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<span>Planets</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Planets subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prospects_for_habitability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prospects_for_habitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prospects for habitability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prospects_for_habitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlargement_of_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlargement_of_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enlargement of planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlargement_of_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red-giant_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-giant_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Red-giant branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-giant_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red-clump_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-clump_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Red-clump giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-clump_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asymptotic_giant_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asymptotic_giant_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asymptotic giant branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asymptotic_giant_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sun_as_a_red_giant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sun_as_a_red_giant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Sun as a red giant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sun_as_a_red_giant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Red giant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooireus" title="Rooireus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooireus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="عملاق أحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملاق أحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiganta_roya" title="Chiganta roya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chiganta roya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xigante_colorada" title="Xigante colorada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xigante colorada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_n%C9%99h%C9%99ngl%C9%99r" title="Qırmızı nəhənglər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırmızı nəhənglər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC" title="লোহিত দানব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লোহিত দানব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Чырвоны гігант – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чырвоны гігант" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Червен гигант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Червен гигант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_div" title="Crveni div – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crveni div" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegant_vermell" title="Gegant vermell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gegant vermell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%95_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Хĕрлĕ гигант – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрлĕ гигант" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_obr" title="Červený obr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Červený obr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawr_coch" title="Cawr coch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cawr coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_k%C3%A6mpe" title="Rød kæmpe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rød kæmpe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Riese" title="Roter Riese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roter Riese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punane_hiid" title="Punane hiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punane hiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερυθρός γίγαντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερυθρός γίγαντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigante_roja" title="Gigante roja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gigante roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_giganto" title="Ruĝa giganto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa giganto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erraldoi_gorri" title="Erraldoi gorri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erraldoi gorri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="غول سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غول سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ante_rouge" title="Géante rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géante rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathachr%C3%A9alta_dhearg" title="Fathachréalta dhearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fathachréalta dhearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xigante_vermella" title="Xigante vermella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xigante vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%83%89%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%B1" title="적색거성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적색거성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Կարմիր հսկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր հսկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="लाल दानव तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाल दानव तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_div" title="Crveni div – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crveni div" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksasa_merah" title="Raksasa merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raksasa merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigante_rossa" title="Gigante rossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gigante rossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ענק אדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ענק אדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="წითელი გიგანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი გიგანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Алып қызыл жұлдыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алып қызыл жұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitu_jekundu" title="Jitu jekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jitu jekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkanais_milzis" title="Sarkanais milzis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sarkanais milzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roude_Ris" title="Roude Ris – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roude Ris" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonoji_mil%C5%BEin%C4%97" title="Raudonoji milžinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonoji milžinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_%C3%B3ri%C3%A1s" title="Vörös óriás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vörös óriás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Црвен џин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен џин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ചുവപ്പുഭീമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുവപ്പുഭീമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergasi_merah" title="Gergasi merah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gergasi merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A7%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99_%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ဧရာမ ကြယ်နီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဧရာမ ကြယ်နီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damudamu_tuwawa" title="Damudamu tuwawa – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Damudamu tuwawa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_reus" title="Rode reus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode reus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="रातो दानव तारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रातो दानव तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%89%B2%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="赤色巨星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤色巨星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8d_kjempe" title="Rød kjempe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rød kjempe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raud_kjempe" title="Raud kjempe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raud kjempe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulkan_qizil_yulduz" title="Ulkan qizil yulduz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ulkan qizil yulduz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਾਲ ਦਾਨਵ ਤਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਲ ਦਾਨਵ ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%86" title="لال جن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لال جن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_Rees" title="Root Rees – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Root Rees" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwony_olbrzym" title="Czerwony olbrzym – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwony olbrzym" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigante_vermelha" title="Gigante vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gigante vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gigantă roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Красный гигант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красный гигант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roode_H%C3%BC%C3%BCne" title="Roode Hüüne – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Roode Hüüne" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="රතු යෝධ තරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රතු යෝධ තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Red giant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_obor" title="Červený obor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený obor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Da_orjakinja" title="Rdeča orjakinja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeča orjakinja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_d%C5%BEin" title="Crveni džin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Crveni džin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_div" title="Crveni div – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni div" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raksasa_beureum" title="Raksasa beureum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Raksasa beureum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_j%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen" title="Punainen jättiläinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen jättiläinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6d_j%C3%A4tte" title="Röd jätte – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röd jätte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="செம்பெருமீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செம்பெருமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Кызыл зур йолдыз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кызыл зур йолдыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ดาวยักษ์แดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวยักษ์แดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1rm%C4%B1z%C4%B1_dev" title="Kırmızı dev – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırmızı dev" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Червоні гіганти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Червоні гіганти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%B6%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سرخ ضخام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرخ ضخام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_kh%E1%BB%95ng_l%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F" title="Sao khổng lồ đỏ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao khổng lồ đỏ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pula_nga_higante" title="Pula nga higante – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pula nga higante" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="红巨星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红巨星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅巨星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAwo_s%C3%BBr" title="Dêwo sûr – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dêwo sûr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="紅巨星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q50081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_giant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red giant (disambiguation)">Red giant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the very-high-mass stars which usually produce a supernova, see <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiant</a>. For the small dim stars, see <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">Red dwarf</a>.</div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 400px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HR-diag-no-text-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/400px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/600px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/HR-diag-no-text-2.svg/800px-HR-diag-no-text-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:392px"><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 110%">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:432px"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">Spectral type</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:84px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/O-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="O-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">O</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/B-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="B-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">B</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:158px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/A-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="A-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">A</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:196px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/F-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="F-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">F</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/G-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="G-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">G</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:268px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/K-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="K-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">K</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/M-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="M-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">M</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:340px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/L-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="L-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">L</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:378px; top:418px"><a href="/wiki/T-class_star" class="mw-redirect" title="T-class star"><span style="color: black; background-color: white; font-size: 100% font-weight:bold">T</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:322px; top:364px"><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Brown dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:154px; top:316px"><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">White dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:300px"><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red dwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:202px; top:268px"><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subdwarfs</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:222px"><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Main sequence<br />("dwarfs")</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:262px; top:184px"><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subgiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:334px; top:144px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:94px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Blue giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:194px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Bright giants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergiant star"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Supergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:326px; top:76px"><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Red supergiant</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:71.2px"><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hypergiants</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">absolute<br />magni-<br />tude<br />(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_giant_simulation_4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spherical object, dimly red-to-black with highly complex and chaotic, randomly-oriented patterns of varying brightness on its surface, against a black background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Red_giant_simulation_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a> simulations of a red giant, with giant convection cells and puffy surface</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>red giant</b> is a luminous <a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giant star</a> of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a>)) in a late phase of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">outer atmosphere</a> is inflated and tenuous, making the radius large and the surface temperature around 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> [K] (4,700 °C; 8,500 °F) or lower. The appearance of the red giant is from yellow-white to reddish-orange, including the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral types</a> K and M, sometimes G, but also <a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">class S stars</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">carbon stars</a>. </p><p>Red giants vary in the way by which they generate energy: </p> <ul><li>most common red giants are stars on the <a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">red-giant branch</a> (RGB) that are still <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">fusing hydrogen</a> into helium in a shell surrounding an inert helium core</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-clump" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-clump">red-clump</a> stars in the cool half of the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a>, fusing helium into carbon in their cores via the <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic-giant-branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic-giant-branch">asymptotic-giant-branch</a> (AGB) stars with a helium burning shell outside a degenerate carbon–oxygen core, and a hydrogen-burning shell just beyond that.</li></ul> <p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">well-known bright stars</a> are red giants because they are luminous and moderately common. The K0 RGB star <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> is 36 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> away, and <a href="/wiki/Gacrux" title="Gacrux">Gacrux</a> is the nearest M-class giant at 88 light-years' distance. </p><p>A red giant will usually produce a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> and become a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> at the end of its life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_Stars_(artist%E2%80%99s_impression).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to text nearby and section "The Sun as a red giant"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/260px-Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/390px-Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/520px-Structure_of_Stars_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5176" data-file-height="3910" /></a><figcaption>An illustration comparing the structure of the Sun (left) and its possible future as a red giant (right; not to scale). The inset at the bottom right shows a size comparison.</figcaption></figure> <p>A red giant is a star that has exhausted the supply of hydrogen in its core and has begun <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear fusion">thermonuclear fusion</a> of hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core. They have radii tens to hundreds of times larger than <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">that of the Sun</a>. However, their outer envelope is lower in temperature, giving them a yellowish-orange hue. Despite the lower energy density of their envelope, red giants are many times more luminous than the Sun because of their great size. Red-giant-branch stars have luminosities up to nearly three thousand times that of the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity"><var>L</var><sub>☉</sub></a>); spectral types of K or M have surface temperatures of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003300000000000000♠"></span>3,000–4,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></span> (compared with the <a href="/wiki/Sun%27s_photosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun's photosphere">Sun's photosphere</a> temperature of nearly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003600000000000000♠"></span>6,000 K</span>) and radii up to about 200 times the Sun (<a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub></a>). Stars on the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a> are hotter, with only a small range of luminosities around 75 <var>L</var><sub>☉</sub>. <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic-giant-branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic-giant-branch">Asymptotic-giant-branch</a> stars range from similar luminosities as the brighter stars of the red-giant branch, up to several times more luminous at the end of the thermal pulsing phase. </p><p>Among the asymptotic-giant-branch stars belong the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon stars">carbon stars</a> of type C-N and late C-R, produced when carbon and other elements are convected to the surface in what is called a <a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">dredge-up</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boothroyd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boothroyd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dredge-up occurs during hydrogen shell burning on the red-giant branch, but does not produce a large carbon abundance at the surface. The second, and sometimes third, dredge-up occurs during helium shell burning on the asymptotic-giant branch and convects carbon to the surface in sufficiently massive stars. </p><p>The stellar limb of a red giant is not sharply defined, contrary to their depiction in many illustrations. Rather, due to the very low mass density of the envelope, such stars lack a well-defined <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photosphere</a>, and the body of the star gradually transitions into a '<a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">corona</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-suzuki_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suzuki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coolest red giants have complex spectra, with <a href="/wiki/Molecular_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular lines">molecular lines</a>, emission features, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_maser" title="Astrophysical maser">masers</a>, particularly from thermally pulsing AGB stars.<sup id="cite_ref-habing_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habing-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations have also provided evidence of a hot <a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">chromosphere</a> above the photosphere of red giants,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where investigating the heating mechanisms for the chromospheres to form requires 3D simulations of red giants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another noteworthy feature of red giants is that, unlike Sun-like stars whose photospheres have a large number of small convection cells (<a href="/wiki/Granule_(solar_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Granule (solar physics)">solar granules</a>), red-giant photospheres, as well as those of <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiants</a>, have just a few large cells, the features of which cause the <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variations of brightness</a> so common on both types of stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzschild_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution#Mid-sized_stars" title="Stellar evolution">Stellar evolution § Mid-sized stars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_(annotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/300px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/450px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg/600px-The_life_cycle_of_a_Sun-like_star_%28annotated%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>This image tracks the life of a <a href="/wiki/Sun-like_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-like star">Sun-like star</a>, from its <a href="/wiki/Star#Star_formation" title="Star">birth</a> on the <i>left</i> side of the frame to its <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution</a> into a red giant on the <i>right</i> after billions of years</figcaption></figure> <p>Red giants are evolved from <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence">main-sequence</a> stars with masses in the range from about 0.3 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a> to around 8 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-endms_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endms-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a star initially <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">forms</a> from a collapsing <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular cloud</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, it contains primarily hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of "<a href="/wiki/Metals_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals (astronomy)">metals</a>" (in astrophysics, this refers to all elements heavier than hydrogen and helium). These elements are all uniformly mixed throughout the star. The star "enters" the main sequence when <a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">its core</a> reaches a temperature (several million <a href="/wiki/Kelvins" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvins">kelvins</a>) high enough to begin fusing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen-1">hydrogen-1</a> (the predominant isotope), and establishes <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>. (In astrophysics, stellar fusion is often referred to as "burning", with hydrogen fusion sometimes termed "<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen burning">hydrogen burning</a>".) Over its main sequence life, the star slowly fuses the hydrogen in the core into helium; its main-sequence life ends when nearly all the hydrogen in the core has been fused. For the Sun, the main-sequence lifetime is approximately 10 billion years. More massive stars burn disproportionately faster and so have a shorter lifetime than less massive stars.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the star has mostly exhausted the hydrogen fuel in its core, the core's rate of nuclear reactions declines, and thus so do the <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pressure" title="Radiation pressure">radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pressure" title="Thermal pressure">thermal pressure</a> the core generates, which are what support the star against <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational contraction">gravitational contraction</a>. The star further contracts, increasing the pressures and thus temperatures inside the star (as described by the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a>). Eventually a "shell" layer around the core reaches temperatures sufficient to fuse hydrogen and thus generate its own radiation and thermal pressure, which "re-inflates" the star's outer layers and causes them to expand.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_Mission_Directorate_2012_n322_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science_Mission_Directorate_2012_n322-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hydrogen-burning shell results in a situation that has been described as the <i>mirror principle</i>: when the core within the shell contracts, the layers of the star outside the shell must expand. The detailed physical processes that cause this are complex. Still, the behavior is necessary to satisfy simultaneous conservation of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">gravitational</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a> in a star with the shell structure. The core contracts and heats up due to the lack of fusion, and so the outer layers of the star expand greatly, absorbing most of the extra energy from shell fusion. This process of cooling and expanding is the <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a> stage. When the envelope of the star cools sufficiently it becomes <a href="/wiki/Convective_layer_(astrophysics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convective layer (astrophysics)">convective</a>, the star stops expanding, its <a href="/wiki/Stellar_luminosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar luminosity">luminosity</a> starts to increase, and the star is ascending the <a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">red-giant branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Space telescope image of star Mira A, observed from Earth. A cloud of gas and dust is illuminated by a whitish light concentrated at center of image; some hints of blue and yellow are visible near the center. The clouds obscure direct view of the star, and are front- and backlit by its light depending on their orientations, with some of the thick dark clouds between the star and viewer standing out due to partially obscuring the light from the star. The image darkens rapidly towards its edges as the clouds absorb and scatter the light, first becoming increasingly dimmer and redder, and closer to the edges the image becomes more or less completely black." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg/220px-Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg/330px-Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg/440px-Seeing_into_the_Heart_of_Mira_A_and_its_Partner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mira_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Mira A">Mira A</a> is an old star, already shedding its outer layers into space</figcaption></figure> <p>The evolutionary path the star takes as it moves along the red-giant branch depends on the mass of the star. For the Sun and stars of less than about 2 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub><sup id="cite_ref-fagotto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagotto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the core will become dense enough that <a href="/wiki/Electron_degeneracy_pressure" title="Electron degeneracy pressure">electron degeneracy pressure</a> will prevent it from collapsing further. Once the core is <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate</a>, it will continue to heat until it reaches a temperature of roughly <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>8</sup> K</span>, hot enough to begin fusing helium to carbon via the <a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">triple-alpha process</a>. Once the degenerate core reaches this temperature, the entire core will begin helium fusion nearly simultaneously in a so-called <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>. In more-massive stars, the collapsing core will reach these temperatures before it is dense enough to be degenerate, so helium fusion will begin much more smoothly, and produce no helium flash.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core helium fusing phase of a star's life is called the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metal-poor stars</a>, so named because these stars lie on a nearly horizontal line in the H–R diagram of many star clusters. Metal-rich helium-fusing stars instead lie on the so-called <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">red clump</a> in the H–R diagram.<sup id="cite_ref-alves1999_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alves1999-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An analogous process occurs when the core helium is exhausted, and the star collapses once again, causing helium in a shell to begin fusing. At the same time, hydrogen may begin fusion in a shell just outside the burning helium shell. This puts the star onto the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">asymptotic giant branch</a>, a second red-giant phase.<sup id="cite_ref-sackmann_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sackmann-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The helium fusion results in the build-up of a carbon–oxygen core. A star below about 8 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> will never start fusion in its degenerate carbon–oxygen core.<sup id="cite_ref-fagotto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagotto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, at the end of the asymptotic-giant-branch phase the star will eject its outer layers, forming a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a> with the core of the star exposed, ultimately becoming a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>. The ejection of the outer mass and the creation of a planetary nebula finally ends the red-giant phase of the star's evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-zeilik_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeilik-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red-giant phase typically lasts only around a billion years in total for a solar mass star, almost all of which is spent on the red-giant branch. The horizontal-branch and asymptotic-giant-branch phases proceed tens of times faster. </p><p>If the star has about 0.2 to 0.5 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub>,<sup id="cite_ref-fagotto_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fagotto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is massive enough to become a red giant but does not have enough mass to initiate the fusion of helium.<sup id="cite_ref-endms_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endms-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "intermediate" stars cool somewhat and increase their luminosity but never achieve the tip of the red-giant branch and helium core flash. When the ascent of the red-giant branch ends they puff off their outer layers much like a post-asymptotic-giant-branch star and then become a white dwarf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stars_that_do_not_become_red_giants">Stars that do not become red giants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stars that do not become red giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very-low-mass stars are <a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">fully convective</a><sup id="cite_ref-aaa496_3_787_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa496_3_787-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may continue to fuse hydrogen into helium for up to a <a href="/wiki/Trillion_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion years">trillion years</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until only a small fraction of the entire star is hydrogen. Luminosity and temperature steadily increase during this time, just as for more-massive main-sequence stars, but the length of time involved means that the temperature eventually increases by about 50% and the luminosity by around 10 times. Eventually the level of helium increases to the point where the star ceases to be fully convective and the remaining hydrogen locked in the core is consumed in only a few billion more years. Depending on mass, the temperature and luminosity continue to increase for a time during hydrogen shell burning, the star can become hotter than the Sun and tens of times more luminous than when it formed although still not as luminous as the Sun. After some billions more years, they start to become less luminous and cooler even though hydrogen shell burning continues. These become cool helium white dwarfs.<sup id="cite_ref-endms_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endms-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very-high-mass stars develop into <a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">supergiants</a> that follow an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary track">evolutionary track</a> that takes them back and forth horizontally over the H–R diagram, at the right end constituting <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">red supergiants</a>. These usually end their life as a <a href="/wiki/Type_II_supernova" title="Type II supernova">type II supernova</a>. The most massive stars can become <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet stars</a> without becoming giants or supergiants at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther_2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther_2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planets">Planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: May be outdated.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prospects_for_habitability">Prospects for habitability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prospects for habitability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although traditionally it has been suggested the evolution of a star into a red giant will render its <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary system</a>, if present, uninhabitable, some research suggests that, during the evolution of a 1 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> star along the red-giant branch, it could harbor a <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> for several billion years at 2 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU) out to around 100 million years at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012134638083630000♠"></span>9 AU</span> out, giving perhaps enough time for life to develop on a suitable world. After the red-giant stage, there would for such a star be a habitable zone between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7012104718509490000♠"></span>7 and 22 AU</span> for an additional one billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-Lopez2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lopez2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later studies have refined this scenario, showing how for a 1 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> star the habitable zone lasts from 100 million years for a planet with an orbit similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Mars_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (planet)">Mars</a> to 210 million years for one that orbits at <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span></a> distance to the Sun, the maximum time (370 million years) corresponding for planets orbiting at the distance of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. However, planets orbiting a 0.5 <var>M</var><sub>☉</sub> star in equivalent orbits to those of Jupiter and Saturn would be in the habitable zone for 5.8 billion years and 2.1 billion years, respectively; for stars more massive than the Sun, the times are considerably shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramses2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramses2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlargement_of_planets">Enlargement of planets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enlargement of planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2023, several hundred <a href="/wiki/Giant_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant planets">giant planets</a> have been discovered around giant stars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these giant planets are more massive than the giant planets found around solar-type stars. This could be because giant stars are more massive than the Sun (less massive stars will still be on the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> and will not have become giants yet) and more massive stars are expected to have more massive planets. However, the masses of the planets that have been found around giant stars do not correlate with the masses of the stars; therefore, the planets could be growing in mass during the stars' red giant phase. The growth in planet mass could be partly due to accretion from stellar wind, although a much larger effect would be <a href="/wiki/Roche_lobe" title="Roche lobe">Roche lobe</a> overflow causing mass-transfer from the star to the planet when the giant expands out to the orbital distance of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A similar process in <a href="/wiki/Multiple_star_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple star systems">multiple star systems</a> is believed to be the cause of most <a href="/wiki/Novas" class="mw-redirect" title="Novas">novas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernovas" class="mw-redirect" title="Type Ia supernovas">type Ia supernovas</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">well-known bright stars</a> are red giants, because they are luminous and moderately common. The red-giant branch variable star <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Crucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma Crucis">Gamma Crucis</a> is the nearest M-class giant star at 88 light-years.<sup id="cite_ref-ireland_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ireland-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The K1.5 red-giant branch star <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> is 36 light-years away.<sup id="cite_ref-abia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-giant_branch">Red-giant branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Red-giant branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldebaran" title="Aldebaran">Aldebaran</a> (α Tauri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> (α Bootis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C_Leonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ Leonis">μ Leonis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacrux" title="Gacrux">Gacrux</a> (γ Crucis)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red-clump_giants">Red-clump giants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Red-clump giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollux_(star)" title="Pollux (star)">Pollux</a> (β Geminorum)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capella" title="Capella">Capella</a> Aa (α Aurigae)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91_Cassiopeiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Α Cassiopeiae">α Cassiopeiae</a> (Schedar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94_Andromedae" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ Andromedae">δ Andromedae</a><sup id="cite_ref-alves2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alves2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asymptotic_giant_branch">Asymptotic giant branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asymptotic giant branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A1_Persei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ρ Persei">ρ Persei</a> (Gorgonea Tertia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira" title="Mira">Mira</a> (ο Ceti)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7_Cygni" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ Cygni">χ Cygni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91_Herculis" class="mw-redirect" title="Α Herculis">α Herculis</a> (Rasalgethi)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Sun_as_a_red_giant">The Sun as a red giant<span class="anchor" id="The_Sun_as_a_red_giant"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Sun as a red giant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Sun">End of the Sun</a></div> <p>The Sun will exit the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> in approximately 5 billion years and start to turn into a red giant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schroder_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroder-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a red giant, the Sun will grow so large (over 200 times its <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">present-day radius</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="approximately">~</span>215<span class="nowrap"> </span><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="approximately">~</span><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011149597870700000♠"></span>1 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a></span>) that it will engulf <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and likely Earth. It will lose 38% of its mass growing, then will die into a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_giant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-boothroyd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boothroyd_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoothroydSackmann1999" class="citation journal cs1">Boothroyd, A. I.; Sackmann, I. -J. (1999). "The CNO Isotopes: Deep Circulation in Red Giants and First and Second Dredge-up". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>510</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9512121">astro-ph/9512121</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...510..232B">1999ApJ...510..232B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F306546">10.1086/306546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:561413">561413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+CNO+Isotopes%3A+Deep+Circulation+in+Red+Giants+and+First+and+Second+Dredge-up&rft.volume=510&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9512121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A561413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F306546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...510..232B&rft.aulast=Boothroyd&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft.au=Sackmann%2C+I.+-J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+giant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suzuki-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suzuki_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzuki2007" class="citation journal cs1">Suzuki, Takeru K. (2007). "Structured Red Giant Winds with Magnetized Hot Bubbles and the Corona/Cool Wind Dividing Line". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>659</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1592–</span>1610. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608195">astro-ph/0608195</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...659.1592S">2007ApJ...659.1592S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F512600">10.1086/512600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13957448">13957448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Structured+Red+Giant+Winds+with+Magnetized+Hot+Bubbles+and+the+Corona%2FCool+Wind+Dividing+Line&rft.volume=659&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1592-%3C%2Fspan%3E1610&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0608195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13957448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F512600&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...659.1592S&rft.aulast=Suzuki&rft.aufirst=Takeru+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+giant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habing-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habing_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabingOlofsson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Habing, Harm J.; Olofsson, Hans (2003). "Asymptotic giant branch stars". <i>Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003agbs.conf.....H">2003agbs.conf.....H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asymptotic+Giant+Branch+Stars&rft.atitle=Asymptotic+giant+branch+stars&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003agbs.conf.....H&rft.aulast=Habing&rft.aufirst=Harm+J.&rft.au=Olofsson%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+giant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1970" class="citation book cs1">Deutsch, A. J. (1970). 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href="/wiki/Template:Star" title="Template:Star"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Star" title="Template talk:Star"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Star" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Star"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stars520" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">Stars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_globule" title="Bok globule">Bok globule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_stellar_object" title="Young stellar object">Young stellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_nebula" title="Wolf–Rayet nebula">Wolf–Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_star_(astronomy)" title="Guest star (astronomy)">Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet-hosting stars">Planet-hosting stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_disruption_event" title="Tidal disruption event">Tidal disruption event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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