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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_against_the_Tarim_Basin_oasis_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_against_the_Tarim_Basin_oasis_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campaigns against the Tarim Basin oasis states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns_against_the_Tarim_Basin_oasis_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaigns against the Tarim Basin oasis states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_against_the_Tarim_Basin_oasis_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Karakhoja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Karakhoja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Campaign against Karakhoja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Karakhoja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_against_Karasahr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_against_Karasahr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Campaigns against Karasahr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_against_Karasahr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Kucha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Kucha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Campaign against Kucha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Kucha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Western_Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_the_Western_Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaign against the Western Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_the_Western_Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tang campaigns against the Western Turks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_%C4%B0mperiyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_Q%C9%99rbi_T%C3%BCrkl%C9%99r%C9%99_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C9%99ri" title="Tan İmperiyasının Qərbi Türklərə yürüşləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tan İmperiyasının Qərbi Türklərə yürüşləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkampagnerne_mod_de_vestlige_tyrkere" title="Tangkampagnerne mod de vestlige tyrkere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tangkampagnerne mod de vestlige tyrkere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagnes_des_Tang_contre_les_Turcs_occidentaux" title="Campagnes des Tang contre les Turcs occidentaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagnes des Tang contre les Turcs occidentaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8_%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Տան դինաստիայի արշավանքները Արևմտաթյուրքական խաքանության դեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տան դինաստիայի արշավանքները Արևմտաթյուրքական խաքանության դեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_militer_Tang_terhadap_Turk_Barat" title="Kampanye militer Tang terhadap Turk Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kampanye militer Tang terhadap Turk Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Тан әулетінің батыс түріктеріне қарсы шапқыншылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тан әулетінің батыс түріктеріне қарсы шапқыншылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Танг кампањи против западните Турци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Танг кампањи против западните Турци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%27%C4%B1n_Bat%C4%B1_T%C3%BCrklerine_seferi" title="Tang'ın Batı Türklerine seferi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tang'ın Batı Türklerine seferi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">640–712 Chinese expansion into Central Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Tang campaign against the Western Turks</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png/300px-Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png/450px-Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png/600px-Conquest_of_Western_Turks.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="736" /></a></span><br />Tang dynasty's conquest of Western Turks (Tujue) Khanate</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>640–712</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Fall of the Western Turkic Khaganate</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Emperor Taizong of Tang"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Campaigns of Emperor Taizong of Tang"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Campaigns_of_Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Campaigns of Emperor Taizong of Tang"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Tang_expansion_under_emperors_Taizong_and_Gaozong" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Early <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> expansion under emperors <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Taizong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Gaozong</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Establishment of Tang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huoyi" title="Battle of Huoyi">Huoyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qianshuiyuan" title="Battle of Qianshuiyuan">Qianshuiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hulao" title="Battle of Hulao">Hulao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Tuyuhun" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_the_Western_Regions" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> The <b>Tang campaigns against the Western Turks</b>, known as the <b>Western Tujue</b> in Chinese sources, were a series of military campaigns conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> in the 7th century AD. Early military conflicts were a result of the Tang interventions in the rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turks</a> in order to weaken both. Under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a>, campaigns were dispatched in the Western Regions against <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> in 640, <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a> in 644 and 648, and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> in 648. </p><p>The wars against the Western Turks continued under <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a>, and the khaganate was annexed after General <a href="/wiki/Su_Dingfang" title="Su Dingfang">Su Dingfang</a>'s defeat of <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> in 657. The Western Turks attempted to capture the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in 670 and 677, but were repelled by the Tang. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Empire</a> defeated the fragmented Western Turks in 712, and absorbed the tribes into the new empire. </p><p>The areas controlled by Tang Empire came under the dynasty's cultural influences and the Turkic influence of the <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">ethnically Turkic Tang soldiers stationed in the region</a>. Indo-European prevalence in Central Asia declined as the expeditions accelerated Turkic migration into what is now <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. By the end of the 657 campaign, the Tang had reached its largest extent. The Turks, Tibetans, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim Arabs</a> and the Tang competed for control over Central Asia until the collapse of the Tang in the 10th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons,_648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab_murals,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Tang_Dynasty_emissaries_at_the_court_of_Varkhuman_in_Samarkand_carrying_silk_and_a_string_of_silkworm_cocoons%2C_648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab_murals%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Tang emissaries to King <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, 648–651 CE, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrasiab paintings">Afrasiab murals</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gokturks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokturks">Gokturks</a> split into the Western and Eastern Turkic Khaganates after a civil war. Allied with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the Western Turks were mired in wars against the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persians</a>. The Western Turks expanded as the khaganate of the Eastern Turks declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979223_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_conflicts">Early military conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early military conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozu of Tang">Emperor Gaozu</a>, Taizong's predecessor, allowed the assassination of a Western Turk khan by Eastern Turkic rivals on November 2, 619.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn2002138_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn2002138-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Turk was the suzerain of Tang from 618 to 620. Throughout the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> (618–628), Western Turks and Tang had a very close relation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Emperor Taizong, in his war against the Western and Eastern Turks, employed the Chinese strategy of "using barbarians to control barbarians". In 641, he instigated a civil war between the eastern and western confederations of the Western Turks by supporting Isbara Yabghu Qaghan. The <i>qaghan</i> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Tu-lu Qaghan</a>, invaded the oasis states controlled by Isbara Yabghu in the west. He assassinated his rival and unified the Western Turkic Khaganate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the reunification, Tu-lu Qaghan began orchestrating raids against Chinese cities. In 642, Emperor Taizong once again intervened by assisting a revolt against Tu-lu's reign. Disaffected Western Turkic tribes had requested the support of Taizong in Chang'an, who enthroned a new <i>qaghan</i> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a>. Irbis Seguy was able to exert control over the Turkic tribes and the former qaghan fled in exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tang court and the Western Turks began negotiating over the control of five oasis states in the Tarim Basin. Irbis Seguy wanted to strengthen his ties with the Tang through a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_state" title="Marriage of state">royal marriage</a> with a Tang princess. Although the oasis states were vassals of the Turks, Irbis Seguy did not have the power to simply cede them to the Tang. The possibility of further diplomatic exchanges ended when Taizong began his invasion of the Tarim Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_against_the_Tarim_Basin_oasis_states">Campaigns against the Tarim Basin oasis states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaigns against the Tarim Basin oasis states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Tang campaign against the oasis states</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_(%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93),_Zhao_Mausoleum,_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17,_ie_644_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/220px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/330px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg/440px-Officer_of_the_Guard_of_Honour._Tomb_of_Princess_Changle_%28%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB%E5%A2%93%29%2C_Zhao_Mausoleum%2C_Shaanxi_province._Tang_Zhenguan_year_17%2C_ie_644_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Chinese officer of the Guard of Honour. Tomb of Princess Changle (长乐公主墓), <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Tang dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum</a>, Shaanxi province. Tang Zhenguan year 17, i.e. 644 CE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Karakhoja">Campaign against Karakhoja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign against Karakhoja"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Tang campaign against Karakhoja</a></div> <p>Karakhoja had been ruled by the Qu family since 498.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224–225_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224–225-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most Sinicized of the oasis states, Karakhoja had adopted <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Chinese script</a> as its official script, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a> as a subject for study, and an imperial bureaucracy. As the oasis state nearest to Tang China, the Chinese constituted a large portion of Karakhoja's population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201291_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201291-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karakhoja also served as China's main <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade route into Central Asia. The route was severed when the Western Turk <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Tu-lu Qaghan</a>, enthroned in 638, promised Karakhoja military support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979225_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979225-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_against_Karasahr">Campaigns against Karasahr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaigns against Karasahr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Tang campaigns against Karasahr</a></div> <p>In 632, Karasahr submitted to the Tang as a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a>, as did the nearby kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226–228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226–228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions between Tang and Karasahr grew as the Chinese expanded further into Central Asia, and peaked when the Tang defeated and annexed Gaochang. The Chinese forces stationed in Gaochang, a short distance away from Karasahr, posed a direct threat to the oasis state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karasahr allied with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> and ceased sending tributes to the Tang court. A military campaign was dispatched by the Tang emperor against Karasahr. Led by Commander Guoxiao Ke, protectorate-general of the <a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a>, the army marched towards Karasahr from Yulduz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tang forces mounted a surprise attack at dawn,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the annexation of Karasahr and the capture of its king. The Western Turk army sent to retake Karashar was defeated by the Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karasahr was controlled by proxy through a Tang loyalist, Long Lipozhun, brother of the captured ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was deposed in 644 by his cousin, with the support of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, nominally a Tang vassal, and the Western Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 648, the Tang conducted a second military campaign against Karasahr, commanded by Ashina She'er, a member of the Turkic <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> royal family. Karasahr fell, the usurper was beheaded, and Tang rule was re-established under another Tang loyalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Chinese military garrison was established in the kingdom, the first of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Kucha">Campaign against Kucha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Campaign against Kucha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Tang campaign against Kucha</a></div> <p>After the fall of Karasahr, Ashina Sh'er's army marched towards the neighboring kingdom of Kucha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She'er's decoy horsemen led the defending Kucha forces, numbering 50,000 soldiers, into an ambush. The Kucha soldiers retreated to the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Aksu,_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksu, Xinjiang">Aksu</a> after their defeat. The Tang army besieged the city for forty days. Kucha surrendered on 19 January 649 and She'er captured the king. By employing diplomacy, the surrounding tribes loyal to Kucha submitted to the Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_against_the_Western_Turks">Campaign against the Western Turks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Campaign against the Western Turks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest of the Western Turks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/220px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/330px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/440px-Turkish_officers_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1369" /></a><figcaption>Turkish officers during an audience with king <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. 648–651 CE, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab murals</a>, Samarkand.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are recognizable by their long plaits.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ashina Helu, a former Tang general in Gansu, fled west and declared himself qaghan of the Western Turks,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unifying the Turkic tribes under a single khaganate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009181_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009181-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helu invaded the kingdoms of the Tarim Basin and led frequent raids against bordering Tang cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Emperor Gaozong</a> sent an army led by <a href="/wiki/Su_Dingfang" title="Su Dingfang">Su Dingfang</a> to defeat the Western Turks. The Turkic commanders <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a>, rivals of Helu, led the side divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten thousand Uyghur horsemen participated in the campaign as allies of the Tang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porun, a Uyghur leader enthroned by Emperor Taizong, oversaw the Uyghur cavalry as a vice commander. He served under the leadership of the Yanran protector-general and vice protector-general, administrators of the Yanran Protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012249_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012249-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army departed from <a href="/wiki/Ordos_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos (city)">Ordos</a> in march and traversed through 3,000 miles of steppes and desert, without stopping by the oasis kingdoms for supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009189_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009189-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, tribes like the Chumkun and Su offered additional reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops reached the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> by November, enduring the harsh conditions of the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970102_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970102-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Su Dingfang defeated Helu's army of 100,000 cavalry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Irtysh_River" title="Battle of Irtysh River">battle of Irtysh River</a>, fought along the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> region. Helu had been caught off guard by Su's ambush and suffered a large number of casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The qaghan attempted to flee to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, but was caught the next day and sent to the Tang capital as a prisoner. The remaining tribes of the Western Turks surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979280_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979280-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaozong pardoned Helu, but the qaghan died the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009284–286_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009284–286-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_campaigns">Further campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dissolution of the khaganate fragmented the Western Turkic tribes. In 670, a Western Turkic tribe allied with the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> and invaded the Tarim Basin. The Anxi protectorate was abandoned and the Tang withdrew back to Turfan. Control of the oasis states returned to the Tang between 673 and 675, and the protectorate was re-established.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979285–286_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979285–286-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 677, the Western Turks conducted a second military expedition with the Tibetans against the Tang in the Tarim Basin. The Turks were repelled by the Tang and defeated in 679. Tang forces captured the leader of the Western Turks and annexed Tokmak, which was transformed into a military base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979286_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979286-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a> founded the Second Turkic Empire after a successful revolt in 682. The expansion of the khaganate continued under Ilterish's brother, <a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a>. In 712, <a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>, son of Ilterish, defeated the remnants of the Western Turks, members of the Turgis confederation. Now defeated, the Western Turks were absorbed into the new empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009131_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009131-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Tang Empire and Central Asian Protectorates circa 660 CE.[28] It was through the conquest of the Western Turks that the Tang dynasty was able to reach its maximum extent, although for just a few years.[29]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/300px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/450px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_272x162" style="position:absolute; left:272px; top:162px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_625_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 625 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Asia_in_720_CE" title="Template:Continental Asia in 720 CE"><span style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eurasia_660_CE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eurasia 660 CE (page does not exist)"><span style="color:rgba(79,49,28,1)">660</span></a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/300px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/450px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png/600px-Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tang_Empire_and_Central_Asia_Protectorates_circa_660_CE.png" title="File:Map of the Tang Empire and Central Asia Protectorates circa 660 CE.png"> </a></div>Map of the Tang Empire and Central Asian Protectorates circa 660 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was through the conquest of the Western Turks that the Tang dynasty was able to reach its maximum extent, although for just a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA33_33]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA33_33]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <p>The Tang campaigns marked the end of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> Xinjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Turkic empire disintegrated, Turkic linguistic and cultural influences spread into Xinjiang and throughout Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tang China was also responsible for the influx of Turkic migrants, because of the number of Turks that served in the Tang military as soldiers and generals during the dynasty's military expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tang influence in the Central Asia encompassed art, trade, and politics. Chinese coinage remained in use in Xinjiang after the Tang withdrew from the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741–42_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741–42-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Asian art adopted many Tang Chinese stylistic elements, like the <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">sancai</a> three color glaze used for ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chinese sources, Turkic states and polities still valued ties with the courts of dynasties in northern China as a form of prestige. The Qarakhan and Qarakhitay khans held titles that identified them as Tabghach or Khitay, named after kingdoms in northern China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200742_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200742-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tang architectural influences are apparent in the Buddhist architecture in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindley200441_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindley200441-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Chinese historical sources, the marriage was never carried out because of interference by the Eastern Göktürk <a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a>, whose territory sat between his territory and Tang territory and who felt threatened by the proposed marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979223-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979223_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenn2002138-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenn2002138_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenn2002">Benn 2002</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, <i>Introduction</i> 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7192" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷192">vol. 192</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224–225-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979224–225_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, pp. 224–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201291-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201291_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2012">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979225-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979225_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226–228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226–228_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, pp. 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979226_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197099_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWechsler1979228_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWechsler1979">Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009183_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2009">Skaff 2009</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm">"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"</a>. <i>Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales</i>. <b>5/6</b>: Fig. B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+Histoire%2C+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Maracanda%2FSamarkand%2C+une+m%C3%A9tropole+pr%C3%A9-mongole&rft.volume=5%2F6&rft.pages=Fig.+B&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fjournal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SW-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110"><i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</i></a>. British Library. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=British+Library.+Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2000116_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2000">Twitchett 2000</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009181-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009181_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2009">Skaff 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2012249-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2012249_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2012">Skaff 2012</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009189-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009189_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2009">Skaff 2009</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009184_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2009">Skaff 2009</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970102-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970102_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979280-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979280_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979">Twitchett & Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkaff2009284–286-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkaff2009284–286_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkaff2009">Skaff 2009</a>, pp. 284–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979285–286-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979285–286_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979">Twitchett & Wechsler 1979</a>, pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979286-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchettWechsler1979286_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979">Twitchett & Wechsler 1979</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009131-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009131_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVen2021" class="citation book cs1">Ven, Hans van de (26 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Warfare in Chinese History</i></a>. BRILL. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-48294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-48294-4"><bdi>978-90-04-48294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-07-26&rft.isbn=978-90-04-48294-4&rft.aulast=Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+van+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSk7EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA33_33]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA33_33]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA33">33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970100_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, pp. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid8FVsWq31MtMCpgPA42_42]_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA42">42</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741–42-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741–42_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200741-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200741_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200742-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200742_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindley200441-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindley200441_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFindley2004">Findley 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenn2002" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Charles D. (2002). <i>China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517665-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517665-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Golden+Age%3A+Everyday+Life+in+the+Tang+Dynasty&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517665-0&rft.aulast=Benn&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). <i>The Turks in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988425-4"><bdi>978-0-19-988425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988425-4&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+Vaughn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2012" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195159318"><i>The Silk Road: A New History</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515931-8&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195159318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2009" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karem (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.). <i>Military Culture in Imperial China</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Culture+in+Imperial+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03109-8&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkaff2012" class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). <i>Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580–800</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973413-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sui-Tang+China+and+Its+Turko-Mongol+Neighbors%3A+Culture%2C+Power%2C+and+Connections%2C+580%E2%80%93800&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973413-9&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchett2000" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis (2000). H. J. Van Derven (ed.). <i>Warfare in Chinese History</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11774-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Chinese+History&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11774-7&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettWechsler1979" class="citation book cs1">Twitchett, Denis; Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "Kao-tsung (reign 649–83) and the empress Wu: the inheritor and the usurper". In Twitchett, Dennis (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 242–289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kao-tsung+%28reign+649%E2%80%9383%29+and+the+empress+Wu%3A+the+inheritor+and+the+usurper&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+3%3A+Sui+and+T%27ang+China%2C+589%E2%80%93906%2C+Part+I&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=242-289&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21446-9&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Wechsler%2C+Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWechsler1979" class="citation book cs1">Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-tsung (reign 626–49) the consolidator". In Twitchett, Dennis (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I</i>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 188–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%27ai-tsung+%28reign+626%E2%80%9349%29+the+consolidator&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+3%3A+Sui+and+T%27ang+China%2C+589%E2%80%93906%2C+Part+I&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=188-241&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21446-9&rft.aulast=Wechsler&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATang+campaigns+against+the+Western+Turks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Tang dynasty">Timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Sui_to_Tang" title="Transition from Sui to Tang">Transition from Sui to Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_Gate_Incident" title="Xuanwu Gate Incident">Xuanwu Gate Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang–Eastern Turks War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Tang–Xueyantuo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baekje%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Baekje–Tang War">Baekje–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Tang–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tang–Western Turks War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">Oasis states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Karakhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_Karasahr" title="Tang campaigns against Karasahr">Karasahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Kucha" title="Tang campaign against Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_rebellion" title="An Lushan rebellion">An Lushan rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty_between_China_and_Tibet_(783)" title="Peace treaty between China and Tibet (783)">Qingshui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu%E2%80%93Li_factional_strife" title="Niu–Li factional strife">Niu–Li factional strife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changqing_Treaty" title="Changqing Treaty">Changqing Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Dew_incident" title="Sweet Dew incident">Sweet Dew incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhao#Territorial_expansion" title="Nanzhao">Tang-Nanzhao conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang-Nanzhao_conflicts_in_Annan" title="Tang-Nanzhao conflicts in Annan">Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Songping" title="Siege of Songping">Songping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Chao_Rebellion" title="Huang Chao Rebellion">Huang Chao Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic female polo player"><img alt="A ceramic female polo player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/120px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/180px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg/240px-Joueuse_de_polo_Tang_Guimet_29101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1640" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Tang dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Li" title="House of Li">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Chinese_monarchs_(middle)#Tang_and_Wu_Zhou_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Chancellor of the Tang dynasty">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Tang dynasty">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzhen" title="Fanzhen">Fanzhen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Fanzhen_of_Hebei" title="Three Fanzhen of Hebei">Hebei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination#Tang_dynasty_(618–907)" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_official_headwear" title="Tang official headwear">Official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Military history of the Tang dynasty">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Tang dynasty)">Imperial guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shence_Army" title="Shence Army">Shence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Military_Affairs" title="Bureau of Military Affairs">Shumiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turkic generals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Three_Departments" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Three Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State Affairs">Department of State Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menxia_Sheng" title="Menxia Sheng">Chancellery</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Secretariat-Chancellery" title="Secretariat-Chancellery">Secretariat-Chancellery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries#Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Six Ministries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Personnel" title="Ministry of Personnel">Ministry of Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Rites" title="Ministry of Rites">Ministry of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of War (imperial China)">Ministry of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Justice (imperial China)">Ministry of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Works</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Protectorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Protectorate General to Pacify the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the South">Protectorate General to Pacify the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ungjin_Commandery" title="Ungjin Commandery">Ungjin Commandery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyerim_Territory_Area_Command" title="Gyerim Territory Area Command">Gyerim Territory Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_art" title="Tang dynasty art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">Sancai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Three Hundred Tang Poems</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card#China" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Palace_Concert" title="A Palace Concert">A Palace Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_Receiving_the_Tibetan_Envoy" title="Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy">Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaisu%27s_Autobiography" title="Huaisu's Autobiography">Huaisu's Autobiography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night-Shining_White" title="Night-Shining White">Night-Shining White</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_statues:_Kashyapa_and_Ananda" title="Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda">Kashyapa & Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Steeds_of_Zhao_Mausoleum" title="Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum">Six Steeds of Zhao Mausoleum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Dew" title="Autumn Dew">Autumn Dew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongxian_Giant_Buddha" title="Rongxian Giant Buddha">Rongxian Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand-Buddha_Cliff" title="Thousand-Buddha Cliff">Thousand-Buddha Cliff</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Design_for_Buddhist_Temple_Construction" title="Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction">Standard Design for Buddhist Temple Construction</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Zhangsun" title="Empress Zhangsun">Empress Zhangsun</a> (601–636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianji" title="Bianji">Bianji</a> (7th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Huan" title="Du Huan">Du Huan</a> (751–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Xingjian" title="Bai Xingjian">Bai Xingjian</a> (776–826) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Li_Wa" title="The Tale of Li Wa">The Tale of Li Wa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Yu" title="Lu Yu">Lu Yu</a> (733–804) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Classic_of_Tea" title="The Classic of Tea">The Classic of Tea</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du Guangting</a> (850–933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Yunsong" title="Yang Yunsong">Yang Yunsong</a> (9th c.) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Satchel_Classic" title="Green Satchel Classic">Green Satchel Classic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Hundred_Tang_Poems#Poets" title="Three Hundred Tang Poems">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Binwang" title="Luo Binwang">Luo Binwang</a> (619–684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Shenyan" title="Du Shenyan">Du Shenyan</a> (645–708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bo_(poet)" title="Wang Bo (poet)">Wang Bo</a> (650–676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zi%27ang" title="Chen Zi'ang">Chen Zi'ang</a> (656–702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhizhang" title="He Zhizhang">He Zhizhang</a> (659–744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jiuling" title="Zhang Jiuling">Zhang Jiuling</a> (673–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Haoran" title="Meng Haoran">Meng Haoran</a> (689–740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qi_(poet)" title="Li Qi (poet)">Li Qi</a> (690–751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Changling" title="Wang Changling">Wang Changling</a> (698–756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (701–762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Shi" title="Gao Shi">Gao Shi</a> (704–765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhangqing" title="Liu Zhangqing">Liu Zhangqing</a> (709–785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Fu" title="Du Fu">Du Fu</a> (712–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ji_(poet_from_Hubei)" title="Zhang Ji (poet from Hubei)">Zhang Ji</a> (712–779)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cen_Shen" title="Cen Shen">Cen Shen</a> (715–770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bi" title="Li Bi">Li Bi</a> (722–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Yingwu" title="Wei Yingwu">Wei Yingwu</a> (737–792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Lun" title="Lu Lun">Lu Lun</a> (739–799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yuxi" title="Liu Yuxi">Liu Yuxi</a> (772–842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zongyuan" title="Liu Zongyuan">Liu Zongyuan</a> (773–819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Zhen" title="Yuan Zhen">Yuan Zhen</a> (779–831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ye_(poet)" title="Li Ye (poet)">Li Ye</a> (d. 784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_He" title="Li He">Li He</a> (790–817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_Yingzhen" title="Niu Yingzhen">Niu Yingzhen</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xu" title="Zhang Xu">Zhang Xu</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Mu" title="Du Mu">Du Mu</a> (803–852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tingyun" title="Wen Tingyun">Wen Tingyun</a> (812–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shangyin" title="Li Shangyin">Li Shangyin</a> (813–858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Xuanqing" title="Mo Xuanqing">Mo Xuanqing</a> (834-?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Xuanji" title="Yu Xuanji">Yu Xuanji</a> (840–868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Qiuniang" title="Du Qiuniang">Du Qiuniang</a> (9th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%AAu_H%E1%BB%AFu_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Liêu Hữu Phương">Liêu Hữu Phương</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_painting" title="Tang dynasty painting">Painters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Liben" title="Yan Liben">Yan Liben</a> (600–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Daozi" title="Wu Daozi">Wu Daozi</a> (680–760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Wei (Tang dynasty)">Wang Wei</a> (699–759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9Ba_%C4%AArasang%C3%A4" title="Viśa Īrasangä">Viśa Īrasangä</a> (7th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Gan" title="Han Gan">Han Gan</a> (706–783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Xuan" title="Zhang Xuan">Zhang Xuan</a> (713–755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Huang" title="Han Huang">Han Huang</a> (723–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Fang_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhou Fang (Tang dynasty)">Zhou Fang</a> (730–780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanxiu" title="Guanxiu">Guanxiu</a> (832–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_Hao" title="Jing Hao">Jing Hao</a> (855–915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wei_(painter)" title="Sun Wei (painter)">Sun Wei</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907_CE)" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> (549–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a> (613–681)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (fl 602–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiji" title="Kuiji">Kuiji</a> (632–682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> (635–713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faru_(monk)" title="Faru (monk)">Faru</a> (638–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrabodhi" title="Vajrabodhi">Vajrabodhi</a> (671–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> (688–763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavajra" title="Amoghavajra">Amoghavajra</a> (705–774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazu_Daoyi" title="Mazu Daoyi">Mazu Daoyi</a> (709–788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizhang_Huaihai" title="Baizhang Huaihai">Baizhang Huaihai</a> (720–814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wukong_(monk)" title="Wukong (monk)">Wukong</a> (730–790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoshan_Weiyan" title="Yaoshan Weiyan">Yaoshan Weiyan</a> (745–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiguo" title="Huiguo">Huiguo</a> (746–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhua" title="Puhua">Puhua</a> (770–860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaozhou_Congshen" title="Zhaozhou Congshen">Zhaozhou Congshen</a> (778–897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhisheng" title="Zhisheng">Zhisheng</a> (8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> (807–869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunmen_Wenyan" title="Yunmen Wenyan">Yunmen Wenyan</a> (862–949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gik%C5%AB" title="Gikū">Gikū</a> (9th c.)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism#Tang_Dynasty_(618–907)" title="History of Taoism">Taoism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a> (fl 631–655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> (796-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Yu" title="Han Yu">Han Yu</a> (768–824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao_(philosopher)" title="Li Ao (philosopher)">Li Ao</a> (772–841)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Yingda" title="Kong Yingda">Kong Yingda</a> (574–648)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Stele" title="Xi'an Stele">Xi'an Stele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Islam during the Tang dynasty">Islam during the Tang dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Tang_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Tang dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaotong" title="Wang Xiaotong">Wang Xiaotong</a> (580–640) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jigu_Suanjing" title="Jigu Suanjing">Jigu Suanjing</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jingzong" title="Xu Jingzong">Xu Jingzong</a> (592-672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Lingzan" title="Liang Lingzan">Liang Lingzan</a> <ul><li><i>The Five-Planet and Twenty-eight Constellation Deities</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Chunfeng" title="Li Chunfeng">Li Chunfeng</a> (602–670) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Computational_Canons" title="Ten Computational Canons">Ten Computational Canons</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Su Jing <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinxiu_bencao" title="Xinxiu bencao">Xinxiu bencao</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Simiao" title="Sun Simiao">Sun Simiao</a> (d. 682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Xing" title="Yi Xing">Yi Xing</a> (683–727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a> (fl 714–724) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Dan" title="Jia Dan">Jia Dan</a> (730–805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">Toothbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwu_Qi" title="Diwu Qi">Diwu Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Yan (Tang dynasty)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Commission" title="Salt Commission">Salt Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inner_Asia" title="Template talk:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inner_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inner Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inner_Asia_history_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> history series</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate range of Inner Asia"><img alt="Approximate range of Inner Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/120px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/180px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/240px-Greater_Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese empires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Han dynasty in Inner Asia">Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">against Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">against Western Turks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Eastern Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">against Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the North">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Tarim Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Western Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Liao" title="Northern Liao">Northern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Liao" title="Eastern Liao">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liao" title="Later Liao">Later Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">against Northwest khanates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Ming dynasty in Inner Asia">Ming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">against Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">against Turpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Qing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">against Dzungar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Inner_Asia" title="The Cambridge History of Inner Asia">The Cambridge History of Inner Asia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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