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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Individualist anarchism in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoclassical_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoclassical_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Neoclassical economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoclassical_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Late 20th century and early 21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-equilibrium_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-equilibrium_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Anti-equilibrium economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-equilibrium_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_political_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_political_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relation to political ideologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relation_to_political_ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relation to political ideologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_political_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marxism–Leninism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxism–Leninism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marxism–Leninism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxism–Leninism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Socialism with Chinese characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Democratic socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anarchism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anarchism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Anarchism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anarchism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Market socialism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82" title="اشتراكية السوق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اشتراكية السوق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismu_de_merc%C3%A1u" title="Socialismu de mercáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Socialismu de mercáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C4%AB-ti%C3%BB%E2%81%BF_si%C4%81-h%C5%8De-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chhī-tiûⁿ siā-hōe-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhī-tiûⁿ siā-hōe-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisme_de_mercat" title="Socialisme de mercat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socialisme de mercat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C5%BEn%C3%AD_socialismus" title="Tržní socialismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tržní socialismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkurrenzsozialismus" title="Konkurrenzsozialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konkurrenzsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Σοσιαλισμός της αγοράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλισμός της αγοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_de_mercado" title="Socialismo de mercado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socialismo de mercado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkatu-sozialismo" title="Merkatu-sozialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkatu-sozialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="سوسیالیسم بازار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسیالیسم بازار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisme_de_march%C3%A9" title="Socialisme de marché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Socialisme de marché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="시장사회주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시장사회주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialisme_pasar" title="Sosialisme pasar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sosialisme pasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_di_mercato" title="Socialismo di mercato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Socialismo di mercato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="საბაზრო სოციალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბაზრო სოციალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism_de_mercaa" title="Socialism de mercaa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Socialism de mercaa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktsocialisme" title="Marktsocialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marktsocialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="市場社会主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="市場社会主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markedssosialisme" title="Markedssosialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markedssosialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="د بازار سوسیالیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بازار سوسیالیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalizm_rynkowy" title="Socjalizm rynkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalizm rynkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialismo_de_mercado" title="Socialismo de mercado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Socialismo de mercado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Рыночный социализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыночный социализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markkinasosialismi" title="Markkinasosialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Markkinasosialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marknadssocialism" title="Marknadssocialism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marknadssocialism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="สังคมนิยมตลาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สังคมนิยมตลาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazar_sosyalizmi" title="Pazar sosyalizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pazar sosyalizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ринковий соціалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ринковий соціалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BB%8B_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Chủ nghĩa xã hội thị trường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa xã hội thị trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="市场社会主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Economic system based on social ownership of the means of production in a market economy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the left-libertarian proposals sometimes described as market socialism, see <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism (economic theory)</a>. 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height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Major types</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associative_economics" title="Associative economics">Associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomercantilism" title="Neomercantilism">Neomercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(movement)" title="Mutualism (movement)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Closed (autarky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy" title="Dual economy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_economy" title="Natural economy">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">Vertical archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By regional model</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian model of capitalism">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Keralan</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sectors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Property types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">Demutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">Financialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">Mutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Marxist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">In kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">Indicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balancing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_system" title="Price system">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-managed economy">Self-managed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economy" title="Information economy">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_economy" title="Post-industrial economy">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">Resource-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Market socialism</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> within the framework of a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. Various models for such a system exist, usually involving <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative enterprises</a> and sometimes a mix that includes <a href="/wiki/Public_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Public enterprise">public</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprises">private enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the majority of historic <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">socialist economies</a>, which have substituted the market mechanism for some form of <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">economic planning</a>, market socialists wish to retain the use of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> signals to guide the allocation of <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a> and the means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under such a system, depending on whether socially owned firms are <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state-owned</a> or operated as <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>, profits may variously be used to directly remunerate employees, accrue to society at large as the source of <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a>, or be distributed amongst the population in a <a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">social dividend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Market socialism can be distinguished from the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> because most models of market socialism propose complete and self-regulating systems, unlike the mixed economy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While social democracy aims to achieve greater <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">economic stability</a> and equality through policy measures such as taxes, subsidies, and social welfare programs, market socialism aims to achieve similar goals through changing patterns of enterprise ownership and management.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the term "market socialism" only emerged in the 1920s during the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">socialist calculation debate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Steele_177_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_177-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Marx_socialists" title="Pre-Marx socialists">pre-Marx socialists</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ricardian socialist">Ricardian socialist</a> economists and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualist</a> philosophers, conceived of socialism as a natural development of the market principles of <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a>, and proposed the creation of co-operative enterprises to compete in a <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> economy. The aim of such proposals was to eliminate exploitation by allowing individuals to receive the <a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">full product of their labor</a>, while removing the market-distorting effects of concentrating ownership and wealth in the hands of a small class of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> owners.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although sometimes described as "market socialism",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a> is a form of market simulated planning where a central planning board allocates investment and capital goods by simulating factor market transactions, while markets allocate labor and consumer goods. The system was devised by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economists</a> who believed that a socialist economy could neither function on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">calculation in natural units</a> nor through solving a system of simultaneous equations for economic coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steele_177_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele_177-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Real-world attempts to create market socialist economies have only partially implemented the measures envisioned by its theorists, but the term has sometimes been used to describe the results of various attempts at <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> including <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">Hungary's New Economic Mechanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">economy of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">economic reforms of China</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_history">Theoretical history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theoretical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_economics">Classical economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key theoretical basis for market socialism is the negation of the underlying expropriation of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> present in other <a href="/wiki/Modes_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Modes of production">modes of production</a>. Socialist theories that favored the market date back to the <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">anarchist economists</a>, who advocated a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">mutual ownership</a> of the means of production. </p><p>Proponents of early market socialism include the <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialist economists</a>, the classical liberal philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> and the anarchist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>. These models of socialism entailed perfecting or improving the <a href="/wiki/Market_mechanism" title="Market mechanism">market mechanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">free price system</a> by removing distortions caused by <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alienated_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienated labor">alienated labor</a>. </p><p>This form of market socialism has been termed free-market socialism because it does not involve planners.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Stuart_Mill">John Stuart Mill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: John Stuart Mill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mill's early <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">economic philosophy</a> was one of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> that he moved toward a more socialist bent, adding chapters to his <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy" title="Principles of Political Economy">Principles of Political Economy</a></i> in defence of a socialist outlook, and defending some socialist causes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this revised work he also made the radical proposal that the whole wage system be abolished in favour of a co-operative wage system. Nonetheless, some of his views on the idea of flat taxation remained,<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> albeit altered in the third edition of the <i>Principles of Political Economy</i> to reflect a concern for differentiating restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Unearned_income" title="Unearned income">unearned incomes</a> which he favoured; and those on earned incomes, which he did not favour.<sup id="cite_ref-principles_online_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-principles_online-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill's <i>Principles</i>, first published in 1848, was one of the most widely read of all books on economics in the period.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">Wealth of Nations</a></i> had during an earlier period, Mill's <i>Principles</i> dominated economics teaching. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, it was the standard text until 1919, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Marshall)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Marshall)">Principles of Economics</a></i>. </p><p>In later editions of <i>Principles of Political Economy</i>, Mill would argue that "as far as economic theory was concerned, there is nothing in principle in economic theory that precludes an economic order based on socialist policies".<sup id="cite_ref-stanford_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mill also promoted substituting capitalist businesses with <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker cooperatives">worker cooperatives</a>, writing: </p> <blockquote><p>The form of association, however, which if mankind continue to improve, must be expected in the end to predominate, is not that which can exist between a capitalist as chief, and work-people without a voice in the management, but the association of the labourers themselves on terms of equality, collectively owning the capital with which they carry on their operations and working under managers elected and removable by themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Libertarian_socialism" title="Category:Libertarian socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism#Red_and_black_flag" title="Communist symbolism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/100px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/150px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/200px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Political concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">Egalitarian community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual aid (organization theory)">Mutual aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Revolutionary spontaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D%C3%A9jacque" title="Joseph Déjacque">Déjacque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Guérin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Pi_i_Maragall" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesc Pi i Maragall">Margall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Pallis" title="Chris Pallis">Pallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophies and tendencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Chaulieu–Montal tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> Other tendencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_municipalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian municipalism">Libertarian municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhnovshchina" title="Makhnovshchina">Makhnovshchina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish Revolution of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">New social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_uprising" title="Zapatista uprising">Zapatista uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAREZ" class="mw-redirect" title="MAREZ">MAREZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava Revolution">Rojava Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AANES" class="mw-redirect" title="AANES">AANES</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #ed0707; background:transparent; padding-left:0.3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #ed0707; border-bottom:1px solid #ed0707;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/16px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/24px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/32px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mutualism">Mutualism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mutualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> developed a theoretical system called <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> which attacks the legitimacy of existing <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a>. Proudhon envisioned a decentralized market where people would enter the market with equal power, negating <a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage slavery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents believe that cooperatives, credit unions and other forms of worker ownership would become viable without being subject to the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a>. Market socialism has also been used to describe some <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> works which argue that free markets help workers and weaken capitalists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Individualist anarchism in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that <a href="/wiki/Proudhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Proudhon">Proudhonian</a> Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the Individualist Anarchism of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a>. [...] <a href="/wiki/William_B._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Greene">William B. Greene</a> presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josiah Warren is widely regarded as the first American <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Slate_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, <i>The Peaceful Revolutionist</i>, was the first anarchist periodical published,<sup id="cite_ref-bailie20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailie20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an enterprise for which he built his own printing press, cast his own type, and made his own printing plates.<sup id="cite_ref-bailie20_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailie20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Warren was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> and joined Owen's community at <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a>. Josiah Warren termed the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">cost the limit of price</a>", with "cost" here referring not to monetary price paid but the labor one exerted to produce an item.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, "[h]e proposed a system to pay people with certificates indicating how many hours of work they did. They could exchange the notes at local time stores for goods that took the same amount of time to produce".<sup id="cite_ref-Slate_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He put his theories to the test by establishing an experimental "labor for labor store" called the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a> where trade was facilitated by notes backed by a promise to perform labor. The store proved successful and operated for three years after which it was closed so that Warren could pursue establishing colonies based on <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>. These included <a href="/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio" title="Utopia, Ohio">Utopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Past_and_present_anarchist_communities#Modern_Times_(1851_to_late_1860s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Past and present anarchist communities">Modern Times</a>. Warren said that <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a>' <i>The Science of Society</i>, published in 1852, was the most lucid and complete exposition of Warren's own theories.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> fused the economics of Warren and Proudhon and published these ideas in <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i> calling them "Anarchistic-Socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Tucker_p._404_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Tucker_p._404-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tucker said: "[T]he fact that one class of men are dependent for their living upon the sale of their labour, while another class of men are relieved of the necessity of labour by being legally privileged to sell something that is not labour. [...] And to such a state of things I am as much opposed as anyone. But the minute you remove privilege [...] every man will be a labourer exchanging with fellow-labourers. [...] What Anarchistic-Socialism aims to abolish is usury [...] it wants to deprive capital of its reward".<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Tucker_p._404_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Tucker_p._404-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchists">individualist anarchists</a> such as Tucker saw themselves as economic market socialists and political individualists while arguing that their "anarchistic socialism" or "individual anarchism" was "consistent <a href="/wiki/Manchesterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchesterism">Manchesterism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a> is a modern branch of <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">free-market anarchism</a> that is based on a revival of such market socialist theories.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoclassical_economics">Neoclassical economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neoclassical economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/260px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/390px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg/520px-FreeMarketAntiCapitalist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialist">Libertarian socialist</a> mural reading "Free market, <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a>"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical economic theory">neoclassical economic theory</a> provided the theoretical basis for more comprehensive models of market socialism. Early neoclassical models of socialism included a role for a central planning board (CPB) in setting prices equal to <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a>. Although these early models did not rely on conventional markets, they were labeled market socialist for their utilization of financial prices and calculation. Alternative outlines for market socialism involve models where socially owned enterprises or producer co-operatives operate within <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> under the criterion of profitability. In recent models proposed by American neoclassical economists, public ownership of the means of production is achieved through public ownership of <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> and social control of investment. </p><p>The earliest models of neoclassical socialism were developed by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a> (1908)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Oskar R. Lange</a> (c. 1936).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lange and <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a> (1929)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed that central planning boards set prices through "trial and error", making adjustments as shortages and surpluses occurred rather than relying on a <a href="/wiki/Free_price_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free price mechanism">free price mechanism</a>. If there were shortages, prices would be raised; if there were surpluses, prices would be lowered.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raising the prices would encourage businesses to increase production, driven by their desire to increase their profits, and in doing so eliminate the shortage. Lowering the prices would encourage businesses to curtail production to prevent losses, which would eliminate the surplus. Therefore, it would be a simulation of the market mechanism, which Lange thought would be capable of effectively managing supply and demand.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange–Lerner model</a> was often labelled as market socialism, it is better described as market simulation because factor markets did not exist for the allocation of capital goods. The objective of the Lange–Lerner model was explicitly to replace markets with a non-market system of resource allocation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H. D. Dickinson published two articles proposing a form of market socialism, namely "Price Formation in a Socialist Community" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Journal" title="The Economic Journal">The Economic Journal</a></i> 1933) and "The Problems of a Socialist Economy" (<i>The Economic Journal</i> 1934). Dickinson proposed a mathematical solution whereby the problems of a socialist economy could be solved by a central planning agency. The central agency would have the necessary statistics on the economy, as well as the capability of using statistics to direct production. The economy could be represented as a system of equations. Solution values for these equations could be used to price all goods at marginal cost and direct production. Hayek (1935) argued against the proposal to simulate markets with equations. Dickinson (1939) adopted the Lange-Taylor proposal to simulate markets through trial and error. </p><p>The Lange–Dickinson version of market socialism kept capital investment out of the market. Lange (1926 p65) insisted that a central planning board would have to set <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> rates arbitrarily. Lange and Dickinson saw potential problems with bureaucratization in market socialism. According to Dickinson, "the attempt to check irresponsibility will tie up managers of socialist enterprises with so much red tape and bureaucratic regulation that they will lose all initiative and independence" (Dickinson 1938, p. 214). In <i>The Economics of Control: Principles of Welfare Economics</i> (1944), Abba Lerner admitted that capital investment would be politicized in market socialism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_20th_century_and_early_21st_century">Late 20th century and early 21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late 20th century and early 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg/220px-Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg/330px-Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg/440px-Richard_Wolff_explaining_capitalist_planning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a> is a Marxian economist who is a proponent of workers self-directed enterprises.</figcaption></figure> <p>Economists active in the former Yugoslavia, including Czech-born <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Van%C4%9Bk" title="Jaroslav Vaněk">Jaroslav Vaněk</a> and Croat-born <a href="/wiki/Branko_Horvat" title="Branko Horvat">Branko Horvat</a>, promoted a model of market socialism dubbed the Illyrian model, where firms were socially owned by their employees and structured around <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, competing with each other in open and free markets. </p><p>American economists in the latter half of the 20th century developed models based such as coupon socialism (by the economist <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy#The_market" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> (by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Bardhan" title="Pranab Bardhan">Pranab Bardhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a> proposed a form of market socialism where there was a stock market that distributed shares of the capital stock equally among citizens. In this stock market, there is no buying or selling of stocks that leads to negative externalities associated with a concentration of capital ownership. The Bardhan and Roemer model satisfied the main requirements of both socialism (workers own all the factors of production, not just labour) and market economies (prices determine efficient allocation of resources). New Zealand economist Steven O'Donnell expanded on the Bardhan and Roemer model and decomposed the capital function in a general equilibrium system to take account of entrepreneurial activity in market socialist economies. O'Donnell (2003) set up a model that could be used as a blueprint for transition economies and the results suggested that although market socialist models were inherently unstable in the long term, they would provide in the short term the economic infrastructure necessary for a successful transition from planned to market economies.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian economist">Marxian economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a> refocused Marxian economics giving it a microfoundational focus. The core idea was that transition from capitalism to socialism required the reorganization of the enterprise from a top-down hierarchical capitalist model to a model where all key enterprise decisions (what, how, and where to produce and what to do with outputs) were made on a one-worker, one vote basis. Wolff called them workers self-directed enterprises (WSDEs). How they would interact with one another and with consumers was left open to democratic social decisions and could entail markets or planning, or likely mixtures of both. </p><p>Advocates of market socialism such as <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Van%C4%9Bk" title="Jaroslav Vaněk">Jaroslav Vaněk</a> argue that genuinely free markets are not possible under conditions of private ownership of productive property. Instead, he contends that the class differences and inequalities in income and power that result from private ownership enable the interests of the dominant class to skew the market to their favor, either in the form of monopoly and market power, or by utilizing their wealth and resources to legislate government policies that benefit their specific business interests. Additionally, Vaněk states that workers in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises have stronger incentives to maximize productivity because they would receive a share of the profits (based on the overall performance of their enterprise) in addition to receiving their fixed wage or salary. The stronger incentives to maximize productivity that he conceives as possible in a socialist economy based on cooperative and self-managed enterprises might be accomplished in a free-market economy if <a href="/wiki/Employee-owned_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee-owned companies">employee-owned companies</a> were the norm as envisioned by various thinkers including <a href="/wiki/Louis_O._Kelso" title="Louis O. Kelso">Louis O. Kelso</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Giacomo Corneo, Professor of Public Finance and Social Policy at the Free University of Berlin, espouses an "updated version of market socialism" where large firms would be publicly owned (though by no more than 51% share),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would allow the government to distribute a social dividend, while the rest of the firms would be privately owned and subject to regulations to protect employees, consumers and environment.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Matt Bruenig</a> advocates for a version of market socialism he calls "funds socialism," which involves <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth funds</a> acquiring shares of private enterprises to socialize ownership and control of firms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruenig claims that this form of market socialism is similar to that advocated by <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Meidner" title="Rudolf Meidner">Rudolf Meidner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-equilibrium_economics">Anti-equilibrium economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anti-equilibrium economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of market socialism has been promoted by critics of <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> and generally of neoclassical <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a>. The most notable of these economists were <a href="/wiki/Alec_Nove" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Nove">Alec Nove</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a>. In particular, in 1983 Nove proposed what he called "feasible socialism",<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mixed economy consisting of state-run enterprises, autonomous publicly owned firms, cooperatives and small-scale private enterprise operating in a market economy that included a role for macroeconomic planning.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_practice">In practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of market socialist elements have existed in various economies. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> was widely considered to have been a form of market-based socialism, based on <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">socially-owned cooperatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market allocation of capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-V.P._Gagnon,_Jr._53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V.P._Gagnon,_Jr.-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the economic reforms introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia#Leaders" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">leader</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, included elements of market socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market economy</a> is self-described as market socialist. It has an extremely high prevalence of cooperatives, especially in agriculture and retail, with the continued <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights of the economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperative businesses in Vietnam are also incentivized and supported by the government, receiving many benefits that private companies do not.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a> described the United States system of regulated pension funds providing capital to financial markets as "pension fund socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Simon" title="William H. Simon">William H. Simon</a> characterized pension fund socialism as "a form of market socialism", concluding that it was promising but perhaps with prospects more limited than those envisioned by its enthusiasts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> has been described as attempting market socialist reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the economy of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya under Muammar Gaddafi</a> could be described as a form of market socialism as <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Third_International_Theory" title="Third International Theory">Third International Theory</a> shared many similarities with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_self-management" title="Socialist self-management">Yugoslav self-management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Policies similar to the market socialist proposal of a <a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">social dividend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basic_income_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income guarantee">basic income</a> scheme have been implemented on the basis of public ownership of natural resources in Alaska (<a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a>) and in Norway (the <a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund of Norway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a decade of political, social and economic turmoil following the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> began its <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and opening-up">reform and opening-up</a> in 1978 and formally amended its constitution in adopting the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> as the country's economic system in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_political_ideologies">Relation to political ideologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relation to political ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxism–Leninism"><span id="Marxism.E2.80.93Leninism"></span>Marxism–Leninism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marxism–Leninism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div> <p>The phrase market socialism has occasionally been used in reference to any attempt by a <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type planned economy</a> to introduce market elements into its economic system. In this sense, market socialism was first attempted during the 1920s in the Soviet Union as the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) before being abandoned. Later, elements of market socialism were introduced in Hungary (nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Goulash_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Goulash communism">goulash communism</a>), Czechoslovakia (sloganized as <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">socialism with a human face</a>), Yugoslavia (known as <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a>) in the 1970s and 1980s. The contemporary <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy of Belarus</a> has been described as a market socialist system. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> attempted to introduce a market system with its <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> reforms under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. During the later stages there was talk within top circles that the Soviet Union should move toward a market-based socialist system. </p><p>Historically, these kinds of market socialist systems attempt to retain state ownership of the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights of the economy</a> such as heavy industry, energy and infrastructure while introducing decentralised decision making and giving local managers more freedom to make decisions and respond to market demands. Market socialist systems also allow private ownership and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneurship</a> in the service and other secondary economic sectors. The <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> is allowed to determine prices for consumer goods and agricultural products, and farmers are allowed to sell all or some of their products on the open market and keep some or all of the profit as an incentive to increase and improve production. </p><p>Both the Eastern European and Chinese socialist approaches to market reforms assume that a "market economy" is not necessarily a capitalist market economy, and that a socialist economy is not necessarily a planned economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view draws support from Karl Marx's observations that markets existed under historical modes of production such as the Roman slave market economy and feudal markets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Socialism with Chinese characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></div> <p>The term market socialism has been used to refer to reformed economic systems in <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist state">Marxist–Leninist states</a>, most notably in reference to the contemporary economy of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">free price system</a> is used for the allocation of capital goods in both the state and private sectors. However, Chinese political and economic proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> do not consider it to be a form of market socialism in the neoclassical sense<sup id="cite_ref-Duan_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Western economists and political scientists question the degree to which this model constitutes a form of market socialism, often preferring to describe it as <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market_socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although similar in name, market socialism differs markedly from the socialist market economy and <a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">socialist-oriented market economy</a> models practiced in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>, respectively. Officially these economic systems represent market economies that are in the long-term process of transition toward socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-links.org.au_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-links.org.au-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key differences between models of market socialism and the Chinese and Vietnamese models include the role of private investment in enterprises, the lack of a social dividend or basic income system to equitably distribute state profits among the population and the existence and role of financial markets in the Chinese model—markets which are absent in the market socialist literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market_socialism_or_Capitalism?_Evidence_from_Chinese_Financial_Market_Development-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese experience with <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> is frequently referred to as a socialist market economy where the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights</a> are state-owned, but a substantial portion of both the state and private sectors of economy are governed by market practices, including a stock exchange for trading equity and the utilization of indirect macroeconomic market mechanisms (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial policies">industrial policies</a>) to influence the economy in the same manner governments affect the economy in capitalist economies. The market is the arbitrator for most economic activity, with economic planning being relegated to macro-economic government indicative planning that does not encompass the microeconomic decision-making that is left to the individual organizations and state-owned enterprises. This model includes a significant amount of privately owned firms that operate as a business for profit, but only for consumer goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-adb.org_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb.org-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Chinese system, directive planning based on mandatory output requirements and quotas were displaced by market mechanisms for most of the economy, including both the state and private sectors, although the government engages in <a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">indicative planning</a> for large state enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-adb.org_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adb.org-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with the Soviet-type planned economy, the Chinese socialist market model is based on the <a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">corporatization</a> of state institutions, transforming them into joint-stock companies. As of 2008, there were 150 state-owned corporations directly under the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These state-owned corporations have been reformed and become increasingly dynamic and a major source of revenue for the state in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading the economic recovery in 2009 during the wake of the global financial crises.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This economic model is defended from a <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> perspective which states that a planned socialist economy can only emerge after first developing the basis for socialism through the establishment of a market economy and commodity-exchange economy; and that socialism would only emerge after this stage has exhausted its historical necessity and gradually transforms itself into socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Duan_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of this model argue that the economic system of the former Soviet Union and its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">satellite states</a> attempted to go from a natural economy to a planned economy by decree, without passing through the necessary market economy phase of development.<sup id="cite_ref-vn_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vn-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_socialism">Democratic socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Democratic socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></div> <p>Some democratic socialists advocate forms of market socialism, some of which are based on self-management. Others advocate for a non-market <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">participatory economy</a> based on decentralized economic planning.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anarchism">Anarchism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anarchism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">Free-market anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism (economic theory)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Pierre_Joseph_Proudhon_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> was the primary proponent of <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> and influenced many later <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social anarchist">social anarchist</a> thinkers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> is the first person to call himself an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anarchist" class="extiw" title="wikt:anarchist">anarchist</a> and considered among its most influential theorists. Proudhon is considered by many to be the "father of anarchism".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon became a member of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, whereon he referred to himself as a <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proudhon's best-known assertion is that "<a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">Property is theft!</a>", contained in his first major work <i>What Is Property?</i>, published in 1840. The book's publication attracted the attention of the French authorities. It also attracted the scrutiny of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, who started a correspondence with Proudhon. The two influenced each other and met in Paris while Marx was exiled there. Their friendship finally ended when Marx responded to Proudhon's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philosophy of Poverty">The Philosophy of Poverty</a></i> with the provocatively titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Philosophy" title="The Poverty of Philosophy">The Poverty of Philosophy</a></i>. The dispute became one of the sources of the split between the anarchist and <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> wings of the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_Men%27s_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Working Men's Association">International Working Men's Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_school_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist school of thought">anarchist school of thought</a> and market socialist <a href="/wiki/Economic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic theory">economic theory</a> that advocates a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> society where each person possess a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutualism is based on a <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a> which holds that when labor or its product is sold it ought to receive in exchange goods or services embodying "the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutualism originated from the writings of Proudhon. Mutualists oppose the idea of individuals receiving an income through loans, investments and rent as they believe these individuals are not laboring. Although opposed this type of income, Proudhon expressed that he had never intended "to forbid or suppress, by sovereign decree, ground rent and interest on capital. I think that all these manifestations of human activity should remain free and voluntary for all: I ask for them no modifications, restrictions or suppressions, other than those which result naturally and of necessity from the universalization of the principle of reciprocity which I propose".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insofar as they ensure the worker's right to the full product of their labor, mutualists support <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artificial_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial market">artificial markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> in the product of labor. However, mutualists argue for conditional titles to land, whose ownership is legitimate only so long as it remains in use or occupation (which Proudhon called <i>possession</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocating <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some individualist anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> started calling possession as <i>property</i> or <i>private property</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> is widely regarded as the first American <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a><sup id="cite_ref-Slate_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the four-page weekly paper he edited during 1833, <i>The Peaceful Revolutionist</i>, was the first anarchist periodical published.<sup id="cite_ref-bailie20_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bailie20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For American anarchist historian Eunice Minette Schuster, "[i]t is apparent [...] that Proudhonian Anarchism was to be found in the United States at least as early as 1848 and that it was not conscious of its affinity to the <a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Individualist Anarchism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a>. [...] <a href="/wiki/William_B._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Greene">William B. Greene</a> presented this Proudhonian Mutualism in its purest and most systematic form".<sup id="cite_ref-againstallauthority.org_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-againstallauthority.org-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the American individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker "was against both the state and capitalism, against both oppression and exploitation. While not against the market and property he was firmly against capitalism as it was, in his eyes, a state-supported monopoly of social capital (tools, machinery, etc.) which allows owners to exploit their employees, i.e., to avoid paying workers the full value of their labour. He thought that the "labouring classes are deprived of their earnings by usury in its three forms, interest, rent and profit". Therefore, "<i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i> will abolish interest; it will abolish profit; it will abolish monopolistic rent; it will abolish taxation; it will abolish the exploitation of labour; it will abolish all means whereby any labourer can be deprived of any of his product". This stance puts him squarely in the libertarian socialist tradition and, unsurprisingly, Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "[a]narchistic socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenjaminTucker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/BenjaminTucker.jpg/220px-BenjaminTucker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/BenjaminTucker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a>, American individualist anarchist</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchism in France">French individualist anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Armand" title="Émile Armand">Émile Armand</a> shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single systems are equally repugnant to him.)".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued for a pluralistic economic logic when he said that "Here and there everything happening – here everyone receiving what they need, there each one getting whatever is needed according to their own capacity. Here, <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> – one product for another; there, exchange – product for representative value. Here, the producer is the owner of the product, there, the product is put to the possession of the collectivity".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish individualist anarchist <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada" title="Miguel Giménez Igualada">Miguel Giménez Igualada</a> thought that "capitalism is an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously. [...] That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a> or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His view on <a href="/wiki/Class_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Class division">class division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocracy</a> are as follows "Since when no one works for another, the profiteer from wealth disappears, just as government will disappear when no one pays attention to those who learned four things at universities and from that fact they pretend to govern men. Big industrial enterprises will be transformed by men in big associations in which everyone will work and enjoy the product of their work. And from those easy as well as beautiful problems anarchism deals with and he who puts them in practice and lives them are anarchists. [...] The priority which without rest an anarchist must make is that in which no one has to exploit anyone, no man to no man, since that non-exploitation will lead to the limitation of property to individual needs".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market anarchism</a> is a market socialist form of <a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">individualist anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">left-libertarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roderick T. Long,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles W. Johnson,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brad Spangler,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Samuel Edward Konkin III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheldon Richman,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Chris Matthew Sciabarra</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Gary Chartier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who stress the value of radically <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, termed <i>freed markets</i> to distinguish them from the common conception which these libertarians believe to be riddled with <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statist" class="mw-redirect" title="Statist">statist</a> privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-marketsnotcap_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marketsnotcap-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referred to as left-wing market anarchists<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or market-oriented left-libertarians,<sup id="cite_ref-LibertarianLeft_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibertarianLeft-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proponents of this approach strongly affirm the <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a> ideas of free markets and <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> while maintaining that taken to their logical conclusions these ideas support <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-corporatist">anti-corporatist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">anti-hierarchical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro-labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-labor">pro-labor</a> positions in economics; <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a> in foreign policy; and thoroughly liberal or radical views regarding socio-cultural issues.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genealogy of contemporary left-wing market anarchism, sometimes labelled market-oriented left-libertarianism,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> overlaps to a significant degree with that of <a href="/wiki/Steiner%E2%80%93Vallentyne_left-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Steiner–Vallentyne left-libertarianism">Steiner–Vallentyne left-libertarianism</a> as the roots of that tradition are sketched in the book <i>The Origins of Left-Libertarianism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carson%E2%80%93Long-style_left-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Carson–Long-style left-libertarianism">Carson–Long-style left-libertarianism</a> is rooted in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> and in the work of figures such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a> thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Molinari" title="Gustave de Molinari">Gustave de Molinari</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_individualist_anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="American individualist anarchists">American individualist anarchists</a> Benjamin Tucker and <a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a>. While with notable exceptions market-oriented libertarians after Tucker tended to ally with the political right, relationships between those libertarians and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> thrived in the 1960s, laying the groundwork for modern left-wing market anarchism.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing market anarchism identifies with left-libertarianism which names several related yet distinct approaches to <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, society, culture and political and social theory, which stress both <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">individual freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leftlib_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leftlib-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-libertarian">right-libertarians</a>, left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">mixing one's labor</a> with <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> is enough to generate full <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> rights<sup id="cite_ref-WhyNotIncoherent_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhyNotIncoherent-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclolib_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclolib-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and maintain that natural resources (land, oil, gold and trees) ought to be held in some <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> manner, either unowned or <a href="/wiki/Owned_collectively" class="mw-redirect" title="Owned collectively">owned collectively</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclolib_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclolib-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those left-libertarians who support property do so under different property norms<sup id="cite_ref-Schnack_2015_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schnack_2015-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byas_2015_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byas_2015-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson_2015_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson_2015-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_2015_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis_2015-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and theories,<sup id="cite_ref-propertyownership_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propertyownership-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-propertyrights_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-propertyrights-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verhaegh_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verhaegh-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or under the condition that recompense is offered to the <a href="/wiki/Local_community" title="Local community">local</a> or <a href="/wiki/Global_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Global community">global community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclolib_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclolib-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/David_McNally_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McNally (professor)">David McNally</a> argue in the Marxist tradition that the logic of the market inherently produces inequitable outcomes and leads to unequal exchanges, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s moral intent and moral philosophy espousing equal exchange was undermined by the practice of the free market he championed—the development of the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> involved coercion, exploitation and violence that Smith's moral philosophy could not countenance. McNally criticizes market socialists for believing in the possibility of fair markets based on equal exchanges to be achieved by purging parasitical elements from the market economy such as <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, arguing that market socialism is an oxymoron when <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> is defined as an end to <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Market_socialism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Market socialism">Market socialism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Worker representation on corporate boards of directors">Worker representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">Employee stock ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Mechanism" title="New Economic Mechanism">New Economic Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of capitalism">Types of capitalism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchweickartLawlerTicktenOllman2016" class="citation book cs1">Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Tickten, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell (2016-04-22). <i>Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 105. <q>....it is important to realize that the school of thinking calls itself "market socialism" is further divisible along three different lines: (1) whether its goal, market socialism, involves only worker-owned enterprises, or a mix of enterprises some worker-owned, some privately-owned, some nationalized, etc. (2) whether market socialism will eventually by followed by communism...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Market+Socialism%3A+The+Debate+Among+Socialists&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lawler%2C+James&rft.au=Tickten%2C+Hillel&rft.au=Ollman%2C+Bertell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorneo2017" class="citation book cs1">Corneo, Giacomo (2017). <i>Is Capitalism Obsolete? A Journey through Alternative Economic Systems</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 192–197.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Capitalism+Obsolete%3F+A+Journey+through+Alternative+Economic+Systems&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=192-197&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Corneo&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2000" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (September 2000). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Economy</i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415241878" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415241878"><bdi>978-0415241878</bdi></a>. <q>Market socialism is the general designation for a number of models of economic systems. On the one hand, the market mechanism is utilized to distribute economic output, to organize production and to allocate factor inputs. On the other hand, the economic surplus accrues to society at large rather than to a class of private (capitalist) owners, through some form of collective, public or social ownership of capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000-09&rft.isbn=978-0415241878&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan1985" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Alan E. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqcoCqFrZFYC&q=ethics,efficiency+and+the+market+Two.types.of.market.socialism&pg=PA104"><i>Ethics, Efficiency and the Market</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7396-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-7396-4"><bdi>978-0-8476-7396-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics%2C+Efficiency+and+the+Market&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-7396-4&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqcoCqFrZFYC%26q%3Dethics%2Cefficiency%2Band%2Bthe%2Bmarket%2BTwo.types.of.market.socialism%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryStuart2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). <i>Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century</i>. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8"><bdi>0-618-26181-8</bdi></a>. <q>It is an economic system that combines social ownership of capital with market allocation of capital...The state owns the means of production, and returns accrue to society at large.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=142&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-26181-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Social_Dividend_versus_Basic_Income_Guarantee_in_Market_Socialism,_2004_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarangos2004" class="citation journal cs1">Marangos, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5172406">"Social Dividend Versus Basic Income Guarantee in Market Socialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="International Journal of Political Economy">International Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>34</b> (3): 20–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08911916.2004.11042930">10.1080/08911916.2004.11042930</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40470892">40470892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153267388">153267388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Social+Dividend+Versus+Basic+Income+Guarantee+in+Market+Socialism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=20-40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153267388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40470892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08911916.2004.11042930&rft.aulast=Marangos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F5172406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bockman, Johanna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=21002"><i>Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7566-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128072149/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=21002">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+in+the+name+of+Socialism%3A+The+Left-Wing+origins+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3&rft.aulast=Bockman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D21002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt_IIIBelkin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt III">Roosevelt III, Franklin Delano</a>; Belkin, David (1994). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Why_Market_Socialism%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Why Market Socialism? (page does not exist)"><i>Why Market Socialism?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe, Inc.">M.E. Sharpe, Inc.</a> p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-465-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-465-0</bdi></a>. <q>Social democracy achieves greater egalitarianism via ex post government taxes and subsidies, where market socialism does so via ex ante changes in patterns of enterprise ownership.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Market+Socialism%3F&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-465-0&rft.aulast=Roosevelt+III&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Delano&rft.au=Belkin%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele_177-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_177_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_177_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ramsay_Steele" title="David Ramsay Steele">Steele, David Ramsay</a> (September 1999). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875484495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875484495"><bdi>978-0875484495</bdi></a>. <q>It was in the early 1920s that the expression 'market socialism' (<i>marktsozialismus</i>) became commonplace. A special term was considered necessary to distinguish those socialists prepared to accept some role for factor markets from the now mainstream socialists who were not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post+Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0875484495&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1993" class="citation book cs1">McNally, David (1993). <i>Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2"><bdi>978-0-86091-606-2</bdi></a>. <q>[...] [B]y the 1820s, 'Smithian' apologists for industrial capitalism confronted 'Smithian' socialists in a vigorous, and often venomous, debate over political economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Market%3A+Political+Economy%2C+Market+Socialism+and+the+Marxist+Critique&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-606-2&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1996). <i>Whither Socialism?</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262691826" title="Special:BookSources/9780262691826"><bdi>9780262691826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whither+Socialism%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780262691826&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1994" class="citation book cs1">Roemer, John (1 January 1994). <i>A Future for Socialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674339460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674339460"><bdi>978-0674339460</bdi></a>. <q>The first stage was marked by the realization by socialists that prices must be used for economic calculation under socialism; accounting in some kind of 'natural unit,' such as the amount of energy or labor commodities embodied, simply would not work. The second stage was characterized by the view that it would be possible to calculate the prices at which general equilibrium would be reached in a socialist economy by solving a complicated system of simultaneous equations [...]. The third stage was marked by the realization, by Lange and others, that markets would indeed be required to find the socialist equilibrium [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Future+for+Socialism&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0674339460&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman" class="citation web cs1">Ackerman, Seth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/the-forgotten-vision-of-market-socialism">"The Forgotten Vision of Market Socialism"</a>. <i>Institute for New Economic Thinking</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821194751/https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/the-forgotten-vision-of-market-socialism">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+New+Economic+Thinking&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Vision+of+Market+Socialism&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ineteconomics.org%2Fperspectives%2Fblog%2Fthe-forgotten-vision-of-market-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2002" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, E. K. (20 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMGjVbg_mOAC&q=free.market.socialism&pg=PA72"><i>Property and Prophets: the evolution of economic institutions and ideologies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0609-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0609-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-0609-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208021152/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMGjVbg_mOAC&q=free.market.socialism&pg=PA72#v=snippet&q=free.market.socialism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+and+Prophets%3A+the+evolution+of+economic+institutions+and+ideologies&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0609-9&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMGjVbg_mOAC%26q%3Dfree.market.socialism%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2006" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Kevin (16 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutualist.blogspot.com/2006/07/js-mill-market-socialist.html">"J.S. Mill, Market Socialist"</a>. <i>Mutualist Blog: Free Market Anti-Capitalism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044351/http://mutualist.blogspot.com/2006/07/js-mill-market-socialist.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mutualist+Blog%3A+Free+Market+Anti-Capitalism&rft.atitle=J.S.+Mill%2C+Market+Socialist&rft.date=2006-07-16&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmutualist.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F07%2Fjs-mill-market-socialist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (2004). Bentham, Jeremy; Ryan, Alan (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utilitarianismot00mill/page/11"><i>Utilitarianism and other essays</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/utilitarianismot00mill/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043272-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-043272-5"><bdi>978-0-14-043272-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism+and+other+essays&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-043272-5&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Futilitarianismot00mill%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stanford_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, Fred, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/#PolEco">"John Stuart Mill: Political Economy"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106122801/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mill/#PolEco">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Stuart+Mill%3A+Political+Economy&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fmill%2F%23PolEco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-principles_online-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-principles_online_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1852" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-principles-of-political-economy-ashley-ed#lf0199_label_1109">"On The General Principles of Taxation, V.2.14"</a>. <i>Principles of Political Economy</i>. [Online Library of Liberty]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507143352/https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-principles-of-political-economy-ashley-ed#lf0199_label_1109">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Principles+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=On+The+General+Principles+of+Taxation%2C+V.2.14&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fmill-principles-of-political-economy-ashley-ed%23lf0199_label_1109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span> (3rd edition; the passage about flat taxation was altered by the author in this edition, which is acknowledged in this online edition's footnote 8. This sentence replaced in the 3rd ed. a sentence of the original: "It is partial taxation, which is a mild form of robbery".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkelundHébert1997" class="citation book cs1">Ekelund, Robert B. Jr.; Hébert, Robert F. (1997). <i>A history of economic theory and method</i> (4th ed.). 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He offers a powerful account of economic injustice and justice that is centered on his understanding of freedom and its conditions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J.+S.+Mill+and+Liberal+Socialism&rft.btitle=J.+S.+Mill%27s+Political+Thought%3A+A+Bicentennial+Reassessment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Bruce.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill, John Stuart</a> (1909). 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The COST consists of the amount of labor bestowed on the mineral or natural wealth, in converting it into metals...". Warren, Josiah. <i>Equitable Commerce</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison1945" class="citation journal cs1">Madison, Charles A. (January 1945). 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Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV: <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Private_Enterprise_Education" title="Association of Private Enterprise Education">Association of Private Enterprise Education</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Advocates+of+Freed+Markets+Should+Oppose+Capitalism&rft.place=C%C3%A6sar%27s+Palace%2C+Las+Vegas%2C+NV&rft.pub=Association+of+Private+Enterprise+Education&rft.date=2010-04-13&rft.aulast=Chartier&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartier" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier, Gary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/1738">"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929195335/http://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advocates+of+Freed+Markets+Should+Embrace+%27Anti-Capitalism%27&rft.aulast=Chartier&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F1738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartierTulsa_Alliance_of_the_Libertarian_Left2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier, Gary</a>; Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left (12 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisiblemolotov.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/socialist-ends-market-means/"><i>Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays</i></a>. Center for a Stateless Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328044107/https://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialist+Ends%2C+Market+Means%3A+Five+Essays&rft.pub=Center+for+a+Stateless+Society&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft.aulast=Chartier&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Tulsa+Alliance+of+the+Libertarian+Left&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvisiblemolotov.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F09%2F12%2Fsocialist-ends-market-means%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaffé1987" class="citation book cs1">Caffé, F. (1987). "Barone, Enrico". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-197-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-197-8"><bdi>978-1-56159-197-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barone%2C+Enrico&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-197-8&rft.aulast=Caff%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Barone, Enrico</a>. "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista" [The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State]. <i>Giornale degli Economisti</i> (in Italian). <b>2</b>: 267–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Giornale+degli+Economisti&rft.atitle=Il+Ministro+della+Produzione+nello+Stato+Collettivista&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=267-93&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayek1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hayek" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Hayek">Hayek, Friedrich</a>, ed. (1935). <i>Collectivist Economic Planning</i>. pp. 245–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1506-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-1506-8"><bdi>978-0-7100-1506-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collectivist+Economic+Planning&rft.pages=245-290&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-1506-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahnel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hahnel, Robin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3QMGLrRbSAC&q=%22Economic+Justice+and+Democracy%22+Hahnel+%22usually+called+market+socialist+models%22&pg=PA170"><i>Economic Justice and Democracy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93344-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93344-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208021200/https://books.google.com/books?id=m3QMGLrRbSAC&q=%22Economic+Justice+and+Democracy%22+Hahnel+%22usually+called+market+socialist+models%22&pg=PA170#v=snippet&q=%22Economic%20Justice%20and%20Democracy%22%20Hahnel%20%22usually%20called%20market%20socialist%20models%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Justice+and+Democracy&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93344-5&rft.aulast=Hahnel&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3QMGLrRbSAC%26q%3D%2522Economic%2BJustice%2Band%2BDemocracy%2522%2BHahnel%2B%2522usually%2Bcalled%2Bmarket%2Bsocialist%2Bmodels%2522%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1929" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Fred M. (1929). "The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State". <i>The American Economic Review</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1809581">1809581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Guidance+of+Production+in+a+Socialist+State&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1809581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkousen2001" class="citation book cs1">Skousen, Mark (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernec0000skou/page/414"><i>Making Modern Economics</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 414–415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0479-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0479-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-0479-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Modern+Economics&rft.pages=414-415&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0479-8&rft.aulast=Skousen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernec0000skou%2Fpage%2F414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornai1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">Kornai, János</a> (1992). <i>The Socialist System: the political economy of communism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828776-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828776-6"><bdi>978-0-19-828776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+System%3A+the+political+economy+of+communism&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828776-6&rft.aulast=Kornai&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ramsey_Steele" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ramsey Steele">Steele, David Ramsay</a> (September 1999). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875484495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875484495"><bdi>978-0875484495</bdi></a>. <q>Finally, there is the curious circumstance that Lange's system is widely hailed as a pioneering effort in the theory of market socialism, when it is demonstrably no such thing: even the name 'market socialism' predates Lange, and Lange's system is explicitly a proposal to replace the market with a non-market system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post+Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Open+Court&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0875484495&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+Ramsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslund1992" class="citation book cs1">Aslund, Anders (1992). <i>Market Socialism Or the Restoration of Capitalism?</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521411936" title="Special:BookSources/9780521411936"><bdi>9780521411936</bdi></a>. <q>Usually Oskar Lange is regarded as the originator of the concept of market socialism, in spite of the fact that he never spoke of market socialism and would not have been the first if he had. In fact, Lange's model involves only a partial market simulation for the trial-and-error iterative construction of a central plan, which belongs to the set of decentralization procedures in central planning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Market+Socialism+Or+the+Restoration+of+Capitalism%3F&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521411936&rft.aulast=Aslund&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, Johen E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">"Market socialism, a case for rejuvenation"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">10.1257/jep.6.3.101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Market+socialism%2C+a+case+for+rejuvenation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rft.au=Roemer%2C+Johen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.6.3.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins" class="citation magazine cs1">Perkins, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.org/index.php/30-economics/357-cooperative-economics-an-interview-with-jaroslav-vanek">"Cooperative Economics: An Interview with Jaroslav Vanek"</a>. <i>New Renaissance Magazine</i>. Vol. 5, no. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817073532/http://www.ru.org/index.php/30-economics/357-cooperative-economics-an-interview-with-jaroslav-vanek">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Renaissance+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cooperative+Economics%3A+An+Interview+with+Jaroslav+Vanek&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ru.org%2Findex.php%2F30-economics%2F357-cooperative-economics-an-interview-with-jaroslav-vanek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorneo2017" class="citation book cs1">Corneo, Giacomo (2017). <i>s Capitalism Obsolete? A Journey through Alternative Economic Systems</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <q>...the federal shareholder should retain only 51 percent of their shares. Private ownership of the remaining 29% percent has a key role to play in creating an incentive structure that leads those firms to maximize profits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=s+Capitalism+Obsolete%3F+A+Journey+through+Alternative+Economic+Systems&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Corneo&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@circularconversations/towards-shareholder-socialism-an-interview-with-giacomo-corneo-22473aad4377">"Towards Shareholder Socialism? | An interview with Giacomo Corneo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Medium_(website)" title="Medium (website)">Medium</a></i>. 8 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128212209/https://medium.com/@circularconversations/towards-shareholder-socialism-an-interview-with-giacomo-corneo-22473aad4377">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>The blueprint has private ownership in the means of production with respect to small- and medium-sized firms, because we think that individualism at the level of entrepreneurial initiatives is an important ingredient for economic dynamism. But all large firms would be in public ownership, and this would be the key difference with respect to today's economic system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Towards+Shareholder+Socialism%3F+%7C+An+interview+with+Giacomo+Corneo&rft.date=2018-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40circularconversations%2Ftowards-shareholder-socialism-an-interview-with-giacomo-corneo-22473aad4377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2018" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (28 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/4054-common-wealth-workers-ownership-in-the-history-of-socialism">"Common Wealth: workers' ownership in the history of socialism"</a>. <i>Verso</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811004526/https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/4054-common-wealth-workers-ownership-in-the-history-of-socialism">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verso&rft.atitle=Common+Wealth%3A+workers%27+ownership+in+the+history+of+socialism&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versobooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2F4054-common-wealth-workers-ownership-in-the-history-of-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2017" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (February 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@MattBruenig/nickel-and-dime-socialism-47fcec406295">"Nickel-and-Dime Socialism"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014091527/https://medium.com/@MattBruenig/nickel-and-dime-socialism-47fcec406295">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Nickel-and-Dime+Socialism&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40MattBruenig%2Fnickel-and-dime-socialism-47fcec406295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nove, A. (1983), <i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism</i>, Unwin Hyman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120135611/http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Ratner/Feassoc.html">"Feasible Socialism: Market or Plan – Or Both"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Ratner/Feassoc.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Mutualist.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mutualist.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(political_theorist)" title="David Miller (political theorist)">Miller, David</a> (1987). 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"Chapter 6". <i><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Voluntary+Socialism&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Tandy&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProudhon1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph</a> (1927). Cohen, Henry (ed.). <i>Proudhon's Solution of the Social Problem</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Press" title="Vanguard Press">Vanguard Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proudhon%27s+Solution+of+the+Social+Problem&rft.pub=Vanguard+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Proudhon&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lee_Swartz" title="Clarence Lee Swartz">Swartz, Clarence Lee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarchy.org/swartz/mutualism.6.html">"What is Mutualism? VI. Land and Rent"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204172903/http://www.panarchy.org/swartz/mutualism.6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Mutualism%3F+VI.+Land+and+Rent&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarchy.org%2Fswartz%2Fmutualism.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowder1991" class="citation book cs1">Crowder, George (1991). <i>Classical Anarchism: The Political Thought of Godwin, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Kropotkin</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198277446" title="Special:BookSources/9780198277446"><bdi>9780198277446</bdi></a>. <q>The ownership [anarchists oppose] is basically that which is unearned [...] including such things as interest on loans and income from rent. This is contrasted with ownership rights in those goods either produced by the work of the owner or necessary for that work, for example his dwelling-house, land and tools. Proudhon initially refers to legitimate rights of ownership of these goods as 'possession,' and although in his latter work he calls this 'property,' the conceptual distinction remains the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Anarchism%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+Godwin%2C+Proudhon%2C+Bakunin%2C+and+Kropotkin&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780198277446&rft.aulast=Crowder&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hargreaves_(academic)" title="David Hargreaves (academic)">Hargreaves, David H.</a> (2019). <i>Beyond Schooling: An Anarchist Challenge</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429582363" title="Special:BookSources/9780429582363"><bdi>9780429582363</bdi></a>. <q>Ironically, Proudhon did not mean literally what he said. His boldness of expression was intended for emphasis, and by 'property' he wished to be understood what he later called 'the sum of its abuses'. He was denouncing the property of the man who uses it to exploit the labour of others without any effort on his own part, property distinguished by interest and rent, by the impositions of the non-producer on the producer. Towards property regarded as 'possession' the right of a man to control his dwelling and the land and tools he needs to live, Proudhon had no hostility; indeed, he regarded it as the cornerstone of liberty, and his main criticism of the communists was that they wished to destroy it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Schooling%3A+An+Anarchist+Challenge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780429582363&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective" class="citation book cs1">The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "Section G - Is individualist anarchism capitalistic?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionG.pdf"><i>An Anarchist FAQ</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301213547/http://www.infoshop.org/faq/sectionG.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+G+-+Is+individualist+anarchism+capitalistic%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.au=The+Anarchist+FAQ+Editorial+Collective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoshop.org%2Ffaq%2FsectionG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Anarchist_FAQ_Editorial_Collective" class="citation book cs1">The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's 'Anarchist Theory FAQ' version 5.2". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spunk.org/texts/intro/faq/sp001547/append1.html"><i>An Anarchist FAQ</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010425/http://www.spunk.org/texts/intro/faq/sp001547/append1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Tucker and Bakunin both shared Proudhon's opposition to private property (in the capitalist sense of the word), although Tucker confused this opposition (and possibly the casual reader) by talking about possession as 'property'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Replies+to+Some+Errors+and+Distortions+in+Bryan+Caplan%27s+%27Anarchist+Theory+FAQ%27+version+5.2&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.au=The+Anarchist+FAQ+Editorial+Collective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spunk.org%2Ftexts%2Fintro%2Ffaq%2Fsp001547%2Fappend1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-againstallauthority.org-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-againstallauthority.org_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuster" class="citation web cs1">Schuster, Eunice Minette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214200513/http://www.againstallauthority.org/NativeAmericanAnarchism.html">"<i>Native American Anarchism: A Study of Left-Wing American Individualism</i>"</a>. Againstallauthority.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.againstallauthority.org/NativeAmericanAnarchism.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+Anarchism%3A+A+Study+of+Left-Wing+American+Individualism&rft.pub=Againstallauthority.org&rft.aulast=Schuster&rft.aufirst=Eunice+Minette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.againstallauthority.org%2FNativeAmericanAnarchism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_Authors" class="citation book cs1">Various Authors. "Benjamin Tucker: Capitalist or Anarchist". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107013451/http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG5"><i>An Anarchist FAQ</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionG5">the original</a> on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Tucker%3A+Capitalist+or+Anarchist&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.au=Various+Authors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfoshop.org%2Fpage%2FAnarchistFAQSectionG5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker, Benjamin</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/benjamin-tucker-individual-liberty"><i>Individual Liberty</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120503100843/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-28</span></span>. <q>The economic principles of Modern Socialism are a logical deduction from the principle laid down by Adam Smith in the early chapters of his "Wealth of Nations," – namely, that labor is the true measure of price...Half a century or more after Smith enunciated the principle above stated, Socialism picked it up where he had dropped it, and in following it to its logical conclusions, made it the basis of a new economic philosophy...This seems to have been done independently by three different men, of three different nationalities, in three different languages: Josiah Warren, an American; Pierre J. Proudhon, a Frenchman; Karl Marx, a German Jew...That the work of this interesting trio should have been done so nearly simultaneously would seem to indicate that Socialism was in the air, and that the time was ripe and the conditions favorable for the appearance of this new school of thought...So far as priority of time is concerned, the credit seems to belong to Warren, the American, – a fact which should be noted by the stump orators who are so fond of declaiming against Socialism as an imported article.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individual+Liberty&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheanarchistlibrary.org%2Flibrary%2Fbenjamin-tucker-individual-liberty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity" by Émile Armand"</a>. Spaz.org. 1 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143925/http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Anarchist+Individualism+as+a+Life+and+Activity%22+by+%C3%89mile+Armand&rft.pub=Spaz.org&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaz.org%2F~dan%2Findividualist-anarchist%2Flibrary%2Femile-armand%2Flife-activity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmand2020" class="citation web cs1">Armand, Émile (16 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=3762">"Anarchist Individualism and Amorous Comradeship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124131919/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/emile-armand-anarchist-individualism-and-amorous-comradeship">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Individualism+and+Amorous+Comradeship&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.aulast=Armand&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revoltlib.com%2F%3Fid%3D3762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgualada" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada" title="Miguel Giménez Igualada">Igualada, Miguel Giménez</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131205417/http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf">"Anarquismo"</a> [Anarchism] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>el capitalismo es sólo el efecto del gobierno; desaparecido el gobierno, el capitalismo cae de su pedestal vertiginosamente.... Lo que llamamos capitalismo no es otra cosa que el producto del Estado, dentro del cual lo único que se cultiva es la ganancia, bien o mal habida. Luchar, pues, contra el capitalismo es tarea inútil, porque sea Capitalismo de Estado o Capitalismo de Empresa, mientras el Gobierno exista, existirá el capital que explota. La lucha, pero de conciencias, es contra el Estado.</q> [capitalism is only the effect of the government; once the government is gone, capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously.... What we call capitalism is nothing other than the product of the State, within which the only thing that is cultivated is profit , well or ill-gotten. Fighting, then, against capitalism is a useless task, because whether it is State Capitalism or Company Capitalism, as long as the Government exists, the capital that exploits will exist. The fight, but of conscience, is against the State. ]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarquismo&rft.aulast=Igualada&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Gim%C3%A9nez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kclibertaria.comyr.com%2Flpdf%2Fl125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgualada" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gim%C3%A9nez_Igualada" title="Miguel Giménez Igualada">Igualada, Miguel Giménez</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131205417/http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf">"Anarquismo"</a> [Anarchism] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kclibertaria.comyr.com/lpdf/l125.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>¿La propiedad? ¡Bah! No es problema. Porque cuando nadie trabaje para nadie, el acaparador de la riqueza desaparece, como ha de desaparecer el gobierno cuando nadie haga caso a los que aprendieron cuatro cosas en las universidades y por ese sólo hecho pretenden gobernar a los hombres. Porque si en la tierra de los ciegos el tuerto es rey, en donde todos ven y juzgan y disciernen, el rey estorba. Y de lo que se trata es de que no haya reyes porque todos sean hombres. Las grandes empresas industriales las transformarán los hombres en grandes asociaciones donde todos trabajen y disfruten del producto de su trabajo. Y de esos tan sencillos como hermosos problemas trata el anarquismo y al que lo cumple y vive es al que se le llama anarquista...El hincapié que sin cansancio debe hacer el anarquista es el de que nadie debe explotar a nadie, ningún hombre a ningún hombre, porque esa no-explotación llevaría consigo la limitación de la propiedad a las necesidades individuales.</q> [Property? Bah! It's not a problem. Because when no one works for anyone, the hoarder of wealth disappears, as the government must disappear when no one pays attention to those who learned four things in the universities and for that sole reason they claim to govern men. Because if in the land of the blind the one-eyed man is king, where everyone sees and judges and discerns, the king is in the way. And what is involved is that there are no kings because they are all men. large industrial companies will be transformed by men into large associations where everyone works and enjoys the product of their work. And anarchism deals with those problems that are as simple as they are beautiful and the one who complies with them and lives is the one who is called an anarchist... The emphasis that the anarchist must tirelessly make is that no one should exploit anyone, no man to no man, because that non-exploitation would entail the limitation of property to individual needs.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarquismo&rft.aulast=Igualada&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Gim%C3%A9nez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kclibertaria.comyr.com%2Flpdf%2Fl125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartierJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier, Gary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Johnson_(jurist)" title="Charles W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Interview+With+Roderick+Long&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.liberalis.pl%2F2008%2F01%2F04%2Finterview-with-roderick-long%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Johnson_(jurist)" title="Charles W. Johnson (jurist)">Johnson, Charles W.</a> (2008). "Liberty, Equality, Solidarity: Toward a Dialectical Anarchism". In <a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberty%2C+Equality%2C+Solidarity%3A+Toward+a+Dialectical+Anarchism&rft.btitle=Anarchism%2FMinarchism%3A+Is+a+Government+Part+of+a+Free+Country%3F&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=155-188&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradgeek.com%2Fgt%2F2010%2F03%2F02%2Fliberty-equality-solidarity-toward-a-dialectical-anarchism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpangler2006" class="citation web cs1">Spangler, Brad (15 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110510102306/http://bradspangler.com/blog/archives/473">"Market Anarchism as Stigmergic Socialism"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agorism.info/docs/NewLibertarianManifesto.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Johnson (jurist)">Johnson, Charles W.</a> (2011). <i>Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty</i>. Brooklyn, NY: Minor Compositions/<a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>. pp. 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+Not+Capitalism%3A+Individualist+Anarchism+Against+Bosses%2C+Inequality%2C+Corporate+Power%2C+and+Structural+Poverty&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+NY&rft.pages=1-16&rft.pub=Minor+Compositions%2FAutonomedia&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Chartier&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartierJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier, Gary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Johnson_(jurist)" title="Charles W. Johnson (jurist)">Johnson, Charles W.</a>, eds. (5 November 2011). <i>Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty</i> (1 ed.). Minor Compositions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+Not+Capitalism%3A+Individualist+Anarchism+Against+Bosses%2C+Inequality%2C+Corporate+Power%2C+and+Structural+Poverty&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Minor+Compositions&rft.date=2011-11-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Chartier has joined <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Johnson_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Johnson (philosopher) (page does not exist)">Charles Johnson</a>, and others (echoing the language of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a>) in maintaining that, because of its heritage and its emancipatory goals and potential, radical market anarchism should be seen – by its proponents and by others – as part of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> tradition, and that market anarchists can and should call themselves "socialists." See Gary Chartier, "Advocates of Freed Markets Should Oppose Capitalism," "Free-Market Anti-Capitalism?" session, annual conference, <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Private_Enterprise_Education" title="Association of Private Enterprise Education">Association of Private Enterprise Education</a> (Cæsar's Palace, Las Vegas, NV, 13 April 2010); Gary Chartier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c4ss.org/content/1738">"Advocates of Freed Markets Should Embrace 'Anti-Capitalism'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929195335/http://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> 2019-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Gary Chartier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invisiblemolotov.wordpress.com/2009/09/12/socialist-ends-market-means/"><i>Socialist Ends, Market Means: Five Essays</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328044107/https://c4ss.org/content/1738">Archived</a> 2019-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cp. Tucker, "Socialism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Sciabarra is the only scholar associated with this school of left-libertarianism who is skeptical about anarchism; see Sciabarra's <i>Total Freedom</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallentyneSteiner2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vallentyne" title="Peter Vallentyne">Vallentyne, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Steiner" title="Hillel Steiner">Steiner, Hillel</a> (2000). <i>The origins of Left Libertarianism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Left+Libertarianism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2006" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Long, Roderick T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/2099"><i>Rothbard's 'Left and Right': Forty Years Later</i></a>. Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607234938/https://mises.org/library/rothbards-left-and-right-forty-years-later">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Rothbard%27s+%27Left+and+Right%27%3A+Forty+Years+Later&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F2099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leftlib-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leftlib_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Related, arguably synonymous, terms include <i>libertarianism</i>, <i>left-wing libertarianism</i>, <i>egalitarian-libertarianism</i>, and <i>libertarian socialism</i>. <ul><li>Sundstrom, William A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf">An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212045/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookchin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin, Murray</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Janet_Biehl" title="Janet Biehl">Biehl, Janet</a> (ed.). <i>The Murray Bookchin Reader</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell</a>. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murray+Bookchin+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bookchin&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). "Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Economics_and_Sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Journal of Economics and Sociology">American Journal of Economics and Sociology</a></i>. 62:3. p. 612.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-WhyNotIncoherent-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhyNotIncoherent_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallentyneSteinerOtsuka2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel; Otsuka, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103160534/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP%26PA.pdf">"Why Left-Libertarianism Is Not Incoherent, Indeterminate, or Irrelevant: A Reply to Fried"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy and Public Affairs">Philosophy and Public Affairs</a></i>. <b>33</b> (2): 201–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1088-4963.2005.00030.x">10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00030.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP&PA.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Why+Left-Libertarianism+Is+Not+Incoherent%2C+Indeterminate%2C+or+Irrelevant%3A+A+Reply+to+Fried&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-215&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1088-4963.2005.00030.x&rft.aulast=Vallentyne&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Hillel&rft.au=Otsuka%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2F~uctymio%2FleftlibP%26PA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclolib-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclolib_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclolib_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclolib_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarvesonTrenchard2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Narveson" title="Jan Narveson">Narveson, Jan</a>; Trenchard, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Left Libertarianism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 288–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n174">10.4135/9781412965811.n174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109234738/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Left+Libertarianism&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=288-89&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n174&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Narveson&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Trenchard%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schnack_2015-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schnack_2015_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnack2015" class="citation web cs1">Schnack, William (13 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111658/https://c4ss.org/content/41572">"Panarchy Flourishes Under Geo-Mutualism"</a>. <i>Center for a Stateless Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/41572">the original</a> on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+a+Stateless+Society&rft.atitle=Panarchy+Flourishes+Under+Geo-Mutualism&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Schnack&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F41572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byas_2015-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byas_2015_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByas2015" class="citation web cs1">Byas, Jason Lee (25 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/41583">"The Moral Irrelevance of Rent"</a>. <i>Center for a Stateless Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142055/https://c4ss.org/content/41583">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+a+Stateless+Society&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Irrelevance+of+Rent&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Byas&rft.aufirst=Jason+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F41583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson_2015-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson_2015_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2015" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Kevin (8 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/40929">"Are We All Mutualists?"</a>. <i>Center for a Stateless Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328142104/https://c4ss.org/content/40929">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+a+Stateless+Society&rft.atitle=Are+We+All+Mutualists%3F&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc4ss.org%2Fcontent%2F40929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillis_2015-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_2015_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillis, William (29 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c4ss.org/content/41653">"The Organic Emergence of Property from Reputation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327004824/https://c4ss.org/content/41653">Archived</a> 2020-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-propertyownership-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-propertyownership_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBylund2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Bylund, Per (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perbylund.com/academics_polsci_msc.pdf"><i>Man and Matter: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Justification of Ownership in Land from the Basis of Self-Ownership</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>LUP Student Papers</i> (Master's). <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906074357/https://perbylund.com/academics_polsci_msc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Man+and+Matter%3A+A+Philosophical+Inquiry+into+the+Justification+of+Ownership+in+Land+from+the+Basis+of+Self-Ownership&rft.inst=Lund+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bylund&rft.aufirst=Per&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perbylund.com%2Facademics_polsci_msc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-propertyrights-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-propertyrights_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Long, Roderick T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_6.pdf">"Land-locked: A Critique of Carson on Property Rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Libertarian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Libertarian Studies">Journal of Libertarian Studies</a></i>. <b>20</b> (1): 87–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708200616/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_6.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2014-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Land-locked%3A+A+Critique+of+Carson+on+Property+Rights&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Fjls%2F20_1%2F20_1_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verhaegh-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verhaegh_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhaegh2006" class="citation journal cs1">Verhaegh, Marcus (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_4/20_4_1.pdf">"Rothbard as a Political Philosopher"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Libertarian Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911003819/http://mises.org/journals/jls/20_4/20_4_1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Libertarian+Studies&rft.atitle=Rothbard+as+a+Political+Philosopher&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Verhaegh&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Fjls%2F20_4%2F20_4_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1993" class="citation book cs1">McNally, David (1993). <i>Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2"><bdi>978-0-86091-606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Market%3A+Political+Economy%2C+Market+Socialism+and+the+Marxist+Critique&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-606-2&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alejandro Agafonow (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideas.repec.org/a/taf/revpoe/v24y2012i2p273-287.html">"The Austrian Dehomogenization Debate, or the Possibility of a Hayekian Planner,"</a> <i>Review of Political Economy</i>, Vol. 24, No. 02.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier, Gary</a>; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). <i>Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty.</i> Brooklyn, NY:Minor Compositions/Autonomedia</li> <li>Bertell Ollman ed. (1998). <i>Market Socialism: the Debate Among Socialists</i>, with other contributions by James Lawler, Hillel Ticktin and David Schewikart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bertell+Ollman+ed.+.+%22Market+Socialism%3A+the+Debate+Among+Socialists%22&hl=en&lr=&btnG=Search">Preview.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Donnell2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Donnell, Steven (2003). <i>Introducing Entrepreneurial Activity Into Market Socialist Models</i>. Auckland: <a href="/wiki/Auckland_University_Press" title="Auckland University Press">Auckland University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Entrepreneurial+Activity+Into+Market+Socialist+Models&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">Roemer, John E.</a> (1996). Wright, E. O. (ed.). <i>Equal Shares: Making Market Socialism Work</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equal+Shares%3A+Making+Market+Socialism+Work&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNove1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Nove" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Nove">Nove, Alec</a> (1983). <i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Feasible+Socialism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Nove&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Miller_(political_theorist)" title="David Miller (political theorist)">Miller, David</a> (1989). <i>Market, State, and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Market%2C+State%2C+and+Community%3A+Theoretical+Foundations+of+Market+Socialism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweickart2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">Schweickart, David</a> (2002). <i>After Capitalism</i>. Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Capitalism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bockman, Johanna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=21002"><i>Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism</i></a>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7566-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+in+the+Name+of+Socialism%3A+The+Left-Wing+Origins+of+Neoliberalism&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3&rft.aulast=Bockman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D21002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarket+socialism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Market_socialism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Market_socialism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Market socialism">Market socialism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Simonianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Simonianism">Saint-Simonianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">from below</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Left-wing laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing market anarchism">Left-wing market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magonism" title="Magonism">Magonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Neozapatismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platformism" title="Platformism">Platformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity#Mao-Spontex" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Mao-Spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Pablo" title="Michel Pablo">Pabloism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Posadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">Third camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism#Socialism_from_above" title="Authoritarian socialism">from above</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barracks_communism" title="Barracks communism">Barracks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Nechayev" title="Sergey Nechayev">Nechayevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu#Ceaușescu's_policies" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Ceaușism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kadarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Dengism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism_(Third_Worldism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoism (Third Worldism)">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Tkachevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_leftism" title="Afro-Caribbean leftism">African-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neozapatismo" title="Neozapatismo">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">In one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">Real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics<br />and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equality of opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_of_outcome" title="Equality of outcome">Equality of outcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anarchism" title="History of anarchism">History of anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History of social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Socialisation of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association of producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Organizational self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Stephen Pearl Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Louis Auguste Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Philippe Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Largo_Caballero" title="Francisco Largo Caballero">Francisco Largo Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Nikolay Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Prosper_Considerant" title="Victor Prosper Considerant">Victor Prosper Considerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Claire Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_D%C3%A9zamy" title="Théodore Dézamy">Théodore Dézamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy-Prosper_Enfantin" title="Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin">Prosper Enfantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">William Batchelder Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hall_(economist)" title="Charles Hall (economist)">Charles Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Alexander Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hodgskin" title="Thomas Hodgskin">Thomas Hodgskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Pyotr Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Ledru-Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Pierre Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Macfarlane" title="Helen Macfarlane">Helen Macfarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Errico Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Louise Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Mikhaylovsky" title="Nikolay Mikhaylovsky">Nikolay Mikhaylovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Pecqueur" title="Constantin Pecqueur">Constantin Pecqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Georgi Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Emilio_Recabarren" title="Luis Emilio Recabarren">Luis Emilio Recabarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Schulz" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz">Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thompson_(philosopher)" title="William Thompson (philosopher)">William Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Tkachev" title="Pyotr Tkachev">Pyotr Tkachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Benjamin Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Suzanne Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inejir%C5%8D_Asanuma" title="Inejirō Asanuma">Inejirō Asanuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Hashmi" title="Safdar Hashmi">Safdar Hashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Ib%C3%A1rruri" title="Dolores Ibárruri">Dolores Ibárruri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Posse" title="Pablo Iglesias Posse">Pablo Iglesias Posse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Russell Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Larkin" title="James Larkin">James Larkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Henri Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lefort" title="Claude Lefort">Claude Lefort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">José Carlos Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Marquet" title="Adrien Marquet">Adrien Marquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Dun" title="Mao Dun">Mao Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama_Moussa" title="Salama Moussa">Salama Moussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Ernst Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Paterson" title="Fred Paterson">Fred Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Ranadive" title="B. T. Ranadive">B. T. Ranadive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Scargill" title="Arthur Scargill">Arthur Scargill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Manohar_Lohia" title="Ram Manohar Lohia">Ram Manohar Lohia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Posadas" title="J. Posadas">J. Posadas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st <abbr title="century">c.</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Pedro Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Crow" title="Bob Crow">Bob Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Vaush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state">Socialism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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