-xs-left">abonnés</span></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-pesticides-ofb-le-gouvernement-annonce-des-simplifications-contre-les-boulets-des-normes-20241130_EZHZPJMV3ZHMFIHV5NVCNXWKUU/" title="Colère des agriculteurs : Anses et OFB, le gouvernement cible les «boulets» des normes et lance des «simplifications»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Concessions</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Colère des agriculteurs : Anses et OFB, le gouvernement cible les «boulets» des normes et lance des «simplifications»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">30 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/pollution/le-plastique-pas-fantastique-pour-notre-sante-20241130_T6X4UM5XQVDWPKPNFDU5XQ7A5M/" title="Le plastique, pas fantastique pour notre santé" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Alerte</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Le plastique, pas fantastique pour notre santé</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">30 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/biodiversite/apres-la-diplomatie-du-panda-la-chine-prete-des-singes-dores-a-la-france-pour-redorer-son-image-20241130_BQRHR27K2NHWTDE4BEPOQ6NNJI/" title="Après la «diplomatie du panda», la Chine prête des singes dorés à la France pour redorer son image" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Soft power</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Après la «diplomatie du panda», la Chine prête des singes dorés à la France pour redorer son image</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">30 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/une-baisse-des-pics-de-pesticides-relevee-dans-certaines-nappes-qui-alimentent-leau-potable-des-parisiens-20241129_FARMVQ45NBDQHOXUSI3PSIYJXQ/" title="Une baisse des pics de pesticides relevée dans certaines nappes qui alimentent l’eau potable des Parisiens" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Environnement</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Une baisse des pics de pesticides relevée dans certaines nappes qui alimentent l’eau potable des Parisiens</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/alimentation/la-production-de-vin-dans-le-monde-est-au-plus-bas-depuis-1961-la-france-en-chute-libre-20241129_PVOXRVRKBNBEZGBU6K4HBC6WVI/" title="La production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Gloups</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">La production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/degradations-sabotages-effractions-la-carte-de-la-cinquantaine-dactions-musclees-qui-ont-cible-lofb-depuis-debut-2024-20241129_LWBAXZDBCJHV5DA3JCN7BIVTK4/" title="Dégradations, sabotages, effractions… La carte de la cinquantaine d’actions musclées qui ont ciblé l’Office français de la biodiversité depuis début 2024" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Etat des lieux</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Dégradations, sabotages, effractions… La carte de la cinquantaine d’actions musclées qui ont ciblé l’Office français de la biodiversité depuis début 2024</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/international/moyen-orient/nucleaire-iranien-laiea-confirme-le-projet-de-teheran-dinstaller-6-000-centrifugeuses-20241129_HQFIC7EKDZBY5NNPXN3ZQDCER4/" title="Nucléaire iranien : l’AIEA confirme le projet de Téhéran d’installer 6 000 centrifugeuses" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Escalade</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Nucléaire iranien : l’AIEA confirme le projet de Téhéran d’installer 6 000 centrifugeuses</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/agriculteurs-en-colere-la-fnsea-annonce-deux-nouvelles-journees-de-mobilisation-les-9-et-10-decembre-20241129_ZXREUYD6WNFMHDXV2KYEZBOREY/" title="Agriculteurs en colère : la FNSEA annonce deux nouvelles journées de mobilisation les 9 et 10 décembre" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">En colère</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Agriculteurs en colère : la FNSEA annonce deux nouvelles journées de mobilisation les 9 et 10 décembre</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">29 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/antoine-gatet-de-france-nature-environnement-les-syndicats-agricoles-creent-un-climat-de-peur-inadmissible-20241128_VNXEYFBEMJHSROGNOXVO5NDPSI/" title="Antoine Gatet de France Nature Environnement : «Les syndicats agricoles créent un climat de peur inadmissible»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Interview</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Antoine Gatet de France Nature Environnement : «Les syndicats agricoles créent un climat de peur inadmissible»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/international/europe/en-espagne-des-conges-payes-climatiques-crees-par-le-gouvernement-pour-limiter-les-risques-face-aux-catastrophes-20241128_77UBPHOXFJAO3BXNSFAPZYFFUA/" title="En Espagne, des «congés payés climatiques» créés par le gouvernement pour limiter les risques face aux catastrophes" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Adaptation</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">En Espagne, des «congés payés climatiques» créés par le gouvernement pour 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va mieux en le lisant</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Des scientifiques pourraient avoir trouvé une solution radicale pour rendre votre hamburger moins nocif pour la planète</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/idees-et-debats/tribunes/il-faut-respecter-les-limites-de-notre-planete-pour-sauver-nos-democraties-20241128_NWUAXYGJQ5GOTFHWBKTYBD3QHU/" title="Il faut respecter les limites de notre planète pour sauver nos démocraties" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-jiGprZ gnbSrH hYVkzb"><div class="sc-iRaSfU eslmRo">Tribune</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Il faut respecter les limites de notre planète pour sauver nos démocraties</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/societe/des-agriculteurs-manifestent-dans-paris-et-erigent-un-mur-devant-linstitut-national-de-la-recherche-agronomique-20241128_UP65EJHS2ZCJ5P3764F2HRO4RI/" title="Des agriculteurs murent l’entrée de l’Inrae à Paris, la ministre condamne «avec la plus grande fermeté»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Action</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Des agriculteurs murent l’entrée de l’Inrae à Paris, la ministre condamne «avec la plus grande fermeté»</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/pollution/la-pollution-de-lair-causee-par-les-incendies-est-responsable-de-15-million-de-morts-par-an-20241128_BJYL6C2AZFCWVKGUOOAZZGWYPM/" title="La pollution de l’air causée par les incendies est responsable de 1,5 million de morts par an" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Santé</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">La pollution de l’air causée par les incendies est responsable de 1,5 million de morts par an</h2></div><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">28 nov. 2024</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/agriculture/colere-agricole-et-climat-80-des-agriculteurs-sont-inquiets-pour-la-viabilite-de-leur-ferme-face-au-rechauffement-climatique-20241128_BY3LFOGS5NC6ROCAIDG6OTR6XY/" title="Colère agricole et climat : «80 % des agriculteurs sont inquiets pour la viabilité de leur ferme face au réchauffement climatique»" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Horizon 2050</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" class="sc-iRaSfU ExWvp">Colère agricole et climat : «80 % des agriculteurs sont inquiets pour la viabilité de leur ferme face au réchauffement climatique»</h2></div><div 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gnbSrH"><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"><div color="#A3A3A3" class="sc-iRaSfU sc-cKkZIC gpwLdt hURIox">27 nov. 2024</div><div color="#EEB54E" class="sc-iRaSfU gzQSYJ">Abonnés</div></div><div class="sc-cZbDLb iNhCDl"></div></div></div></div></div></a></article><hr class="CustomContentListItem__Divider-sc-2hcki7-1 kcHddm"/><article class="CustomContentListItem__Article-sc-2hcki7-0 euEONJ"><a href="/environnement/montagne-dor-en-guyane-la-justice-confirme-la-non-prolongation-du-projet-minier-20241127_W4ZHYQYHSVH5HEKSJHEHX3FBIM/" title="Montagne d’or en Guyane : la justice confirme la non-prolongation du projet minier" class="CustomContentListItem__Link-sc-2hcki7-2 kPzBgo"><div class="sc-jwHExh fVfTac"><div class="sc-jhRauI hnifpl"></div><div class="sc-jhRauI bpFydt"><div direction="column" class="sc-jwHExh hMZcIk"><div class="sc-jhRauI gnbSrH"><div color="#E60004" class="sc-iRaSfU gKKCcS">Environnement</div></div><div class="sc-jhRauI sc-KiOns gnbSrH hggVri"><h2 color="#1A1A1A" 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Grâce à des données inédites, «Libération» recense les lieux de ces opérations et détaille leur nature."},"display_date":"2024-11-29T14:16:09.059Z","headlines":{"basic":"Dégradations, sabotages, effractions… La carte de la cinquantaine d’actions musclées qui ont ciblé l’Office français de la biodiversité depuis début 2024"},"label":{"basic":{"text":"Etat des lieux"}},"promo_items":{"basic":{"_id":"OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4","resized_params":[{"height":56,"url":"resizer/0eaKC9DvaEpS1_ELa1V5jK46Axc=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":84},{"height":70,"url":"resizer/DyQuDk8pNDYuZJTO9O3Igx4u-Q4=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":105},{"height":105,"url":"resizer/pr-BmWvyc5lwnIc7P3Nl9fqHrrU=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":158},{"height":183,"url":"resizer/j8Co70WMA5E5e06By7GaTnOs_a8=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":274},{"height":251,"url":"resizer/1g5rXyY_OI9Ef7qflhNzCz5D9as=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":377},{"height":267,"url":"resizer/Q1PvVtdCJGoTaF9zCBR594hWlKQ=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":400},{"height":400,"url":"resizer/zGVfZC9nivQes2PWSmq-zLrEVkU=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":600},{"height":512,"url":"resizer/jzpm261T1cbE5J3Mgj3prnINaVg=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":768},{"height":533,"url":"resizer/Ca1_owsYhrR8jH4jzovFDSX3LtA=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":800},{"height":683,"url":"resizer/MilHUJlRGkgLPfbX5b1_ZK1wCfc=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":1024},{"height":800,"url":"resizer/Nl8zEBkhtTOsmWK4e9c7q8EU8iE=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":1200},{"height":960,"url":"resizer/kxydzHS3iPVm2Xf81wV-rKM92k8=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":1440},{"height":1067,"url":"resizer/ww3sYSrui3GDgfgyA2QWeBUHGw4=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70):focal(2809x1731:2819x1741)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg","width":1600}],"type":"image","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/OZJYMHZPENDU3GTC5NPLMA6UW4.jpg"}},"subtype":"default","type":"story","websites":{"liberation":{"website_section":{"_id":"/environnement/agriculture","name":"Agriculture"},"website_url":"/environnement/agriculture/degradations-sabotages-effractions-la-carte-de-la-cinquantaine-dactions-musclees-qui-ont-cible-lofb-depuis-debut-2024-20241129_LWBAXZDBCJHV5DA3JCN7BIVTK4/"}}}],"count":10000},"expires":1733181595782,"lastModified":1733181295646},"{\"excludeSections\":\"\",\"feedOffset\":11,\"feedSize\":20,\"imageRatio\":1.5,\"includeSections\":\"/environnement\"}":{"data":{"type":"results","version":"0.6.0","content_elements":[{"content_elements":[{"_id":"ACDWKE2MCJDFLENCZIHEPB4DRQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732960643900},"type":"text","content":"Des gages pour <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/degradations-sabotages-effractions-la-carte-de-la-cinquantaine-dactions-musclees-qui-ont-cible-lofb-depuis-debut-2024-20241129_LWBAXZDBCJHV5DA3JCN7BIVTK4/\" target=\"_blank\">les agriculteurs en colère</a>, avant le début des mouvements sociaux la semaine prochaine. La ministre de l’Agriculture Annie Genevard a annoncé ce samedi 30 novembre une série de mesures visant à réduire les contraintes<i> </i>qui pèsent, selon elle, sur la vie des agriculteurs. <i>«Les agriculteurs en ont ras-le-bol des interdictions, des procédures, des normes […] Ce sont véritablement des boulets qui se sont accumulés au point de creuser la compétitivité des exploitations»</i>, a-t-elle pointé à l’occasion d’un déplacement dans le Loiret et au lendemain de rendez-vous au ministère avec la plupart des syndicats du secteur."},{"_id":"DS5BPIXD55BM3NSKXN22IJLI5A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666208},"type":"text","content":"Après <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/la-simplification-administrative-pour-les-agriculteurs-sera-t-elle-vraiment-efficace-20240202_V3EQ7A6E6FHU7DTHQD2D5XL5RY/\" target=\"_blank\">le premier volet de la <i>«simplification administrative»</i></a> annoncée par le Premier ministre Gabriel Attal en février, cette nouvelle vague de mesures cible en particulier deux entités, critiquées par les agriculteurs : l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (Anses) et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/ofb-la-police-de-lenvironnement-dans-le-viseur-des-agriculteurs-20240201_XYZMA5LZ2ZEO5FVLIFCWKHEM3I/\" target=\"_blank\">l’Office français de la biodiversité (OFB)</a>."},{"level":2,"_id":"PNCHA4KANZAIHE7B2UXI7L5G3A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666209},"type":"header","content":"L’Anses et les pesticides"},{"_id":"Y5D3IUA4HJFTDOSGLLQW2MBENE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666210},"type":"text","content":"Parmi les mesures annoncées ce samedi par Annie Genevard, figure le lancement d’un <i>«Conseil d’orientation pour la protection des cultures»</i>. Créée par décret, cette instance, présidé par la ministre et réunissant les parties prenantes dont les agriculteurs, les instituts de recherche et les fabricants de produits phytosanitaires, visera à <i>«prioriser l’instruction»</i> par<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/lanses-veut-renforcer-son-independance-et-sa-credibilite-scientifique-20230314_JWXEIREXW5E7TG6462ZHHSHGAA/\" target=\"_blank\"> l’Agence de sécurité sanitaire (Anses) </a>des demandes d’autorisation des intrants, en fonction des besoins des filières agricoles."},{"_id":"SGJYKAVCHFCHVNYAVWSCSEFPQI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666211},"type":"text","content":"Autrement dit, il s’agira pour l’organisation - <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/des-agriculteurs-manifestent-dans-paris-et-erigent-un-mur-devant-linstitut-national-de-la-recherche-agronomique-20241128_UP65EJHS2ZCJ5P3764F2HRO4RI/\" target=\"_blank\">dans le viseur de certains syndicats</a> pour avoir interdit ou restreint l’usage de certains pesticides avant que cela soit le cas dans l’UE - de faire passer en haut de la pile des demandes de mises sur le marché de certains produits, afin de répondre à des besoins urgents de certaines cultures. <i>«On demande à l’Anses de travailler en priorité sur les usages orphelins ou mal pourvus»</i>, a dit la ministre. <i>«Je pense que le chemin vers moins de phyto est un chemin sur lequel personne ne reviendra. C’est une orientation qui est actée par tout le monde, les politiques et la profession. Mais pour les filières qui sont en crise, on a besoin que l’Anses priorise ses travaux pour y répondre»</i>, a défendu Annie Genevard."},{"_id":"KWQ7VBFWSBAW3BKKK32MQN36VI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666212},"type":"text","content":"Les entreprises phytopharmaceutiques pourront apporter <i>«une expertise technique car ce sont elles qui mettent au point les produits»</i>. Ce décret doit aussi <i>«améliorer l’information des ministères […] des projets de décisions de l’Anses»</i>. Mais sur le fond des décisions - autorisation ou interdiction -<i>, «il ne s’agit pas de dicter les décisions à l’Anses, qui est une agence indépendante»</i>, a-t-elle toutefois promis."},{"level":2,"_id":"5WSXGLL5QRDVLIXD4F2ILVC3FM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666213},"type":"header","content":"L’OFB et les armes de ses agents"},{"_id":"UFDJQ74GBZACDO3XYIS4OJVJGM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666214},"type":"text","content":"Concernant l’Office français de la biodiversité (OFB), qui assure un rôle de police de l’environnement, le directeur général devra <i>«assurer de manière immédiate la discrétion des armes en cas de contrôle, en recourant à des dispositifs qui permettent de la dissimuler. C’est un irritant majeur»</i> pour les agriculteurs, selon Annie Genevard."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"P5GZVOT62ZCPNI2CAVWEHMJH5A","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"PFCHGONGU5EBJATYGRQGGAKPLE"},"title":"Interview","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"3CBRM5EEAJCYHEIMCFYOHXG2TY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"T5O32NM7JBFXJAC7344L42MCCM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Antoine Gatet de France Nature Environnement : «Les syndicats agricoles créent un climat de peur inadmissible»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/antoine-gatet-de-france-nature-environnement-les-syndicats-agricoles-creent-un-climat-de-peur-inadmissible-20241128_VNXEYFBEMJHSROGNOXVO5NDPSI/"}]},{"_id":"234TNACUFJCA3CZ2H7BYF5YAU4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666216},"type":"text","content":"Il y aura <i>«déploiement progressif à titre expérimental […] du port d’une </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/07/15/les-cameras-pietons-une-fausse-bonne-idee_1794325/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>caméra piéton</i></a><i>, qui permet de déclencher des enregistrements de contrôle sur place, éventuellement. Généralement cela permet, on le voit avec les pompiers, les policiers, de faire redescendre la tension»</i>."},{"_id":"3R3P37WFJFADNNIVE7GNNWEUVU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666218},"type":"text","content":"Autre mesure<i>, «une circulaire aux préfets pour optimiser les capacités d’instruction des projets d’élevage, pour raccourcir les délais et privilégier les contrôles à vocation pédagogique pour les récents installés»</i>. La fixation des dates pour les travaux agricoles se fera au niveau local, et une mesure évitera que le même papier soit demandé plusieurs fois par les administrations."},{"level":2,"_id":"KLXKXNLCTZCNTKVVT7TYRKFY44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666217},"type":"header","content":"FNSEA et Jeunes Agriculteurs satisfaits"},{"_id":"OR47R6BAANEHTASMGQBWJR7DGE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"En réponse, l’alliance entre<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/agriculteurs-en-colere-la-fnsea-annonce-deux-nouvelles-journees-de-mobilisation-les-9-et-10-decembre-20241129_ZXREUYD6WNFMHDXV2KYEZBOREY/\" target=\"_blank\"> la FNSEA et les Jeunes Agriculteurs (JA)</a> a exprimé ce samedi après-midi sa satisfaction d’avoir été <i>«entendus sur des mesures de simplification essentielles pour redonner de la visibilité aux agriculteurs»</i>. <i>«Si ces annonces vont dans le bon sens, le travail sur la simplification est loin d’être achevé», </i>ont-ils toutefois ajouté alors qu’une nouvelle mobilisation est prévue à partir du 10 décembre pour <i>«pour dénoncer la faiblesse des revenus agricoles»</i>. Les agriculteurs attendent <i>«la traduction de toute urgence de ces annonces afin qu’elles aient un effet concret sur leur quotidien»</i>, concluent les deux organisation dans leur communiqué."},{"_id":"SKYSZVQW6BCR3BLCVTLAOMIU2E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732970666219},"type":"text","content":"Annie Genevard compte revoir les syndicats <i>«avant Noël» </i>pour un nouveau <i>«rendez-vous de la simplification, que je serais même tenté d’appeler les rendez-vous du bon sens». </i>Objectif, <i>«venir à bout, méthodiquement, de tous les freins à la production», </i>selon elle."},{"_id":"WQ3YKBY5XRGF7HS6TATDMXLDJQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mise à jour : </b></i><i>à 13h48, avec l’ajout de la réaction de la FNSEA et des JA.</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"La ministre de l’Agriculture Annie Genevard a annoncé ce samedi 30 novembre plusieurs mesures sur des sujets urticants pour les agriculteurs, notamment les pesticides ou l’Office français de la biodiversité. 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Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Agriculture"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement/agriculture","200013"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Agriculture","_id":"/environnement/agriculture","ancestors":{"footer2":["/environnement"],"default":["/environnement"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/environnement"],"amp-menu":["/","/environnement"],"headernav":["/environnement"]},"order":{"burgermenu":2001,"amp-menu":2001}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./environnement/agriculture","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-30T09:13:04.648Z","publish_date":"2024-11-30T12:48:51.496Z","_id":"EZHZPJMV3ZHMFIHV5NVCNXWKUU","website":"liberation","website_url":"/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-pesticides-ofb-le-gouvernement-annonce-des-simplifications-contre-les-boulets-des-normes-20241130_EZHZPJMV3ZHMFIHV5NVCNXWKUU/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"J4M7RSJAPBA4TLOVQ4MBXTVMMQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-27T15:35:31.474Z","start":175,"end":177,"text":"J'ai fait des petites coupes pour bien recentrer sur la santé","user":"Anne-Laure BARRET","email":"a.barret@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732200144201},"type":"text","content":"Sommes-nous tous en train de nous muer en <i>Homo plasticus, </i>tant nos corps sont imbibés par ces polymères ? Et cela menace-t-il notre santé ? Alors qu’un dernier cycle des négociations censées aboutir à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/plastique-un-premier-traite-pour-baisser-la-production-peut-il-voir-le-jour-en-coree-du-sud-20241125_76DYR63TSFH2FHA33F3NNQN65A/\" target=\"_blank\">un traité international visant à <i>«mettre fin à la pollution plastique» </i>se tient à Busan, en Corée du Sud</a>, depuis lundi 25 novembre et doit s’achever ce dimanche, les signaux d’alerte se multiplient. Dans <a href=\"https://global.noharm.org/focus/plastics/open-letter\" target=\"_blank\">une lettre ouverte</a> d’abord publiée en avril et appuyée par <a href=\"https://ikhapp.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Scientists_Declaration_INC_5_FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">une nouvelle déclaration</a> ce mois de novembre, les représentants de plus de 18 millions de professionnels de la santé issus de 88 pays pressent les négociateurs de nous protéger notamment de la<i> «crise pour la santé humaine» </i>provoquée par le plastique, <i>«qui va inévitablement empirer avec l’augmentation spectaculaire projetée de la production plastique, sauf si une action mondiale est menée».</i>"},{"_id":"RGFWM34KVNH4PBLFKC22ZK3D6Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144202},"type":"text","content":"La production mondiale de ce matériau issu de la pétrochimie a plus que doublé ces deux dernières décennies et devrait dépasser 500 millions de tonnes pour 2024. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/plastique-reduire-de-plus-de-90-le-volume-de-dechets-dici-a-2050-cest-possible-affirme-une-etude-20241114_A7UPJZ257FDSVFSAWJFZVCLD7A/\" target=\"_blank\">Et plus de 20% des déchets finissent dans la nature</a>. Sous l’effet des rayons ultraviolets, de l’eau ou de l’oxygène, ils se fragmentent pour former des microplastiques (moins de 5 millimètres) et des nanoplastiques (mille fois plus petits), omniprésents dans l’environnement, du fond des abysses aux glaciers himalayens, de l’Antarctique aux nuages et aux embruns."},{"level":2,"_id":"XLMX6L6DTVFIXCPUBBVMQ7IO6Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732636249561},"type":"header","content":"«Nous inhalons jusqu’à 30 millions de particules plastiques par an»"},{"_id":"O5KS46VOG5F77IUQBR2IBETH6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144204},"type":"text","content":"Dans ces conditions, ils se retrouvent aussi dans nos aliments, nos boissons, l’air que nous respirons… L’exposition aux particules de plastique peut être directe, via l’ingestion, le contact cutané, mais aussi l’inhalation, au moins aussi importante. Ainsi, <i>«en région parisienne, 3 à 10 tonnes de plastiques présents dans l’air sont déposées par an, majoritairement des fibres, et nous inhalons jusqu’à 30 millions de particules plastiques par an». </i>Elle peut aussi être indirecte : les micro et nanoplastiques affectant les animaux et végétaux que nous consommons, ils sont présents dans le sel, la bière, les fruits et légumes, le thé, les œufs, la viande, les produits de la mer, etc."},{"_id":"YFAVMHMI4ZB7TCWWBK45YBUR5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732885901239},"type":"text","content":"<i>«L’homme de 2024 contient des plastiques dans quasiment tous les organes de son corps […] et ce sera encore pire probablement pour les enfants qui naîtront en 2040», </i>a résumé la chimiste Fabienne Lagarde, maître de conférences et chercheuse à l’Institut des molécules et matériaux du Mans, lors d’une audition devant l’Office parlementaire d’évaluation des choix scientifiques et technologiques (OPECST). Poumons, tube digestif, intestin, foie, reins, cœur, placenta, sperme, <a href=\"https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article-abstract/200/2/235/7673133?login=false\">testicules</a>, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/des-microplastique-detectes-pour-la-premiere-fous-dans-le-sang-detres-humains-20220324_QJNSMS4XYVAYFB5SL4NK5WPKKU/?redirected=1\">sang</a>, <a href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389424018454\">moelle épinière</a>, nerfs… Ces dernières années, de nombreuses études ont fait état de cette présence généralisée des microplastiques dans nos corps. Ils pénétreraient même le cerveau. Un <a href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11100893/\" target=\"_blank\">article pré publié en mai</a> a évalué la concentration du plastique dans cet organe à 5 milligrammes par gramme, ce qui signifierait que 0,5% de la masse du cerveau serait constituée de plastique, indique le rapport parlementaire. Une fois dans nos organes, les microplastiques ont une fâcheuse tendance à s’y accumuler. <i>«Ainsi, la quantité de plastique dans le poumon augmente avec l’âge, ce qui suggère que des particules peuvent persister dans l’organisme sans être éliminées», </i>note le rapport."},{"_id":"3XRQ6BHYM5DIXO7GBY3Z7D5PLQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-29T08:54:14.797Z","replies":[{"date":"2024-11-29T11:34:22.334Z","text":"Je garderais si possible car cette histoire de carte de crédit avalée avait fait grand bruit ","user":"Coralie SCHAUB","email":"c.schaub@liberation.fr"}],"start":339,"end":754,"text":"je couperais, non? le wwf n'a jamais dit la science, on aurait pas dû le croire sans vérifier? c'est aussi sur la quantité de plastique dans notre corps, donc plsu haut?","user":"Anne-Laure BARRET","email":"a.barret@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732200144208},"type":"text","content":"Ceci dit, les experts auditionnés ont souligné qu’il subsiste des difficultés méthodologiques pour détecter et caractériser les plastiques et les risques qu’ils font courir en matière de santé humaine. Ces difficultés <i>«sont liées à la grande variété de composition, de taille et de forme des plastiques», </i>rapporte le document de l’OPECST. Résultat, il semblerait que non, un humain n’avale pas 5 grammes de microplastiques par semaine, soit l’équivalent d’une carte de crédit, comme l’avaient affirmé <a href=\"https://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/plastic_ingestion_press_singles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">l’ONG WWF en 2019</a> puis un article scientifique en 2021. <i>«Depuis, plusieurs études ont considérablement revu à la baisse cette quantité de microplastiques ingérés hebdomadairement, sans pour autant parvenir à un consensus», </i>note le rapport parlementaire."},{"level":2,"_id":"DGH3HQ2XTNAZDGWKSZFZ6AMTBU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732636249567},"type":"header","content":"«Altérations de la fonction pulmonaire», «essoufflement», «inflammations»"},{"_id":"MRMPZFULT5D55FEWZBBSLPWYZ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144209},"type":"text","content":"La détection des nanoplastiques est, elle, balbutiante. Une revue d’études scientifiques a mis en évidence en 2023 leur présence dans certains aliments comme le thé ou le riz. Et <a href=\"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2300582121\">une étude</a> a conclu que les bouteilles d’eau en plastique contiennent 250 000 particules par litre, dont 90% de nanoplastiques. Toutefois, <i>«la petite taille de ces particules et la diversité des environnements dans lesquels elles se trouvent posent un réel défi méthodologique pour leur détection et leur quantification, </i>relève le rapport de l’OPECST. <i>Par exemple, il n’existe pas encore de technique permettant de détecter les nanoparticules dans le poumon». «Pour l’instant, on ne sait pas quantifier la présence de particules en plastique dans l’organisme humain, en tout cas pas de façon directe, car on ne peut travailler que sur des prélèvements réalisés dans le cadre de biopsies ou d’autopsies», </i>confirme Xavier Cousin, chercheur en physiologie à l’Ifremer. Les nanoplastiques intéressent toutefois les chercheurs, dans la mesure où ils sont susceptibles de traverser la barrière intestinale et d’entrer dans la circulation sanguine pour atteindre des organes secondaires."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"PWD3LD6UGJFBZEDPOG6TVZNZQE","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"DFCVZBTXB5CFZFT5532VZPKRJI"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"KILKX7O7SFDBHBFZIIYXYFMGAU","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"OOUOMGRYKVBUHJ6K6EYPWKIGTM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"«Biomédias» : petits plastiques, grosse pollution","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/biomedias-petits-plastiques-grosse-pollution-20240704_KP4YBK33C5CKJITAN6Q4EL5U44/"}]},{"_id":"WCCPLYNY2BGUVI3LGIP3VU4JOU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732885901243},"type":"text","content":"Quid, alors, des effets de ces micro et nanoplastiques sur la santé ? Le rapport de l’OPECST fait état de <i>«corrélations inquiétantes entre la présence de plastiques et l’altération de certains organes et de leurs fonctions, voire l’apparition de pathologies». </i>Ainsi, l’exposition aux plastiques <i>«semble entraîner des modifications dans la composition du microbiote intestinal». </i>Par ailleurs, la toxicité des particules plastiques inhalées <i>«a été démontrée dès les années 70 auprès de travailleurs de l’industrie du flocage» </i>: certains d’entre eux<i> «ont développé des altérations de la fonction pulmonaire, un essoufflement, des inflammations, des fibroses et même pour certains des cancers du poumon», </i>des symptômes observés aussi auprès de travailleurs de l’industrie du textile et du PVC. Enfin, une <a href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822\">étude publiée en mars dans le <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i></a><i> </i>a mesuré la quantité de microplastiques prélevés au niveau de la plaque carotidienne (qui bouche les artères) sur plus de 300 patients ayant subi une chirurgie carotidienne. Celle-ci <i>«a montré qu’il existait un risque d’infarctus du myocarde 4,53 plus élevé, et potentiellement d’accident vasculaire cérébral, voire de mort, chez les personnes qui présentaient les plus forts taux de micro et nanoplastiques», </i>résume le rapport parlementaire."},{"_id":"SSL5YVJPXZAJNM4YXTC22AVVHA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732885901244},"type":"text","content":"Xavier Cousin, de l’Ifremer, pointe cependant <i>«une limite dans </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/des-microplastiques-penetreraient-dans-notre-cerveau-quand-nous-respirons-20240916_ZYYZN2YEA5HFJLGFL5BTQDMPQ4/\"><i>un certain nombre d’articles scientifiques récents</i></a><i>, qui présentent comme étant des particules microplastiques des choses qui n’en sont très probablement pas, car les méthodes spectroscopiques utilisées sont en général basées sur un marqueur, mais celui-ci est commun à un certain nombre de plastiques et aux lipides». </i>Autrement dit, certains lipides présents dans nos organes pourraient être pris à tort pour du plastique."},{"level":2,"_id":"DGH3HQ2XTNAZDGWKSZFZ6AMTBU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732636249567},"type":"header","content":"Plus de 16 000 produits chimiques dans le plastique"},{"_id":"K3ICM3VR65HQBJPWWI36MPXZEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144211},"type":"text","content":"En attendant l’amélioration des méthodes de détection et de quantification des micro et nanoplastiques dans nos corps, une chose est certaine : nous sommes tous exposés aux produits chimiques qu’ils contiennent ou véhiculent. Et leur dangerosité pour notre santé est, elle, largement avérée. Des additifs chimiques sont en effet combinés avec les polymères plastiques lors de la fabrication pour en améliorer les performances (colorants, opacifiants, additifs de brillance, stabilisants thermiques, plastifiants pour rendre le matériau souple, ignifuges pour prévenir l’inflammation, etc.)."},{"_id":"FFJJBMEV4VBKXIWPIOBQJX4N5I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871049821},"type":"text","content":"Au total, plus de 16 000 produits chimiques sont associés aux plastiques, dont moins de 6% sont réglementés dans le monde. Plus de 4 200 d’entre eux ont été classés comme dangereux, car ils sont persistants dans l’environnement, bioaccumulables dans nos corps, mobiles ou toxiques pour l’environnement et la santé humaine. <i>«De nombreuses études montrent la toxicité de ces substances chimiques pour certains organes, tels que le foie, ainsi que leur caractère cancérogène, mutagène ou reprotoxique. Certaines substances chimiques sont des perturbateurs endocriniens», </i>relève le rapport de l’OPECST. Lequel fait état d’incroyables lacunes dans l’évaluation des substances chimiques. Ainsi, pour 10 000 produits chimiques utilisés ou présents dans les plastiques, il n’existe aucune donnée sur leur dangerosité. Et seuls 161 ont été jugés non dangereux par des réglementations nationales, <i>«mais ces évaluations manquent de rigueur scientifique».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"NFKQ4L7365C4BJQ2NUX5SYDFAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871049822},"type":"header","content":"Preuves solides pour trois substances"},{"_id":"VGYMFHFTJVGCLEKFI5N5CDEZZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144212},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.4459\" target=\"_blank\">Une revue générale scientifique</a> publiée cette année s’est intéressée à l’impact sur la santé de trois substances chimiques utilisées quasiment exclusivement dans les plastiques. Celle-ci a <i>«mis en évidence des preuves épidémiologiques solides établissant des liens entre l’exposition du fœtus aux PBDE (polybromodiphényléthers, utilisés comme retardateurs de flamme dans les produits textiles ou électroniques) pendant la grossesse et un poids faible à la naissance, un retard ou une altération du développement cognitif chez l’enfant ou encore une perte de quotient intellectuel», </i>rapportent les parlementaires. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/09/03/c-est-officiel-tous-les-francais-sont-contamines-aux-bisphenols-phtalates-ou-parabenes_1749046/\" target=\"_blank\">En ce qui concerne le bisphénol A</a> (BPA, un monomère entrant dans la fabrication du polycarbonate et la composition des résines époxy utilisées pour le revêtement des boîtes de conserve et canettes), la revue générale établit des liens avec des malformations génitales chez les nouveau-nés filles exposées au BPA dans l’utérus, avec le diabète de type 2 chez les adultes et la résistance à l’insuline, ainsi qu’avec le syndrome ovarien polykystique chez les femmes. L’exposition au BPA augmente aussi le risque d’obésité et d’hypertension chez les enfants comme chez les adultes ainsi que le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires chez les adultes. Quant aux phtalates, en particulier le DEHP, utilisé notamment pour rendre le plastique plus souple, la revue générale établit des liens entre l’exposition à cette substance et des fausses couches, des malformations génitales chez les nouveau-nés garçons, un retard ou une altération de développement cognitif chez l’enfant, la perte de QI, un retard du développement psychomoteur, une puberté précoce chez les jeunes filles et l’endométriose chez les jeunes femmes. L’exposition au DEHP a aussi de multiples effets sur la santé cardiométabolique, notamment la résistance à l’insuline, l’obésité ou encore l’augmentation de la pression artérielle. <i>«Les déséquilibres hormonaux causés par certains composés ajoutés au plastique sont assez bien décrits depuis dix ou vingt ans», </i>abonde Jean-Baptiste Fini, biologiste et professeur au Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, qui recommande par exemple de ne pas réchauffer de la nourriture dans un contenant en plastique, car cela accélère la migration des molécules dans celle-ci."},{"_id":"EIBV4YZ2WREEFA36YBOMX7ZGJQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732200144213},"type":"text","content":"D’ores et déjà,<i> «les coûts sanitaires des substances chimiques dans les plastiques sont exorbitants pour la société», </i>souligne le rapport de l’OPECST. Au total, ils s’élèveraient à 675 milliards de dollars par an pour les PBDE, le BPA et le DEHP, rien qu’aux Etats-Unis. D’où quelques recommandations formulées par les scientifiques et reprises par le rapport, destinées aux négociateurs du traité sur le plastique. Parmi elles : conclure un traité ambitieux et juridiquement contraignant, prévoir une diminution significative de la production et de la demande de plastiques vierges, imposer aux industriels une plus grande transparence sur les substances chimiques, réduire le nombre de substances chimiques utilisées dans les formulations de polymères ou définir des critères pour aider à l’élimination des plastiques non essentiels. Reste à savoir s’ils seront entendus."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Ce matériau issu de la pétrochimie imbibe tous nos organes, comme le détaille un récent rapport parlementaire. S’il est encore difficile de quantifier précisément sa présence et ses dangers, il est certain que les substances chimiques qu’il contient ont, elles, des effets néfastes avérés."},"description":{"basic":"Ce matériau issu de la pétrochimie imbibe tous nos organes, comme le détaille un récent rapport parlementaire. Les substances chimiques qu’il contient ont des effets néfastes avérés."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement/pollution","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Pollution","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur la pollution et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Pollution de Libération.","_id":"/environnement/pollution","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur la pollution et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Pollution de Libération.","site_title":"Pollution : 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nouvelles frimousses orangées hautement diplomatiques. Au printemps 2025, les Français et autres visiteurs de passage au ZooParc de Beauval, à Saint-Aignan (Loir-et-Cher), pourront observer une espèce de primate extrêmement rare, débarquée tout droit des forêts montagneuses chinoises : le singe doré. Dans le cadre d’un accord avec la Chine, dévoilé mercredi 27 novembre par Beauval, cet animal, reconnaissable à son pelage tirant vers le roux, va être transféré en France. Objectif affiché : veiller à sa préservation, tout comme l’avaient été<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/la-famille-panda-de-beauval-est-heureuse-de-vous-annoncer-la-naissance-de-ses-deux-nouveaux-rejetons-20210802_5NZM2GS63FHQRJ66QOJXWNWSUA/\"> les pandas géants en 2012</a>, alors que ces animaux sont en voie de disparition dans leur milieu naturel. Derrière cette politique en faveur de la nature, les trois recrues du parc font en réalité partie intégrante d’une stratégie chinoise bien huilée, dont l’influence internationale, ou soft power, passe par la diplomatie animalière."},{"level":2,"_id":"UYPKX5GQSFH33NCDNG7LBSBPWA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732872569444},"type":"header","content":"Du panda au singe"},{"_id":"VFRZLYHPRZFENDVATHQEDYGKXE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732872569445},"type":"text","content":"La France est le premier pays au monde à recevoir des singes dorés de la Chine en dehors de l’Asie. Une immense <i>«fierté»</i> pour le directeur du ZooParc de Beauval, Rodolphe Delord, qui voit dans cet événement un signe de confiance. <i>«On a su prouver notre sérieux à la Chine avec les pandas géants, puisque trois bébés sont nés depuis leur arrivée»,</i> note-t-il. Officiellement, toute cette agitation s’inscrit dans un programme d’élevage et de conservation de ce <i>«trésor national»</i> chinois, classé «en danger» <a href=\"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19596/196491153\" target=\"_blank\">sur la liste rouge de l’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature</a>. La Chine compte sur son territoire <i>«à peu près 600 singes dorés en captivité pour la reproduction, la réintroduction en milieu naturel, et ainsi sauver la population sauvage», </i>argumente le responsable de l’établissement, qui se réjouit d’avoir rencontré le président chinois Xi Jinping en personne pour ce partenariat. De quoi justifier de les faire voyager de l’autre côté de la planète ? <i>«Evidemment, ils pourraient les garder dans des parcs en Chine, mais le fait de nous prêter quelques individus permet d’élargir le champ de reproduction et de ne pas avoir tous les singes au même endroit en cas de maladie.»</i>"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"LKHYBM73TVCFBBNXPV3OLWVLQA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"QLRIUZVMWBFD3MOJ5EY7MYNSJ4"},"title":"CheckNews","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"WBFY2YI6MRE6TOQZWQ6YWY6SA4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"BJFIMEFFGREKTJKJDOA7N35ZSM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Les pandas nés au zoo de Beauval appartiennent-ils à la Chine ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/les-pandas-nes-au-zoo-de-beauval-appartiennent-ils-a-la-chine-20210802_B7DYPXUKC5ANVJHQUYGP443RZY/"}]},{"_id":"MJIIU2XR6FB2VAMDCIE5TG3V7I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732886603134},"type":"text","content":"Au-delà des enjeux de préservation, <i>«prêter des animaux n’est jamais neutre, on est dans le soft power typique»,</i> répond Emmanuel Lincot, professeur à l’Institut catholique de Paris, sinologue et chercheur associé à l’Institut de relations internationales et stratégiques. Un élément que ne conteste pas Rodolphe Delord, qui voit dans les singes dorés <i>«le trait d’union diplomatique entre nos deux pays»</i>. Le prêt de ces trois singes doit pourtant se lire avec d’autres clés de lecture."},{"level":2,"_id":"MV6CFFUT7RCXPDT7VRCZSFSZIA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732886603135},"type":"header","content":"Une «leçon de bonne conduite» de la Chine"},{"_id":"MQVHBRUNUNGT7PFFDA3QTCUPTM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-29T16:20:38.204Z","start":389,"end":406,"text":"g","user":"Anais AUDUREAU","email":"a.audureau@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732891085507},"type":"text","content":"Pour Emmanuel Lincot, qui consacre une partie de son livre <i>Géopolitique du patrimoine</i> à la diplomatie animalière, cet événement présente une dimension symbolique importante. De <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/le-panda-ne-digere-pas-son-plat-favori-dont-il-mange-20-kg-par-jour-20230725_25MBCABRB5HQZPMSCMH7OVEFO4/\" target=\"_blank\">la «diplomatie du panda»</a> des années 70 visant à insuffler une image sympathique et <i>«un peu bonhomme» </i>de la Chine au reste du monde, à celle du singe, le langage diplomatique a changé. <i>«C’est une façon de dire : “on change d’air”, et cet air est incarné par Xi Jinping»,</i> analyse Emmanuel Lincot. D’autant que le singe n’est pas n’importe quel animal dans la culture chinoise. <i>«Ce trio de singes dorés renvoie à une description allégorique très ancienne, faite par Confucius, selon laquelle la vertu de l’homme c’est de ne rien dire, de ne rien entendre, de ne rien voir»,</i> rappelle le sinologue, en référence aux singes de la sagesse parfois représentés dans les temples chinois. <i>«Il s’agit pour les Chinois, d’une manière très moralisatrice, de faire la leçon aux Français, qui ne comprennent pas grand-chose à ce genre de subtilité», </i>appuie Emmanuel Lincot, qui y voit même une <i>«leçon de bonne conduite»</i> adressée par la Chine à l’ensemble de l’Occident."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"YUDAHGZCERDPHJANGISW4TGIEU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"64XNMWKWJJAPHC2SOYHZYVQW7I"},"title":"Data","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"FVW4IQNO3REMZEUY5TTTTIYVM4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"LMA6DW4AFFAMLN3KISW2LYHPZM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"La Chine est responsable des deux tiers de l’augmentation des émissions de CO2 depuis 2000","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/la-chine-est-responsable-des-deux-tiers-de-laugmentation-des-emissions-de-co2-depuis-2000-20231210_QJ4S44ARFRA6RGAOSCYDGCJXQI/"}]},{"_id":"RZFFZ4AOGJALDCMCLJZZFXH5LQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732886603137},"type":"text","content":"Autre message transporté malgré eux par ces trois primates dorés : leur pays natal prêterait une attention particulière à la nature et à l’environnement. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/xi-jinping-a-paris-ne-nous-meprenons-pas-la-chine-avance-masquee-20240504_SI4M2EEWFJAATN2DMSJ36TALKY/\" target=\"_blank\">Le coup de communication</a> cache pourtant un bilan climatique désastreux. <i>«C’était l’un des pays les plus pollueurs au monde, mais ils en ont désormais conscience. Aujourd’hui, ils vont très vite pour réparer ce qu’il y a à réparer»,</i> veut croire Rodolphe Delord. <i>«Faux et archi faux, </i>répond l’économiste Jean-Paul Maréchal, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/les-engagements-pris-par-la-chine-correspondent-etroitement-a-ses-interets-nationaux-20210423_4WREZTSB25GSZN4ZYG6DAOJQJY/\" target=\"_blank\">spécialiste de la stratégie climatique chinoise</a>. <i>La Chine est aujourd’hui le premier émetteur de CO2 au monde, 28 % à elle toute seule ! Est-ce que la Chine s’est engagée à réduire drastiquement ses émissions de CO2 ? La réponse est non. </i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/cop29-les-pays-se-quittent-sur-un-accord-au-rabais-et-une-montagne-de-travail-a-accomplir-20241124_PGQMEMHPJFDOLC4UJR64XHQZ5A/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>A soutenir le fonds pour les pays du Sud</i></a><i> adopté pendant la COP29 ? La réponse est non. A ne plus ouvrir de mines de charbons ? La réponse est non.» </i>Emmanuel Lincot abonde : <i>«Prêter des pandas ou des singes, c’est une façon de se montrer écologiste et responsable, sauveur d’une espèce animale.» </i>Et faire oublier, le temps d’une poignée de main diplomatique, la responsabilité des pays les plus riches dans le réchauffement climatique qui met en danger ces mêmes espèces."},{"_id":"4M4WNMCVYFDXVBOXSTOALMXRQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732891085510},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Dans ce grand jeu diplomatique, il y a trois petits singes qui n’ont jamais demandé à quitter l’Asie»,</i> se désole Jean-Paul Maréchal, également maître de conférences à l’université Paris-Saclay. Des primates habitués au climat montagneux et enneigé de la province du Sichuan, qui devront s’acclimater au climat tempéré de Beauval, malgré les deux millions d’euros que le parc consacrera à leur accueil. De quoi reconsidérer les significations du cadeau, qui permet quand même à la France <i>«d’apparaître en bonnes relations avec la Chine», </i>pour le spécialiste de la stratégie chinoise sur le climat. Contactée par <i>Libération</i>, une source diplomatique confirme accueillir <i>«positivement ce type de partenariat qui rapproche nos deux peuples»</i>. Et qui permet au zoo de Beauval de remplir ses caisses. En 2023, Rodolphe Delord se réjouissait que les <a href=\"https://www.ouest-france.fr/sciences/animaux/zoo-de-beauval-comment-va-se-derouler-le-transfert-vers-la-chine-du-premier-panda-ne-en-france-576a3512-2a41-11ee-8d14-fb1d614639c2\">plantigrades bicolores aient permis de tripler les visites de son parc</a> au logo d’ailleurs incarné par le panda. Bientôt suivi par le singe ?"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Vanté comme une opportunité de conserver l’espèce rare et menacée, le partenariat franco-chinois est surtout l’occasion pour la Chine d’asseoir son soft power, dans l’ombre d’une politique désastreuse pour le climat."},"description":{"basic":"Vanté comme une opportunité de conserver l’espèce rare et menacée, le partenariat franco-chinois est surtout l’occasion pour la Chine d’asseoir son soft power, dans l’ombre d’une politique désastreuse pour le climat."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement/biodiversite","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Biodiversité","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur la biodiversité et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Biodiversité de Libération.","_id":"/environnement/biodiversite","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur la biodiversité et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Biodiversité de Libération.","site_title":"Biodiversité : actualités et informations - 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pics de concentration de pesticides ont diminué de moitié dans certaines nappes d’eau souterraines qui alimentent l’eau potable des Parisiens, selon les résultats à mi-parcours d’un programme d’accompagnement des agriculteurs mis en place par Eau de Paris, a-t-elle annoncé ce vendredi 29 novembre. En vigueur depuis 2020 par la régie municipale autonome de la ville de Paris, le régime d’aides spécifiques de paiement pour services environnementaux a pour but d’accompagner des agriculteurs volontaires situés dans les aires d’alimentation de captage pour la production d’eau potable afin qu’ils réduisent <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/eau-potable-la-pollution-des-eaux-tres-sous-estimee-faute-de-suivi-par-les-autorites-sanitaires-denonce-generations-futures-20241015_PDLMOZJL6ZHJFDZPR5ZYWBBNNA/\" target=\"_blank\">leur utilisation de pesticides.</a>"},{"_id":"IXQF7EVPLBF7ZJ3WOUJB3UJ7X4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i>«La mise en place de ce programme a permis de diminuer de moitié les pics de concentration de pesticides dans les nappes souterraines sur lesquelles il y a un fort développement de l’agriculture biologique»,</i> a déclaré la responsable du service protection de la ressource et biodiversité pour Eau de Paris, Manon Zakeossian. Cette dernière s’appuie sur les résultats de mesures de qualité effectuées par le laboratoire Eau de Paris – accompagné par un bureau d’études – dans le secteur «Vallées-de-la-Vanne» (Yonne), où 30 % des agriculteurs sont désormais convertis au bio. Au total, près de 115 agriculteurs cultivant plus de 17 300 hectares (dont 58 % en agriculture biologique) se sont engagés dans ce programme de cinq ans (2020-2025) mené par Eau de Paris, pour un budget de 46 millions d’euros et financé à 80 % par l’Agence de l’eau Seine-Normandie."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"XHHWIYYPAVHCXOWK6QB7KPVMFI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"K5UXD5FMRVBZ7KXPSNEBI5V43Y"},"title":"Climat Libé Tour Paris : initiative","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"U5R4LY66YNCL7JZZ5SJW57QLJI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"OKNYZQGSFNGXJFILSOQ3B3J4YQ","type":"interstitial_link","content":"A Paris, la gestion de l’eau est une affaire publique","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/forums/a-paris-la-gestion-de-leau-est-une-affaire-publique-20230310_JPWROT4L7NGOBAMFFFJKZ3EKEE/"}]},{"_id":"EQFWYFSH55HQ3NTE4NDJY4TM2E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Entre 2019 et 2023, les surfaces en agriculture biologique ont été multipliées par quatre sur toutes les aires d’alimentation de captage d’eau de Paris»,</i> passant de 2 800 hectares à 11 800 hectares, a déclaré lors d’une conférence de presse le président d’Eau de Paris, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/cest-une-catastrophe-ecologique-en-puissance-une-menace-sur-leau-potable-20240505_TCX42POIMJHAJJWNIF6GXTWC5A/\" target=\"_blank\">Dan Lert (Les Ecologistes)</a>, également maire adjoint à la transition écologique de la capitale. Selon lui, sur les 17 300 hectares cultivés par les agriculteurs engagés dans ce programme, <i>«la quantité de pesticides utilisés a été réduite en 2023 de 77 %». «Cette prévention des pollutions, elle coûte au minimum trois fois moins cher que le traitement curatif qu’on doit engager évidemment pour assurer la conformité de l’eau potable»,</i> a-t-il ajouté, faisant référence à un rapport sénatorial de juillet 2023 sur la gestion durable de l’eau."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"La régie municipale autonome de la ville de Paris a fait un point d’étape à mi-parcours ce vendredi 29 novembre sur son programme d’accompagnement lancé en 2020 pour les agriculteurs volontaires désireux de réduire leur utilisation de pesticides."},"description":{"basic":"La régie municipale autonome de la ville de Paris a fait un point à mi-parcours ce vendredi 29 novembre sur son programme d’accompagnement lancé en 2020 pour les agriculteurs volontaires désireux de réduire leur utilisation de pesticides."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement/agriculture","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Agriculture","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de Libération.","_id":"/environnement/agriculture","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de Libération.","site_title":"Agriculture : actualités et informations - 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secteur en pleine gueule de bois. La production mondiale de vin devrait tomber, en 2024, à son plus bas niveau depuis 63 ans, reculant encore de 2 % <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/avec-237-millions-dhectolitres-la-production-mondiale-de-vin-a-chute-de-10-en-2023-20240425_NW5QAJRBIFHGNOC5BHXWRLZB2A/\" target=\"_blank\">par rapport à la mauvaise année 2023</a>, selon les estimations publiée s ce vendredi 29 novembre par l’Organisation internationale de la vigne et du vin (OIV)."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"SGXNY2BV7FAKFPSNIK3TXLWEDQ","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"SM7PEQ2UTZH7PKRQDYXC2A5PKA"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"DX6HS7UXOVEC7LHFSMVTOB7U3U","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"P7FOG6MOJVBKVOKRF7FLJOS2O4","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Chez les viticulteurs français, comme un vin de panique face au changement climatique","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/chez-les-viticulteurs-francais-comme-un-vin-de-panique-face-au-changement-climatique-20221002_IH7JDBOR7RFFXJC3LQVTRQQUD4/"}]},{"_id":"EWSEGTGHLZA7JIADYHIOILZJ5I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732982694283},"type":"text","content":"Selon ces projections, basées sur le bilan des vendanges de 29 pays représentant 85 % de la production l’an dernier, le secteur devrait <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/vin-vivant-jecris-ton-nom-20230130_H2JR6QTVDNG5PO6AXX5OO2WIDM/\" target=\"_blank\">mettre en bouteille</a> entre 227 et 235 millions d’hectolitres de raisin cette année, le plus faible volume récolté depuis 1961, qui s’établissait alors à 220 millions d’hectolitres. Ces vendanges s’annoncent également en repli de 13 % par rapport à la moyenne des dix précédentes années."},{"_id":"7Q4VRBXTNFF4ZFSZ45VLVTPJDI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732896744810},"type":"text","content":"<i>«</i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/la-rechauffement-climatique-va-reconfigurer-la-carte-mondiale-des-regions-viticoles-20240326_NXJEVE3HYRGQZIYTCRX55ZZQHU/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Des défis climatiques à travers les deux hémisphères</i></a><i> sont de nouveau des causes majeures de ce volume de production mondiale réduit», </i>souligne l’OIV, qui relève que la plupart des régions ont souffert. Pluie, grêles, inondations, sécheresse… Les événements météorologiques, dont certains sont amplifiés par le réchauffement climatique, n’y vont pas de main morte sur la vigne."},{"_id":"OHW6BBEDKBEFBBOWKAYAR4UNRM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"FEJBWZKTGJCX7O7WMP4LUBQECM"},"type":"raw_html","content":"<blockquote class=\"bluesky-embed\" data-bluesky-uri=\"at://did:plc:vwxoyr42ifja2mya3xfmc2z3/app.bsky.feed.post/3lc6ffe356c2o\" data-bluesky-cid=\"bafyreid6zbxbbfq2fecyv7gky4d5kay2bnbuthm6ah7xgwuggjjwf3k5za\"><p lang=\"fr\">D'après l'OIV, le changement climatique se traduit par une sacrée claque pour la production viticole mondiale. Il faut remonter à 1961 pour trouver une production aussi faible !\r\nAvec -23 %, la plus grosse claque est pour la France qui perd son statut de leader mondial du vin.\r\n[1/2]<br><br><a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:vwxoyr42ifja2mya3xfmc2z3/post/3lc6ffe356c2o?ref_src=embed\">[image or embed]</a></p>— Dr. Serge Zaka (<a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:vwxoyr42ifja2mya3xfmc2z3?ref_src=embed\">@sergezaka.bsky.social</a>) <a href=\"https://bsky.app/profile/did:plc:vwxoyr42ifja2mya3xfmc2z3/post/3lc6ffe356c2o?ref_src=embed\">30 novembre 2024 à 16:19</a></blockquote><script async src=\"https://embed.bsky.app/static/embed.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>"},{"_id":"7HRBM5YJEZAW7AZB7CKEYX53IM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732982694286},"type":"text","content":"Résultat, l’Europe attend <i>«un bas niveau de production»</i>. La France, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/lifestyle/gastronomie/vin-la-consommation-de-pif-en-france-continue-de-faire-plouf-20231222_76SXLWGBGZHCBPZXNZY74UZ3BE/\" target=\"_blank\">dont la population boit de moins en moins de vin</a>, a connu pour sa part en 2024 le déclin le plus marqué d’une année à l’autre parmi tous ces pays, avec une chute de 23 % de sa production, estimée à 36,9 millions d’hectolitres, et repasse en seconde position, souligne l’OIV."},{"level":2,"_id":"QVBLZMBTCBHPXFO2U3HOUETUVQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732896744811},"type":"header","content":"L’hémisphère Sud aussi affecté"},{"_id":"DJATXXRJYBEXNGBJY5V3DOEC2I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732896744812},"type":"text","content":"L’Italie, qui avec 41 millions d’hectolitres fait mieux que ses <i>«très faibles volumes de 2023»</i>, retrouve la place de première productrice mondiale. L’Espagne arrive en troisième position, avec un bilan en légère amélioration cette année. Les Etats-Unis, quatrième producteur mondial, affichent une récolte moyenne de 23,6 millions d’hectolitres, légèrement en-deça de 2023."},{"_id":"GRE4OWAL6JCVNGWH7E3IZYBSTU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732982694289},"type":"text","content":"Dans l’hémisphère Sud, les volumes devraient être les plus faibles depuis deux décennies, là encore du fait des conditions climatiques extrêmes pour la survie des vignes et des fruits. 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production de vin dans le monde est au plus bas depuis 1961, la France en net recul"},"websites":{"liberation":{"website_url":"/environnement/alimentation/la-production-de-vin-dans-le-monde-est-au-plus-bas-depuis-1961-la-france-en-chute-libre-20241129_PVOXRVRKBNBEZGBU6K4HBC6WVI/","website_section":{"path":"/environnement/alimentation","parent":{"default":"/environnement"},"_website":"liberation","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Alimentation","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'alimentation et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Alimentation de 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de paille, fumier, déchets, pneus, pierres, barbelés, couches souillées de bébés ou encore carcasses de sangliers ; banderoles taxant les agents de <i>«fascistes»,</i> <i>«vermines»,</i> <i>«cow-boys»,</i> <i>«nuisibles»</i> ; véhicules de service endommagés ou <a href=\"https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/bourgogne-franche-comte/haute-saone/vesoul/photos-bureaux-et-voitures-de-l-ofb-enrubannes-la-defense-de-l-agriculture-ne-passe-pas-que-par-des-reunions-pour-la-coordination-rurale-2943687.html\" target=\"_blank\">enrubannés</a> ; soudure d’un portail, jets d’œufs, entrées murées… Selon nos informations, depuis le début de l’année, une cinquantaine d’actions de syndicats agricoles ont visé les antennes départementales de l’Office français de la biodiversité (OFB). Pour la première fois, <i>Libération</i> établit la carte des nombreuses opérations menées partout en France métropolitaine. Parfois, elles ont touché plusieurs fois les mêmes sites : quatre fois pour celui de Noidans-lès-Vesoul (Haute-Saône), trois pour Poitiers (Vienne) et Montbrison (Loire), et deux pour Dijon (Côte-d’Or), Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), Blois (Loir-et-Cher) ou encore Guéret (Creuse)."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"576fb372805a18e7febe03244a57842d910349c2b49b9d4d158ce909c7ee2b18"},"caption":"","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","geo":{},"licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"","type":"author"}],"by":[{"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"j.guillot@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"j.guillot@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Julien Guillot","_id":"15107","additional_properties":{"original":{"firstName":"Julien","lastName":"Guillot","role":"","books":[],"podcasts":[],"education":[],"awards":[],"_id":"15107","last_updated_date":"2021-01-16T14:55:25.346Z","byline":"Julien Guillot","email":"j.guillot@liberation.fr","slug":"julien-guillot"}},"type":"author","version":"0.5.8","slug":"julien-guillot"},{"image":{"version":"0.5.8","url":""},"socialLinks":[{"site":"email","deprecated":true,"deprecation_msg":"Please use social_links.","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"social_links":[{"site":"email","url":"a.clair@liberation.fr"}],"name":"Alice Clair","description":"","_id":"Alice Clair","additional_properties":{"original":{"lastName":"Clair","image":"","education":[],"longBio":"","native_app_rendering":false,"fuzzy_match":false,"affiliations":"","bio":"","firstName":"Alice","books":[],"podcasts":[],"contributor":false,"awards":[],"_id":"Alice Clair","bio_page":"","last_updated_date":"2021-04-15T14:38:25.462Z","byline":"Alice Clair","email":"a.clair@liberation.fr","slug":"alice-clair","status":true}},"type":"author","version":"0.5.8","url":"","slug":"alice-clair"}]},"subtitle":"Infographie : Agriculteurs - Les actions menées contre l’OFB","width":1800,"creditIPTC":"","_id":"AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/ioBxcrTBd-tuWKJrq7HW2Q9ZnSo=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","owner":"a.clair@liberation.fr","comments":[],"keywords":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/ioBxcrTBd-tuWKJrq7HW2Q9ZnSo=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/ioBxcrTBd-tuWKJrq7HW2Q9ZnSo=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/gjgFnbZlV88fJGs8rNeR6UnhN6Y=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","version":2,"originalName":"LIB-2024-11-29-Agriculteurs-OFB.png","mime_type":"image/png","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"2JXATRHDSVAW7O5UH72C2RKEZQ"},"created_date":"2024-11-29T10:38:49Z","last_updated_date":"2024-11-29T10:39:24Z","height":1800,"image_type":"graphic","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/R7HQPOKVK7T5nVRXiymChwakEfM=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/5X-x5zc6VS-xVjAnR9Q7INfFMm4=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/REz7f9ptho8LP3wlERu2cdN3v68=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/aiqruAwY15jkMHObRZrFW34ozDQ=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/-oL-Y23p5VXfR_qGltBQQkk2f6o=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/1872-RY-ozd_Ii2wwQVd0rjxaG8=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/9s_VX3a_aGJFveOtizh1EDQkP30=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/v3MtEn6tsOTbSxm59nqQxWWmHis=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/p0whp0I3v2gxm0ilB8OWnnZFdxA=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/lNOPGV2UljjOAxqdzzolXsqutCg=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/UZhJnCk1QBFljEl3PgFCMs6Cp7I=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/mlqSczNgusnOmfZYq0BAkYu6cJE=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/cnJWCVRsayDioqS0RxYYh1Tc1Co=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/AXS2ZBALAREHJHD4HFXUAAVCKQ.png","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"XKPCR4254ZAEHG2PCFBPM77MUQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732831009435},"type":"text","content":"Au total, une quarantaine de plaintes ont été déposées depuis le début de l’année pour dégradations de locaux et atteinte aux agents de l’OFB. Cet établissement public dédié à la protection et la restauration de la nature, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/terre/2020/10/07/police-de-l-environnement-myriade-de-missions-et-brigades-sans-munition_1801525/\" target=\"_blank\">dont l’une des missions est d’assurer un rôle de «police de l’environnement»</a>, est devenu l’une des cibles privilégiées <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/crise-agricole-la-fnsea-ne-controle-pas-completement-le-mouvement-20241124_TBAQGC6V4JAYFESMRPKOY7ICFM/\" target=\"_blank\">de la colère des agriculteurs depuis le début de la crise</a>, en janvier."},{"level":2,"_id":"YUNTXN6CYVD4BPTZ7IUHYZIAUM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732831009436},"type":"header","content":"Port d’arme plus «discret»"},{"_id":"DPJ34JKGRJFN3ARSHNYL7QG5KI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[{"pos":636,"comment":"de plus belle "}],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-29T10:32:10.020Z","start":146,"end":155,"text":"propal de mini coupe","user":"Coralie SCHAUB","email":"c.schaub@liberation.fr"},{"date":"2024-11-29T10:44:39.308Z","start":636,"end":649,"text":"propal de micro coupe si nécessaire","user":"Coralie SCHAUB","email":"c.schaub@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732831009437},"type":"text","content":"C’est d’abord la FNSEA, syndicat majoritaire, qui l’a pris en grippe, sur fond de demande d’allègement des contrôles et de désarmement des agents de police de l’OFB. Pour calmer la fronde agricole du début d’année, le gouvernement alors dirigé par Gabriel Attal a promis un seul contrôle annuel par exploitation et un port d’arme plus «discret». De son côté, l’Office a entamé des discussions avec les chambres d’agriculture pour tisser davantage de liens entre agents et paysans et sortir de la crise. Mais les attaques, principalement menées par la Coordination rurale, dont certains membres <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/colere-des-agriculteurs-la-coordination-rurale-est-elle-dextreme-droite-20240125_ZJZ6IRBWKBCMPLXUM7AZHNFRGI/\" target=\"_blank\">frayent avec l’extrême droite</a>, ont repris depuis le début <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/acte-ii-de-la-crise-agricole-si-tous-les-francais-achetaient-un-fromage-bio-par-mois-il-ny-aurait-plus-de-crise-20241117_N7RRJ3ECHFFIVEDRE5A47WOTQQ/\" target=\"_blank\">de l’acte II du mouvement social</a>, en novembre, recentré sur une bataille <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/accord-ue-mercosur-a-lassemblee-ce-moment-ou-le-vote-contre-semble-faire-lunion-20241126_KJVHRWRSOFAP3HFWI43Q6TLFRI/\" target=\"_blank\">contre l’accord de libre-échange entre l’Union européenne et le Mercosur</a>. <i>«L’OFB n’a aucun lien avec le Mercosur mais nous faisons encore une fois l’objet de manifestations avec des dégradations», </i>regrette le directeur général de l’Office, Olivier Thibault."},{"_id":"UYRRFGPYYJHZ3KSYYMG3NHJGP4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810995995},"type":"text","content":"Ces dernières semaines, les actions ont été plus violentes. <i>«On a franchi un cap supplémentaire à Guéret»,</i> signale Olivier Thibault. Le 19 novembre, pour la première fois, des agriculteurs sont entrés par effraction dans des locaux de l’OFB. Lors d’une action organisée par la Coordination rurale, les manifestants se sont introduits dans le service départemental de la Creuse, une porte a été endommagée, des déchets ont été déversés à l’intérieur des locaux et des dossiers ont été <i>«saccagés», </i>selon l’OFB.<i> «Jusqu’où ira ce syndicat avec ses actes terroristes ? Faudra-t-il un drame pour que le gouvernement tape du poing sur la table ?»</i> a <a href=\"https://snefsu.org/espace-presse/communiques-de-presse/les-agentes-et-agents-de-lofb-en-danger/\" target=\"_blank\">dénoncé</a>, mardi 26 novembre, le syndicat national de l’environnement (SNE-FSU) en demandant que ces <i>«actes d’agressions inexcusables» </i>soient<i> «sévèrement punis»</i>. Les auteurs des faits sont identifiables sur plusieurs photos et vidéos publiées par des médias locaux."},{"level":2,"_id":"OARFYTEBOFEZBDZ2MAWYUF6MRY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732831009439},"type":"header","content":"Ecrous de la roue arrière enlevés"},{"_id":"S4F67FIOXFH5VHRIE2NPUKSOTA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732810995996},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Jamais je ne tolérerai les atteintes aux personnes et aux biens, les dégradations, qui sont inacceptables»,</i> a de son côté réagi la ministre de l’Agriculture, Annie Genevard, sur X. Mais les actions se sont poursuivies : jets d’œufs dans l’Aisne, dépôts de déchets, fumier, têtes de sangliers et peaux de renards <a href=\"https://www.tendanceouest.com/actualite-424197-photos-videos-coutances-des-pneus-de-la-terre-et-des-animaux-morts-deverses-retour-sur-la-mobilisation-des-agriculteurs\" target=\"_blank\">dans la Manche</a>, lisier en Charente, <a href=\"https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/agriculture-peche/crise-agricole-paille-deversee-devant-l-office-francais-de-la-biodiversite-et-controles-de-marchandises-dans-le-poitou-4473503\" target=\"_blank\">déchets dans la Vienne</a>, entrée emmurée dans les Hautes-Alpes et véhicule embouti par un tracteur dans les Ardennes. A chaque manifestation, l’OFB doit mettre ses agents à l’abri. Et comme au début de l’année, il a fallu renoncer aux contrôles administratifs chez les agriculteurs – ces derniers <a href=\"https://www.ofb.gouv.fr/controles-administratifs-et-procedures-judiciaires\" target=\"_blank\">représentent habituellement 20 % des usagers contrôlés</a>, la principale activité surveillée restant la chasse."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"OVUPKUMJ6RBITLIIBIBSUDUAQY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"ENMFTVLSUNDKLKILY2EKDVV4M4"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"6BDN4EC35BEKRHVRWKTNLVOZIU","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"QWA3I7VVAJAJFO6U5ZEKO3I6NA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"La police de l’environnement face à la colère agricole : «On n’est pas là pour emmerder les agriculteurs»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/le-patron-de-la-police-de-lenvironnement-face-a-la-colere-agricole-on-nest-pas-la-pour-emmerder-les-agriculteurs-20240302_VGXXPBQS4REIRDWNIKMRDF4NP4/"}]},{"_id":"VHUSH72XVJGRJPSKJNX65EGNUI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732815474167},"type":"text","content":"Avec ses actions musclées, la <a href=\"https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/occitanie/pyrenees-orientales/perpignan/video-colere-des-agriculteurs-on-veut-provoquer-un-chaos-et-une-penurie-alimentaire-pourquoi-la-mobilisation-et-les-actions-pourraient-durer-3062893.html\" target=\"_blank\">Coordination veut <i>«provoquer un chaos»</i></a><i>, </i>selon<i> </i>Serge Bousquet-Cassagne, figure du syndicat dans le Sud-Ouest, qui estime que le syndicat veut se faire entendre et détrôner la FNSEA aux élections professionnelles de janvier. D’où la crainte d’une escalade. La ministre de la Transition écologique, Agnès Pannier-Runacher, a averti mercredi 27 novembre sur Sud Radio que <i>«toute attaque qui vise l’intégrité physique de ces agents […] est inacceptable»</i>. Une référence à un événement glaçant datant du 8 octobre, à Montauban : à la sortie d’une réunion sur les contrôles agricoles à la chambre d’agriculture du Tarn-et-Garonne, le chef de service départemental de l’OFB s’est aperçu que les écrous de sa roue arrière avaient été enlevés. Un sabotage non revendiqué, qui a une fois de plus donné lieu à une plainte."},{"_id":"VHUSH72XVJGRJPSKJNX65EGNUI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732815474167},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Ces attaques réitérées contre l’OFB sont inacceptables, car elles visent, au travers de l’établissement et de ses agents, à affaiblir les politiques publiques de protection et de sauvegarde de la nature, de l’eau et de la biodiversité», </i><a href=\"https://snefsu.org/espace-presse/communiques-de-presse/les-agentes-et-agents-de-lofb-en-danger/\" target=\"_blank\">a asséné</a> le SNE-FSU. L’Office est attaqué car il est chargé de faire appliquer les normes environnementales, jugées trop complexes et contraignantes par une partie du monde agricole. Olivier Thibault, lui, fait valoir qu’en prévenant la pollution des rivières et des sols, le curage des cours d’eau ou l’atteinte à la faune des haies, l’OFB<i> «protège la vie de tous»</i>. <i>«Si on a des critiques à l’égard de la loi, de la réglementation, il faut s’adresser à ceux qui la font, aux ministres, aux parlementaires»,</i> a de son côté tenté de déminer Agnès-Pannier Runacher mercredi. Une proposition de loi «visant à libérer la production agricole des entraves normatives», déposée au Sénat par la droite, propose qu’en cas de constat d’une «primo-infraction» de la part d’un agriculteur, l’OFB n’engage pas de procédure judiciaire. Le texte sera débattu mi-décembre."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Depuis le début de l’année, l’organisme public dédié à la protection de l’environnement est visé par les syndicats agricoles. Grâce à des données inédites, «Libération» recense les lieux de ces opérations et détaille leur nature. 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doute que le sujet sera au menu des discussions entre les diplomates iraniens, français, allemands, qui se rencontrent ce vendredi 29 novembre à Genève : <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/asie-pacifique/iran-laiea-sinquiete-de-plus-en-plus-de-la-capacite-de-teheran-a-produire-des-armes-nucleaires-20240226_QXPGGR2OHNHTJF3QEHK7LFRQIA/\" target=\"_blank\">l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique (AIEA)</a>, chargée de surveiller le programme nucléaire iranien, a confirmé le projet de Téhéran d’installer quelque 6 000 nouvelles centrifugeuses pour enrichir de l’uranium à un faible niveau, selon un rapport confidentiel obtenu par l’AFP."},{"_id":"DEMRTZQAPVEVLF6AXQQPBJPFRE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623739},"type":"text","content":"<i>«L’Iran a informé l’agence»</i> de son intention de mettre en service ces machines sur les sites de Fordo et Natanz pour un taux d’enrichissement allant jusqu’à 5 %, soit légèrement au-dessus de 3,67 % autorisés par l’accord international de 2015."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"JTWOK6LOHJE4FNDHO45CI25DGY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"QS6ZTYZI2RCLBMBUMN6FUXSXR4"},"title":"Analyse","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"R67RETX2PRCX3HRO4JUDDKVFBA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"5BHVC7IFPZFUZAV5GYV7TZGOTI","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Représailles d’Israël contre l’Iran : le danger des frappes contre les sites nucléaires","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/international/moyen-orient/represailles-disrael-contre-liran-le-danger-des-frappes-contre-les-sites-nucleaires-20241002_OMEJK4XPUNFTDPVGQCJMHJVTKE/"}]},{"_id":"ZNSTMVLUVFHBDP5FHIYGHTMJAU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Cette mesure a été prise en riposte à l’adoption le 21 novembre à Vienne par l’instance onusienne d’une résolution critique à l’initiative des Occidentaux, via un texte élaboré par Londres, Paris et Berlin associés à Washington, approuvé par 19 des 35 Etats membres du Conseil des gouverneurs de l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique (AIEA). En Autriche, les diplomates occidentaux avaient dressé un réquisitoire sévère contre l’Iran et dénoncé l’escalade de la République islamique, l’ambassadrice américaine, Laura Holgate, faisant état <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/asie-pacifique/iran-laiea-sinquiete-de-plus-en-plus-de-la-capacite-de-teheran-a-produire-des-armes-nucleaires-20240226_QXPGGR2OHNHTJF3QEHK7LFRQIA/\" target=\"_blank\">d’activités nucléaires <i>«profondément troublantes»</i></a>."},{"_id":"RVRJQGNLLRGGRAP2W7WQ7LB2BY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623742},"type":"text","content":"Le texte, dont la portée est symbolique à ce stade, rappelle l’Iran à ses<i> «obligations légales»</i>, en vertu du Traité de non-prolifération (TNP) ratifié en 1970. Le TNP fait obligation aux Etats signataires de déclarer et placer leurs matières nucléaires sous le contrôle de l’AIEA. Téhéran, de son côté, défend un droit au nucléaire à des fins civiles, notamment pour l’énergie, mais nie vouloir se doter d’une bombe atomique, ce que soupçonnent les pays occidentaux."},{"_id":"BYA26HE2QBFWPL4ST6HHIM7V5U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623743},"type":"text","content":"Après le vote du texte, Téhéran avait fustigé un geste <i>«politiquement motivé»</i>. En conséquence, le chef de l’Organisation iranienne de l’énergie atomique (OIEA) a donné l’ordre de <i>«mettre en service une série de nouvelles centrifugeuses avancées et de différents types»</i>, indiquaient alors l’OIEA et le ministère iranien des Affaires étrangères."},{"level":2,"_id":"2LAHKWVIDFDO3AVXKN2CTE35BI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623745},"type":"header","content":"Lourdes sanctions"},{"_id":"44ILKWB7MZE3JLJLMI26GOJBAQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623744},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2007/04/17/l-iran-a-la-course-aux-centrifugeuses_11073/\" target=\"_blank\">Les centrifugeuses</a> sont des machines qui enrichissent l’uranium transformé en gaz, en le faisant tourner à très grande vitesse, permettant l’augmentation de la proportion de matière fissile isotope (U-235) pour différentes utilisations. Les nouvelles mises en service par l’Iran permettront <i>«d’augmenter considérablement la capacité d’enrichissement»</i> d’uranium, comme l’a affirmé à la télévision d’Etat le porte-parole de l’Organisation atomique iranienne, Behrouz Kamalvandi."},{"_id":"4PMHZJPCQBB2ROUUGQJR3XYYTI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623746},"type":"text","content":"En 2015, l’Iran avait conclu à Vienne un accord avec la France, l’Allemagne, le Royaume-Uni, la Chine, la Russie et les Etats-Unis pour encadrer son programme nucléaire. Le texte prévoyait en contrepartie un allègement des sanctions internationales contre Téhéran. Mais en 2018, Donald Trump a retiré unilatéralement son pays de l’accord - auquel se conformait Téhéran, selon l’AIEA - et rétabli de lourdes sanctions à l’encontre de l’Iran."},{"_id":"HJZF2A26EVAOPGHZJO6TZNLAWA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868623747},"type":"text","content":"En représailles, Téhéran a considérablement augmenté ses réserves d’uranium enrichi et porté le degré d’enrichissement à 60 %, proche des 90 % nécessaires pour fabriquer une arme atomique. L’accord sur le nucléaire de 2015, que des négociations ont échoué à ranimer et qui arrivera à échéance en octobre 2025, plafonnait ce taux à 3,67 %."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"L’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique (AIEA), chargée de surveiller le programme nucléaire iranien, a confirmé le projet de Téhéran destiné à enrichir de l’uranium à un faible niveau. 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Nous serons en action dès la semaine prochaine», </i>a déclaré le patron du syndicat agricole majoritaire au micro de RMC."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"2OO4EFNBARHAFNPMVYPCG2AR5Q","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"7JWMUNEW75BDTP7GOO7K7IURXI"},"title":"Interview","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"4MY6W4WVRBGELHWFIVVB3YUYIE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"IY2JZZWZKFFPZIXT32NKUKDOWQ","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Antoine Gatet de France Nature Environnement : «Les syndicats agricoles créent un climat de peur inadmissible»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/antoine-gatet-de-france-nature-environnement-les-syndicats-agricoles-creent-un-climat-de-peur-inadmissible-20241128_VNXEYFBEMJHSROGNOXVO5NDPSI/"}]},{"_id":"FFFMBTKBYBG6ZA6JWOIVHYLF3E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732868375637},"type":"text","content":"En concurrence avec la Coordination rurale, l’autre syndicat réputé proche de l’extrême droite qui lui reproche de se compromettre avec l’exécutif, à quelques semaines des élections des représentants dans les chambres d’agriculture, Arnaud Rousseau entend maintenir sous pression un gouvernement dont il espère par ailleurs qu’il ne sera pas censuré. <i>«Ce serait recommencer à zéro», </i>prédit le responsable, alors que la France travaille à la constitution d’une minorité de blocage au niveau européen pour empêcher la signature du traité de libre-échange de l’Union européenne avec le Mercosur."},{"_id":"UAVIIDUPIRBIVB4BDYGJKF5UQ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732871379037},"type":"text","content":"La ministre de l’Agriculture Annie Genevard doit recevoir dans la journée ce vendredi l’alliance FNSEA-Jeunes Agriculteurs (JA), puis le Modef et la Coordination rurale, pour <i>«avancer sur des mesures concrètes qui visent à simplifier le quotidien»</i> des agriculteurs, selon le ministère. La Confédération paysanne, qui demande aussi un meilleur revenu et des simplifications administratives sans toutefois contester les normes et leur contrôle, sera reçue <i>«dans les prochains jours»</i>."},{"level":2,"_id":"I2KJQBRQWJF6FABRNFHXOZ2YE4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"header","content":"« Ce n’est pas tenable»"},{"_id":"WTTHANBXRJEOVJKTFTSWA46E44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732890025206},"type":"text","content":"Un rendez-vous important pour les agriculteurs, d’autant que la FNSEA redoute un nouvel à-coup politique, alors qu’une menace de censure par l’extrême droite pèse sur le gouvernement Barnier. <i>«Depuis près d’un an, […] on a obtenu un certain nombre de choses. Mais la dissolution et la menace aujourd’hui qui pèse sur le gouvernement nous laissent à penser qu’un certain nombre des avancées qui ont été annoncées ne seront pas forcément au rendez-vous»</i>, craint le président de la FNSEA, s’inquiétant notamment pour les prêts de trésorerie, sur lesquels <a href=\"https://agriculture.gouv.fr/deux-nouvelles-aides-la-tresorerie-pour-les-agriculteurs-en-difficulte\" target=\"_blank\">la ministre de l’agriculture a fait des annonces</a> le 14 novembre. "},{"_id":"I2KJQBRQWJF6FABRNFHXOZ2YE4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i>«S’il y a une motion de censure et que le gouvernement Barnier tombe, ça veut dire que, pour les agriculteurs qui depuis près d’un an attendent des choses concrètes, à nouveau, on recommence à zéro. Ce n’est pas tenable»</i>, a-t-il ajouté, conseillant aux agriculteurs de se rapprocher de leur député pour faire avancer les mesures sur l’agriculture."},{"_id":"BYYUSIMKJFA2PD7HCHW4N6TE2E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mise à jour : </b></i><i>à 15h21, avec l’ajout de déclarations de la FNSEA.</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le président du syndicat agricole majoritaire Arnaud Rousseau a indiqué sur RMC vendredi 29 novembre que cette nouvelle vague de contestation serait consacrée au revenu des agriculteurs."},"description":{"basic":"Le président du syndicat agricole majoritaire Arnaud Rousseau a indiqué sur RMC vendredi 29 novembre que cette nouvelle vague de contestation serait consacrée au revenu des 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Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Agriculture"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement/agriculture","200013"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Agriculture","_id":"/environnement/agriculture","ancestors":{"footer2":["/environnement"],"default":["/environnement"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/environnement"],"amp-menu":["/","/environnement"],"headernav":["/environnement"]},"order":{"burgermenu":2001,"amp-menu":2001}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./environnement/agriculture","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-29T07:41:35.204Z","publish_date":"2024-11-29T14:21:58.264Z","_id":"ZXREUYD6WNFMHDXV2KYEZBOREY","website":"liberation","website_url":"/environnement/agriculture/agriculteurs-en-colere-la-fnsea-annonce-deux-nouvelles-journees-de-mobilisation-les-9-et-10-decembre-20241129_ZXREUYD6WNFMHDXV2KYEZBOREY/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"UP7BJ4BOENCWZASRO4MJBK7AKI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641193},"type":"text","content":"Ce jeudi 28 novembre, des centaines d’agriculteurs s’en sont pris aux sièges franciliens <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/societe/des-agriculteurs-manifestent-dans-paris-et-erigent-un-mur-devant-linstitut-national-de-la-recherche-agronomique-20241128_UP65EJHS2ZCJ5P3764F2HRO4RI/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\">de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (Anses) et de l’Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inrae)</a>. Dans le Monopoly de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-on-assiste-a-une-forme-de-replique-du-mouvement-de-lhiver-dernier-20241117_LOG2TUG3EBBMRHFCW3EPIAZKGM/\" target=\"_blank\">la colère paysanne</a>, et a fortiori durant cet acte II, les manifestants repassent souvent devant les lieux incarnant la défense de la nature : institutions scientifiques, antennes locales de l’Office français de la biodiversité (OFB, notamment en charge de la police de l’environnement) ou, comme ces derniers jours, bureaux d’associations affiliées à France Nature Environnement (FNE). Déterminé à répondre à ces campagnes de harcèlement de rue à travers des dépôts de plaintes, Antoine Gatet, le président de cette fédération, décrypte les ressorts d’un discours de haine visant à la construction d’un bouc émissaire vert."},{"_id":"7RUJETEL2NDB3MHY3CUASA4A54","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641194},"type":"text","content":"<b>Que s’est-il passé mardi et mercredi ?</b>"},{"_id":"2CYJWWY5EZBDLAEYD6ON7XDFDA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641195},"type":"text","content":"Plusieurs locaux d’associations de notre mouvement ont été attaqués à l’occasion de manifestations agricoles déclarées dans les préfectures. Ces derniers jours, ce sont nos fédérations départementales et régionales qui sont ciblées. Mercredi à Gap, dans les Hautes-Alpes, les permanenciers et les bénévoles ont été assiégés par les manifestants, littéralement emmurés à l’intérieur du siège de l’association. A Coutances, mardi, des pneus et du fumier ont été déversés devant les locaux de Manche Nature.<b> </b>A Châteauroux, mercredi, les salariés et les militants de l’association Indre Nature ont dû fermer les volets pour se protéger. Et des agriculteurs sont même montés dans les nacelles de leurs tracteurs pour essayer d’ouvrir les volets. Il y a des menaces mais aussi de la violence, verbale et physique, intolérable dans un Etat de droit. Ça crée un climat de peur inadmissible pour des personnes mobilisées pour la défense de l’intérêt général environnemental."},{"_id":"IA4UB6WVGFDWFGODQZBI3GTXNA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641196},"type":"text","content":"Le plus inquiétant, c’est que ces attaques ont lieu en plein jour et que les forces de l’ordre, présentes pour encadrer la manifestation, ne bougent pas. A Coutances, l’agression s’est produite dans une rue piétonne du centre-ville. Comme on le voit<a href=\"https://www.ouest-france.fr/economie/agriculture/crise-agricole/video-a-coutances-la-coordination-rurale-depose-des-pneus-devant-le-local-de-manche-nature-f1a41d4b-42cf-443c-a955-6ceaafbd90fa\" target=\"_blank\"> sur des images diffusées par <i>Ouest-France</i></a>, les policiers n’ont pas bougé quand des tracteurs se sont mis à déposer des pneus devant la porte."},{"_id":"RQXVE5JFJZCB3L6EGBTNGGRH6Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641197},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pourquoi médiatiser vos plaintes ?</b>"},{"_id":"T6TOSGPQDBEHXDWOMCZKDNPHQA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641198},"type":"text","content":"Nous voulons alerter l’opinion et les responsables politiques sur la montée des violences et discours de haine. La semaine dernière, après la dégradation violente des locaux de FNE Tarn-et-Garonne à Montauban, le déversement de déchets devant les domiciles du président et du trésorier de l’association Saint-Junien Environnement, en Haute-Vienne, la ministre de la Transition écologique et celle de l’Agriculture ont eu quelques mots. Mais pourquoi le ministre de l’Intérieur, qui dit vouloir garantir l’ordre, ne réagit-il pas ? Comment peut-il accepter qu’on porte atteinte à des associations environnementales sans rien dire ?"},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"THDD3OYE7BAGZC6CRHM7J63BWI","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"OCKV4MEVXZG4TJCDFPOTNR3354"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"CYI2I3OHCVFKVNUS6IKLRNNVPE","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"RSQD4G3LXND7NDOM6FLBDNNSDE","type":"interstitial_link","content":"La police de l’environnement face à la colère agricole : «On n’est pas là pour emmerder les agriculteurs»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/le-patron-de-la-police-de-lenvironnement-face-a-la-colere-agricole-on-nest-pas-la-pour-emmerder-les-agriculteurs-20240302_VGXXPBQS4REIRDWNIKMRDF4NP4/"}]},{"_id":"TQYQSJTJCNGWFIRFZE76YPSH6E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641199},"type":"text","content":"Moi qui milite depuis vingt-cinq ans, je n’avais jamais vu un tel niveau de violence. Lors des dernières manifestations agricoles, nos locaux avaient été épargnés. Là, il y a une attaque contre des défenseurs de l’intérêt général de la protection de l’environnement. Ces syndicats ciblent des associations comme les nôtres, reconnues d’utilité publique, dont les bénévoles, des naturalistes pour la plupart, passent leur temps sur le terrain, les pieds dans leurs bottes, avec le grand public, à partager leurs connaissances sur l’état des espèces, des rivières, des milieux aquatiques. Ces organisations ciblent aussi, comme ce jeudi matin à Paris et dans le Val-de-Marne, des établissements publics chargés de missions de connaissance, de recherche et de protection de la nature, de production de la science, comme l’Inrae ou l’Anses et bien sûr, depuis des mois, les antennes locales de l’OFB. On a l’impression que les malades se mettent à manifester contre le thermomètre."},{"_id":"6EZLXW2UQ5DJJFG7SUILRWHC24","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641202},"type":"text","content":"<b>En général, il y a une irresponsabilité pénale pour «les malades»… Pourquoi porter plainte contre des paysans en souffrance ?</b>"},{"_id":"AW26SB7Y6BD2BMGCXPPPLCTX2U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641203},"type":"text","content":"C’est une question de principe. On respecte la liberté d’expression et de manifestation mais ces syndicats agricoles mécontents ne peuvent pas porter un message dans le débat public dont le sens est d’attaquer l’autre dans sa chair ou de dégrader ses biens. Alors à chaque fois qu’on est visé, on porte plainte. Quand la Coordination rurale a attaqué la projection d’un documentaire à Limoges, on a saisi le tribunal. La judiciarisation, c’est une manière de dire qu’il n’est pas normal de traiter ainsi des associations qui défendent l’intérêt général et la pluralité du débat public. Nos plaintes ont toujours été classées sans suite, sauf une fois. On a l’impression que les services d’enquêtes ne cherchent pas beaucoup de preuves des exactions. Certains responsables syndicaux de la Coordination rurale, de la FNSEA ou des Jeunes Agriculteurs responsables d’agressions s’en vantent pourtant parfois ouvertement sur les réseaux sociaux. A la campagne, les gendarmes connaissent parfaitement les auteurs de ces méfaits, ils sont souvent aussi des chasseurs, très proches des agriculteurs. Ceci explique malheureusement aussi peut-être cela."},{"_id":"Y6LEEXT7UJE6HMG4ADE3Q43ADI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641204},"type":"text","content":"<b>Les bonnets jaunes de </b><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/colere-des-agriculteurs-la-coordination-rurale-est-elle-dextreme-droite-20240125_ZJZ6IRBWKBCMPLXUM7AZHNFRGI/\" target=\"_blank\"><b>la Coordination rurale, dont certains adhérents sont proches de l’extrême droite</b></a><b>, sont-ils à la manœuvre ?</b>"},{"_id":"N74TCOQZH5CAVH2KB2WGSANU6I","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641205},"type":"text","content":"Au début, oui, c’est la Coordination rurale qui s’en prenait à nous. A Toulouse, les locaux de FNE Occitanie Pyrénées ont été saccagés pour la quatrième fois par des membres de cette organisation ! Mercredi, fait nouveau en cette fin d’année, la FNSEA et les JA s’y sont mis aussi. Il y a bien sûr de la surenchère syndicale et l’approche des élections professionnelles qui mettent de l’huile sur le feu. Mais ce genre d’actions nourrit le faux débat «écolos contre agriculteurs». On veut faire des normes environnementales la cause de la crise agricole en détournant l’attention de vrais problèmes. Si l’agriculture industrielle a atteint ses limites, si son modèle globalisant ne rémunère pas bien la majorité de ceux qui le font tourner, ce n’est pas notre faute. Leurs vrais ennemis, ce sont les grandes boîtes de l’agroalimentaire, les supermarchés qui tirent les prix vers le bas et tous les leaders syndicaux accrochés au mythe de l’absence d’alternative, de l’impossibilité d’inventer un autre modèle agricole."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"XQTH3253ENCY5FMRAUGV4LRSRU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"2FY3JMSKINEVRFLJTOF6TXNKLE"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"2HOWNABBJNAZ7O7NOAONDMSEZM","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"OUHVRIRGLVFQZHPQI7AM6H73FQ","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Colère agricole et climat : «80 % des agriculteurs sont inquiets pour la viabilité de leur ferme face au réchauffement climatique»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-agricole-et-climat-80-des-agriculteurs-sont-inquiets-pour-la-viabilite-de-leur-ferme-face-au-rechauffement-climatique-20241128_BY3LFOGS5NC6ROCAIDG6OTR6XY/"}]},{"_id":"3QDFESW3CVD5RKY5GBY6RE7XE4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641208},"type":"text","content":"<b>Pour de nombreux agriculteurs, les normes, que vous défendez, sont les vraies ennemies.</b>"},{"_id":"5AAMVYJWPJG6PFTPCLC473OM5M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641209},"type":"text","content":"Ce n’est tout simplement pas vrai. Si l’environnement était préservé, ça se saurait ! Or nos plages et nos ruisseaux, nos masses d’eau sont polluées, nos sols et nos haies détruits par l’agriculture industrielle ; à la campagne, des chants d’oiseaux et les<b> </b>insectes ont disparu. <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/pesticides-derriere-ecophyto-se-joue-lavenir-de-nos-enfants-20240220_7ETIRIF4DBHNZJURY3KXORNY5E/\" target=\"_blank\">Le plan Ecophyto</a> qui visait à réduire les pesticides a été démantelé après la première crise agricole. La nouvelle cartographie des cours d’eau a été réalisée main dans la main avec la FNSEA. Partout dans les pays, des zones humides sont menacées pour complaire aux syndicats agricoles. La question environnementale n’est pas le problème de l’agriculture. Si les normes environnementales existaient encore et étaient appliquées et contrôlées, la nature ne serait pas dans cet état !"},{"_id":"LL7ZWG4HTFBVXDJPOSJK32AKT4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641210},"type":"text","content":"<b>Tout dialogue est-il devenu impossible entre agriculteurs et écologistes ?</b>"},{"_id":"F6QI3UBSGVGLDBKQ5NQMXK46SA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641211},"type":"text","content":"Nos fédérations travaillent tous les jours avec les agriculteurs sur les sujets agricoles. On siège ensemble dans différentes instances, comme les comités de gestion de l’eau. On réfléchit ensemble à des solutions pour une agriculture plus respectueuse de la nature. Nos associations travaillent avec les représentantes et représentants de l’agriculture de demain : l’agroécologie et l’agriculture biologique, qui démontrent que d’autres modèles rémunérateurs et non polluants sont possibles et peuvent se réaliser en lien étroit avec les populations locales. L’agriculture que soutiennent les syndicats agricoles qui nous attaquent aujourd’hui n’a pas d’avenir, et casser le thermomètre et occulter les réalités scientifiques en nous menaçant ne réglera pas leur problème, qui est avant toute chose un problème de modèle économique, et non de «normes environnementales»."},{"_id":"EI5AAKJZ6JGXRJBFUDIU2F7SNI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641212},"type":"text","content":"<b>Comment analysez-vous la haine qui monte contre les écologistes et les scientifiques ?</b>"},{"_id":"KVGRJZCXG5ENDGRYLYJ4JX3GFI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732811641213},"type":"text","content":"Certains construisent un discours de haine. On isole l’écologiste. On dit il n’est pas comme nous et on sous-entend qu’il faut le détruire, le supprimer et pour que nos problèmes de fin de mois se règlent. <i>«Foutez-nous la paix»,</i> ont écrit les militants de la Coordination rurale sur nos locaux à Coutances. Ce ressort classique, le fait de désigner un bouc émissaire, est typique de discours illibéraux et antidémocratiques dans lesquels l’extrême droite s’épanouit. Ce type de discours est d’ailleurs repris aujourd’hui par des responsables politiques, qui déstructurent par là même la société, la solidarité et le respect de l’autre. Le comportement de ces syndicats agricoles productivistes est profondément irresponsable compte tenu du paysage politique actuel."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Plusieurs locaux de la fédération associative ont été ciblés par les manifestations agricoles cette semaine. Le président de FNE explique pourquoi il porte plainte systématiquement contre ces violences et décrypte les rouages d’un «discours de haine» anti-écologistes."},"description":{"basic":"Plusieurs locaux de la fédération ont été ciblés par les manifestations agricoles cette semaine. Le président de FNE décrypte les rouages d’un «discours de haine» anti-écologistes."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement/agriculture","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Agriculture","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de Libération.","_id":"/environnement/agriculture","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de Libération.","site_title":"Agriculture : actualités et informations - 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mesure se veut une réponse aux récents manquements dans la gestion des inondations qui ont touché l’Espagne. Le gouvernement espagnol a approuvé, ce jeudi 28 novembre, un <i>«congé payé climatique» </i>de quatre jours pour éviter les déplacements en cas d’alerte liée à un risque météorologique, près d’un mois après les crues historiques <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/international/europe/inondations-en-espagne-le-bilan-de-95-morts-va-augmenter-previennent-les-autorites-20241031_46JXJCVHEJB37OURN2FQILKEDM/\" target=\"_blank\">qui ont fait 230 morts</a> dans le sud-est du pays. Ce nouveau dispositif, adopté en Conseil des ministres dans le cadre d’un paquet de mesures sur la prévention des risques, vise à <i>«adapter le droit du travail» </i>espagnol au contexte de l’<i>«urgence climatique», </i>a défendu la ministre du Travail, Yolanda Diaz, sur la télévision publique RTVE."},{"_id":"FV53YJHY3RDBLLVJHUCS6NC35M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732812301331},"type":"text","content":"Il permettra aux travailleurs de bénéficier d’un congé de quatre jours, payé par l’Etat, en cas d’alerte émise par les autorités, qu’il s’agisse <i>«d’une mairie, d’une région ou du gouvernement central», </i>a poursuivi la figure du parti d’extrême gauche, Sumar. La ministre n’a pas apporté à ce stade plus de détails sur le type d’alerte concerné par ce dispositif, ni sur les éventuelles conditions à remplir, du côté des salariés, pour pouvoir en bénéficier. La mesure doit faire l’objet d’un arrêté royal qui modifiera le Code du travail local. 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Ces dernières ont mis en cause en retour les autorités, accusées de ne pas les avoir suffisamment informées et de n’avoir envoyé des alertes sur les téléphones portables de la population qu’en début de soirée, soit plusieurs heures après l’avis de l’Aemet."},{"level":2,"_id":"BNQF4YFLMVA7XPWAPA3OGDSB2M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732812301333},"type":"header","content":"«Aucun travailleur ne doit prendre de risques»"},{"_id":"BNQF4YFLMVA7XPWAPA3OGDSB2M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732812301333},"type":"text","content":"Désormais, <i>«à partir du moment où une autorité, quelle qu’elle soit, indiquera qu’il y a risque dans les déplacements, les salariés devront s’abstenir d’aller travailler», </i>a détaillé Yolanda Diaz, pour qui <i>«aucun travailleur ne doit prendre de risques»</i>. 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un veau Holstein de quatre semaines, est allongé dans un enclos sous le bourdonnement d’un ventilateur métallique lorsque des professeurs et des étudiants arrivent pour prélever des échantillons de son estomac. Le bovin mâle accueille les chercheurs en mordillant doucement leurs vêtements, puis s’affale paresseusement sur un lit de coques de riz. Pendant qu’il somnole, de minuscules organismes s’affairent au fond de son estomac à quatre compartiments. Des champignons, des bactéries et d’autres créatures microscopiques décomposent son alimentation en énergie et autres substances chimiques, déclenchant un processus ancien qui, aujourd’hui, réchauffe la Terre davantage que tous les vols d’avions du monde additionnés."},{"_id":"EDFPAIJQZZDFFBPHBQVHCWAV6M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780242},"type":"text","content":"Sushi est le point de départ d’une étude d’ingénierie génétique menée en Californie. Celle-ci vise à modifier la composition de son estomac. Les scientifiques cherchent un moyen de transformer l’intestin du bovin afin qu’il cesse de libérer du méthane. Le veau de 57 kilos participe au premier volet d’une expérience de plusieurs années, dotée d’un budget de 30 millions de dollars, et menée par des chercheurs de l’université de Californie à Davis et de l’Institut d’innovation génomique. Leur objectif est de modifier les mécanismes internes de l’estomac des vaches. Les bovins produisent d’énormes quantités de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/emissions-de-methane-lindustrie-fossile-pointee-pour-ses-flagrantes-lacunes-a-la-cop29-20241115_I6JPMGLYMNC2BIHAS5YI7F4DYY/\" target=\"_blank\">méthane, un puissant gaz à effet de serre</a> responsable de 30 % du réchauffement climatique. A l’aide d’outils qui coupent et transfèrent de l’ADN, les chercheurs prévoient de concevoir génétiquement des microbes dans l’estomac des vaches pour éliminer ces émissions. S’ils réussissent, ils pourraient supprimer une des plus importantes sources de méthane au monde et contribuer à changer la trajectoire du réchauffement planétaire."},{"level":2,"_id":"WWYFZUC2E5GPNNX4ENVJA6KYYI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606846},"type":"header","content":"Sorte de pilule probiotique"},{"_id":"WJPRZJAPZVGBPF67SM2VGALIHQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732704426565},"type":"text","content":"<i>«C’est une idée totalement hors norme, </i>reconnaît Ermias Kebreab, professeur en sciences animales à l’Université de Californie, à Davis<i>. Personne ne l’a jamais fait auparavant.»</i> Le système digestif du 1,5 milliard de bovins de la planète n’est rien moins qu’un miracle biologique : grâce à un riche microbiome présent dans la plus grande chambre de leur estomac, appelée panse ou rumen, il peut décomposer de l’herbe, du maïs, de la luzerne et même des coques d’amande, l’enveloppe du maïs ou de la sciure de bois pour les transformer en énergie. <i>«C’est incroyable, </i>décrit Spencer Diamond, de l’Institut de génomique<i>. Cela fonctionne de façon étonnante et ne faillit jamais.»</i>"},{"_id":"R7QZICRFIVFYHAXZWM5EGBZP4M","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732652407591},"type":"text","content":"Cependant, le rumen a un côté sombre. Cette chambre poreuse et charnue abrite des organismes unicellulaires appelés archées, qui décomposent l’hydrogène et le dioxyde de carbone pour produire du méthane. Incapables de traiter ce gaz, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/climat-le-danemark-taxe-les-pets-de-vaches-pour-reduire-ses-emissions-de-gaz-a-effet-de-serre-20240711_QNMEMJ7HRRB6VH5BC5JQP25Z6A/\" target=\"_blank\">les vaches l’évacuent sous forme de rots</a>. En moyenne, une vache produit environ 100 kg de méthane par an, soit environ la moitié des émissions d’une voiture moyenne. Selon l’Organisation des Nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO), les vaches sont actuellement responsables d’environ 4 % du réchauffement climatique mondial."},{"_id":"VA3EQDJWEFD3NBUVXOE4I5NRLQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780245},"type":"text","content":"Des solutions partielles abondent. Des entreprises comme Impossible Foods et Beyond Meat ont développé des produits de bœuf à base de plantes qui ressemblent à de la vraie viande, sentent comme elle et en ont le goût. Les écologistes ont encouragé les consommateurs à réduire leur consommation de bœuf et à privilégier le poulet et le poisson, qui génèrent moins d’émissions. Cependant, à mesure que des pays s’enrichissent, la production de bœuf continue d’augmenter (la hausse a été de 13 % à l’échelle mondiale au cours des quinze dernières années)."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"G4IJ2RH7XZGZXJMLQAZF2GA6WY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"QSZLPBZG2VFABFF3G4LUMMQMOY"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"UAHCLBEEYRD2BIKI7UFX6TIIKY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"H3HWYAFUVBCCNN2ZU64EQTCCKU","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Gaz à effets de serre : combien de vaches françaises en moins pour sauver la planète ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/gaz-a-effets-de-serre-combien-de-vaches-francaises-en-moins-pour-sauver-la-planete-20230525_COSPK73X3FCW5BOYYQCGJERJXY/"}]},{"_id":"D2XUEIOPORDVNILENPXGPFRHFU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780246},"type":"text","content":"Ajouter des algues, de l’origan ou de l’ail dans l’alimentation des vaches peut réduire les émissions de méthane, parfois jusqu’à 80 %. Mais seulement environ 1 vache sur 10 aux Etats-Unis – principalement celles qui produisent du lait – est nourrie quotidiennement par des humains. Le ratio est similaire au niveau mondial. Le reste, principalement des bovins de boucherie, erre librement dans les pâturages, se nourrissant d’herbe et de fourrage. Amener plus d’un milliard de bovins en liberté à consommer des algues ou de l’ail est logistiquement presque impossible."},{"_id":"INELHYAQYFDRDGSEC76PXO4BPI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780247},"type":"text","content":"Les scientifiques envisagent une sorte de pilule probiotique, administrée à la vache à la naissance, capable de transformer son microbiome de manière permanente. A l’aide d’outils d’édition génétique, les chercheurs ont déjà élevé des bovins sans cornes ou dotés de pelages spécifiques qui les aident à rester au frais face à l’augmentation des températures. Le projet actuel ne cible pas seulement une espèce de vache en particulier ; il vise directement le microbiome, proposant une solution applicable à toutes les vaches."},{"_id":"432W4EBIVJHAJNYBETFVILAUAI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780248},"type":"text","content":"Brad Ringeisen, directeur exécutif de l’Institut de génomique, a fait ses armes en dirigeant les biotechnologies à l’Agence du département de la défense des Etats-Unis (Darpa), qui a contribué à des innovations révolutionnaires comme Internet, le GPS miniaturisé, les avions furtifs et la souris d’ordinateur. <i>«J’applique ici la mentalité Darpa, </i>explique-t-il<i>. Résolvons le problème pour toutes les vaches, pas seulement pour une fraction d’entre elles.»</i>."},{"level":2,"_id":"YW27CHSVYBDJ5NWW7XSTVTMZHI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780249},"type":"header","content":"«Le monde microbien est un désert brutal»"},{"_id":"X3Q5PHP4RJAY5DWABQRLL6QY2A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606854},"type":"text","content":"A la ferme laitière de Davis, deux étudiants en master et un postdoctorant introduisent un long tube métallique sur une longueur d’un mètre dans l’estomac du veau Sushi et y connectent une pompe. Ce qui en ressort ressemble à un liquide fin de couleur avoine – un échantillon du rumen de Sushi, rempli de microbes et de nourriture partiellement digérée. Le veau a l’air surpris, mais ne semble pas souffrir d’inconfort – c’est l’une des méthodes les moins invasives pour examiner le rumen d’une vache, une alternative consistant à entrer par le flanc de l’animal."},{"_id":"YSPE37T7GVB2BMLGJEB3ZLG2VY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780250},"type":"text","content":"Paulo de Méo Filho, un postdoctorant à l’accent brésilien, utilise une pipette aussi longue que son bras pour transférer soigneusement des échantillons de rumen dans de petites fioles. Ensuite, enveloppé dans un léger nuage de brume, il plonge les fioles dans un récipient de la taille d’un seau rempli d’azote liquide pour les conserver en vue d’une analyse ADN."},{"_id":"EMA25L3ICNFY5MNTQSCRTF3LSQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780251},"type":"text","content":"Depuis quatre semaines, Sushi est nourrie avec quelques grammes d’huile distillée à partir d’algues rouges, l’une des méthodes les plus éprouvées pour réduire la production de méthane dans les estomacs des vaches. Les scientifiques cherchent maintenant à comprendre précisément comment cette huile transforme le microbiome intestinal de Sushi. Ensuite, ils entendent reproduire ces changements à l’aide de l’édition génétique. Bien que l’humanité dépende fortement des vaches – elles produisent environ 76 millions de tonnes de viande de bœuf et 930 millions de tonnes de lait par an –, le fonctionnement interne de la plus grande chambre stomacale de la vache reste largement mystérieux. Durant des millions d’années, son microbiome a évolué pour aider l’animal à transformer sa nourriture en énergie. C’est une soupe de minuscules organismes, tous en compétition pour des ressources limitées, invisibles à l’œil nu."},{"owner":{"sponsored":false,"id":"liberation"},"copyright":"2024 Helynn Ospina","address":{},"syndication":{},"auth":{"1":"7bab5c18b524402413e1d2bf7d11dcf227d6a91574452fde5cebe5bfbf67c55e"},"caption":"Sushi se repose dans son enclos.","source":{"system":"photo center","edit_url":"","additional_properties":{"editor":"photo center"}},"taxonomy":{"associated_tasks":[]},"type":"image","version":"0.10.9","url":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","licensable":false,"credits":{"affiliation":[{"name":"The Washington Post","type":"author"}],"by":[{"name":"Helynn Ospina","type":"author","byline":"Helynn Ospina"}]},"subtitle":"cows-methane-WAPOGRATUIT","width":5464,"creditIPTC":"The Washington Post","_id":"3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM","additional_properties":{"fullSizeResizeUrl":"/resizer/4KwhomfRiFfCPiLI0DYC3aNmVqc=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","owner":"l.provost@liberation.fr","iptc_source":"For The Washington Post","comments":[],"proxyUrl":"/resizer/4KwhomfRiFfCPiLI0DYC3aNmVqc=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","takenOn":"0002-12-04T00:00:21Z","originalUrl":"https://cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","published":true,"resizeUrl":"/resizer/4KwhomfRiFfCPiLI0DYC3aNmVqc=/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","ingestionMethod":"manual","thumbnailResizeUrl":"/resizer/drFvvHbAIDInNkJ2MlVp37wPXro=/300x0/arc-photo-liberation/eu-central-1-prod/public/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","version":1,"usage_instructions":"ONE-TIME USE ONLY. PHOTO MAY BE USE ONLY IN CONTEXT WITH THE RELATED STORY.","originalName":"cows-methane-23OMBFY6U662K73R2OQ3G5NIAE.jpg","mime_type":"image/jpeg","restricted":false,"template_id":183,"galleries":[],"_id":"OIIHAAQTENH3HD3ETEVZMIGLV4","iptc_title":"The Washington Post"},"created_date":"2024-11-27T13:31:32Z","last_updated_date":"2024-11-28T09:22:07Z","height":8192,"image_type":"photograph","resized_params":[{"url":"resizer/IjAIUEPiXqhlwKi8v6jOL2dchXs=/84x56/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":84,"height":56},{"url":"resizer/PPM6ak3AIgLoyz3hgJ6PCE6ZhWI=/105x70/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":105,"height":70},{"url":"resizer/yRLF8mWtLiIBh6tK-QHm7rl31S0=/158x105/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":158,"height":105},{"url":"resizer/nPAcY61ilUGprh-63WJjmIuMxN8=/274x183/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":274,"height":183},{"url":"resizer/_thCOKAX8TPTDBkuifxJ1xm-w8g=/377x251/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":377,"height":251},{"url":"resizer/aIBbwsEBRaktZ1cag-orI7Mo7Ck=/400x267/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":400,"height":267},{"url":"resizer/0tx1ZI9IfmwpcYKVIXa58K5wMKg=/600x400/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"url":"resizer/2BpUQ4W4Mvdy-8mx7qAilWqnG3I=/768x512/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":768,"height":512},{"url":"resizer/lNu-G8AM-iBYAoI71Icwm5gBp4c=/800x533/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":800,"height":533},{"url":"resizer/9-Frc9kFlisdI_1-uG7yNqf0R94=/1024x683/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":1024,"height":683},{"url":"resizer/cxZlS3ZfuwI28LpIDM_jZA99fmQ=/1200x800/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":1200,"height":800},{"url":"resizer/N1X4e9OHzq5y7wWE3GCiIKQI1dE=/1440x960/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":1440,"height":960},{"url":"resizer/avgww7T1kq4kpvsE65qrNOxF9T0=/1600x1067/filters:format(jpg):quality(70)/cloudfront-eu-central-1.images.arcpublishing.com/liberation/3KJQBRMJYNGPRG4VPOEMAROZZM.jpg","width":1600,"height":1067}]},{"_id":"F4MMBX5GS5FZJKHKPJW4CVP7AA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780252},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Le monde microbien est un désert brutal, digne de </i>Mad Max<i>, </i>constate Spencer Diamond<i>, </i>l’un des chercheurs en génétique<i>. Les microbes passent leur temps à s’entretuer.»</i> Ce ne sera pas facile à changer. Le système est complexe, et les scientifiques ont rarement réussi à transformer les microbiomes des ruminants comme les vaches, les moutons et les chèvres."},{"level":2,"_id":"JCV33CNOJVHJPOHXKS3CNYH4KI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606858},"type":"header","content":"Accumulation d’hydrogène"},{"_id":"KDECOG4LHNEWFAPVTR2KSJXNDU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780253},"type":"text","content":"Lorsque les vaches mangent, elles mastiquent leur nourriture, la mélangeant avec de la salive, puis l’avalent – une vache peut produire jusqu’à 150 litres de salive par jour, en fonction de son régime alimentaire. Une partie de cette nourriture est ensuite décomposée davantage grâce à la rumination : la vache régurgite une partie de sa nourriture, la remâche pour la broyer davantage, puis l’avale à nouveau."},{"_id":"XJ6V65OHZZDYDOHCOVQD554HJE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780254},"type":"text","content":"Toute cette nourriture partiellement mastiquée finit dans le rumen. Contrairement à l’estomac humain, qui utilise de l’acide pour décomposer les aliments, ce sont les microbes qui font tout le travail dans le rumen de la vache. Ils permettent la fermentation des aliments, un peu comme un brasseur fabrique de la bière. Les bactéries décomposent les sucres en acides gras, qui fournissent de l’énergie à la vache, ainsi que deux sous-produits : l’hydrogène (H₂) et le dioxyde de carbone (CO₂). Les archées consomment le H₂ et le CO₂ pour les combiner en méthane (CH₄)."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"6MLK73QLLFCPFFVNKZHHDFHITA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"LA2BAVSBWZDQ7A7TDHJXATFR7M"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"UONZ2GTSA5ECTAZ7FVQR7F5MJ4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"N3VR5W7INFHZ3NCA4VSBF4UNEM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Climat : la Cour des comptes appelle la France à élever moins de vaches","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/climat-la-cour-des-comptes-appelle-la-france-a-elever-moins-de-vaches-20230522_7VLQFRF5W5DXTB35MHIB3PTXT4/"}]},{"_id":"E5YAO55DZVCCJBMRVIOGYEZDVM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780255},"type":"text","content":"La vache expulse le méthane en éructant, libérant ce gaz dans l’atmosphère, où il contribue au réchauffement climatique et favorise les vagues de chaleur, les inondations et les tempêtes puissantes. Mais les scientifiques soulignent que cela n’a pas à être ainsi. Rien dans la nature des bovins n’exige qu’ils émettent des gaz qui réchauffent la planète ; cela résulte simplement de l’accumulation d’hydrogène et des microbes qui ont évolué pour consommer ce gaz volatil.<i> «Rien n’oblige une vache à produire du méthane»,</i> soupire Brad Ringeisen. Et si les scientifiques pouvaient simplement… l’éteindre ?"},{"level":2,"_id":"DK7TQY4CWZFCFLNL6AB5CMQJ6U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606862},"type":"header","content":"Chanson country générée par une IA"},{"_id":"NVPYCNWDM5A7BCE6V7G4YEDQLA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780256},"type":"text","content":"A environ une heure de l’enclos de Sushi, Spencer Diamond et ses collègues utilisent ces fioles congelées de nourriture à moitié digérée pour cartographier l’intérieur de l’estomac du veau. L‘institut d’innovation génomique occupe un bâtiment en verre à étages, situé dans le centre-ville de Berkeley, en Californie, juste en face du campus principal. Il a été cofondé par Jennifer Doudna, la chimiste [co ndt] lauréate du prix Nobel qui a contribué à <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/2015/07/24/crisprcas9-une-methode-de-modification-genetique-a-la-fois-prometteuse-et-inquietante_1352779/\" target=\"_blank\">la découverte de l’édition génétique CRISPR</a>. Cet acronyme <i>[de l’anglais clustered interspaced short palindromic repeats répétitions palindromiques courtes groupées et espacées]</i> est un ensemble de séquences d’ADN trouvées dans les bactéries et les archées. Lorsqu’il est associé à une enzyme appelée Cas9, CRISPR peut être utilisé comme une paire de ciseaux guidée : coupant et remplaçant des segments d’ADN par de nouveaux fragments."},{"_id":"VHJLLFCLZJCOJAZHDDUGUHW5GA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780257},"type":"text","content":"Dans l’un des laboratoires, Brady Cress, responsable de l’édition du microbiome à l’Institut, écoute une chanson country générée par une IA sur la transformation du microbiome des vaches. Le refrain de la chanson, diffusé par les haut-parleurs de son téléphone, répète en boucle : <i>«Cow rumen, stop fumin’»</i> («Rumen des vaches, arrête de fumer»)."},{"_id":"SCPBJ3AA2NB43DHIKGQYI6QIAI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780258},"type":"text","content":"Depuis que Jennifer Doudna et <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sciences/2020/10/07/nobel-de-chimie-la-francaise-emmanuelle-charpentier-recompensee-avec-l-americaine-jennifer-doudna_1801650/\" target=\"_blank\">la scientifique française Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> ont découvert Crispr-Cas9 en 2012, cette technologie ou ses variantes ont été utilisées pour créer des lapins fluorescents, des grains de café sans caféine, et même les embryons de deux jumelles pour les rendre soi-disant immunisées contre le VIH – le chercheur chinois responsable de cette dernière expérience a été emprisonné pour avoir utilisé illégalement Crispr sur des humains."},{"_id":"CHNVGEZP3RFWZAN6JFHLFQP3SQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780259},"type":"text","content":"Aujourd’hui, les scientifiques de l’Institut tentent d’utiliser les outils d’édition génétique pour résoudre des problèmes sociétaux. On parle beaucoup de la manière dont Crispr pourrait aider à guérir la drépanocytose, le cancer ou le VIH. Mais certains chercheurs pensent que l’application la plus puissante de cet outil pourrait concerner le méthane. Le méthane, un puissant gaz à effet de serre, reste dans l’atmosphère pendant sept à douze ans, tandis que le dioxyde de carbone peut persister pendant des centaines d’années. Réduire ces émissions, provenant du bétail, du pétrole et du gaz, et des changements dans l’utilisation des sols, pourrait également ralentir considérablement le niveau du réchauffement climatique."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"TPHCM7QGDVHF7IS7YT7ISZBAEY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"JAGD3QCZS5DBTGSZC6GJZTQKEE"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"QRU46W3YFNAENMUVJ6XJFUD2XA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"POKSCNWHDZCT3ATYWPMDYEYBJA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Climat : «Réduire les émissions de CO2 protégera nos petits-enfants, réduire celles de méthane nous protégera nous et nos enfants»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/climat-reduire-les-emissions-de-co2-protegera-nos-petits-enfants-reduire-celles-de-methane-nous-protegera-nous-et-nos-enfants-20240801_MKNJASAIOFFVVNGBGV7RGR4CBI/"}]},{"_id":"TYHVHLZDDZAB7BDOXFNOTXRT7U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780260},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Personnellement, je pense que c’est celui qui peut avoir le plus grand impact sur le monde, </i>déclare Brad Ringeisen. <i>Imaginez que vous puissiez agiter une baguette magique et éliminer toutes ces émissions.» </i>Il reste encore de nombreuses questions concernant cette approche. <i>«C’est le saint graal, si c’est possible de manipuler le microbiome du rumen</i>, ajoute Alexander Hristov, professeur à l’Université d’Etat de Pennsylvanie, qui ne participe pas au projet de recherche. <i>Mais il faut garder à l’esprit que le microbiome s’est développé sur des millions d’années ; il est très, très difficile à changer ou modifier de manière permanente.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"EM2JJIXIMFEEVAUNDJEUGFK6AU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606869},"type":"header","content":"«C’est un peu comme un safari»"},{"_id":"ZB6WAJXXZ5DHRGFPLMQB6UWPDU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780262},"type":"text","content":"James Marsh, professeur en ingénierie du microbiome à l’Institut Max Planck en Allemagne, souligne que les scientifiques en sont encore aux premières étapes de l’application de l’ingénierie génétique à l’ensemble du microbiome. <i>«Nous devons être capables de l’appliquer à tous les organismes pour vraiment libérer le potentiel de l’ingénierie microbienne», </i>note-t-il."},{"_id":"RIJYQ6JSSFEO5ELNL4ANFTLV74","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780263},"type":"text","content":"Dans le laboratoire de l’institut de génomique, Spencer Diamond, vêtu d’une blouse de laboratoire bleu foncé, ouvre un congélateur de la taille d’une vache adulte où est stocké le matériel génétique. Après que le fluide du rumen de Sushi a été congelé rapidement et traité dans un laboratoire à Davis, les scientifiques transportent le matériel génétique ici et en extraient l’ADN. Ensuite, ils commencent à réassembler les espèces présentes dans le rumen."},{"_id":"EGTQKBZ3WFGW5F3WI7S7BNMAGY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780264},"type":"text","content":"Même s’ils comprennent les grandes lignes du fonctionnement du rumen de la vache, les scientifiques sont encore en train de cartographier toutes les espèces à l’œuvre, dressant une sorte d’inventaire microbien de chaque bactérie, champignon et archée. C’est essentiel à la fois pour comprendre quelles espèces produisent du méthane et comment ajuster le processus.<i> «C’est un peu comme un safari», </i>image Spencer Diamond. Il décrit cela comme l’assemblage de 100 puzzles en même temps. Le processus d’extraction découpe l’ADN de chaque micro-organisme en centaines de petits morceaux ; avec l’aide d’un ordinateur et de l’apprentissage automatique, les chercheurs réassemblent chacun de ces génomes. Ainsi, ils peuvent voir comment le microbiome a évolué sous l’effet du traitement à base d’algues et comment le reproduire."},{"_id":"OG7CHPOPPJFMDL2TOWZMK4F2TU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780265},"type":"text","content":"Jusqu’à présent, ils ont découvert que l’huile d’algue bloque une enzyme que les archées utilisent pour traiter l’hydrogène. Sans cette enzyme, le nombre d’archées chute rapidement. Cela laisse plus d’hydrogène pour des bactéries, comme celle appelée <i>duodenibacillus</i>. Comme les archées, le <i>duodenibacillus</i> absorbe l’hydrogène, mais au lieu de le transformer en méthane, il le convertit en plus d’énergie pour la vache. Les scientifiques pensent qu’ils peuvent reproduire cet effet grâce à l’édition génétique. Ils pourraient insérer des modifications dans le <i>duodenibacillus</i> – ou un organisme similaire pour le rendre plus rapide et plus puissant, l’aidant ainsi à surpasser les archées et à en consommer encore plus. Sans hydrogène, les archées n’auront rien à manger et rien à transformer en méthane."},{"_id":"UNMMIQG6QRCYFDGNFPSZHEXGJQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780266},"type":"text","content":"Lorsqu’il s’agit d’éliminer une espèce indésirable d’un écosystème, Spencer Diamond affirme que le monde microbien est semblable au monde macroscopique : il existe différentes façons de cibler l’espèce. Dans une communauté où il y a un afflux de cerfs, on pourrait lancer un programme de chasse ; dans le monde microbien, cela équivaut à insérer un gène dans les producteurs de méthane pour les éliminer. Mais tout comme il est difficile de trouver et de cibler tous les cerfs, il est difficile de s’assurer que l’outil d’édition génétique atteigne toutes les archées. <i>«En réalité, il est très difficile d’éditer chaque microbe d’un groupe»</i>, relève Spencer Diamond."},{"level":2,"_id":"DHM65JCGORGSTLCAB5AAP4JROE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732713606875},"type":"header","content":"La crainte de conséquences imprévues persiste"},{"_id":"F6PNZDXWXZBCXGFGNZFWOH6P4E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780267},"type":"text","content":"Une alternative– celle que Cress et Diamond pensent être la plus prometteuse – consiste à introduire un concurrent, une sorte d’élan microbien qui pourrait dévorer l’hydrogène avant que les archées n’aient la chance de le transformer en méthane. Une bactérie comme le <i>duodenibacillus</i> pourrait être rendue plus performante que les archées grâce à l’édition génétique."},{"_id":"R65FNFBSBVFIJIHQPQXJSWR4G4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780268},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Nous voulons déclencher un changement permanent», </i>relate Matthias Hess, professeur en sciences animales à l’Université de Californie à Davis, qui testera certains des traitements dans son laboratoire. Le traitement idéal serait une sorte de traitement probiotique précoce pour une vache, une gélule qu’un veau pourrait avaler, créant un changement durable dans son microbiome. Bien qu’un petit nombre de bovins soient nourris chaque jour, la majorité d’entre eux reçoivent au moins un vaccin pendant leurs premières années. Les chercheurs imaginent une pilule probiotique administrée avec ces premiers vaccins, atteignant les vaches qui, autrement, passeront toute leur vie à l’herbe."},{"_id":"FKEFC733PNFCBKP3JKBBDKEHZU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780269},"type":"text","content":"Un tel probiotique pourrait également améliorer la productivité d’une ferme. Les bovins peuvent perdre jusqu’à 12 % de leur énergie en éructant du méthane ; d’autres ruminants, comme les moutons et les chèvres, perdent aussi de l’énergie de cette manière. <i>«S’il existe un moyen de rediriger cet hydrogène et de le convertir en lait, viande, laine, ce serait beaucoup plus accepté par les agriculteurs», </i>dit Ermias Kebreab. Les premiers traitements seront testés sur les bovins de Davis, les chercheurs suivant leurs éructations pour évaluer la réduction des émissions de méthane."},{"_id":"Z5CI3JY6KJG6LN44PRH56XNQXQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732704426595},"type":"text","content":"Il reste encore beaucoup à faire. Bien que les scientifiques aient prouvé qu’ils pouvaient éditer génétiquement les microbes, ils n’ont pour l’instant pas montré qu’ils pouvaient modifier une petite fraction des microbes dans le tractus intestinal de la vache – ou de l’humain, d’ailleurs. Les chercheurs de l’Institut de génomique développent des outils d’édition génétique microbienne, tout en cartographiant les espèces du microbiome. Ils construisent l’avion en le pilotant. Les équipes ont reçu suffisamment de financement pour sept années de recherche. Le projet a commencé l’année dernière, et elles espèrent avoir un traitement d’essai prêt à tester sur les vaches d’ici deux ans."},{"_id":"G4YGIX2KKJDQ3CSRHZDFWP7XU4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780270},"type":"text","content":"Pour certains sceptiques de l’édition génétique, une sorte de pilule probiotique modifiée génétiquement et surdosée pourrait sembler plus acceptable que la modification d’une espèce entière de vache, ou la culture de viande dans un réacteur biologique. Mais la crainte de conséquences imprévues persiste, même chez les chercheurs. <i>«Nous devons être conscients de la puissance de ces technologies, </i>avertit Spencer Diamond<i>. Les gens auront peur de l’inconnu.»</i>"},{"_id":"TOTVYZ7XH5BTTCD2VKSY6UQUN4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780271},"type":"text","content":"Néanmoins, la promesse de modifier les microbes est tentante. Ce ne sont pas seulement les bovins qui produisent du méthane, mais aussi les chèvres, les moutons, le dégel du permafrost dans l’Arctique ou les marécages des régions tempérées. Les leçons tirées des vaches pourraient, selon Brad Ringeisen, aider à concevoir des interventions pour d’autres animaux et même des écosystèmes. <i>«Je suis convaincu que c’est un problème soluble», </i>veut-il croire."},{"_id":"N337FP2CMZHUJJMB6ZYWM7N6EE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732659780272},"type":"text","content":"De retour à la ferme laitière de Davis, son fluide de rumen congelé en toute sécurité dans des laboratoires situés dans la baie de San Francisco, le veau Suschi replie ses pattes sous lui et se couche sur son lit de coques de riz pour une sieste. Une mouche se pose sur son oreille, il la chasse d’un coup de tête. Autour de lui, les vaches de la ferme soufflent du méthane."},{"subtype":"encadre","_id":"6UYUY72VZZFXDC5APNMYID3BX4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"EWQHFO5DX5FUNMFCQAM43ZIMRM"},"embed":{"id":"framed-9348","config":{"title":"Article original de Shannon Osaka et Emily Wright publié le 25 août 2024 dans le «Washington Post»","content":"Cet article dans le «Washington Post» a été sélectionné par «Libération». 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scientifiques et chercheur·ses en sciences environnementales, souhaitons réagir à la <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/creer-un-conseil-ecologique-pour-que-nos-lois-soient-conformes-aux-neuf-limites-planetaires-la-proposition-de-camille-etienne-militante-ecologiste-20241115_QDII6FNWERARXJUUWTJ75S6RQA/\" target=\"_blank\">tribune</a> de Camille Etienne du 15 novembre 2024, appelant à la création d’un «Conseil écologique», et aux réponses qui lui ont été faites. Nous signons cette tribune en notre nom propre sans engager ni les institutions au sein desquelles nous travaillons ni celles finançant nos travaux de recherche."},{"_id":"XSNUKKHYTRBHXEANYXHGN2ALHY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114543},"type":"text","content":"Nous sommes convaincu·es que les enjeux environnementaux doivent entrer dans l’évaluation de l’ensemble des politiques publiques de manière systématique. Les travaux de recherche académique sur le fonctionnement du système Terre, et ses impacts sur l’habitabilité de la planète, doivent contribuer à nourrir le débat démocratique."},{"level":2,"_id":"6E5DGAK2BNBB3CGXLL6ZVKZA4U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689024},"type":"header","content":"Les pressions sur les ressources vitales accentuent les atteintes à la paix"},{"_id":"BTBAGMVVHVCXDJUN4S5GPQNJ4Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114544},"type":"text","content":"Dans nos travaux de recherches, nous sommes confronté.es à un rappel constant de la gravité des crises environnementales et sociales. La société civile a pris connaissance du changement climatique et de l’effondrement de la biodiversité, notamment grâce aux travaux du Giec et de l’IPBES. Au-delà de ces deux enjeux, l’urgence écologique trouve une représentation pertinente dans le cadre des limites planétaires."},{"_id":"YKXZ7KW4ENF3FLECALLJUP5DKA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689022},"type":"text","content":"Elles identifient neuf processus biophysiques (1) qui influencent les conditions d’habitabilité de la Terre. Pour chacun de ces processus, des limites planétaires ont été déterminées. En deça de ces limites, l’humanité peut vivre en toute sécurité. Au-delà de ces limites, nous augmentons le risque de faire basculer la Terre dans un nouvel état inconnu et, sans nul doute, néfaste pour l’espèce humaine et la plupart des espèces peuplant notre planète."},{"_id":"DPFN6OWYQ5AV3K6JCJSP7HAPQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114545},"type":"text","content":"L’état actuel des connaissances scientifiques nous apprend que, sur ces neuf limites planétaires, six sont dépassées et une septième menace d’être franchie. Or, les conséquences de leurs dégradations sont d’autant plus graves que celles-ci s’accélèrent. Chaque dégradation complémentaire augmente l’intensité et la fréquence de ce que nos sociétés modernes nomment «catastrophes naturelles». En plus des drames humains et des dégâts matériels liés à ces catastrophes, la santé humaine est tout particulièrement touchée par la dégradation des environnements de vie, avec l’explosion du nombre de cancers et une chute de la fertilité."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"UUITAGOVUFDADE3SA45GJIXM7Q","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"J2MIHAUZ2VENPIN7RGX5GAAEQM"},"title":"A lire aussi ","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"7BTA74XRBRATPM6MVXJWGQOGUY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"OW5OPLLIFZFFTPLYVFGC2ACHR4","type":"interstitial_link","content":"«Créer un “Conseil écologique” pour que nos lois soient conformes aux neuf limites planétaires» : la proposition de Camille Etienne, militante écologiste","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/creer-un-conseil-ecologique-pour-que-nos-lois-soient-conformes-aux-neuf-limites-planetaires-la-proposition-de-camille-etienne-militante-ecologiste-20241115_QDII6FNWERARXJUUWTJ75S6RQA/"}]},{"_id":"VCTD7CBD2VETNN3RHCY65ITPJ4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689025},"type":"text","content":"Les pressions sur les ressources vitales sont croissantes. Elles menacent directement nos systèmes alimentaires, et, par conséquent, accentuent les atteintes à la paix et à la sécurité mondiales. Les conclusions scientifiques sont claires : il est urgent d’agir pour assurer la sécurité de nos sociétés. Afin de préserver les citoyens, il est donc du devoir des législateurs d’intégrer les neuf processus aux critères d’élaboration des politiques publiques."},{"_id":"LKNEIH7K4VCVBGN77TWAKNUD3E","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114547},"type":"text","content":"Cette intégration ne peut pas se faire de manière isolée. En effet, chacun de ces neuf processus est en interaction avec les autres. Il est contre-productif de traiter la dégradation de l’un d’eux de manière isolée, sans étudier l’impact des actions envisagées sur les autres. Il est donc nécessaire d’élaborer et mettre en œuvre un cadre d’évaluation des politiques publiques qui prend en compte l’ensemble des enjeux environnementaux, ainsi que leurs interactions avec les sociétés humaines."},{"level":2,"_id":"6MTIFLVNKZEWNARFKCNJ24HXXU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114548},"type":"header","content":"Emparez-vous des connaissances disponibles"},{"_id":"6MTIFLVNKZEWNARFKCNJ24HXXU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114549},"type":"text","content":"Nous sommes convaincu·e·s de la nécessité d’amener les enjeux environnementaux de manière systématique dans le débat démocratique. De surcroît, la Convention citoyenne pour le climat (CCC) a montré l’engouement citoyen pour ces sujets, à travers leur proposition de création d’une «Haute Autorité aux limites planétaires». C’est pourquoi nous souhaitons attirer l’attention du monde politique, des décideur·ses économiques, et de la société civile sur l’existence de nos disciplines."},{"_id":"BRI3FETY4BHQZA7OT4TKANGCP4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732731689029},"type":"text","content":"Les travaux de recherches sur le sujet sont de plus en plus conséquents, et proposent déjà des applications du cadre des limites planétaires aux échelles nationale et locale. Nous pouvons citer le couplage du cadre des limites planétaires avec l’économie circulaire, la comptabilité, la politique des villes et l’étude des territoires. Nous les appelons à s’emparer des connaissances académiques actuelles et à mobiliser ce cadre afin d’évaluer et d’orienter les projets et initiatives. Les modalités et la nature de la prise en compte des limites planétaires dans les processus législatifs sont à définir démocratiquement."},{"_id":"QLM3DBJRYRGP3NJLWUF6T2GGJE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114550},"type":"text","content":"Nous, chercheur.ses et scientifiques, explorons, expérimentons et mettons à disposition les résultats académiques et scientifiques pour mieux informer les prises de décisions politiques à différentes échelles. L’état des connaissances est aujourd’hui manifeste sur le dépassement avéré de la plupart des limites planétaires et sur la non-soutenabilité des politiques actuelles. Les décideurs doivent d’urgence ouvrir le débat démocratique pour adopter des critères et/ou un organe d’évaluation des politiques publiques s’appuyant sur le cadre des limites planétaires. Plus nous repoussons l’échéance, plus nous mettons en péril l’habitabilité de notre planète et de ce fait nos démocraties."},{"level":6,"_id":"M45DKNU6PFDD3JM2I7QONHHQHA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114551},"type":"header","content":"(1) Le changement climatique, l’érosion de la biodiversité, l’acidification de l’océan, les cycles de l’eau douce, du phosphore et de l’azote, les sols, les aérosols, l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone et l’intégration d’entités nouvelles."},{"_id":"TDKSUQYPNVBNDOB5TGXIPMGNZQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114552},"type":"text","content":"<b>Parmi les 108 signataires : Nicolas Antheaume</b> Codirecteur du Laboratoire d’économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique (Lemna) <b>Emile Balembois</b> Doctorat en sciences de l’environnement <b>Dominique Bourg </b>Professeur honoraire à l’université de Lausanne <b>Sylvie Ferrari </b>Professeur à l’université de Bordeaux<b> Loïc Giaccone </b>Doctorant à l’Institut de géographie <b>Natacha Gondran</b> Professeure en évaluation environnementale <b>Olivier Hamant</b> Directeur de recherches en biologie et biophysique <b>Damien Rieutor</b> Doctorant en géographie humaine à l’université de Grenoble-Alpes <b>Jean Roman </b>Doctorant en évaluation environnementale <b>Martin Rousseau </b>Doctorant en économie écologique à l’université de Bordeaux <b>Yamina Saheb </b>Enseignante-chercheuse <b>Anne-Charlotte Sauveplane </b>Doctorante en sciences de gestion et de l’ingénieur <b>Heïdi Sevestre </b>Glaciologue <b>Eloise Vailland </b>Doctorant<b> </b>en sciences de gestion à l’université Paris-Saclay <b>Nathanaël Wallenhorst </b>Professeur en sciences de l’environnement UCO… La liste de la totalité des signataires est <a href=\"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ChNpE665FAb3MRkf9OKi9J4oWCQsNgbg/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\">ici.</a>"},{"level":6,"_id":"TFPM5ACPKNBNHIQJ7LE3EJCYAA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732724114553},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans Libération ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Plus d’une centaine de chercheurs et de scientifiques réagissent à la tribune récente de Camille Etienne qui appelait à la création d’un «Conseil écologique». 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action coup de poing des agriculteurs en plein cœur de Paris. Plus d’une centaine de manifestants ont érigé ce jeudi 28 novembre au petit matin un mur devant l’Institut national de la recherche agronomique (Inrae), dans le VIIe arrondissement de la capitale<i>. </i>En théorie, <i>«des instituts comme l’Inrae peuvent nous donner des moyens de remplir notre fonction de producteurs»</i>, or <i>«ce n’est plus le cas. Depuis des années, c’est la décroissance qui est organisée», </i>a lancé avec un haut-parleur Pascal Verrièle, secrétaire adjoint de<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/crise-agricole-la-fnsea-ne-controle-pas-completement-le-mouvement-20241124_TBAQGC6V4JAYFESMRPKOY7ICFM/\" target=\"_blank\"> la FDSEA Seine-et-Marne, section locale de la FNSEA</a>.<i> «Stop aux entraves»,</i> exhorte sur X (ex-Twitter) le compte de la section francilienne de la FNSEA. <i>«On finance un institut national à un milliard d’euros par an qui ne nous rapporte que des contraintes»</i>, a renchéri Donatien Moyson, coprésident des JA IDF Ouest."},{"_id":"WRVIZNPSGZF3RHJGSNB7BMKF7A","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732783689421},"type":"text","content":"En réaction, la ministre de l’Agriculture Annie Genevard a condamné <i>«avec la plus grande fermeté toute atteinte aux personnes et aux biens», </i>qui, selon elle, <i>«nuit aux revendications légitimes des agriculteurs».</i>"},{"subtype":"twitter","referent":{"referent_properties":{"additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1732793718737}},"provider":"https://publish.x.com/oembed?url=","service":"oembed","id":"https://x.com/LucAuffret/status/1862008674782249194","type":"twitter"},"_id":"WUP543EYCBGFPAMGWW4THIZO7U","raw_oembed":{"author_name":"Luc Auffret","cache_age":"3153600000","provider_url":"https://twitter.com","type":"twitter","version":"1.0","url":"https://twitter.com/LucAuffret/status/1862008674782249194","author_url":"https://twitter.com/LucAuffret","width":550,"html":"<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\"><p lang=\"fr\" dir=\"ltr\">Des agriculteurs en colère murent le siège de l'INRAE ce matin à Paris.<a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/AgriculteursEnCol%C3%A8re?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#AgriculteursEnColère</a> <a href=\"https://twitter.com/hashtag/agriculteurs?src=hash&ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">#agriculteurs</a> <a href=\"https://t.co/yeGBSqrf9S\">pic.twitter.com/yeGBSqrf9S</a></p>— Luc Auffret (@LucAuffret) <a href=\"https://twitter.com/LucAuffret/status/1862008674782249194?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">November 28, 2024</a></blockquote>\n<script async src=\"https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\n","_id":"https://x.com/LucAuffret/status/1862008674782249194","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":1732793718737},"provider_name":"Twitter","height":null},"type":"oembed_response"},{"_id":"J4TNO6A775BHRB4OQT3BGAO5UM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-28T11:40:37.683Z","start":715,"end":1089,"text":"ajout","user":"Olivier MONOD","email":"o.monod@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732781563632},"type":"text","content":"L’accès à la porte d’entrée du bâtiment de l’Inrae n’a pas été pas bloqué, avec un interstice entre le mur de parpaings et l’entrée du bâtiment. Tagué en orange sur le mur d’environ deux mètres de haut, on pouvait lire <i>«INRA escrolos»</i>, tandis qu’une banderole affichait : <i>«A vendre, ne sert plus à rien - Bail à céder - Economie réalisée : 1,1 milliard €». </i>Pas de tracteurs, pas d’engins : <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/acte-ii-de-la-colere-agricole-je-ne-suis-pas-un-fana-des-pesticides-mais-je-nai-pas-dautre-solution-20241114_5E2VBZ347VBFZNSJ33OR5VSMMI/\" target=\"_blank\">les agriculteurs, de tous âges</a>, étaient venus en voiture et en transports en commun pour manifester. Réunis très tôt, avant 6 heures, ils ont d’abord été bloqués et encerclés par les forces de l’ordre, puis, dans le calme, ont posé les parpaings devant l’Inrae pour ériger le mur. Vers 7h30, ils commençaient à se disperser. La direction de l’institut a considéré, <a href=\"https://www.inrae.fr/actualites/mobilisation-dagriculteurs-devant-siege-dinrae-reaction-linstitut\" target=\"_blank\">dans un communiqué</a>, que <i>«ces actions traduis[ai]ent une forte inquiétude des agriculteurs»</i>. Considérant que les critiques<i> «ne rendent pas compte des recherches»</i> menées en son sein, Inrae affirme vouloir poursuivre sa<i> «mission avec détermination et humilité […] pour concevoir des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires sains et durables»</i>."},{"_id":"ZBSPXBCEDVHQVNC3MI66DFHAGY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732789568254},"type":"text","content":"Le même groupe d’agriculteurs s’est ensuite rassemblé devant le siège de <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/nouveaux-ogm-lanses-prone-une-evaluation-des-risques-au-cas-par-cas-et-un-dispositif-de-suivi-resserre-20240306_JCJRHKEZVVA2ZJWEIFDIY4SLZ4/\" target=\"_blank\">l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (Anses)</a> à Maisons-Alfort (Val-de-Marne), où ils ont mené une action similaire mais sans parpaing. La centaine d’agriculteurs ont érigé jeudi dans le calme un mur en cartons pour bloquer symboliquement l’entrée de l’agence sanitaire et l’inciter<i> «à déménager à Bruxelles, pour qu’elle arrête de contredire les réglementations européennes»</i>, a déclaré Cyrille Milard, président de la branche de la FNSEA dans la Seine-et-Marne."},{"_id":"OEQIRYQ3LRGWDFR2YPHAC7P5QY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732781563635},"type":"text","content":"En parallèle, les agriculteurs ont déversé du fumier et de la laine de mouton devant les grilles de la préfecture des Alpes-Maritimes, à Nice, pour manifester leur colère."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"WBPALVPVJNC7RP4EOL26ALYBEU","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"3SUHNVRCGBF4LFTT3MW77MARPU"},"title":"Tribune","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"EMY7QOR3KFBKXGJOAWGWK5WTLI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"BT3FEXNH2ZAATDMAAOZESEXS24","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Stop aux agressions des syndicats d’agriculteurs contre France Nature Environnement","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/stop-aux-agressions-des-syndicats-dagriculteurs-contre-france-nature-environnement-20241101_AY7N3KB3JBH73MHBIQMF6IXVEM/"}]},{"_id":"OEQIRYQ3LRGWDFR2YPHAC7P5QY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732781563635},"type":"text","content":"Une nouvelle journée de mobilisation des agriculteurs avait eu lieu mercredi à travers la France, comme dans l’Aveyron, où des dizaines d’entre eux ont pris position devant la cathédrale de Rodez en formant les lettres «SOS». Au total, les autorités ont recensé 28 actions dans 24 départements impliquant près de 1 600 personnes et 479 engins agricoles, dans des actions qui <i>«ciblent davantage les bâtiments publics»</i>."},{"_id":"D6WLR7OPCVHWNAP2SWYGYOUGYM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732776377837},"type":"text","content":"L’alliance FNSEA-JA avait placé sa première semaine de mobilisation sous le signe de l’opposition au projet d’accord de libre-échange entre l’UE et le Mercosur. Mais, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-blocages-operations-escargot-a-quoi-sattendre-cette-semaine-en-france-20241125_GNH4QXZX55B3PDB42XZOKZZ3E4/\" target=\"_blank\">pour sa deuxième semaine d’actions coordonnées</a>, elle avait prévu de viser plus particulièrement ce qu’elle considère comme des <i>«entraves»</i> au travail des agriculteurs : préfectures, agences de l’eau ou bureaux de l’Office français de la biodiversité (OFB)."},{"_id":"5XEM2TII45DFZE46BMS3MN6DQI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732776377838},"type":"text","content":"Dans ce contexte, la ministre de la Transition écologique, Agnès Pannier-Runacher, a mis en garde contre <i>«toute attaque qui vise l’intégrité physique» </i>des agents de l’OFB dont un a vu sa voiture sabotée le mois dernier."},{"level":2,"_id":"J6DLFD3JSFGTVPAQN5HQM6NZOM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732781563638},"type":"header","content":"«Dégradations» et «violences»"},{"_id":"JERFCEB6KJA3DMMX5ZMKWRRQJU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732776377840},"type":"text","content":"Le préfet du Tarn-et-Garonne a quant à lui annoncé qu’il <i>«déposera plainte», </i>après les <i>«dégradations» («tags visant les services de l’Etat, bris de vitre, projection de fumier et d’huile sur les murs de bâtiments»…) </i>causées lors d’une manifestation impliquant au moins 150 tracteurs d’agriculteurs à Montauban mardi soir à l’appel de la FDSEA et des JA."},{"_id":"GYVL3MXAQZHNXBFXOVZNQCCWRQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732776377841},"type":"text","content":"France Nature Environnement a également dénoncé <i>«des violences» </i>d’agriculteurs à l’égard de trois associations de protection de l’environnement chapeautées par FNE à Gap (Hautes-Alpes), Coutances (Manche) et Châteauroux (Indre). 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href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/la-pollution-de-lair-premiere-menace-pour-la-sante-humaine-20230829_XYQI4VBWTZAGPDGKC72XL54MDE/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\"> à des maladies cardiaques liées à cette pollution</a> et 220 000 autres, par maladies respiratoires, ont pu être attribués à la fumée et aux particules rejetées dans l’air par ces feux."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"AULNAFOTSVBTPBTQMCR7QLRLV4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"A65QL7PS2ZH27ABRBJXNCHMXH4"},"title":"Flambée","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"STJYY7TKDZAZJK224BGOVEK7JA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"ISCO5FWED5BPVI3KB4IUPKNE7A","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Climat : «Le nombre d’incendies sera deux à trois fois plus élevé en fin de siècle en France»","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/climat-le-nombre-dincendies-sera-deux-a-trois-fois-plus-eleve-en-fin-de-siecle-en-france-20240913_OMOKEBWPIJF5DPN4XQGIOBN7V4/"}]},{"_id":"Q4W2O6DCHVEQPHR4SRAJUHS4A4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732779517523},"type":"text","content":"Plus de 90 % de ces décès sont survenus dans des pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire, dont 40 % pour la seule Afrique subsaharienne. La Chine, le Nigéria, l’Indonésie ou encore l’Inde font également partie des pays les plus concernés. Ces pays sont particulièrement touchés à cause du manque de moyen pour éviter la fumée des incendies, ont souligné les chercheurs. 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Libération.","_id":"/environnement/pollution","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur la pollution et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Pollution de Libération.","site_title":"Pollution : actualités et informations - Libération","site_tagline":null},"navigation":{"nav_title":"Pollution"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement/pollution","200012"]},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","_website":"liberation","name":"Pollution","_id":"/environnement/pollution","ancestors":{"footer2":["/environnement"],"default":["/environnement"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/","/environnement"],"amp-menu":["/","/environnement"],"headernav":["/environnement"]},"order":{"burgermenu":2006,"amp-menu":2006}}},"_website_section_id":"liberation./environnement/pollution","type":"section","version":"0.6.0"}}},"created_date":"2024-11-28T07:06:23.336Z","publish_date":"2024-11-28T08:03:23.177Z","_id":"BJYL6C2AZFCWVKGUOOAZZGWYPM","website":"liberation","website_url":"/environnement/pollution/la-pollution-de-lair-causee-par-les-incendies-est-responsable-de-15-million-de-morts-par-an-20241128_BJYL6C2AZFCWVKGUOOAZZGWYPM/"},{"content_elements":[{"_id":"P63LQOWM2ZF2TMLEPLLPOZ5W34","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732697102814},"type":"text","content":"A contre-courant, mais salutaire. Le think tank The Shift Project, fondé par <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/jean-marc-jancovici-inlassable-inclassable-20230113_4FGCVNBMYNFYRENYBZE66UALSY/\" target=\"_blank\">l’ingénieur Jean-Marc Jancovici</a>, publie<a href=\"https://theshiftproject.org/article/rapport-final-agriculture/\" target=\"_blank\"> un rapport sur l’agriculture</a> face au changement climatique, ce jeudi 28 novembre, au cœur d’une<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/agriculteurs-en-colere/\" target=\"_blank\"> crise agricole</a> dont découle un recul des normes environnementales.<i> «Ce rapport invite tous les acteurs à mener une réflexion approfondie et concertée sur nos priorités pour le monde agricole, avec une projection à l’horizon 2050»,</i> lance Clémence Vorreux, la coordinatrice des travaux sur le sujet dans l’association. <i>«Ce rapport était un travail important à faire, le résultat est hyper intéressant»,</i> salue la porte-parole de la Confédération paysanne, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/eleveuse-de-lamas-et-ariegeoise-qui-est-laurence-marandola-nouvelle-porte-parole-de-la-confederation-paysanne-20230527_PD4SJ7GGMVEWVF2PGPC6OBZEYM/\" target=\"_blank\">Laurence Marandola</a>."},{"_id":"KKLXRDOSVFEFHN7G3ZMFYRGRGI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705121699},"type":"text","content":"Deux constats, pour commencer : l’agriculture est responsable d’un cinquième des émissions nationales de gaz à effet de serre, tout en étant très dépendante des énergies fossiles. Pour les tracteurs, bien sûr, mais aussi pour les engrais azotés.<i> «Pour produire un kilo d’azote, il faut l’équivalent énergétique d’un litre de pétrole»,</i> précise Corentin Biardeau-Noyers, coauteur du rapport du Shift Project."},{"level":2,"_id":"TSNVWEEPMFGYPMALRGGJEH3FDM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705121700},"type":"header","content":"«Les systèmes agricoles ont perdu en résilience»"},{"_id":"TSNVWEEPMFGYPMALRGGJEH3FDM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705121701},"type":"text","content":"Le think tank pose les données du problème à partir d’un remarquable travail d’audition de chercheurs, d’agriculteurs et de syndicats agricoles. Une consultation en ligne auprès de 7 700 exploitants a aussi été menée. Selon leurs résultats, la préoccupation écologique n’est pas qu’une lubie d’urbains.<i> «Quand on voit que plus de 80 % des agriculteurs interrogés sont inquiets pour la viabilité de leur ferme face au réchauffement climatique, et que plus de 80 % considèrent qu’ils manquent d’aide financière pour s’engager plus fermement dans la transition, on ne peut qu’être interloqué que ce sujet ne soit pas plus sur le devant de la scène»,</i> souligne Clémence Vorreux. C’est que la matière est <i>«particulièrement complexe»,</i> abonde Corentin Biardeau-Noyers, qui décrit un système<i> «dont beaucoup d’aspects sont en interaction les uns avec les autres».</i>"},{"_id":"5FFVYQQW3ZBW7IO4YN4NJK3BUQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726995533},"type":"text","content":"En premier lieu, le Shift Project identifie trois objectifs différents que l’on peut donner à l’agriculture : nous nourrir, exporter et diminuer la consommation énergétique du secteur. Pour se projeter à l’horizon 2050, il faut donc arbitrer entre ces priorités. <i>«Si on ne clarifie pas les objectifs du secteur, on va dans le mur»,</i> pose Corentin Biardeau-Noyers. Les chercheurs proposent de réaliser cet arbitrage en faisant entrer la notion de résilience dans l’équation. Résilience face au risque climatique, face aux risques déstabilisation du marché international par une pandémie ou une guerre, par exemple. Ce qui nécessite une refonte profonde du système de production. Avec <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/megabassines-le-piege-dune-agriculture-intensive-devenue-nefaste-20221031_DH46CVQFMBAUDKJYTNAHCK7XTA/\" target=\"_blank\">l’avènement des monocultures et la modernisation de l’agriculture</a>, <i>«les systèmes agricoles ont perdu en résilience»,</i> lit-on dans le rapport."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"LOXPH2MXBRAWPHU3QM5TGGEW3A","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"DWQQLU7XSJAUJGKFK6AFBOHFP4"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"COMSWJ4QNRE7FAWCHH2643LHYI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"A4NWQMFLWRED5H5HZWWY6WFYVM","type":"interstitial_link","content":"«L’approche a évolué» : chez les agriculteurs de demain, cap sur la transition écologique","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/le-mur-est-la-chez-les-agriculteurs-de-demain-lurgence-de-la-transition-ecologique-20240205_SRZMRAP5Y5G3RANJULLXCNANEU/"}]},{"_id":"QCFWJ75R7ZHQ5DJQDRJFDFGKGU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732715626209},"type":"text","content":"La solution proposée <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/12/11/climat-il-faut-developper-l-agroecologie-sur-tout-le-territoire_1768209/\" target=\"_blank\">tient en un mot : l’agroécologie</a>, qui revient à produire en s’appuyant sur les bienfaits de la biodiversité et en respectant la ressource en eau. Le Shift Project a une méthode «<i>jacobine</i>» pour réaliser la transition : des aides publiques au secteur qui soient cohérentes de la part de toutes institutions. <i>«On ne peut pas demander aux agriculteurs d’être militants. Il faut un cadre incitatif au changement»</i>, explicite Clémence Vorreux. C’est là que la proposition du Shift Project est en rupture avec les décisions prises depuis le début des manifestations agricoles, il y a un an - comme <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/agriculteurs-sur-le-gnr-une-reculade-en-bonne-et-due-forme-20240126_CQ6GKEPEWBABNIY2JBNRDIWGRY/\" target=\"_blank\">la fin de la hausse de la taxe sur le gasoil non-routier</a>, le recul du plan écophyto (qui vise à réduire le recours aux produits phytosanitaires), <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/revision-de-la-pac-les-eurodeputes-votent-pour-calmer-la-colere-agricole-au-detriment-de-lenvironnement-20240425_5DEE4UAPUVDPHNSXM5TMDRZVIE/\" target=\"_blank\">le détricotage des normes environnementales</a> de la politique agricole commune…"},{"level":2,"_id":"MSJ36IRD6FAWRGNBHBULTZF7CM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732726995536},"type":"header","content":"«On a l’impression que chaque ministre est pire que le précédent»"},{"_id":"MSJ36IRD6FAWRGNBHBULTZF7CM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-27T17:57:43.458Z","start":991,"end":1380,"text":"ajout","user":"Olivier MONOD","email":"o.monod@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732726995537},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Le mouvement a commencé par une revendication : le revenu. Il a été récupéré par des syndicats qui ont imposé leur agenda et on aboutit sur un affaiblissement des mesures en faveur de l’agroécologie»,</i> peste le député écologiste Benoît Biteau. Même énervement chez Génération futures, qui prévoit une conférence de presse ce jeudi pour interpeller la ministre de l’Agriculture. <i>«On a l’impression que chaque ministre est pire que le précédent. Le logiciel d’</i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/annie-genevard-ministre-de-lagriculture-une-nomination-qui-interroge-face-a-la-crise-20241125_ILV5YR2RPZFY5AF7ZOJPO32BQE/\" target=\"_blank\"><i>Annie Genevard</i></a><i> date du siècle dernier, elle ne parle jamais d’environnement»,</i> se désole François Veillerette, le cofondateur de l’association qui s’intéresse surtout à la pollution induite par les pesticides. <i>«Les inspections générales ont publié </i><a href=\"https://igas.gouv.fr/prevenir-et-maitriser-les-risques-lies-la-presence-de-pesticides-et-de-leurs-metabolites-dans-leau-destinee-la-consommation-humaine\" target=\"_blank\"><i>un rapport</i></a><i> </i>[le 22 novembre, ndlr]<i> sur la pollution des eaux, qui propose des mesures fortes sur l’évolution des pratiques agricoles autour des zones de captage. Mais entre le contenu du rapport et le discours de la ministre, on a l’impression de deux mondes parallèles»,</i> constate-t-il. A <i>Libération</i>, la ministre de l’Agriculture Annie Genevard assure <i>«accompagner les filières pour garantir notre souveraineté alimentaire tout en relevant le défi des changements des pratiques»</i>. Mais elle assume aussi vouloir trouver <i>«des solutions concrètes disponibles rapidement» </i>pour aider les filières<i> «en situation d’impasse»</i> à cause <i>«de raisons administratives, de surtranspositions»</i>."},{"_id":"OIHOO7YFBZG6NH4XBT4SFYAYUE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705121706},"type":"text","content":"Le Shift Project n’entend pas imposer une vision –<i> «notre scénario n’est pas le seul valable»,</i> clame Corentin Biardeau-Noyers – mais lancer une série de rapports et d’événements pour alimenter la réflexion sur ce thème. <i>«Je suis contente, avec ce rapport on commence à entendre des choses au-delà du cercle de nos proches habituels. Que les tracteurs sont globalement surdimensionnés en France, par exemple»,</i> se réjouit la porte-parole de la Confédération paysanne, Laurence Marandola. De son côté, la Coordination rurale, autre syndicat minoritaire, salue <i>«la démarche positive du Shift Project»,</i> mais <i>«fait la différence entre la démarche et le fond».</i> Le syndicat, qui penche à droite, dit défendre <i>«un modèle agricole durable dans lequel l’environnement trouve toute sa place»,</i> tout en affirmant que <i>«l’agriculture française est déjà soumise à une très forte pression environnementale».</i> Sur le terrain, ce sont pourtant bien les bonnets jaunes de la CR qui ciblent systématiquement les bâtiments et les agents de l’Office français de la biodiversité et qui appellent à sa suppression. La FNSEA, syndicat majoritaire, n’a pas répondu à <i>Libé,</i> mais un communiqué du 27 novembre demande aux parlementaires de soutenir la proposition de loi des sénateurs Laurent Duplomb (LR) et Franck Menonville (centre) pour assouplir la réglementation française sur les pesticides."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"4OIC5DN6VRFN7GUSCAI6RQGDU4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"ACU7TQ3KXBBEBENK766MNLXB3E"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"CAA5C4IDNBHM3IVNO6AN5QDNDI","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"4JSQWBFZ2BHIFNIQ2SNZZTGG3M","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Colère des agriculteurs : et si une véritable transition écologique était la solution ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-et-si-une-veritable-transition-ecologique-etait-la-solution-20240131_W7GEG33N2BFUDKTUY2A5HY5H54/"}]},{"_id":"FIGXSZIWK5HARIPPAQNEGQZVMI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732715626213},"type":"text","content":"La Confédération paysanne, la Coordination rurale et la FNSEA auront l’occasion de confronter leurs points de vue lors d’un débat organisé par le Shift Project, ce jeudi en fin de journée. Le think tank a le mérite de mettre toutes ces personnes autour de la table et de les faire échanger sur le fond du sujet. Clément Vorreux prédit : <i>«Il serait vraiment dommage que le résultat de la mobilisation actuelle ne soit que des mesures de petite échelle sans vision de long terme. Ainsi, la situation risque de s’aggraver.»</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Le think tank The Shift Project promeut, dans un rapport fouillé publié ce jeudi 28 novembre, une sortie de crise grâce à la transition vers l’agroécologie. Et réunit les principaux syndicats agricoles, divisés sur la question, pour discuter de l’avenir du secteur pour les vingt-cinq prochaines années."},"description":{"basic":"Le think tank The Shift Project promeut, dans un rapport fouillé publié ce jeudi, une sortie de crise grâce à la transition vers l’agroécologie. Et réunit les syndicats agricoles, divisés sur le sujet, pour discuter de l’avenir du secteur."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement/agriculture","parent_id":"/environnement","name":"Agriculture","description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de Libération.","_id":"/environnement/agriculture","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/environnement","default":"/environnement","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/environnement","amp-menu":"/environnement","headernav":"/environnement"},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toute l'actualité sur l'agriculture et ses enjeux sur la société : derniers articles, analyses et témoignages de la rubrique Agriculture de 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que les agriculteurs expriment à nouveau <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/colere-des-agriculteurs-la-fnsea-annonce-une-nouvelle-mobilisation-mardi-mercredi-et-jeudi-prochains-20241120_ZILV3VWLCBCTZN44ZEL4JTRR44/\" target=\"_blank\">leur colère dans la rue </a>et que l’Assemblée nationale et le Sénat <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/politique/mercosur-le-gouvernement-ouvert-a-un-debat-parlementaire-qui-ne-servira-a-rien-20241119_O7PMI4QRZJCZ3K47UTMDCYC2PA/\" target=\"_blank\">se saisissent de la question</a>, les négociateurs européens et sud-américains se réuniront la semaine prochaine dans l’espoir de sceller l’accord commercial entre l’Union européenne et le Mercosur. Cette étape ouvrirait la voie à la ratification du texte. Nous ne pouvons pas laisser faire."},{"_id":"PMGKKPNO7FAULD66TMWMJNTAAY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700137},"type":"text","content":"Nous avons toujours été et demeurons fermement opposés à l’accord avec le Mercosur. Après l’échec de 2019, les discussions en cours reposent sur des positions de départ et des présupposés que nous rejetons. L’UE souhaite préciser l’interprétation de certaines dispositions – sans en modifier la substance, donc ; en réponse, les pays du Mercosur veulent s’assurer que nos législations environnementales ne limiteront pas leurs exportations."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"YSZP2C7VL5HYLLDOERLQWKHQTA","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"5DGSL7DWW5DY3K2U7ZWO4U33DE"},"title":"Analyse","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"MNRGCW4IXRA3ZERURTFEWUYB24","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"3JULB6OWZVCRXGDXMU3FDPAE5E","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Accord de libre-échange UE-Mercosur : agriculteurs et politiques font front commun","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/agriculture/accord-de-libre-echange-ue-mercosur-agriculteurs-et-politiques-font-front-commun-20241113_CKM5A352J5EIFHHF6PVCJOJEKU/"}]},{"_id":"5BK6HYTJDJHSXME5QQSAZU6GKI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700139},"type":"text","content":"<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/viande-contre-voitures-qui-a-le-plus-a-perdre-ou-a-gagner-si-laccord-du-mercosur-est-signe-20241121_VOGZ7DY6T5H3FMBCWC6OQXYSAA/\" target=\"_blank\">Les problèmes de fond posés par l’accord</a> sont connus et restent totalement d’actualité. 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Les clauses visant à promouvoir les Droits de l’homme, les droits sociaux et la préservation de l’environnement, elles, demeureraient non contraignantes."},{"level":2,"_id":"45CVPAZORVCX7LJJ36CTRCKADY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732270723808},"type":"header","content":"Contresens historique"},{"_id":"W4MQXXVPZJHZDF7HYNBLZRCLJM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-22T10:54:58.371Z","start":488,"end":493,"text":"aucun accent svp.","user":"Elisabeth Galabert","email":"e.galabert@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732260700141},"type":"text","content":"La ratification du texte poserait encore un problème de légitimité démocratique. Le mandat de négociation donné à la Commission par les Etats membres porte sur un accord d’association politique global, dont les aspects commerciaux ne sont qu’une partie. Un tel accord d’association – dit mixte – requiert l’unanimité des Etats européens, au contraire d’un pur accord commercial qui peut être adopté à la majorité qualifiée, après accord du Parlement européen. Pour contourner un probable veto, la Commission entreprendrait donc de «saucissonner» l’accord et d’en faire adopter immédiatement les dispositions commerciales. Cette tactique déjà employée va à l’encontre du mandat donné par les Etats, et réaffirmé en 2018, indiquant que l’accord avec le Mercosur doit rester global."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"ERN77WW4K5FGHAB7JMNGSQSR4I","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"HFWKKQQ3OJA2FCUIQUMC45WJHA"},"title":"Décryptage","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"RKQ5XMHICZF25CTBBN72QWQXNA","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"YV35UT2AWVBRZAUNP6SG5YHWCI","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Mercosur : en Europe, quels sont les pays pour ou contre cet accord commercial à l’origine de la colère des agriculteurs français ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/mercosur-en-europe-quels-sont-les-pays-pour-ou-contre-cet-accord-commercial-a-lorigine-de-la-colere-des-agriculteurs-francais-20241121_XFBTSGMECRFIRHLOMW3MA6K7QI/"}]},{"_id":"MFAZHZKRDJEYDJWHGZXOOUTHXI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700143},"type":"text","content":"Alors que les Etats du monde entier protègent leurs agriculteurs contre la concurrence déloyale et le <i>dumping,</i> conscients de leur rôle stratégique ; alors que nous demandons aux nôtres des efforts inédits sans moyens supplémentaires ; alors que l’Union reste seule convaincue par des règles obsolètes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce et pallie son immobilisme par une fuite en avant bilatérale, l’accord avec le Mercosur serait un contresens historique."},{"_id":"EDBJWE3LJVECTA7Q7JFXQQKZ6Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700145},"type":"text","content":"La Commission doit enfin réaliser que ce type d’arrangements appartient à une époque révolue, celle où il s’agissait de construire un grand marché mondial libéré des Etats. Le mandat de négociation qui lui a été donné en 1999 n’est pas adapté à la réalité de 2024. L’Union européenne ne peut plus se présenter à la table des négociations avec comme seuls leviers la possibilité de brader son agriculture et ses marchés publics."},{"level":2,"_id":"RKSZVRJUAJGZXFNG2FH5UFSZYY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732264748704},"type":"header","content":"Un continent de consommateurs"},{"_id":"7S2U4LN3TJCXFLZL4XEKHNMP2Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700147},"type":"text","content":"Le culte du libre-échange a transformé l’Europe en continent de consommateurs, dépendant de ses concurrents, rivaux ou adversaires pour ses productions stratégiques. Il a produit une casse sociale d’ampleur dans nos régions et a contribué à la montée de l’extrême droite partout en Europe. Les institutions européennes en prennent lentement conscience, comme le montrent les<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/economie/leurope-est-la-seule-a-vouloir-faire-de-la-rigueur-alors-quamericains-et-chinois-depensent-a-tout-va-20240417_J5MJFOXSURDFLJ7HX55XNPO65E/\" target=\"_blank\"> rapports Draghi, Letta</a>, Strohschneider ou Niinistö, ou le programme de la présidente de la Commission sur la défense commerciale et la sécurité économique. Acter ce changement suppose d’enterrer les vieux restes de l’idéologie dominante des années 1990-2000 comme le Mercosur. Notre politique commerciale doit enfin être considérée pour ce qu’elle est : un outil au service de nos intérêts stratégiques, au premier rang desquelles nos politiques industrielle, alimentaire, environnementale et climatique."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"B4QBCLKVVVCE5JWRJENGOGCGJ4","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"CDHUYU574VGXDIKC3JXBRZRWNM"},"title":"","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"I3UTJC7ZZJDUFN4MQSFOHFKWDQ","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"IA3NV43XJVC33GAXIACEQ3PXKY","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Les agriculteurs contre le Mercosur : l’histoire d’une longue lutte existentielle et d’une absence de choix","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/les-agriculteurs-contre-le-mercosur-lhistoire-dune-longue-lutte-existentielle-et-dune-absence-de-choix-20241117_5B22RAXRO5HJHGBZOINUOZBO7Y/"}]},{"_id":"RHV7YL4ICVC2ND3YZCC3OOZQMA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700149},"type":"text","content":"Dans ce contexte, nous demandons que nos accords bilatéraux évoluent pour devenir de réels partenariats économiques et politiques, fondés sur une ambition partagée pour les objectifs de développement durable de l’ONU et la transformation écologique et sociale. Au-delà d’assurer la compétitivité de nos entreprises, ils devront garantir nos approvisionnements stratégiques, en encadrant par exemple les échanges de produits de base. Ils devront promouvoir les normes de l’Union européenne par l’intégration de clauses miroirs, qui imposeront le respect de nos standards sociaux et environnementaux à tous les produits importés. Ils apporteront un accompagnement technique et financier à nos partenaires afin qu’ils soient compris, acceptés et appliqués. Nous devrons diriger nos investissements étrangers pour favoriser le développement et aider nos partenaires à créer de la valeur ajoutée sur leur territoire. Enfin, dans ces accords, tout manquement aux conditionnalités sociales et environnementales sera sanctionné au même titre que les violations des règles commerciales."},{"_id":"VRLDZAZQ5RH5BBV5H2BJNLW6GI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700151},"type":"text","content":"Des intérêts puissants poussent aujourd’hui à conclure rapidement un accord hérité d’une période que nous sommes en train de refermer. Parfois, le courage et le réalisme ensemble exigent de sacrifier des années de négociations et de travail pour repartir sur des bases saines. L’accord avec le Mercosur doit tomber."},{"_id":"PGT4KEDT6ZFIDGGJCMKMITNKLM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700153},"type":"text","content":"<b>Signataires :</b> <b>Raphaël Glucksmann </b>Député européen, coprésident de la délégation française au groupe Socialistes et Démocrates <b>Nora Mebarek</b> Députée européenne, coprésidente de la délégation française au groupe Socialistes et Démocrates <b>Boris Vallaud</b> Député, président du groupe Socialistes et Apparentés <b>Patrick Kanner </b>Sénateur, président du groupe Socialiste, Ecologiste et Républicain…"},{"_id":"LDLLDYSCWFAUHK3KHET5MHZW24","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732281763549},"type":"text","content":"La liste complète des signataires est <a href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/eyz0vk7z7ah1sn208q2b7/Liste-des-signataires-de-la-tribune-sur-le-Mercosur.docx?rlkey=nup7x6jy2gegmunf9nq0bug95&st=rfoc3f1d&dl=0\" target=\"_blank\">ici</a>."},{"level":6,"_id":"JIPWMDPXPRDVDPNKEBUIHXIV44","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732260700156},"type":"header","content":"Vous souhaitez publier une tribune dans <i>Libération</i> ? Pour connaître nos conseils et la marche à suivre, ainsi que l’adresse à laquelle nous envoyer vos propositions, rendez-vous dans la section «Proposer une tribune» en bas de cette page puis écrivez à <a href=\"mailto:idees@liberation.fr\">idees@liberation.fr</a>."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Raphaël Glucksmann et près de 140 parlementaires estiment que l‘accord de libre-échange entre l’UE et l’Amérique du Sud est un «contresens historique». 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victoire de l’écologie pour certains, la fin d’un Eldorado pour d’autres. La cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux a confirmé ce mercredi 27 novembre la non-prolongation des concessions de<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/france/2019/05/07/vers-un-enterrement-du-projet-montagne-d-or-en-guyane_1725445/\" target=\"_blank\"> la compagnie minière Montagne d’or, en Guyane</a>. Ce projet <i>«présente un risque d’atteintes graves à l’environnement» </i>au regard de la nature <i>«extrêmement polluante»</i> et de <i>«l’importance»</i> de sa dimension industrielle, a tranché la justice."},{"_id":"2XBBKK2MDRDKHBR4UYAEPJZVSE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[]},"type":"text","content":"Porté par le consortium russo-canadien Nordgold-Orea mining, c’était le plus grand projet d’extraction d’or primaire jamais proposé en France, couvrant 800 hectares et censé produire 6,7 tonnes d’or par an, sur douze ans."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"ISR5UABL6JACDD6GLFK45ZFA3M","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"K6DAOPAUYFH7DPSS4BFTX4RV6I"},"title":"Tribune","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"HAQLTF4Z7RHJLGNO4EPS4TCOF4","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"JE5Y2DRI6RDP3PROT34OYHMLWA","type":"interstitial_link","content":"La Montagne d’or : un mirage économique d’Eldorado","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2018/04/26/la-montagne-d-or-un-mirage-economique-d-eldorado_1646117/"}]},{"_id":"TD7N26S7GNALLGT3XVIZPCGCEE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705958510},"type":"text","content":"Cette décision est l’objet d’un va-et-vient judiciaire depuis plus de cinq ans. En janvier 2019, le ministère de l’Économie <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/2019/05/28/montagne-d-or-le-projet-minier-en-guyane-est-il-abandonne-comme-l-affirme-le-gouvernement_1729980/\" target=\"_blank\">avait refusé de prolonger deux concessions</a> pour vingt-cinq ans, comme demandé depuis 2018 par les promoteurs de Montagne d’or. Mais le refus du ministère de l’Economie avait été annulé par le <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/biodiversite/en-guyane-letat-en-lutte-judiciaire-contre-la-mine-de-la-montagne-dor-20210204_6JYWDMJMIJBMXLOIQI3SEH5V7U/\" target=\"_blank\">tribunal administratif de Cayenne fin 2020</a>, décision que la cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux avait confirmée à l’été 2021. Les jugements de ces deux tribunaux se basaient notamment sur l’ancienne version du code minier, antérieure à la loi Climat de 2021, qui permettait que des concessions soient prolongées de droit lorsque les gisements sur lesquels elles portent étaient encore exploités."},{"_id":"4Z2OZOLO2RDE3ARABTFCOJ22O4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705958512},"type":"text","content":"Mais en février 2022, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/montagne-dor-en-guyane-la-justice-ouvre-une-voie-de-recours-pour-mettre-fin-au-mega-projet-minier-20220218_ZANQVFAYCNG5BFXUTNRRZM2LBY/fin-de-vie/fin-de-vie/\" target=\"_blank\">le Conseil constitutionnel</a> avait déclaré qu’une partie de cet ancien code minier - qui permettait de renouveler des concessions sans tenir compte des conséquences environnementales - était contraire à la Loi fondamentale française, ouvrant une voie de recours contre le projet controversé en Guyane. En octobre 2023, le Conseil d’État, saisi par le ministère de l’Économie, avait alors annulé les arrêts de la cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux de 2021 et renvoyé l’affaire devant cette même cour."},{"level":2,"_id":"ZVZG4YEZ7VB3BPGVXPRY5KMNFM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705958511},"type":"header","content":"«L’une des écorégions les plus riches du monde»"},{"_id":"R72SN4AGJZBQTEHMDWOZEAAEAQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705958514},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Au regard de ce nouveau cadre juridique»</i>, la cour a cette fois examiné les conséquences environnementales des prolongations de concessions demandées par la compagnie minière, concluant à la légalité du refus opposé par l’administration. Elle relève ainsi que les concessions en question, de 40 km² au total, <i>«sont situées dans la forêt équatoriale de Guyane qui constitue l’une des écorégions les plus riches du monde en termes de biodiversité»</i> et que la zone présente <i>«d’importants enjeux de continuité écologique»</i>."},{"_id":"NLZQ3GY7YBGWPAW3W7SC7S7AHA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732705958515},"type":"text","content":"Exploitées depuis le XIXe siècle, ces concessions d’or faisaient l’objet d’une farouche opposition des associations écologistes depuis plusieurs années. En février 2017, dans un communiqué, le collectif de 18 associations Or de question avait demandé <i>«un moratoire sur l’exploitation minière à grande échelle en Guyane»</i> et <i>«l’arrêt de tous les projets de ce type déjà engagés»</i>. En 2019, c’est le ministre de l’environnement François de Rugy lui-même qui avait reconnu que le projet n’était <i>«pas au meilleur niveau»</i> en matière de respect de l’environnement."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Après une succession de décisions judiciaires contradictoires, la cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux a finalement tranché ce mercredi 27 novembre contre le projet du consortium russo-canadien Nordgold-Orea Mining, qui présente «un risque d’atteintes graves à l’environnement»."},"description":{"basic":"La cour administrative d’appel de Bordeaux a finalement tranché ce mercredi 27 novembre contre le projet du consortium russo-canadien Nordgold-Orea Mining, qui présente «un risque d’atteintes graves à l’environnement»."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement","parent_id":"/","name":"Environnement","description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","_id":"/environnement","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement","89"]},"navigation":{"nav_title":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","site_title":"Toute l’actualité Environnement avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Environnement","_id":"/environnement","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1004,"default":1007,"burgermenu":1008,"amp-menu":1008,"headernav":1009}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},"sites":[{"path":"/environnement","parent_id":"/","name":"Environnement","description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","_id":"/environnement","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement","89"]},"navigation":{"nav_title":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","site_title":"Toute l’actualité Environnement avec Libération","site_tagline":null},"inactive":false,"node_type":"section","social":{"twitter":null,"rss":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null},"site_topper":{"site_logo_image":null},"name":"Environnement","_id":"/environnement","ancestors":{"footer2":[],"default":["/"],"footer":[],"burgermenu":["/"],"amp-menu":["/"],"headernav":["/"]},"order":{"footer2":1004,"default":1007,"burgermenu":1008,"amp-menu":1008,"headernav":1009}}},"type":"site","version":"0.5.8"},{"path":"/societe","parent_id":"/","name":"Société","description":"Actualité société - 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spectateurs faisant la queue pour se désaltérer sur les sites des épreuves. Derrière le bar des stands <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/09/12/pollution-derriere-la-com-volontariste-de-coca-cola-des-montagnes-de-plastique_1678281/\" target=\"_blank\">Coca-Cola</a>, les serveurs remplissaient des gobelets réutilisables, ou Ecocup, floqués JO avec la célèbre boisson gazeuse sucrée (ou du Fanta, Fuze Tea, Sprite, de l’eau minérale) provenant de petites bouteilles en plastique à usage unique. Posés en évidence sur le comptoir, des panneaux publicitaires vantaient pourtant les actions de la marque pour limiter ses déchets : <i>«Pour PARIS 2024, nous aidons à réduire les emballages. N’oubliez pas de rapporter votre gobelet consigné !»</i> pouvait-on lire en lettres blanches sur fond rouge. De quoi faire bondir les associations de protection de l’environnement, qui ont rapidement dénoncé <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/jeux-olympiques/jo-de-paris-2024-coca-cola-sponsor-historique-et-omnipresent-critique-par-le-monde-medical-20240807_H4R3462UYNGLJGULC3IUOII2DM/\" target=\"_blank\">une double pollution plastique</a>."},{"_id":"LZMBI3UYFRHWXOOYJZWKLLCSWY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623928},"type":"text","content":"Quelques mois plus tard, alors que se tient <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/plastique-un-premier-traite-pour-baisser-la-production-peut-il-voir-le-jour-en-coree-du-sud-20241125_76DYR63TSFH2FHA33F3NNQN65A/\" target=\"_blank\">une session de négociations internationales </a>à Busan, en Corée du Sud, visant à élaborer un premier traité mondial sur<a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/pollution/a-ottawa-aux-negociations-sur-le-plastique-les-peuples-autochtones-vivent-dans-leur-chair-la-pollution-plastique-20240430_JA6QMBH62ZGMRASLIBGUWY26VE/?redirected=1\" target=\"_blank\"> la pollution plastique</a>, la fédération d’associations France Nature Environnement (FNE) a déposé plainte vendredi 22 novembre au tribunal judiciaire de Nanterre contre la filiale française de Coca-Cola pour <i>«pratiques commerciales trompeuses»</i>. Dans le document, que <i>Libération </i>a pu consulter, FNE demande des investigations sur <i>«le modèle adopté par l’entreprise pour distribuer ses boissons lors des Jeux olympiques et paralympiques de Paris 2024, qui entrent manifestement en contradiction avec les engagements pris et communiqués dans ce cadre, en matière environnementale»</i>."},{"_id":"B3WP5AEMU5CPDPPLMQIVWTI3LE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623929},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Ce qu’on reproche à Coca-Cola, c’est son manque de transparence par rapport au fait qu’une partie des boissons des Jeux ait été servie depuis des bouteilles en plastique dans des gobelets réutilisables, </i>expose Axèle Gibert, spécialiste de la gestion des déchets pour FNE. <i>Quand on a su que Coca-Cola, premier pollueur plastique au monde</i> [<a href=\"https://brandaudit.breakfreefromplastic.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/BRANDED-brand-audit-report-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">d’après les calculs de l’ONG Break Free from plastic</a>, ndlr]<i>, allait être sponsor des Jeux et détenteur de l’exclusivité de la distribution des boissons pendant l’évènement, nous avons porté une attention particulière à leur communication sur le sujet.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"L3N62UZZRRCHBGORJS4T3QECL4","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623930},"type":"header","content":"Sponsor historique"},{"_id":"GZFZ6Q72PFFCDFE3CNNUHGMCIU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623931},"type":"text","content":"Depuis plusieurs années, le Comité d’organisation des Jeux (Cojop) multipliait les annonces sur <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/jeux-olympiques/jeux-olympiques-de-paris-2024-repenser-reduire-recycler-lautre-devise-ecolo-du-cojo-20240320_RFCOJECUZZEBTDPK5XJSKNHQRI/\" target=\"_blank\">des Jeux de Paris <i>«durables»</i> aux ambitions<i> «historiques pour le climat»</i></a><i>. </i>Lorsque Coca-Cola, sponsor historique des JO, est officiellement entré dans la danse, <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/jeux-olympiques/a-marseille-lassociation-clean-my-calanques-refuse-de-porter-la-flamme-olympique-sponsorisee-par-coca-cola-20240429_O5ZN7ON3RJELVK6UOUC4BAFVHI/\" target=\"_blank\">les critiques du clan écologiste ont vite fusé</a>. Installation de 700 fontaines à eau et soda pour le public, multiplication des gobelets réutilisables, retour des bouteilles en verre… Une stratégie de communication rodée vise à verdir le blason de l’entreprise. <a href=\"https://www.coca-cola.com/fr/fr/media-center/coca-cola-devoile-son-dispositif-engagements-jeux-olympiques-paralympiques-paris-2024\" target=\"_blank\">Comme l’expliquait la filiale française</a>, <i>«avec Paris 2024, Coca‑Cola s’est engagé à soutenir l’ambition de réduire de moitié l’empreinte plastique à usage unique par rapport aux Jeux olympiques et paralympiques de Londres 2012»</i>."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"SZLWCZLCNRFULK54ZQ55US64XY","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"G5IKOHEPH5GFRKUATQMXFAYXJM"},"title":"Analyse","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"NPA2EEWH5NCANC3MWJ4PBVI36I","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"T7VO2TDC75A4ZHRYCDVRNTFLGE","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Bilan carbone de Paris 2024 : vraiment plus «verts», ces Jeux ?","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/environnement/climat/bilan-carbone-de-paris-2024-vraiment-plus-verts-ces-jeux-20240811_OX6AGZH7KVGXFIWVX7MVXMXCEA/"}]},{"_id":"HZQV3T7QJ5CORIUJNI7G74FV5Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623932},"type":"text","content":"<i>«Nous allons révolutionner la distribution des boissons pendant les Jeux</i>, s’enthousiasmait Mickaël Vinet, directeur général de Coca-Cola France, <a href=\"https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/ca-nous-marque/coca-cola-profiter-des-jeux-de-paris-pour-accelerer-la-transformation-ecologique_6483185.html\" target=\"_blank\">au micro de France Info</a>, le 24 avril. <i>Chaque spectateur va être servi dans un gobelet consigné réemployé. On va s’assurer que 100 % des contenants pour verser les boissons soient collectés pour être réutilisés ou réemployés.»</i> Et d’ajouter : <i>«L’ambition est de faire en sorte que ces Jeux soient zéro déchet d’emballage.» </i>Cette dernière déclaration ne colle pas avec la réalité du terrain, selon FNE.<i> «Des petites bouteilles versées dans des gobelets réutilisables, cela relève de l’absurdité et du greenwashing, </i>dénonce Axèle Gibert. <i>On ne veut pas que ce type de pratique se reproduise, d’où le dépôt d’une plainte. Si bouteille en plastique il y a, elle doit être mentionnée clairement, le consommateur doit avoir accès à une information transparente.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"HKMHYJSITBBALAIPYI2KLA7LWU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732646628089},"type":"header","content":"Note confidentielle"},{"_id":"VFMPLOGN2FHZRNXSUCE5SN5PPQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732637623933},"type":"text","content":"Quelques semaines avant les Jeux, en juin, la fédération d’ONG avait été alertée par une note confidentielle du Cojop datant de février 2023, également consultée par <i>Libération</i>. Dans ce document interne d’une dizaine de pages, il est écrit que la bouteille en plastique recyclé <i>«garde un rôle important pour distribuer les boissons de la gamme Coca-Cola dans les sites où l’installation de fontaines n’est pas possible (faute d’infrastructures déployables, de place disponible dans les buvettes, ou lorsque la taille du public est trop importante pour permettre le service de bouteilles en verre consignées)»</i>. Toujours d’après ce document, sur les 9 millions de ventes de boissons que le groupe anticipait, plus de deux tiers concernaient des gobelets remplis à partir de bouteilles en plastique censées être ensuite recyclées dans leur propre centre de tri. Finalement, <a href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/posts/paris-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games-bid_pour-les-sportifs-des-ambitions-de-m%C3%A9dailles-activity-7222948874229850112-uR_B/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop\" target=\"_blank\">13 millions d’Ecocup ont été produits pour l’évènement</a> et les chiffres réels de vente n’ont pas encore été communiqués."},{"_id":"563JK4JYXRES7BKIWL7XTCTQ2U","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-28T08:19:46.509Z","start":156,"end":578,"text":"mise à jour ","user":"Julie Renson-miquel","email":"j.renson-miquel@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732637623934},"type":"text","content":"Sollicité par <i>Libération </i>pour réagir au dépôt de la plainte et détailler le nombre de boissons servies à partir de bouteilles en plastique durant les Jeux, Coca-Cola France a répondu que <i>«le modèle de distribution des boissons mis en place dans tous les points de vente des sites de compétition pour Paris 2024 a permis d’optimiser la collecte de nos emballages, facilitant le recyclage ou le réemploi de nos bouteilles en complément des 700 fontaines qui ont été installées. L’ensemble des bouteilles que nous avons collectées ont été envoyées à Beaune, au centre de recyclage»</i>. De son côté, le Cojop précise qu’il apportera <i>«courant décembre»</i> la totalité des éléments concernant le volet environnemental de l’organisation des Jeux."},{"_id":"RT26OG24J5FMBJWETOLYHN4YSQ","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[{"date":"2024-11-28T08:20:23.506Z","start":0,"end":64,"text":"ajout","user":"Julie Renson-miquel","email":"j.renson-miquel@liberation.fr"}],"_id":1732800270458},"type":"text","content":"<i><b>Mise à jour </b></i><i>le 28 novembre avec la réaction de Coca-Cola France.</i>"}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Pendant les Jeux, des gobelets consignés ont été remplis à partir de bouteilles en plastique dans certains stands de la marque, qui a pourtant mis en avant ses actions pour l’environnement. France Nature Environnement attaque le groupe pour «pratiques commerciales trompeuses»."},"description":{"basic":"Pendant les Jeux, des gobelets consignés ont été remplis à partir de bouteilles en plastique dans certains stands de la marque, qui a pourtant mis en avant ses actions pour l’environnement. 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article est tiré du </b></i><b>Libé spécial auteur·es jeunesse.</b><i><b> Pour la sixième année, </b></i><b>Libération </b><i><b>se met aux couleurs et textes de la jeunesse pour le Salon du livre de Montreuil qui ouvre ses portes ce mercredi 27 novembre. Retrouvez tous les articles </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/pages-jeunes/\"><i><b>ici</b></i></a><i><b>.</b></i>"},{"_id":"33MJBGBPWFB6TLR7RQF7DSXQEE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732629624563},"type":"text","content":"A une heure de voiture au nord de Tel-Aviv, Sharon Cohen, fondatrice du refuge Starting Over, veille sur un millier de chevaux, ânes, chèvres, poules, chats, autant d’animaux errants, abandonnés, victimes de sévices ou de négligence, rescapés des abattoirs. Certains sont aveugles, blessés, amputés ; d’autres, épuisés par une vie d’esclavage, ne tiennent plus debout.<i> «Une personne normale ne peut imaginer faire subir des choses pareilles», </i>s’indigne Sharon. Silhouette déterminée, voix vibrante, un agneau collé à ses basques, la maîtresse des lieux se bat depuis sept ans pour offrir aux animaux maltraités une<i> </i>«seconde chance». Autrement dit, les soigner et leur redonner confiance en l’être humain. La tâche est rude, demande du temps, de l’espace, des bénévoles et des moyens. Tout ce qui, ici, manque cruellement. <i>«Les animaux sont pucés, vaccinés et stérilisés. Pas question de faire de l’élevage, la nursery, c’est pour les femelles pleines à leur arrivée.»</i> Pourtant, plus de 600 ânes broutent actuellement dans un champ voisin, certains devaient s’envoler pour des refuges-relais en France et en Belgique. En 2022, le refuge La Tanière, près de Chartres, a accueilli un premier troupeau d’ânes rescapés mais la guerre a tout arrêté. Depuis ? <i>«J’appelle, je sollicite, on ne me répond plus.»</i> <i>«Dis-leur</i>, me demande-t-elle, <i>dis-leur qu’on a besoin d’eux.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"7RPK3MJHTFBJ5FWTSVHGNZPYEI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732629624564},"type":"header","content":"«Les animaux ne font pas de politique»"},{"_id":"ZK473GQG5NB2XJHFAUAR3Y53HE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732620489563},"type":"text","content":"La guerre est une plaie béante qui suinte de partout. Aujourd’hui, c’est un cheval blessé, amené par de jeunes soldats. <i>«Ils ne pouvaient le laisser dans cet état.»</i> Me reviennent les mots de Marguerite Yourcenar : <i>«Je me dis souvent que si nous n’avions pas accepté, depuis des générations, de voir étouffer les animaux dans des wagons à bestiaux, ou s’y briser les pattes comme il arrive à tant de vaches ou de chevaux, envoyés à l’abattoir dans des conditions absolument inhumaines, personne, pas même les soldats chargés de les convoyer, n’aurait supporté les wagons plombés des années 1940-1945.»</i>"},{"_id":"CKQGNRCNQZCRXCBUZD4SCJV44Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732620489564},"type":"text","content":"Sharon ne dit pas autre chose : <i>«La non-violence envers les animaux est un gage de non-violence générale.»</i> C’est la deuxième mission que s’est donnée le centre : faire du sanctuaire un lieu de tolérance et de compassion. Le volet pédagogique est essentiel. Des programmes ont été mis en place pour accueillir des élèves. Ils apprennent à considérer les besoins d’un âne, découvrent que les animaux aussi ressentent la faim, la peur, qu’ils nouent des liens privilégiés avec certains de leurs congénères. <i>«C’est parfois plus facile de passer par les animaux pour comprendre comment se comporter entre êtres humains.» </i>Sharon croit en l’éducation. Lorsque je lui demande si les écoles arabes participent aussi au programme, elle s’étonne de ma question : <i>«Evidemment !»</i> Et aussi :<i> «Les animaux ne font pas de politique, ne prennent position ni d’un côté ni de l’autre, ce sont des âmes pures.»</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"75WO4NZZRJCCTF3LVJRHHVIKBA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732620489565},"type":"header","content":"Réhabilitation mutuelle"},{"_id":"75WO4NZZRJCCTF3LVJRHHVIKBA","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732620489565},"type":"text","content":"Des âmes guérisseuses aussi ? Ici, on y croit. Le centre accueille des jeunes fragilisés, dépressifs, violentés, des déficients issus d’institutions spécialisées.<i> «Et que faites-vous avec eux ?» «Rien, </i>répond Sharon. <i>Les éducateurs sont présents mais ils interviennent à peine. Les jeunes pénètrent les enclos, entrent en relation avec les animaux. C’est très intuitif, il n’y a pas de sous-entendus, pas de jugements, ils se reconnaissent dans leurs souffrances.»</i> Et de me raconter le parcours d’une adolescente abusée. Elle marchait comme un robot, ne souriait plus depuis des mois. Aux côtés des ânons, sa mère l’entend recommencer à rire. Ils jouent, se cajolent. Il y a aussi cet adolescent délinquant venu s’occuper des ânes pendant quatre ans. On se demande alors qui prend soin de qui. C’est comme une réhabilitation mutuelle."},{"_id":"HIHHRCOD2JEKNONGKQS5QA4E5Q","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732620489566},"type":"text","content":"Depuis <a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/attaques-terroristes-du-7-octobre/\" target=\"_blank\">le 7 octobre 2023,</a> le refuge ne désemplit pas. On y dépose des animaux dont les maîtres ont été tués, on y accueille des survivants du festival Nova, des enfants évacués du Nord. Je demande : des ex-otages aussi ? Sharon confirme mais ne souhaite pas en dire plus. Si ce n’est un<i> «ouah, c’est tellement difficile». </i>Parmi les visiteurs, certains n’étaient plus capables de sortir de chez eux depuis des mois. Seule la perspective de venir en aide à des animaux maltraités les a décidés à pousser la grille du refuge. 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article est tiré du</b></i><b> Libé spécial auteur·es jeunesse.</b><i><b> Pour la sixième année, </b></i><b>Libération </b><i><b>se met aux couleurs et textes de la jeunesse pour le Salon du livre de Montreuil qui ouvre ses portes ce mercredi 27 novembre. Retrouvez tous les articles </b></i><a href=\"https://www.liberation.fr/dossier/pages-jeunes/\"><i><b>ici</b></i></a><i><b>.</b></i>"},{"_id":"6MY2LKESQFEMVOSNMTDER6MKGM","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544065923},"type":"text","content":"Destination appréciée des classes moyennes et des Hollandais, le département numéro 39 est longtemps resté à l’abri du tourisme de masse. Si l’image le réduit parfois à son comté, ses vins jaunes et marneux, ses lacs et ses pipes en bois, le Jura demeure pluriel, de la plaine de Bresse au massif du Haut-Jura. Loulle et Mont-sur-Monnet, 171 et 247 âmes, se nichent sur le plateau karstique de Balerne, à proximité des reculées du même nom et de Vers Cul, en moyenne montagne. Célèbres pour les pistes de dinosaures de la première commune, pour leurs remarquables lapiaz (formation géologique issue du creusement du calcaire par les eaux de pluie) et les passages de lynx, les deux voisines hoquettent un matin de 2020 à l’annonce d’un grand projet de parc photovoltaïque en milieu naturel."},{"_id":"TCCPB625UZDBBN64C6FKFANK3Y","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777231},"type":"text","content":"<i>«En allant démarcher les petites communes, les développeurs de parcs photovoltaïques mettent en avant les retombées économiques locales, </i>analyse<i> </i>Sacha du Cercle photovoltaïque du Collectif citoyens résistants de Champagnole<i>. Cette stratégie est pertinente lorsque l’on connaît leurs situations budgétaires de plus en plus serrées. La production forestière représente une recette importante pour ces communes de faible densité, mais les forêts jurassiennes souffrent grandement des épisodes de sécheresse récurrents qui favorisent la colonisation par le scolyte et les monocultures d’épicéas, non adaptées au changement climatique, sèchent sur pied massivement. Le marché se retrouve actuellement saturé et les prix s’effondrent. Pourquoi donc ne pas remplacer ces forêts devenues non rentables par des parcs de production d’énergie “décarbonée”? C’est l’argument phare que font valoir ces porteurs de projet.»</i>"},{"_id":"CNRHM7JLANE3JDW3ETJ23BSYQE","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544065925},"type":"text","content":"L’emprise du projet, porté par Cévennes Energy, filiale d’une holding suisse, et soutenu localement par le biais d’une société d’économie mixte qui compte le conseil régional et les syndicats intercommunaux du Doubs et du Jura parmi ses actionnaires, inclut des secteurs sensibles du plateau, lapiaz forestiers, prairies sèches à dalles affleurantes, lésines et dolines (crevasses et dépressions)."},{"level":2,"_id":"CDLUCMBBMVGLBLH53VHS322ZUY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777235},"type":"header","content":"Surfaces anthropisées"},{"_id":"RZFA3N6IXNGZZPRWYHKVDRUQDU","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777234},"type":"text","content":"La lecture de l’étude initiale suscite immédiatement des oppositions qui se cristallisent en collectif d’habitant·e·s, de paysan·ne·s, de spéléologues, de naturalistes et de chasseurs qui savent s’entendre par mauvais temps. «<i>Le contexte karstique résulte d’un lent processus étalé sur des millénaires de creusement de failles, pertes, gouffres, </i>dit Vincent, de Jura Nature Environnement (JNE).<i> Ces paysages offrent une extraordinaire diversité d’ambiances et de micro-milieux propres à accueillir sur de faibles surfaces des végétations pionnières parvenant à se développer sur les dalles rocheuses, des invertébrés s’abritant dans les failles ombragées et humides et, dans le cas de cavités plus profondes, de petites populations de chauves-souris (notamment petit et grand rhinolophes) menacées à l’échelle européenne.»</i>"},{"_id":"CDLUCMBBMVGLBLH53VHS322ZUY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777235},"type":"text","content":"Le promoteur évoque quant à lui <i>«des zones boisées pauvres suivant les critères établis par l’ONF [Office national des forêts] : friches agricoles, taillis dépérissant, bois non productif»</i>... L’ONF dépose pourtant un avis défavorable au projet final en mars 2024, «<i>sur le principe de préservation des espaces forestiers et celui de l’incompatibilité de la production d’énergie photovoltaïque avec la sylviculture</i>». La carotte de trois jeunes arbres plantés pour un vieil arbre arraché ne suffit pas. Le mois suivant, c’est la mission régionale d’autorité environnementale de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Mrae) qui alerte : «<i>Au vu des incidences environnementales fortes du projet, le choix du site retenu est de nature à porter de graves atteintes aux milieux naturels et aux espèces.</i>» La commission départementale de préservation des espaces naturels, agricoles et forestiers (, qui lutte contre l’artificialisation des terres agricoles, enjeu des plus actuels, s’exprime aussi en défaveur du défrichement de ces sites. <i>«Au-delà de la nécessaire sobriété énergétique, puisque l’addition de l’ensemble des productions d’énergies renouvelables ne parviendra pas à remplacer nos productions d’origine fossile et nucléaire, l’accent doit être donné à l’implantation de centrales photovoltaïques sur les zones déjà imperméabilisées (parkings, toitures), au plus proche des lieux de consommation», </i>défend Vincent de JNE. Et Champagnole, ville de 8 000 habitant·e·s située à 4 kilomètres du site de Loulle, au pied du plateau de Balerne, ne manque pas de ces surfaces anthropisées."},{"subtype":"title_only","_id":"BT4SSH5ODFH4LL6JVURUSGATSM","additional_properties":{"comments":[],"_id":"WTWYI3QUJFC2ZGRRH54445X4LQ"},"title":"A lire aussi","type":"link_list","items":[{"description":{"_id":"2NSOEQRN6NCAFKISDMQ2WU5BFY","type":"text","content":""},"_id":"TXC54WKOKNAVNOOHU6M32EGK5M","type":"interstitial_link","content":"Pour un arrêt du déploiement de centrales photovoltaïques en milieux naturels","url":"https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/pour-un-arret-du-deploiement-de-centrales-photovoltaiques-en-milieux-naturels-20241105_2SD3ZVP5VVHB5FQWFGONVI35VA/"}]},{"_id":"CUFZM2HHO5FLTIF6UN3JK5HURI","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777236},"type":"text","content":"Comme partout mais plus encore dans le Jura karstique où les eaux s’infiltrent et circulent dans un ensemble de failles et de conduits souterrains, la question de la ressource et des cycles s’impose désormais comme prioritaire. Selon Florent Tissot, du comité départemental de spéléologie du Jura, «n<i>otre connaissance karstique du plateau de Balerne reste lacunaire. Cela pose une question éthique de détruire un écosystème dont on ignore le fonctionnement précis et ses connexions avec le karst plus profond encore inconnu. Toutefois, on peut affirmer que l’artificialisation du karst superficiel n’est pas sans incidence sur la circulation des eaux. Il faut attendre une modification des régimes aux résurgences: étiages et crues plus prononcés. On peut aussi craindre des pollutions plus nombreuses aux résurgences au moment du chantier ou dans la phase de fonctionnement (nettoyage des panneaux)».</i>"},{"level":2,"_id":"I5PSK75VPRB3XEJWKQZPMSMYVY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544065931},"type":"header","content":"Donner son avis en ligne"},{"_id":"I5PSK75VPRB3XEJWKQZPMSMYVY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1732544065932},"type":"text","content":"L’étude d’implantation initiale envisage 420 hectares d’artificialisation, mais la surface se réduit au fil des mobilisations locales et citoyennes, des expertises, des recours et des études rectificatives : 122 hectares puis bientôt 87 organisés en 3 lots pour une première demande de permis de construire en 2022. C’est 51 hectares pour la proposition finale soumise à l’enquête publique unique, dernier maillon de la chaîne des procédures réglementaires de validation d’un projet impactant. Durant 33 jours, du 5 septembre au 7 octobre 2024, chacun peut consulter les 1 800 pages des 39 dossiers, donner son avis en ligne, par courrier ou en mairie durant les quelques demi-journées allouées à la consultation physique. La conclusion de la commission d’enquête est tombée le 6 novembre : avis défavorable, ce qui est rare à ce stade avancé du parcours."},{"_id":"TYPESIWZGBF5LCMTMLYXPWYHBY","additional_properties":{"inline_comments":[],"comments":[],"_id":1731680777241},"type":"text","content":"Mais à la fin de l’histoire, c’est toujours le préfet qui décide. Celui du Jura rendra sa décision dans les prochains jours, autorisant ou non le défrichement des 51 hectares de zones naturelles et l’implantation de quelque 80 000 panneaux. Comme il décidera du sort du projet photovoltaïque suivant, porté cette fois par une filiale du conglomérat allemand RWE, grand extracteur de lignite, et envisagé en milieu naturel sur les sensibles prairies sèches de Pimorin, commune de 206 âmes située à une trentaine de kilomètres de Loulle et Mont-sur-Monnet, à vol de bécasse."}],"subheadlines":{"basic":"Malgré les mobilisations citoyennes et les avis défavorables, le projet d’implantation d’un grand parc en milieu naturel et fragile n’est pas abandonné. Chacun attend le dernier mot du préfet, dans les prochains jours."},"description":{"basic":"Malgré les mobilisations citoyennes et les avis défavorables, le projet d’implantation d’un grand parc en milieu naturel et fragile n’est pas abandonné. Chacun attend le dernier mot du préfet, dans les prochains jours."},"language":"","source":{"system":"composer","name":"liberation","source_type":"staff"},"taxonomy":{"primary_site":{"path":"/environnement","parent_id":"/","name":"Environnement","description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","_id":"/environnement","additional_properties":{"original":{"parent":{"footer2":"/","default":"/","footer":null,"burgermenu":"/","amp-menu":"/","headernav":"/"},"_admin":{"alias_ids":["/environnement","89"]},"navigation":{"nav_title":null},"site":{"pagebuilder_path_for_native_apps":null,"site_url":null,"site_keywords":null,"site_about":null,"site_description":"Retrouvez toutes les dernières infos sur l'environnement et les enjeux pour la planète : climat, pollution, agriculture, biodiversité, alimentation...","site_title":"Toute l’actualité Environnement avec 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