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<span>Ghadir Khumm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghadir_Khumm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مولی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="মাওলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাওলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Мәүлә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәүлә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mawla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maula" title="Maula – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maula" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mawla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mawla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawl%C4%81" title="Mawlā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mawlā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მავლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მავლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="مولى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مولى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maula" title="Maula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мавла – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мавла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavla" title="Mavla – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mavla" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mawla" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%8B%89" title="毛拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the novel by Surender Mohan Pathak, see <a href="/wiki/Mawali_(novel)" title="Mawali (novel)">Mawali (novel)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mawla,_Cornwall" title="Mawla, Cornwall">Mawla, Cornwall</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maula" title="Maula">Maula</a>.</div> <p> <i><b>Mawlā</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَوْلَى</span>, plural <i>mawālī</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَوَالِي</span></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a> word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-Wensinck_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wensinck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the term originally applied to any form of <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">tribal association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', and 'trustee'.<sup id="cite_ref-Wensinck_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wensinck-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> dynasty to incorporate new converts to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> into Arab-Muslim society and the word <i>mawali</i> gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic caliphates</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>mawla</i>, which was used by the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> about <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a> speech,<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaIslam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">و ل ي</span></span> <i>w-l-y</i>, meaning "to be close to" or "to have power over". <i>Mawla</i> can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" Originally, <i>mawāli</i> were clients of an Arab people, but with the advent of Islam, the term came to refer to non-Arab Muslims and other allies. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> rulers of the 9th century, the non-Arab converts comprised an important part of the army. The institution of wala' as a requirement to enter Muslim society ceased to exist after the fall of the Umayyads, as the Abbasids favoured a universal interpretation of Islam that was not the exclusive religion of the Arab elite. However, throughout the centuries, the rise of political power of regional Arab dynasties and non-Arab ethnic groups eventually restricted the power of the Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, as Persian, Turkic and <a href="/wiki/Berber_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber Muslims">Berber Muslims</a> began to form independent and autonomous <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanates</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abu Hanifa</a> was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> within <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and lived through the Abbasid Revolution. He famously stated in one of his sayings: "The belief of a newly converted <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turk</a> is the same as that of an Arab from <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>." </p><p>This institution continued in the Abbasid period on a much smaller scale when the 8th Abbasid Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a>, formed private corps entirely composed of non-Arabs in the service of the Caliph. These men were the mawali of the Caliph and were thus considered to be more loyal to the Caliph. This practice persisted throughout Islamic history through to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ghadir_Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ghadir Khumm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "Mawla" is regarded as a considerable word in the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a> event (regarding the sentence which was declared by the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad in Islam</a> about <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, when he said: "For whoever I am his <i>mawla</i>, 'Ali is his <i>mawla</i>."). There have been mentioned meanings for this use of the word "mawla", including leader,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administrator,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord, owner, master, follower, one who has more right in something, <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a>, an ally, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a> argue that in the context of the sermon (Ghadir Khumm), intended that the word "mawla" to be taken as "leader". They therefore see this to be the official designation of Ali as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">prophet's successor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaIslam-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">Umm walad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">Wilayah</a></i></li></ul> </div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wensinck-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wensinck_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wensinck_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A.J. Wensinck, Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed, Brill. "Mawlā", vol. 6, p. 874.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldziher1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Goldziher" title="Ignác Goldziher">Goldziher, Ignác</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold"><i>Muhammedanische Studien</i></a>. Halle. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammedanisches00gold/page/105">105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammedanische+Studien&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Halle&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Goldziher&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammedanisches00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMawla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaIslam-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaIslam_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaglieri2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Vaglieri, Laura Veccia</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghadir-khumm-SIM_2439">"G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=G%CC%B2h%CC%B2ad%C4%ABr+K%CC%B2h%CC%B2umm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Vaglieri&rft.aufirst=Laura+Veccia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fghadir-khumm-SIM_2439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMawla" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pasokhgoo.ir/node/23468">The meaning of Mawla</a> pasokhgoo.ir Retrieved 1 Dec 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makarem.ir/main.aspx?lid=0&mid=247458&typeinfo=23&catid=23955">Mawla meaning</a> makarem.ir Retrieved 8 Dec 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/ghadir/meaning.asp">Meaning and Implication</a> al-islam.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/brother-prophet-muhammad-imam-ali-mohamad-jawad-chirri/38-hadith-wilayah#waliand-mawla">"wali"and "Mawla"</a> al-islam.org Retrieved 8 Dec 2018</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hourani, Albert. <i>A History of the Arab People</i>. Chapter 1.</li> <li>Mas'udi. <i>The Meadows of Gold</i>. Trans. and eds. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1981" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Daniel (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByLG-2hZX-MC"><i>Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(hardcover)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300024470" title="Special:BookSources/9780300024470"><bdi>9780300024470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+Soldiers+and+Islam+The+Genesis+of+a+Military+System&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780300024470&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByLG-2hZX-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMawla" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mawla&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Conversion and Poll-Tax in Early Islam</i>, D.C. Dennett, Cambridge 1950.</li> <li><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>, second edition.</li> <li><i>Slaves on Horses</i>, P. Crone, Cambridge 1980.</li> <li><i>Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate</i>, P. Crone, Cambridge University Press, 2002.</li> <li><i>Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam</i>, M. Bernards, J. Nawas, Brill, 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440398008574811"><i>Mawlas: Freed slaves and converts in early Islam</i>, Daniel Pipes, in: Slavery & Abolition, 1980, 1:2, 132–177</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawla&oldid=1254282145">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mawla&oldid=1254282145</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaic_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Archaic words and phrases">Archaic words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_terminology" title="Category:Islamic terminology">Islamic terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethno-cultural_designations" title="Category:Ethno-cultural designations">Ethno-cultural designations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_race" title="Category:Religion and race">Religion and race</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases">Arabic words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Iranian_sentiments" title="Category:Anti-Iranian sentiments">Anti-Iranian sentiments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Racism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Category:Racism in the Middle East">Racism in the Middle East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_Revolution" title="Category:Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 October 2024, at 07:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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