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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrofizik_cerapan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrofizik_cerapan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Astrofizik cerapan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrofizik_cerapan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrofizik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 102 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فيزياء فلكية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء فلكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিৰ্পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যোতিৰ্পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিঃপদার্থবিজ্ঞান – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতিঃপদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрафізіка – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астрафізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofyzika" title="Astrofyzika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astrofyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroffiseg" title="Astroffiseg – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Astroffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrofysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Astrofüüsika – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrofüüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αστροφυσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστροφυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofiziko" title="Astrofiziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrofiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="اخترفیزیک – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترفیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysique" title="Astrophysique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrophysique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altfhisic" title="Réaltfhisic – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltfhisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="천체물리학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천체물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Աստղաֆիզիկա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղաֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलभौतिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलभौतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofiziko" title="Astrofiziko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrofiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysica" title="Astrophysica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astrophysica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarne%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjarneðlisfræði – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjarneðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אסטרופיזיקה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרופיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ასტროფიზიკა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტროფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AArfiz%C3%AEk" title="Stêrfizîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêrfizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysica" title="Astrophysica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astrophysica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofixica" title="Astrofixica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Astrofixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrofizika" title="Asztrofizika – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrofizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ഖഗോള ഭൗതികം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഖഗോള ഭൗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलभौतिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खगोलभौतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ასტროფიზიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტროფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="فيزيا الفلك – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا الفلك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng_%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB-h%C5%8Fk" title="Tiĕng-ùng Ŭk-lī-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng Ŭk-lī-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Астрофизик – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Астрофизик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တရူပဗေဒ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက္ခတ္တရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysica" title="Astrofysica – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrofysica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysikk" title="Astrofysikk – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrofysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysikk" title="Astrofysikk – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrofysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisike" title="Astrofisike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astrofisike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisica" title="Astrofisica – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astrofisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تارہ فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارہ فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="د ستورو فزيک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ستورو فزيک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizyka" title="Astrofizyka – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrofizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ADsica" title="Astrofísica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrofísica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizic%C4%83" title="Astrofizică – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrofizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysik" title="Astrophysik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Astrophysik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrof%C3%ACsica" title="Astrofìsica – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrofìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාරකා භෞතික විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරකා භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrophysics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofyzika" title="Astrofyzika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrofyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ستێرفیزیک – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستێرفیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofisika" title="Astrofisika – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astrofisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysiikka" title="Astrofysiikka – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrofysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofysik" title="Astrofysik – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrofysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasngama_tasnaggurt" title="Tasngama tasnaggurt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasngama tasnaggurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropisika" title="Astropisika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astropisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானியற்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானியற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఖగోళ భౌతికశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖగోళ భౌతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์ดาราศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์ดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n" title="Vật lý thiên văn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý thiên văn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ахтарфизик – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтарфизик" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizik" title="Astrofizik – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrofizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astrofizika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофизика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Астрофизика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Астрофізика – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрофізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکی طبیعیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکی طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropisika" title="Astropisika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astropisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="天體物理學 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天體物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C3%AA_Asm%C3%AAni" title="Fizikê Asmêni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizikê Asmêni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天体物理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrofizik" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Astrofizik" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrofizik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrofizik"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Astrofizik" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Astrofizik" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&oldid=6262151" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Astrofizik&id=6262151&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrofizik"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrofizik"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Astrofizik"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Astrofizik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrophysics" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37547" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><p><b>Astrofizik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a>: "<i>astrophysics</i>") merupakan salah satu cabang <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> yang melibatkan <a href="/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik">fizik</a> <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a>, termasuklah ciri-ciri fizikal (<a href="/wiki/Keamatan" class="mw-disambig" title="Keamatan">keamatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketumpatan" title="Ketumpatan">ketumpatan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> dan komposisi <a href="/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia">kimia</a>) bagi <a href="/wiki/Objek_astronomi" title="Objek astronomi">objek samawi</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi">galaksi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Medium_antara_najam" title="Medium antara najam">medium antara najam</a> serta interaksi mereka. Pengajian <a href="/wiki/Kosmologi" title="Kosmologi">kosmologi</a> pula merupakan teori astrofizik pada skala yang luas yang kini dimainkan peranan oleh <a href="/wiki/Teori_kerelatifan_am" class="mw-redirect" title="Teori kerelatifan am">teori kerelatifan am</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. </p><p>Disebabkan astrofizik merupakan subjek yang sangat luas, <i>ahli astrofizik</i> lazimnya mengambil banyak bidang fizik, termasuklah <a href="/wiki/Mekanik" title="Mekanik">mekanik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelektromagnetan" title="Keelektromagnetan">keelektromagnetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mekanik_statistik" title="Mekanik statistik">mekanik statistik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizik_nuklear" title="Fizik nuklear">fizik nuklear</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fizik_zarah" title="Fizik zarah">zarah</a> serta <a href="/wiki/Fizik_atom,_molekul_dan_optik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizik atom, molekul dan optik">fizik atom, molekul dan optik</a>. Sebagai amalan, kajian astrofizik moden melibatkan banyak cabang fizik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun astronomi sama seperti catatan tentangnya juga, ia telah lama dipisahkan dari fizik. Dalam pandangan <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, dunia samawi lebih cenderung kepada penyempurnaan—jasad di langit kelihatan seperti sfera lengkap yang bergerak dalam orbit yang sempurna bulat—manakala dunia lebih kepada kurang sempurna; kedua-duanya kelihatan tidak berkaitan. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristarchus_dari_Samos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristarchus dari Samos (laman tidak wujud)">Aristarchus dari Samos</a> (kk.310 – kk.250 SM) menjadi orang pertama menyatakan bahawa pergerakan jasad samawi boleh diterangkan dengan menganggap <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> dan semua <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> lain dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_suria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem suria">sistem suria</a> mengelilingi <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">matahari</a>. Malangnya, dalam dunia geosentrik ketika itu, teori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliosentrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliosentrik (laman tidak wujud)">heliosentrik</a> Aristarchus dibuang dan dicerca, dan berabad lamanya, kenyataan ketara yang diterima akal menunjukkan bahawa matahari dan planet lain mengelilingi Bumi dan semua itu tidak lagi dipersoalkan. Kemudian, seorang ahli astronomi yang bernama <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, mendedahkan model heliosentrik pada <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-16" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a>. Pada 1609, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> menemui empat bulan tercerah bagi <a href="/wiki/Musytari" title="Musytari">Musytari</a>, dan mencatatkan orbit mereka pada planet tersebut, dan ini bercanggahan dengan dogma geosentrik bagi <a href="/wiki/Gereja" title="Gereja">Gereja</a> <a href="/wiki/Katolik" title="Katolik">Katolik</a> pada masa itu. Bagaimanapun, dia terlepas daripada hukuman berat setelah menyatakan bahawa astronominya hanya sebuah kerja <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a>, dan bukan ilmu alam (fizik) yang menjadikannya abstrak semata-mata. </p><p>Kewujudan data cerapan yang jitu (kebanyakannya dari cerapan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tycho_Brahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tycho Brahe (laman tidak wujud)">Tycho Brahe</a>) membolehkan kajian terhadap penjelasan bagi perlakuan objek yang dicerap. Pada mulanya, hanya peraturan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empirik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empirik (laman tidak wujud)">empirik</a> yang dijumpai, iaitu <a href="/wiki/Hukum_gerakan_planet_Kepler" title="Hukum gerakan planet Kepler">hukum gerakan planet Kepler</a>, muncul pada awal <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-17" title="Abad ke-17">abad ke-17</a>. Abad seterusnya, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> menyambungkan jurang antara hukum Kepler dan dinamik Galileo dan menemui hukum yang sama menguasai dinamik objek di Bumi turut menguasai gerakan planet dan bulan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanik_samawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanik samawi (laman tidak wujud)">Mekanik samawi</a>, penglibatan <a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">graviti</a> Newton dan hukum Newton yang menerangkan hukum gerakan planet Kepler merupakan penyatuan fizik dan astronomi. </p><p>Selepas Isaac Newton menerbitkan bukunya, <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a></i>, pelayaran maritim telah berubah. Bermula sekitar <a href="/wiki/1670" title="1670">1670</a>-an, seluruh dunia telah dikira dengan menggunakan peralatan <a href="/wiki/Latitud" title="Latitud">latitud</a> moden dan <a href="/wiki/Jam" title="Jam">jam</a> yang terbaik ketika itu. Keperluan pelayaran itu lantas menyediakan panduan bagi pencerapan dan peralatan astronomi yang lebih tepat dan menyediakan lebih banyak latar belakang data bagi saintis. </p><p>Pada penghujung <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-19" title="Abad ke-19">abad ke-19</a>, telah ditemui, apabila diasingkan cahaya daripada matahari, garisan spektrum telah diperhatikan (kawasan kurang datau tiada cahaya). Uji kaji dengan gas panas menunjukkan bahawa garis yang sama boleh dicerap dalam spektrum gas, garis tertentu yang mengaitkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a>. Dengan cara ini, telah dinyatakan bahawa bahan kimia telah ditemui dalam matahari (kebanyakannya <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a>) yang turut terdapat di Bumi. Malah, unsur <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> pertama kali ditemui di matahari dan kemudian di Bumi, yang menjadikannya nama unsur tersebut. Ketika <a href="/wiki/Abad_ke-20" title="Abad ke-20">abad ke-20</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">spektroskopi</a> (kajian tentang garis spektrum) berkembang, lebih lagi setelah kemunclan <a href="/wiki/Fizik_kuantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizik kuantum">fizik kuantum</a> yang amat diperlukan untuk memahami cerapan uji kaji dan astronomi.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astrofizik_cerapan">Astrofizik cerapan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Astrofizik cerapan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Astrofizik cerapan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kebanyakan cerapan astrofizik menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnet" title="Spektrum elektromagnet">spektrum elektromagnet</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi_radio" title="Astronomi radio">Astronomi radio</a> mengkaji sinaran dengan <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> yang lebih dari beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Millimeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millimeter (laman tidak wujud)">millimeter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_radio" title="Gelombang radio">Gelombang radio</a> sering dipancarkan oleh objek sejuk, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_antara_najam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas antara najam (laman tidak wujud)">gas antara najam</a> dan awan habuk. <a href="/wiki/Sinaran_latar_belakang_gelombang_mikro_kosmik" title="Sinaran latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmik">Sinaran latar belakang gelombang mikro kosmik</a> merupakan cahaya <a href="/wiki/Anjakan_merah" title="Anjakan merah">anjakan merah</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Letupan_Besar" title="Letupan Besar">Letupan Besar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> pula kali pertama dikesan pada frekuensi <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_mikro" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelombang mikro">gelombang mikro</a>. Kajian tentang gelombang ini memerlukan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_radio" title="Teleskop radio">teleskop radio</a> yang sangat besar.</li> <li>Astronomi <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" class="mw-redirect" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a> mengkaji de ngan panjang gelombang yang terlalu panjang untuk dilihat tetapi lebih kecil dari gelombang radio. Cerapan inframerah sering dibuat dengan teleskop yang sama dengan teleskop <a href="/wiki/Optik" title="Optik">optik</a>. Objek yang lebih sejuk berbanding bintang (seperti planet) lazimnya dikaji dengan frekuensi infra merah.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_optik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi optik (laman tidak wujud)">Astronomi optik</a> merupakan astronomi tertua. Teleskop yang dipasangkan dengan <a href="/wiki/Spektroskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spektroskop">spektroskop</a> adalah peralatan yang paling biasa. <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfera">Atmosfera</a> Bumi agak mengganggu cerapan optik, maka optik tambahan dan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_angkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop angkasa">teleskop angkasa</a> digunakan untuk mengekalkan mutu imej sebaik mungkin. Dalam julat ini, bintang amat mudah dilihat,m dan kebanyakan spektrum kimia boleh dicerap untuk mengkaji komposisi bintang, <a href="/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi">galaksi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a>.</li> <li>Astronomi <a href="/wiki/Ultraungu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraungu">ultraungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_sinar-X" title="Astronomi sinar-X">sinar-X</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Astronomi_sinar_gama" title="Astronomi sinar gama">sinar gama</a> mengkaji proses tenaga seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar_binari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulsar binari (laman tidak wujud)">pulsar binari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lohong_hitam" title="Lohong hitam">lohong hitam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a>, dan banyak lagi. Sinaran seperti ini tidak menembusi atmosfera Bumi. Terdapat dua kebarangkalian untuk mencerap bahagian spektrum elektromagnet ini—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleskop_pangkalan_angkasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleskop pangkalan angkasa (laman tidak wujud)">teleskop pangkalan angkasa</a> dan teleskop pengimejan udara Cherenkov pangkalan bumi, (IACT). <a href="/wiki/Balai_cerap" title="Balai cerap">Balai cerap</a> yang pertama jenis itu ialah RXTE, Balai Cerap Sinar-X Chandra dan Balai Cerap Sinar Gamma Compton. IACT adalah, sebagai contoh, teleskop Sistem Stereoskop Bertenaga Tinggi (H.E.S.S.) dan teleskop <a href="/w/index.php?title=MAGIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MAGIC (laman tidak wujud)">MAGIC</a> teleskop.</li></ul> <p>Selain sinaran elektromagnet, beberapa perkara mungkin boleh dicerap di Bumi yang berasal dari jarak yang terlampau jauh. Beberapa cerapan <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_kegravitian" title="Gelombang kegravitian">gelombang kegravitian</a> telah dibentuk, tetapi gelombang itu amat sukar untuk dikesan. Pencerapan <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> juga telah dibina, utamanya untuk mengkaji matahari kita. <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmos" title="Sinar kosmos">Sinar kosmos</a> mengandungi zarah bertenaga tinggi yang boleh dicerap menghentam atmosfera Bumi. </p><p>Cerapan juga boleh berubah dalam skala masa. Kebanyakan cerapan optik mengambil masa berminit hingga berjam, maka fenomena yang mengubah lebih cepat daripada ini tidak boleh dicerap. Walau bagaimanapun, data sejarah tentang data bagi sesetengah objek masih wujud merentasi <a href="/wiki/Abad" title="Abad">abad</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Alaf" title="Alaf">alaf</a>. Bagi cerapan lain pula, cerapan radio mungkin melihat keadaan pada skala milisaat (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulsar_milisaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulsar milisaat (laman tidak wujud)">pulsar milisaat</a>) atau merangkumi data bertahun (kajian nyahpecutan pulsar). Maklumat yang diperoleh dari skala masa ini sangat berbeza. </p><p>Pengajian tentang matahari kita mempunyai tempat yang khas dalam astrofizik cerapan. Disebabkan jarak yang terlampau jauh bagi bintang lain, matahari boleh dicerap dalam perincian yang tidak selari dengan bintang lain. Pemahaman kita tentang matahari kita sendiri menjadi panduan terhadap pemahaman kepada bintang lain. </p><p>Topik tentang bagaimana bintang berubah, atau <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_najam" title="Evolusi najam">evolusi najam</a>, sering dimodel dengan meletakkan pelbagai jenis bintang dalam perspektif kedudukan mereka dalam <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Rajah Hertzsprung-Russell">rajah Hertzsprung-Russell</a>, yang boleh dilihat sebagai perwakilan keadaan objek najam, dari kelahiran hingga kemusnahan. Komposisi bahan bagi objek boleh diperiksa menggunakan: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">Spektroskopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi_radio" title="Astronomi radio">Astronomi radio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomi_neutrino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomi neutrino (laman tidak wujud)">Astronomi neutrino</a> (prospek masa depan)</li></ul> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9711066">Frontiers of Astrophysics: Workshop Summary</a>, H. Falcke, P. L. Biermann</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&oldid=6262151">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astrofizik&oldid=6262151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Astrofizik" title="Kategori:Astrofizik">Astrofizik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Fizik_gunaan_dan_antara_disiplin" title="Kategori:Fizik gunaan dan antara disiplin">Fizik gunaan dan antara disiplin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Astronomi" title="Kategori:Astronomi">Astronomi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 23:05, 19 Julai 2024.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks disediakan di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ms">Lesen Creative Commons Pengiktirafan/Perkongsian Serupa</a>; terma tambahan mungkin digunapakai. 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