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method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Theocracy</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a 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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Hierocracy" redirects here. For the medieval theory, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hierocracy_(medieval)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hierocracy (medieval)">Hierocracy (medieval)</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Theocracy (disambiguation)">Theocracy (disambiguation)</a>. </div> Theocracy is a form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-e971-1">[1]</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oligarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> in which one or more <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deity">deities</a> are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Augusto_come_giove,_00-50_dc_circa.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/220px-Augusto_come_giove%2C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%252C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/330px-Augusto_come_giove%252C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Augusto_come_giove%252C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG/440px-Augusto_come_giove%252C_00-50_dc_circa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2376"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Definition">2 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Current_theocracies">3 Current theocracies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christian_theocracies">3.1 Christian theocracies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Holy_See">3.1.1 Holy See</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mount_Athos">3.1.2 Mount Athos</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islamic_theocracies">3.2 Islamic theocracies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afghanistan">3.2.1 Afghanistan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iran">3.2.2 Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Saudi_Arabia">3.2.3 Saudi Arabia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Central_Tibetan_Administration">3.3 Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Change_to_Sikyong">3.3.1 Change to Sikyong</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#States_with_official_state_religions">3.4 States with official state religions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects">4 Historic societies with theocratic aspects</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sumer">4.1 Sumer</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_Egypt">4.2 Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Japan">4.3 Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ancient_Israel">4.4 Ancient Israel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rome">4.5 Rome</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tibet">4.6 Tibet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mongolia">4.7 Mongolia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#China">4.8 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caliphates">4.9 Caliphates</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Timurid_and_Mughal_Empire">4.9.1 Timurid and Mughal Empire</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Byzantine_Empire">4.10 Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%BCnster_(16th_century)">4.11 Münster (16th century)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geneva_and_Z%C3%BCrich_(16th_century)">4.12 Geneva and Zürich (16th century)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)">4.13 Deseret (LDS Church, USA)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Massachusetts_Colony">4.14 Massachusetts Colony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Persia/Iran">4.15 Persia/Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Florence_under_Savonarola">4.16 Florence under Savonarola</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Quebec">4.17 Quebec</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro">4.18 Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Polynesia">4.19 Polynesia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word theocracy originates from the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: θεοκρατία (theocratia) meaning "the rule of God". This, in turn, derives from <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B5%25CF%258C%25CF%2582" class="extiw" title="wikt:θεός">θεός</a> (theos), meaning "god", and <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AD%25CF%2589" class="extiw" title="wikt:κρατέω">κρατέω</a> (krateo), meaning "to rule". Thus the meaning of the word in Greek was "rule by god(s)" or human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incarnation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a>(s) of god(s). The term was initially coined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flavius_Josephus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a> in the first century AD to describe the characteristic government of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>. Josephus argued that while mankind had developed many forms of rule, most could be subsumed under the following three types: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oligarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. However, according to Josephus, the government of the Jews was unique. Josephus offered the term theocracy to describe this polity in which a god was sovereign and the god's word was law.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Josephus' definition was widely accepted until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Age_of_Enlightenment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> era, when the term took on negative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connotation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connotation">connotations</a> and was barely salvaged by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>'s commentary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The first recorded English use was in 1622, with the meaning "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacerdotal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotal">sacerdotal</a> government under divine inspiration" (as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient Israel and Judah</a>); the meaning "priestly or religious body wielding political and civil power" was first recorded in 1825. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The term theocracy derives from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koine_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> θεοκρατία, "rule of God", a term used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josephus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdoms of Israel and Judah">kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> reflecting the view that "God himself is recognized as the head" of the state.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The common, generic use of the term, as defined above in terms of rule by a church or analogous religious leadership, may be more accurately described as an ecclesiocracy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In an ecclesiocracy, the religious leaders assume a leading role in the state, but do not claim that they are instruments of divine revelation. A related phenomenon is a secular government co-existing with a state religion or delegating some aspects of civil law to religious communities. For example, in Israel, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage in Israel">marriage</a> is governed by officially recognized religious bodies who each provide marriage services for their respected adherents, yet no form of civil marriage (free of religion) exists, nor marriage by non-recognized minority religions. According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, there are two meanings for the word theocracy: (1) government of a state by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided; and (2) a state governed by a theocracy. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Current_theocracies">Current theocracies</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Current theocracies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Christian_theocracies">Christian theocracies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Christian theocracies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian state">Christian state</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theonomy">theonomy</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Holy_See">Holy See</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Holy See" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politics of Vatican City">Politics of Vatican City</a> </div> Following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a> on 20 September 1870, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> including Rome with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> were annexed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In 1929, through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lateran_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a> signed with the Italian Government, the new state of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vatican_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> was formally created and recognised as an independent state from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascist_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbvat-9">[9]</a> The head of state of the Vatican is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">pope</a>, elected by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/College_of_Cardinals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a>, an assembly of high-ranking clergy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbvat-9">[9]</a> The pope is elected for life, and either dies in office, or in extremely rare situations may resign. The cardinals are appointed by the popes, who thereby choose the electors of their successors. Voting is limited to cardinals under 80 years of age.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbvat-9">[9]</a> A Secretary for Relations with States, directly responsible for international relations, is appointed by the pope. The Vatican legal system is rooted in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canon law</a>. The Bishop of Rome, as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff">Supreme Pontiff</a>, "has the fullness of legislative, executive and judicial powers."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Although the laws of Vatican City come from the secular laws of Italy, under article 3 of the Law of the Sources of the Law, a provision is made for the application of the "laws promulgated by the Kingdom of Italy".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Mount_Athos">Mount Athos</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mount Athos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">Monastic community of Mount Athos</a> </div> Mount Athos is a mountain peninsula in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greece">Greece</a> which is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autonomous_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous area</a> consisting of 20 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monasteries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> under the direct jurisdiction of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primate_of_Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Primate of Constantinople">Primate of Constantinople</a>. There have been almost 1,800 years of a continuous Christian presence on Mount Athos, and it has a long history of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monasteries?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>, which dates back to at least 800 AD. The origin of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Self-rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-rule">self-rule</a> at Mount Athos can be traced back to a royal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edict">edict</a> issued by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Tzimisces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tzimisces">John Tzimisces</a> in 972, and reaffirmed by Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> in 1095. Greece wrestled control of the area from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Balkan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> in 1912. However, it was formally recognized as part of Greece only after a diplomatic dispute with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was no longer an obstacle, after the latter's collapse during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Mount Athos is specifically exempt from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Single_Market?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">free movement of people and goods</a> required by Greece's membership of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and entrance is allowed only with express permission from the monks. The number of daily visitors to Mount Athos is restricted, with all visitors required to obtain an entrance permit. Only men are permitted to visit, and Eastern Orthodox Christians take precedence in the issuing of permits. Residents of Mount Athos must be men aged 18 and over who are members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and also either monks or workers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Athos is governed jointly by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monastic_community_of_Mount_Athos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monastic community of Mount Athos">a community consisting of members of the 20 monasteries</a> and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Administrator_of_Mount_Athos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Administrator of Mount Athos">Civil Administrator</a>, appointed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. The monastic community is led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protos_(monastic_office)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protos (monastic office)">Protos</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Islamic_theocracies">Islamic theocracies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Islamic theocracies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> </div> An <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> is the name given to several states that are officially ruled by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic laws">Islamic laws</a>, including the Islamic Republics of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mauritania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. Pakistan first adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> that overthrew the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. The term "Islamic republic" has come to mean several different things, at times contradictory. To some Muslim religious leaders in the Middle East and Africa who advocate it, an Islamic republic is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovereign_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovereign state">state</a> under a particular <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Form_of_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>. They see it as a compromise between a purely Islamic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caliphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> and secular nationalism and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. In their conception of the Islamic republic, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penal_code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> of the state is required to be compatible with some or all laws of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, and the state does not necessarily have to be a monarchy, as many Middle Eastern states presently are.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Afghanistan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Afghanistan was an Islamic theocracy when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> first ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and since their reinstatement of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan</a> in 2021, Afghanistan is an Islamic theocracy again. Spreading from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kandahar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, the Taliban eventually captured <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in 1996. By the end of 2000, the Taliban controlled 90% of the country, aside from the opposition (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Alliance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a>) strongholds which were primarily found in the northeast corner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badakhshan_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badakhshan Province">Badakhshan Province</a>. Areas under the Taliban's direct control were mainly Afghanistan's major cities and highways. Tribal khans and warlords had de facto direct control over various small towns, villages, and rural areas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Taliban sought to establish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a> and to impose a strict interpretation of Islamic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharia_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a>, along with the religious edicts of Mullah <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mullah_Omar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a>, upon the entire country of Afghanistan.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> During the five-year history of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emirate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emirate">Islamic Emirate</a>, the Taliban regime interpreted the Sharia in accordance with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanafi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiqh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiqh">school of Islamic jurisprudence</a> and the religious edicts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mullah_Omar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> The Taliban forbade pork and alcohol, many types of consumer technology such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of Afghanistan">music</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Television_in_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Television in Afghanistan">television</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">film</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> as well as most forms of art such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paintings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paintings">paintings</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Photography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Photography">photography</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> male and female participation in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sport">sport</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chess?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chess">chess</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recreation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recreation">recreational activities</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kite">kite-flying</a> and keeping <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pigeons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeons">pigeons</a> or other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pets">pets</a> were also forbidden, and the birds were killed according to the Taliban's ruling.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Movie_theater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Movie theater">Movie theaters</a> were closed and repurposed as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosque">mosques</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> Celebration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Year's Day">Western</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nauruz_in_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruz in Afghanistan">Iranian New Year</a> was forbidden.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> Taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden, as it was considered by the Taliban as a form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idolatry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islam" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> Women were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Employment" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">banned from working</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> girls were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban_treatment_of_women?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliban treatment of women">forbidden to attend schools or universities</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> were requested to observe <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purdah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purdah">purdah</a> and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> Men were forbidden to shave their beards and required to let them grow and keep them long according to the Taliban's liking, and to wear turbans outside their households.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cr-18">[18]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communists</a> were systematically executed. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salah">Prayer</a> was made compulsory and those who did not respect the religious obligation after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adhan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adhan">azaan</a> were arrested.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gambling_in_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambling in Islam">Gambling</a> was banned.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> Thieves were punished by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_and_violence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Islam_and_crime" title="Islam and violence">amputating their hands or feet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> In 2000, the Taliban leader Mullah Omar officially banned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">opium cultivation</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illegal drug trade">drug trafficking</a> in Afghanistan;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maziyar2019-20">[20]</a> the Taliban succeeded in nearly eradicating opium production (99%) by 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-drugpolicy2005-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Maziyar2019-20">[20]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Under the Taliban governance of Afghanistan, both drug users and dealers were severely prosecuted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matinuddin-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cabinet_(government)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> ministers and deputies were mullahs with a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madrasah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> education." Several of them, such as the Minister of Health and Governor of the State bank, were primarily military commanders who were ready to leave their administrative posts to fight when needed. Military reverses that trapped them behind lines or led to their deaths increased the chaos in the national administration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> At the national level, "all senior <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tajiks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uzbeks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazaras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a> bureaucrats" were replaced "with Pashtuns, whether qualified or not." Consequently, the ministries "by and large ceased to function."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rashid_101-102-23">[23]</a> Journalist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahmed_Rashid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahmed Rashid">Ahmed Rashid</a> described the Taliban government as "a secret society run by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kandahar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kandahar">Kandaharis</a> ... mysterious, secretive, and dictatorial."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-24">[24]</a> They did not hold elections, as their spokesman explained: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> does not allow politics or political parties. That is why we give no salaries to officials or soldiers, just food, clothes, shoes, and weapons. We want to live a life like the Prophet lived 1400 years ago, and jihad is our right. We want to recreate the time of the Prophet, and we are only carrying out what the Afghan people have wanted for the past 14 years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </blockquote> They modeled their decision-making process on the Pashtun tribal council (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jirga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jirga">jirga</a>), together with what they believed to be the early Islamic model. Discussion was followed by a building of a consensus by the "believers".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Before capturing Kabul, there was talk of stepping aside once a government of "good Muslims" took power, and law and order were restored. As the Taliban's power grew, decisions were made by Mullah Omar without consulting the jirga and without consulting other parts of the country. One such instance is the rejection of Loya Jirga decision about expulsion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. Mullah Omar visited the capital, Kabul, only twice while in power. Instead of an election, their leader's legitimacy came from an oath of allegiance ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bay%27ah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a>"), in imitation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">the Prophet</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rashidun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rashidun">first four</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caliph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliphs</a>. On 4 April 1996, Mullah Omar had "the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cloak_of_Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cloak of Muhammad">Cloak of Muhammad</a>" taken from its shrine, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirka_Sharif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirka Sharif">Kirka Sharif</a>, for the first time in 60 years. Wrapping himself in the relic, he appeared on the roof of a building in the center of Kandahar while hundreds of Pashtun <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mullah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mullah">mullahs</a> below shouted "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a>!" (Commander of the Faithful), in a pledge of support. Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil explained: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> Decisions are based on the advice of the Amir-ul Momineen. For us, consultation is not necessary. We believe that this is in line with the Sharia. We abide by the Amir's view even if he alone takes this view. There will not be a head of state. Instead, there will be an Amir al-Mu'minin. Mullah Omar will be the highest authority, and the government will not be able to implement any decision to which he does not agree. General elections are incompatible with Sharia and therefore we reject them.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </blockquote> The Taliban were reluctant to share power, and since their ranks were overwhelmingly Pashtun they ruled as overlords over the 60% of Afghans from other ethnic groups. In local government, such as the Kabul city council<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-24">[24]</a> or Herat,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rashid_39-40-28">[28]</a> Taliban loyalists, not locals, dominated, even when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pashto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>-speaking Taliban could not communicate with roughly half of the population who spoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dari">Dari</a> or other non-Pashtun tongues.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rashid_39-40-28">[28]</a> Critics complained that this "lack of local representation in urban administration made the Taliban appear as an occupying force."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rashid_101-102-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/500px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16435" data-file-height="6920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 211px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/500px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg" data-width="500" data-height="211" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/750px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg/1000px-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%8C_%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ali_Khamenei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> at the head of Iran, an Iranian poster </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iran">Iran</a> has been described as a "theocratic republic" by various sources,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbiran-32">[32]</a> Its constitution has been described as a "hybrid" of "theocratic and democratic elements" by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Like other Islamic states, it maintains religious laws and has religious courts to interpret all aspects of law. According to Iran's constitution, "all civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-servat-34">[34]</a> In addition, Iran has a religious ruler and many religious officials in powerful governmental positions. The head of state, or "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>", is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faqih?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a> (scholar of Islamic law)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and has more power than <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of Iran">the president of Iran</a>. Iran's current Supreme Leader is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ali_Khamenei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, a role he has held since 1989. The Leader appoints the heads of many powerful governmental positions: the commanders of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Iran">the armed forces</a>, the director of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">national radio and television network</a>, the heads of powerful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonyad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonyad">major religious and economic foundations</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of Iran">chief justice of Iran</a>, the attorney general (indirectly through the chief justice), special tribunals, and members of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme National Security Council">the supreme national security council</a> who are dealing with defense and foreign affairs. He also co-appoints the 12 jurists of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guardian_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-who-36">[36]</a> The Leader is elected by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbiran-32">[32]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> which is made up of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijtihad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ijtihad">mujtahids</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> who are Islamic scholars competent in interpreting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sharia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guardian_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>, has the power to reject bills passed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">the Parliament</a>. It can also approve or reject candidates who want to run for the Presidency, Parliament, and the Assembly of Experts. The council supervises elections, and can allow or ban investigations into elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wfbiran-32">[32]</a> Six of the twelve council members are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faqīh">faqih</a> and have the power to approve or reject all bills passed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">the Parliament</a>, whether the faqih believes that the bill is in accordance with Islamic laws and customs (Sharia) or not. The other six members are lawyers appointed by the chief justice, who is a cleric and appointed by the Leader.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saudi_Arabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> defines itself as a sovereign Arab <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> with Islam as its official religion. However, some critiques describe Saudi Arabia as an Islamic theocracy. Religious minorities do not have the right to practice their religion openly. Conversion from Islam to another religion is punishable by death as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apostasy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Muhammad Al-Atawneh describes the current Saudi regime as a 'theo-monarchy, that draws power from long-standing religio-cultural norms.'<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Central_Tibetan_Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Central Tibetan Administration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a>, colloquially known as the Tibetan government in exile, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tibetan_exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan exile">Tibetan exile</a> organization with a state-like internal structure. According to its charter, the position of head of state of the Central Tibetan Administration belongs ex officio to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, a religious hierarch. In this respect, it continues the traditions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ganden_Podrang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden Podrang">former government of Tibet</a>, which was ruled by the Dalai Lamas and their ministers, with a specific role reserved for a class of monk officials. On 14 March 2011, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>'s suggestion, the parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration began considering a proposal to remove the Dalai Lama's role as head of state in favor of an elected leader. The first directly elected <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalon_Tripa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalon Tripa">Kalön Tripa</a> was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samdhong_Rinpoche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samdhong Rinpoche">Samdhong Rinpoche</a>, who was elected on 20 August 2001.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Before 2011, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalon_Tripa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalon Tripa">Kalön Tripa</a> position was subordinate to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> who presided over the government in exile from its founding.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In August of that year, Lobsang Sangay received 55 percent of 49,189 votes, defeating his nearest rival Tethong Tenzin Namgyal by 8,646 votes,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> becoming the second popularly elected Kalön Tripa. The Dalai Lama announced that his political authority would be transferred to Sangay.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Change_to_Sikyong">Change to Sikyong</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Change to Sikyong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 20 September 2012, the 15th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile unanimously voted to change the title of Kalön Tripa to Sikyong in Article 19 of the Charter of the Tibetans in exile and relevant articles.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Dalai Lama had previously referred to the Kalön Tripa as Sikyong, and this usage was cited as the primary justification for the name change. According to Tibetan Review, "Sikyong" translates to "political leader", as distinct from "spiritual leader".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TR-48">[48]</a> Foreign affairs Kalön <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dicki_Chhoyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dicki Chhoyang">Dicki Chhoyang</a> stated that the term "Sikyong" has had a precedent dating back to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7th Dalai Lama">7th Dalai Lama</a>, and that the name change "ensures historical continuity and legitimacy of the traditional leadership from the Fifth Dalai Lama".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The online Dharma Dictionary translates sikyong (srid skyong) as "secular ruler; regime, regent".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The title sikyong had previously been used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regent">regents</a> who ruled Tibet during the Dalai Lama's minority. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="States_with_official_state_religions">States with official state religions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: States with official state religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State religion">State religion</a> </div> Having a state religion is not sufficient to mean that a state is a theocracy in the narrow sense of the term. Many countries have a state religion without the government directly deriving its powers from a divine authority or a religious authority which is directly exercising governmental powers. Since few theocracies exist in the modern world, the word "theocracy" is now used as a descriptive term for a government which enforces a state religion. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Historic_societies_with_theocratic_aspects">Historic societies with theocratic aspects</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historic societies with theocratic aspects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sumer">Sumer</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sumer" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders including both men and women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jacobsen-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This section needs expansion with: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priest of Amun</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTheocracy%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D">adding to it</a>. (June 2023) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Ancient Egyptian society regarded its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pharaohs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaohs">pharaohs</a> as divine and associated them with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horus">Horus</a>, and after death, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osiris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osiris">Osiris</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[52]</a> While not considered equal to other members of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egyptian_pantheon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian pantheon">Egyptian pantheon</a>, the pharaoh had the responsibility of mediating between the gods and the people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Japanese people have historically venerated their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> as the descendant of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shinto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> sun-goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amaterasu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a>. Through this line of descent, the emperor was seen as a living god who was the supreme leader of the Japanese people. This status only changed with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a> following the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_World_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1945: on 1 January 1946 Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hirohito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a>, at the request of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humanity_Declaration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humanity Declaration">declared that he was not a living god</a> in order for Japan to reorganize into a democratic nation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ancient_Israel">Ancient Israel</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ancient Israel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In biblical times, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Early Israel</a> was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kritarchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kritarchy">kritarchy</a>, ruled by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew Bible judges">Judges</a> before the institution of a monarchy under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saul">Saul</a>. The Israelites regarded the Judges as representatives of God to dispense His judgement, and were often themselves prophets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_cult?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> </div> From <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 27 BCE the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult of ancient Rome</a> identified <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> and some members of their families with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine right of kings">divinely sanctioned</a> authority (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auctoritas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a>) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman State">Roman State</a>. The official offer of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cultus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">cultus</a> to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional: his Principate should therefore demonstrate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pietas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pietas">pious respect</a> for traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republicanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republicanism">republican</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deity">deities</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mos_maiorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mos maiorum">mores</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tibet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Unified religious rule in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddhist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> Tibet began in 1642, when the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a> allied with the military power of the Mongol <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gushri_Khan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushri Khan">Gushri Khan</a> to consolidate political power and to center control around his office as head of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gelug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> school.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Davidson-55">[55]</a> This form of government is known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dual_system_of_government?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government">dual system of government</a>. Prior to 1642, particular monasteries and monks had held considerable power throughout Tibet but had not achieved anything approaching complete control, and their power continued in a diffuse, feudal system after the ascension of the Fifth <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dalai_Lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. Power in Tibet was held by a number of traditional élites, including members of the nobility, the heads of the major Buddhist sects (including their various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tulku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tulku">tulkus</a>), and various large and influential monastic communities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lopez-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mongolia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Outer_Mongolia_(1911%E2%80%931919)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer Mongolia (1911–1919)">Bogd Khanate</a> period of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> (1911–19) featured a Buddhist theocratic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khanate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khanate">khanate</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor">Chinese emperor</a> </div> Similar to the Roman Emperor, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_sovereign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereign</a> was historically held to be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Son_of_Heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Son of Heaven">Son of Heaven</a>. However, from the first historical Emperor on, this was largely ceremonial and tradition quickly established it as a posthumous dignity, like the Roman institution. The situation before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang Di</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 221–210 BCE) is less clear. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shang_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600 BCE to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1045 BCE) essentially functioned as a theocracy, declaring the ruling family the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Son_of_heaven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of heaven">sons of heaven</a> and calling the chief sky god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shangdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a> after a word for their deceased ancestors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wibla-58">[58]</a> After their overthrow by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zhou_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a>, the royal clan of Shang were not eliminated but instead moved to a ceremonial capital where they were charged to continue the performance of their rituals. The titles combined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi_Huangdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Huangdi">Shi Huangdi</a> to form his new title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor">emperor</a> were originally applied to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Sovereigns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Sovereigns">god-like beings</a> who ordered the heavens and earth and to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">culture heroes</a> credited with the invention of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Five_Grains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Five Grains">agriculture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_clothing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese music">music</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese astrology">astrology</a>, etc. Even after the fall of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qin_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> in 206 BCE, an emperor's words were considered sacred edicts (聖旨) and his written proclamations "directives from above" (上諭). As a result, some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinologist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">Sinologists</a> translate the title huangdi (usually rendered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emperor_of_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emperor of China">"emperor"</a>) as thearch. The term properly refers to the head of a thearchy (a kingdom of gods), but the more specific "theocrat" carries associations of a strong priesthood that would be generally inaccurate in describing imperial China. Others reserve the use of the word "thearch" to describe the legendary figures of Chinese prehistory while continuing to use "emperor" to describe historical rulers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wibla-58">[58]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavenly_Kingdom_of_Great_Peace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace">Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace</a> (1851 to 1864) in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> was a heterodox Christian theocracy led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a>, who portrayed himself as the younger brother of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jesus_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. His theocratic state fought one of the most destructive wars in history, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, against the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> for fifteen years before being crushed following the 1864 fall of the rebel capital <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Caliphates">Caliphates</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Caliphates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caliphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunni_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caliph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> should be selected or elected by Muslims or by their representatives. Followers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shia_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, however, believe a Caliph should be an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imam">Imam</a> chosen by God from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> (the "Family of the House", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s direct descendants). In both cases, caliphs theoretically combine religious and secular powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Timurid_and_Mughal_Empire">Timurid and Mughal Empire</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Timurid and Mughal Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1370"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 402px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="402" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Emperor_Jahangir_Praying.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jahangir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jahangir">Emperor Jahangir</a>, praying to God </figcaption> </figure> The Emperors of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timurid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mughal_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal Dynasty</a> were regarded as intermediaries of their subordinaries and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God_in_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God in Islam">God</a> by virtue of the blessings of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Hazrat Ishaans</a>, who were the spiritual guides of the Timurid and Mughal Emperors. The Emperors believed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Hazrat Ishaans</a> to be the rightful spiritual successors of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> and by this virtue to be the ultimate intermediaries between God and mankind in every time (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qutb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qutb">Qutb</a>). They thus used the title <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperial_and_royal_titles_of_the_Mughal_emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors">Zwillu-Nabi'llah</a> (ظِلُّ النبی ٱلله) or "Sayeh Nabi-e- Khuda" in Persian which means "Shadow of God´s Prophet" in English to denote their representation of God on Earth. Emperor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aurangzeb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> in particular took over the title of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caliphate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir Al Muminin</a> through the blessing (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ijazah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ijazah">Ijaza</a>) of the contemporary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qadiriyya_wa_Naqshbandiyya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qadiriyya wa Naqshbandiyya">Hazrat Ishaan</a>, his first cousin and son in law <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ziyarat_Naqshband_Sahab?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab">Prince Nizamuddin Naqshband</a> a paternal grandson of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hazrat_Ishaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hazrat Ishaan">Khwaja Khawand Mahmud</a> and maternally of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jahangir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire § Religion</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>a.d. 324–1453) operated under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a>, meaning that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Byzantine emperors">emperor</a> was both the head of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and the ultimate authority over the ecclesiastical authorities, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patriarchates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchates">patriarchates</a>. The emperor, regarded as God's representative on earth, ruled as an absolute <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocracy">autocrat</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Jennifer Fretland VanVoorst argues that "the Byzantine Empire became a theocracy in the sense that Christian values and ideals were the foundation of the empire's political ideals and heavily entwined with its political goals".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steven_Runciman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> writes in his book The Byzantine Theocracy (2004): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> The constitution of the Byzantine Empire was based on the conviction that it was the earthly copy of the Kingdom of Heaven. Just as God ruled in Heaven, so the Emperor, made in His image, should rule on earth and carry out his commandments. ...It saw itself as a universal empire. Ideally, it should embrace all the peoples of the Earth who, ideally, should all be members of the one true Christian Church, its own Orthodox Church. Just as man was made in God's image, so man's kingdom on Earth was made in the image of the Kingdom of Heaven.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Münster_(16th_century)">Münster (16th century)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Münster (16th century)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Between 1533 and 1535 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> leaders <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Mattys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Mattys">Jan Mattys</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a> erected a short-lived <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Münster rebellion">theocratic kingdom in the city of Münster</a> in Westphalia. They established an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anabaptist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> régime of "New Jerusalem" with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiliastic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliastic">chiliastic</a> and millenarian expectations. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Money?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Money">Money</a> was abolished and any violations of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ten_Commandments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> were punished by death. Despite the pietistic ideology, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polygamy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was allowed, and von Leiden had 17 wives. In 1535, the Prince-Bishop of Münster, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_von_Waldeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz von Waldeck">Franz von Waldeck</a>, recaptured the city, ending the existence of the kingdom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Geneva_and_Zürich_(16th_century)">Geneva and Zürich (16th century)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geneva and Zürich (16th century)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historians debate the extent to which <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geneva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, in the days of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (1509–64) was a theocracy. On the one hand, Calvin's theology clearly called for separation between church and state. Other historians have stressed the enormous political power wielded on a daily basis by the clerics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland, Protestant reformer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531) built a political system that many scholars have called a theocracy, while others have denied it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Deseret_(LDS_Church,_USA)">Deseret (LDS Church, USA)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Deseret (LDS Church, USA)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Deseret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodemocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a> </div> The question of theocracy has been debated extensively by historians regarding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-Day Saint</a> communities in Illinois and (especially) in Utah.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, mayor of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a> and founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a>, ran as an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1844 United States presidential election">independent for U.S. president in 1844</a>. He proposed the redemption of slaves by selling public lands, reducing the size and salary of Congress, the closure of prisons, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a>, Oregon, and parts of Canada, the securing of international rights on the high seas, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_trade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, and the re-establishment of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Bank of the United States">national bank</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Smith's top aide, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigham_Young?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, campaigned for Smith, saying, "He it is that God of Heaven designs to save this nation from destruction and preserve the Constitution."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The campaign ended when Smith was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">killed by a mob</a> while in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carthage,_Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carthage, Illinois">Carthage, Illinois</a>, jail on June 27, 1844.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> After severe persecution, the Mormons left the United States and resettled in a remote part of what is now Utah, (then part of Mexico). However the United States <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">took control in 1848</a> and would not accept polygamy. The Mormon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_Deseret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> was short-lived.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Its original borders stretched from western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colorado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern California">southern California</a> coast. When the Mormons arrived in the valley of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a> in 1847, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> was still a part of Mexico and had no secular government. As a result, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigham_Young?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> administered the region both spiritually and temporally through the highly organized and centralized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek Priesthood</a>. This original organization, based upon Joseph Smith's concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodemocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodemocracy">theodemocracy</a>, instituted a governmental system combining biblical theocracy with mid-19th-century American political ideals.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1849 the Saints organized a secular government in Utah, although many ecclesiastical leaders maintained their positions of secular power. The Mormons also petitioned Congress to have Deseret admitted into the Union as a state. However, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compromise_of_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, and U.S. President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millard_Fillmore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> appointed Brigham Young as governor (in office 1851 to 1858)). In this situation, Young still stood as head of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) as well as of Utah's secular government. After the abortive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utah_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> of 1857–1858, the replacement of Young by an outside Federal Territorial Governor, intense federal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-Mormonism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-Mormonism">prosecution of LDS Church leaders</a>, the eventual resolution of controversies regarding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plural_marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a>, and accession by Utah to statehood, the apparent temporal aspects of LDS <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodemocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodemocracy">theodemocracy</a> receded markedly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Massachusetts_Colony">Massachusetts Colony</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Massachusetts Colony" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From 1620 until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> (but with many lingering traces extending into the modern era), Massachusetts colonies operated as strict theocracies, in which every white resident was required to belong to the Congregational (Puritan) Church. The leaders of the communities generally believed that they were carrying out the will of God, and they were often ministers. No religious deviation was tolerated. Any members of other sects were (initially) dispatched to Rhode Island. Later other forms of religious discrimination were uniformly practiced with governmental approval. (Today's Massachusetts and Maine formed one single colony/state until 1820.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Persia/Iran">Persia/Iran</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Persia/Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550 to 330 BCE), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> functioned as the state religion, with formalized worship. The Persian kings were known to be pious Zoroastrians and they ruled with a Zoroastrian form of law called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asha">asha</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who founded the empire, avoided imposing the Zoroastrian faith on the inhabitants of conquered territory. Cyrus's kindness towards Jews has been cited as sparking Zoroastrian influence on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judaism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seleucids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a> (312 to 63 BCE), Zoroastrianism became autonomous. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassanid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> period (224 to 651 CE), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> was reformed, image-use in worship was banned, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fire_Temples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire Temples">Fire Temples</a> were increasingly built, and intolerance towards other faiths prevailed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Florence_under_Savonarola">Florence under Savonarola</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Florence under Savonarola" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The short rule (1494–1498) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominican_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> priest, over the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence">Florence</a> had features of a theocracy. During his rule, "unchristian" books, statues, poetry, and other items were burned (in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_Vanities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfire of the Vanities">Bonfire of the Vanities</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sodomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> was made a capital offense, and other Christian practices became law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Quebec">Quebec</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Quebec" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quebec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> under the premiership of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> (19361939 and 1944–1959) had attributes of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> theocracy. The church controlled education and healthcare, books and films were censored, drive-in movie theatres were illegal, religion had strong influence over civil law (for example, only churches could conduct marriages, and divorce was banned), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> were persecuted. This theocracy ended in 1960 with the beginning of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quiet_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> (1960-1966). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro</a> existed as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecclesiastical_principality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical principality">ecclesiastical principality</a> from 1516 until 1852. The principality was located around modern-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. It emerged from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eparchy_of_Cetinje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of Cetinje">Eparchy of Cetinje</a>, later known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Montenegro_and_the_Littoral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral">Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral</a>, whose bishops defied the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottoman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> overlordship and transformed the parish of Cetinje into a de facto theocracy, ruling it as Metropolitans (Vladike, also known as prince-bishops). The first prince-bishop was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vavila,_Metropolitan_of_Zeta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vavila, Metropolitan of Zeta">Vavila</a>. The system was transformed into a hereditary one by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danilo_%C5%A0%C4%87ep%C4%8Devi%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Danilo Šćepčević">Danilo Šćepčević</a>, bishop of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cetinje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cetinje">Cetinje</a> from 1697 to 1735. He united the several <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tribes_of_Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tribes of Montenegro">tribes of Montenegro</a> into fighting the Ottoman Empire that had occupied all of Montenegro (as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanjak_of_Montenegro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanjak of Montenegro">Sanjak of Montenegro</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montenegro_Vilayet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegro Vilayet">Montenegro Vilayet</a>) and most of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southeastern_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a> at the time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Polynesia">Polynesia</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Polynesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Pitirim Sorokin</a> identified theocratic régimes in traditional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polynesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li>General: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clericalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clerical_fascism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collectivism_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Collectivism (disambiguation)">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_command_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fundamentalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosopher_king?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rule_according_to_higher_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rule according to higher law">Rule according to higher law</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nontheistic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religion</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Christian: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_fascism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_right?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominionism">Dominionism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integralism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Catholicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religious_socialism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power (papal)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theonomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Islamic: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iranian_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_banking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic banking">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamofascism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khomeinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamic_religious_police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qutbism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salafi_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Jewish: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kahanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halachic_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach and Kahane Chai">Kach and Kahane Chai</a></li> </ul></li> <li>Others: <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devaraja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devaraja">Devaraja</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khalistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_Shinto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e971-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-e971_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWintrobePadovano2009" class="citation book cs1">Wintrobe, Ronald; Padovano, Fabio (2009). "Theocracy, Natural Spiritual Monopoly, and Dictatorship". The Political Economy of Theocracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 83–118. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1057%252F9780230620063_5">10.1057/9780230620063_5</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37763-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-37763-3"><bdi>978-1-349-37763-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocracy%2C+Natural+Spiritual+Monopoly%2C+and+Dictatorship&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Theocracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83-118&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230620063_5&rft.isbn=978-1-349-37763-3&rft.aulast=Wintrobe&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Padovano%2C+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language (1989 edition).</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721163810/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">"Theocracy, n."</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/theocracy">the original</a> on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theocracy%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Ftheocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2849/2849-h/2849-h.htm">Against Apion by Flavius Josephus, Book II, Chapter 17</a>. October 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025705/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2849/2849-h/2849-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2015-03-20 – via gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Apion+by+Flavius+Josephus%2C+Book+II%2C+Chapter+17&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2849%2F2849-h%2F2849-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoked2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moked, Oran (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0263523200002032">"The Relationship between Religion and State in Hegel's Thought"</a>. Hegel Bulletin. 25 (1–2): 96–112. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FS0263523200002032">10.1017/S0263523200002032</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-5367">2051-5367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hegel+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Religion+and+State+in+Hegel%27s+Thought&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=96-112&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263523200002032&rft.issn=2051-5367&rft.aulast=Moked&rft.aufirst=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0263523200002032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> English form the 17th century (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OED?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>). The Greek term is explicitly coined by Josephus and isn't attested elsewhere in Ancient Greek; Josephus marks it as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nonce_word?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nonce word">nonce</a> coinage by calling it a "strained expression". W. Whiston tr. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Josephus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Against Apion ii. §17 (1814) IV. 340: "He [Moses] ordained our government to be what, by a strained expression, may be termed a Theocracy", translating ὡς δ'ἄν τίς εἴποι, βιασάμενος τὸν λόγον, θεοκρατίαν</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14568a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716192010/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14568a.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-16 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "A form of civil government in which God himself is recognized as the head."</li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> Stephen Palmquist, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/bth">Biblical Theocracy: A vision of the biblical foundations for a Christian political philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204146/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/bth">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hong Kong: Philopsychy Press, 1993), introduced these more precise uses of the terms in arguing that theocracy (in this pure sense) is the only political system defended in the Bible. While Palmquist defends theocracy in this pure form as a viable (though "non-political") political system, he warns that what normally goes by this name is actually ecclesiocracy, the most dangerous of all political systems.</li> <li id="cite_note-wfbvat-9">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbvat_9-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbvat_9-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbvat_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">"CIA World Factbook – Holy See"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/holy-see-vatican-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-26. Retrieved 2009-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Holy+See&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fholy-see-vatican-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law of Vatican City State</a>, Art. 1 §1</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungShea2007" class="citation web cs1">Young, Stephen; Shea, Alison (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Vatican.html">"Researching the Law of the Vatican City State"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GlobaLex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GlobaLex">GlobaLex</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413231950/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Vatican.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobaLex&rft.atitle=Researching+the+Law+of+the+Vatican+City+State&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Shea%2C+Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FVatican.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1928-01-01/holy-mountain">"The "Holy Mountain""</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foreign_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129120843/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/1928-01-01/holy-mountain">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-29. Retrieved 27 May 2019. <q>An annex to the treaty of Sèvres of 1920 constituted the twenty monasteries of Mount Athos into a theocratic republic under the suzerainty of Greece [..]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+%22Holy+Mountain%22&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Frussian-federation%2F1928-01-01%2Fholy-mountain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> Joint Declaration No. 5 attached to the Final Act of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri%3DCELEX:42000A0922(06):EN:">non-accession treaty</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Norman, Jeremy (10 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/what-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos/">"What is behind Vladimir Putin's curious interest in Mount Athos?"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Spectator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001175036/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/what-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2019. <q>Mount Athos is one of the world's few remaining theocratic states, alongside Iran and the Vatican.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=What+is+behind+Vladimir+Putin%27s+curious+interest+in+Mount+Athos%3F&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2F2016%2F09%2Fwhat-is-behind-vladimir-putins-curious-interest-in-mount-athos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/government-type/%23:~:text%3DIslamic%2520republic%2520-%2520a%2520particular%2520form%2520of%2520government%2520adopted%2520by%2520some%2520Muslim%2520states;%2520although%2520such%2520a%2520state%2520is,%2520in%2520theory,%2520a%2520theocracy,%2520it%2520remains%2520a%2520republic,%2520but%2520its%2520laws%2520are%2520required%2520to%2520be%2520compatible%2520with%2520the%2520laws%2520of%2520Islam.">"Government type - The World Factbook"</a>. www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2024-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Government+type+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgovernment-type%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIslamic%2520republic%2520-%2520a%2520particular%2520form%2520of%2520government%2520adopted%2520by%2520some%2520Muslim%2520states%3B%2520although%2520such%2520a%2520state%2520is%2C%2520in%2520theory%2C%2520a%2520theocracy%2C%2520it%2520remains%2520a%2520republic%2C%2520but%2520its%2520laws%2520are%2520required%2520to%2520be%2520compatible%2520with%2520the%2520laws%2520of%2520Islam.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> Griffiths 226.</li> <li id="cite_note-Matinuddin-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-5">f</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-6">g</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-7">h</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-8">i</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-9">j</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-10">k</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-11">l</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-12">m</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-13">n</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-14">o</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-15">p</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-16">q</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-17">r</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-18">s</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-19">t</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matinuddin_17-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatinuddin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamal_Matinuddin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamal Matinuddin">Matinuddin, Kamal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBIyVMkjat2MC%26pg%3DPA34">"The Taliban's Religious Attitude"</a>. The Taliban Phenomenon: Afghanistan 1994–1997. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karachi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 34–43. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579274-2"><bdi>0-19-579274-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145219/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBIyVMkjat2MC%26pg%3DPA34">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Taliban%27s+Religious+Attitude&rft.btitle=The+Taliban+Phenomenon%3A+Afghanistan+1994%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=34-43&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-579274-2&rft.aulast=Matinuddin&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIyVMkjat2MC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-cr-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cr_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm">"US Country Report on Human Rights Practices – Afghanistan 2001"</a>. State.gov. 4 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310082903/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2001/sa/8222.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Country+Report+on+Human+Rights+Practices+%E2%80%93+Afghanistan+2001&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2002-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Fhrrpt%2F2001%2Fsa%2F8222.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-drugpolicy2005-19">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-drugpolicy2005_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrellThorne2005" class="citation journal cs1">Farrell, Graham; Thorne, John (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28576871">"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?: Evaluation of the Taliban Crackdown Against Opium Poppy Cultivation in Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Journal_of_Drug_Policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Journal of Drug Policy">International Journal of Drug Policy</a>. 16 (2). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsevier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 81–91. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007">10.1016/j.drugpo.2004.07.007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815132213/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28576871_Where_have_all_the_flowers_gone_Evaluation_of_the_Taliban_crackdown_against_poppy_cultivation_in_Afghanistan">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2020 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ResearchGate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Drug+Policy&rft.atitle=Where+Have+All+the+Flowers+Gone%3F%3A+Evaluation+of+the+Taliban+Crackdown+Against+Opium+Poppy+Cultivation+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-91&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drugpo.2004.07.007&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft.au=Thorne%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F28576871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Maziyar2019-20">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_20-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Maziyar2019_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhiabi2019" class="citation book cs1">Ghiabi, Maziyar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHoOWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101">"Crisis as an Idiom for Reforms"</a>. Drugs Politics: Managing Disorder in the Islamic Republic of Iran. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 101–102. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47545-7"><bdi>978-1-108-47545-7</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lccn.loc.gov/2019001098">2019001098</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145157/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHoOWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2020 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crisis+as+an+Idiom+for+Reforms&rft.btitle=Drugs+Politics%3A+Managing+Disorder+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019001098&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47545-7&rft.aulast=Ghiabi&rft.aufirst=Maziyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHoOWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">"Afghanistan, Opium and the Taliban"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207055512/http://opioids.com/afghanistan/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%2C+Opium+and+the+Taliban&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopioids.com%2Fafghanistan%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRashid2010" class="citation book cs1">Rashid, Ahmed (2010) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCv8_EAAAQBAJ">Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia</a>. Yale University Press. p. 100. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300163681?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780300163681"><bdi>9780300163681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taliban%3A+Militant+Islam%2C+Oil+and+Fundamentalism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780300163681&rft.aulast=Rashid&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCv8_EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_101-102-23">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rashid_101-102_23-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, pp. 101–102.</li> <li id="cite_note-Rashid_2000_98-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rashid_2000_98_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 98</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 43 Interview with Mullah Wakil, March 1996</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, p. 95</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> Interview with Taliban spokesman Mullah Wakil in Arabic magazine Al-Majallah, 1996-10-23.</li> <li id="cite_note-rashid_39-40-28">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_28-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rashid_39-40_28-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRashid2010">Rashid 2010</a>, pp. 39–40</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtzUlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA27">Iran: Stuck in Transition (The Contemporary Middle East)</a>. 2017 – via Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+Stuck+in+Transition+%28The+Contemporary+Middle+East%29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzUlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DnyUMNew7j70C%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA137">Iran</a>. 2004 – via Benchmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyUMNew7j70C%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D05GNDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA195">Iran and the West : cultural perceptions from the Sasanian Empire to the Islamic Republic</a>. 2018 – via Benchmark Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+West+%3A+cultural+perceptions+from+the+Sasanian+Empire+to+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05GNDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522theocratic%2Brepublic%2522%2B%2522iran%2522%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wfbiran-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbiran_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbiran_32-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wfbiran_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"CIA World Factbook – Iran"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162554/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-10. Retrieved 2009-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Iran&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> While articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God, article six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament." source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">July 27, 2009, "Iran, Islam and the Rule of Law". Francis Fukuyama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102204314/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">Archived</a> January 2, 2015, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-servat-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-servat_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">"Iran – Constitution"</a>. International Constitutional Law (ICL). 24 October 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093931/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Constitution&rft.pub=International+Constitutional+Law+%28ICL%29&rft.date=1979-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servat.unibe.ch%2Ficl%2Fir00000_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> article 109 of the constitution states that among the "essential qualifications and conditions for the Leader" are "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-8.html">Chapter 8 – The Leader or Leadership Council</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-23 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Constitution of Iran</li> <li id="cite_note-who-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-who_36-0">^</a> "Who's in Charge?" by Ervand Abrahamian London Review of Books, 6 November 2008</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-8.html">Articles 107–112</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123063337/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-8.html">Archived</a> 2010-11-23 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070630133328/http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/Policy%2520Brief%25201.pdf">"Understanding Iran's Assembly of Experts"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/iranian.studies/Policy%2520Brief%25201.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2012-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Iran%27s+Assembly+of+Experts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Firanian.studies%2FPolicy%2520Brief%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/government/constitution-11.html">Constitution of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410013835/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution-11.html">Archived</a> 2008-04-10 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 157: In order to fulfill the responsibilities of the judiciary power in all the matters concerning judiciary, administrative and executive areas, the Leader shall appoint a just Mujtahid well versed in judiciary affairs and possessing prudence, and administrative abilities</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrakicBensonAhmed2019" class="citation book cs1">Trakic, Adnan; Benson, John; Ahmed, Pervaiz K (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv-GEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSaudi%2BArabia%2Bis%2Ban%2BIslamic%2Btheocracy%26pg%3DPT172">Dispute Resolution in Islamic Finance: Alternatives to Litigation?</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351188890?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781351188890"><bdi>9781351188890</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145156/https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dv-GEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSaudi%2BArabia%2Bis%2Ban%2BIslamic%2Btheocracy%26pg%3DPT172">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2022-11-21. <q>Saudi Arabia is a leading Islamic theocracy in the world today</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dispute+Resolution+in+Islamic+Finance%3A+Alternatives+to+Litigation%3F&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351188890&rft.aulast=Trakic&rft.aufirst=Adnan&rft.au=Benson%2C+John&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Pervaiz+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-GEDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSaudi%2BArabia%2Bis%2Ban%2BIslamic%2Btheocracy%26pg%3DPT172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Atawneh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Atawneh, Muhammad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">"Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (5). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 721–737. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1080%252F00263200802586105">10.1080/00263200802586105</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">40647150</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144381914">144381914</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020111031/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40647150">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2022-11-21. <q>Is Saudi Arabia a Theocracy? Religion and Governance in Contemporary Saudi Arabia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+Saudi+Arabia+a+Theocracy%3F+Religion+and+Governance+in+Contemporary+Saudi+Arabia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=721-737&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144381914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40647150%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200802586105&rft.aulast=Al-Atawneh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40647150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> Donovan Roebert, Samdhong Rinpoche: Uncompromising Truth for a Compromised World (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Wisdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Wisdom">World Wisdom</a>, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-20-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-20-8">978-1-933316-20-8</a> (On August 20, 2001, Venerable Professor Samdhong Rinpoche was elected Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister) of the Tibetan Government in Exile, receiving 84.5% of the popular exile vote.)</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054857/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-10 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Article 20 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_Tibet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Tibet">Constitution of Tibet</a>, retrieved 2010-03-19.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">The Charter of Tibetans in-Exile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110054857/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/t100000_.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-10 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Articles 19, 30, & 31 of the Constitution of Tibet, retrieved 2010-03-19.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Lobsang-Sangay-chosen-for-political-work/article14699924.ece">"Lobsang Sangay chosen for political work"</a>. The Hindu. 2011-04-27. Retrieved 9 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Lobsang+Sangay+chosen+for+political+work&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-national%2FLobsang-Sangay-chosen-for-political-work%2Farticle14699924.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> Dean Nelson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/8688087/Lobsang-Sangay-profile.html">Lobsang Sangay: profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145747/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/8688087/Lobsang-Sangay-profile.html">Archived</a> 2023-01-19 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Telegraph, 08 Aug 2011</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502163748/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id%3D32159%26t%3D1">"Tibetan Parliament changes 'Kalon Tripa' to 'Sikyong'"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id%3D32159%26t%3D1">the original</a> on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2013-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Parliament+changes+%27Kalon+Tripa%27+to+%27Sikyong%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phayul.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D32159%26t%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-TR-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TR_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017051755/http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?id%3D11207">"Kalon Tripa to be now referred to as Sikyong"</a>. Tibetan Review. 2012-09-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tibetanreview.net/news.php?id%3D11207">the original</a> on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2012-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kalon+Tripa+to+be+now+referred+to+as+Sikyong&rft.date=2012-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tibetanreview.net%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D11207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121124452/http://tibet.net/2012/11/16/international-support-groups-meet-in-dharamsala-to-deal-with-critical-situation-in-tibet/">"International Support Groups Meet in Dharamsala to Deal with Critical Situation In Tibet"</a>. Central Tibetan Administration. 2012-11-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://tibet.net/2012/11/16/international-support-groups-meet-in-dharamsala-to-deal-with-critical-situation-in-tibet/">the original</a> on 2012-11-21. Retrieved 2013-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Support+Groups+Meet+in+Dharamsala+to+Deal+with+Critical+Situation+In+Tibet&rft.pub=Central+Tibetan+Administration&rft.date=2012-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftibet.net%2F2012%2F11%2F16%2Finternational-support-groups-meet-in-dharamsala-to-deal-with-critical-situation-in-tibet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/srid_skyong">"srid skyong"</a>. tsadra.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145749/https://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/srid_skyong">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2013-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tsadra.org&rft.atitle=srid+skyong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frywiki.tsadra.org%2Findex.php%2Fsrid_skyong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jacobsen_51-0">^</a> Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11., 1939)</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/topic/pharaoh">""pharaoh | Definition, History, & Facts""</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145749/https://www.britannica.com/topic/pharaoh">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=%22pharaoh+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpharaoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing">"Ancient Egypt - The king and ideology: administration, art, and writing"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417053956/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt/The-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ancient+Egypt+-+The+king+and+ideology%3A+administration%2C+art%2C+and+writing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2Fancient-Egypt%2FThe-king-and-ideology-administration-art-and-writing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/056shoshi.html">"3-1 Emperor, Imperial Rescript Denying His Divinity (Professing His Humanity)"</a>. National Diet Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513102943/https://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/shiryo/03/056shoshi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Diet+Library&rft.atitle=3-1+Emperor%2C+Imperial+Rescript+Denying+His+Divinity+%28Professing+His+Humanity%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fconstitution%2Fe%2Fshiryo%2F03%2F056shoshi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Davidson_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). "Tibet". In Buswell, Robert E. Jr. (ed.). Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. pp. 851–59. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865910-7"><bdi>978-0-02-865910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibet&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=851-59&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865910-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Lopez-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lopez_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald S. Lopez Jr.">Lopez, Donald S.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/prisonersofshang00dona/page/9">Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West</a>. Chicago: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/prisonersofshang00dona/page/9">9</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49311-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-49311-4"><bdi>978-0-226-49311-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+Shangri-La%3A+Tibetan+Buddhism+and+the+West&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-49311-4&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprisonersofshang00dona%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatboldUnurbayar2021" class="citation book cs1">Batbold, Amarsanaa; Unurbayar, Chadraabal (16 December 2021). "The 1924 Constitution: Towards the Modernisation of Mongolia". In Tan, Kevin Y. L.; Ng, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dw5BTEAAAQBAJ">Constitutional Foundings in Northeast Asia</a>. Constitutionalism in Asia. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 211. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509940202?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781509940202"><bdi>9781509940202</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2024. <q>In 1911, capitalising on the collapse of the Qing dynasty in China, Mongolia attempted to make itself 'more independent of China'. [...] At this time, as almost a third of Mongolia's male population were Buddhist monks, the Mongols established a theocratic khanate and installed the 8th Bogd Gegeen – the highest-ranked lama of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia – as the Bogd Khaan (or 'Holy Ruler'). He was to rule Mongolia till his death in 1924, afterwhich[sic] Mongolia proclaimed itself a republic and adopted its first socialist-style Constitution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1924+Constitution%3A+Towards+the+Modernisation+of+Mongolia&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Foundings+in+Northeast+Asia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Constitutionalism+in+Asia&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft.isbn=9781509940202&rft.aulast=Batbold&rft.aufirst=Amarsanaa&rft.au=Unurbayar%2C+Chadraabal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5BTEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-wibla-58">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wibla_58-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wibla_58-1">b</a> Nadeau, Randall L. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbWwV2W14-30C%26pg%3DPA54">pp. 54 ff.</a> John Wiley & Sons (Chichester), 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9031-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9031-2">978-1-4051-9031-2</a> Accessed 22 December 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShivram,_Balkrishan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shivram, Balkrishan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44147955">"Mughal Court Rituals: The Symbolism of Imperial Authority During Akbar's Reign"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 67: 331–349. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147955">44147955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Mughal+Court+Rituals%3A+The+Symbolism+of+Imperial+Authority+During+Akbar%27s+Reign&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=331-349&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147955%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Shivram%2C+Balkrishan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44147955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sites.asiasociety.org/arts/power_desire/rule_domain.html">"Power & Desire"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+%26+Desire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.asiasociety.org%2Farts%2Fpower_desire%2Frule_domain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/main-elements-and-structure-of-the-mughal-administration/2826%23:~:text%3DMughal%2520emperors%2520considered%2520themselves%2520as,%25E2%2580%259CKhatifa%2520of%2520her%2520country.%25E2%2580%259D">"Main Elements and Structure of the Mughal Administration"</a>. 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Elements+and+Structure+of+the+Mughal+Administration&rft.date=2014-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydiscussion.net%2Fhistory-of-india%2Fmain-elements-and-structure-of-the-mughal-administration%2F2826%23%3A~%3Atext%3DMughal%2520emperors%2520considered%2520themselves%2520as%2C%25E2%2580%259CKhatifa%2520of%2520her%2520country.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steven_Runciman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1977). The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Theocracy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2012" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorst, Jennifer Fretland (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyOoBQiCm88C%26pg%3DPA14">The Byzantine Empire</a>. Compass Point Books. p. 14. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4565-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-4565-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145749/https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRyOoBQiCm88C%26pg%3DPA14">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2015-08-13 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-4565-9&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Fretland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyOoBQiCm88C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> Steven Runciman, The Byzantine Theocracy (Cambridge: Cambridge Press, 2003; 1st printing 1977), 1–2, 162–63.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2009" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Mark J. 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Retrieved 2015-08-13 – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calvin%27s+Doctrine+of+the+State%3A+A+Reformed+Doctrine+and+Its+American+Trajectory%2C+The+Revolutionary+War%2C+and+the+Founding+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60608-073-3&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DItFLAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöpfl1985" class="citation book cs1">Höpfl, Harro (1985). 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Zwingli's Theocracy. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toronto_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto University Press">Toronto University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zwingli%27s+Theocracy&rft.pub=Toronto+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, D. Michael (2002). "National Culture, Personality, and Theocracy in the Early Mormon Culture of Violence". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal: 159–186. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43200413">43200413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+John+Whitmer+Historical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=National+Culture%2C+Personality%2C+and+Theocracy+in+the+Early+Mormon+Culture+of+Violence&rft.pages=159-186&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43200413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1967" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, J. D. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf">"The Separation of Church and State in Mormon Theory and Practice"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Church_and_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Church and State">Journal of Church and State</a>. 9 (2): 238–262. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fjcs%252F9.2.238">10.1093/jcs/9.2.238</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916099">23916099</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119145754/https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-19. Retrieved 2015-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=The+Separation+of+Church+and+State+in+Mormon+Theory+and+Practice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=238-262&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F9.2.238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23916099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V01N02_38s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Robert E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/reviews_in_american_history/v041/41.3.brown.html">"The Power and the Peculiarity: The Paradoxes of Early Mormonism"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reviews_in_American_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reviews in American History">Reviews in American History</a>. 41 (3): 451–57. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Frah.2013.0063">10.1353/rah.2013.0063</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144984522">144984522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Power+and+the+Peculiarity%3A+The+Paradoxes+of+Early+Mormonism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-57&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frah.2013.0063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144984522%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Freviews_in_american_history%2Fv041%2F41.3.brown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1844" class="citation web cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Smith?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Smith">Smith, Joseph Jr.</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?%252FNCMP1820-1846%252C2597">"General Smith's Views on the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807165803/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u/?%252FNCMP1820-1846%252C2597">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2015-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Smith%27s+Views+on+the+Powers+and+Policy+of+the+Government+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fu%3F%252FNCMP1820-1846%252C2597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn1990" class="citation book cs1">Winn, Kenneth H. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DESwIEefhOWwC%26pg%3DPA203">Exiles in a Land of Liberty: Mormons in America, 1830–1846</a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 203. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4300-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4300-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-4300-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google_Books?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles+in+a+Land+of+Liberty%3A+Mormons+in+America%2C+1830%E2%80%931846&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4300-0&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESwIEefhOWwC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988">, quote on p 203</li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carthage_Jail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carthage Jail">Carthage Jail</a></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/deseret.html">Deseret</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207052356/http://historytogo.utah.gov/utah_chapters/pioneers_and_cowboys/deseret.html">Archived</a> 2017-12-07 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> utah.gov</li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> John G. Turner, Brigham Young: Pioneer Prophet (2014)</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, P. Q. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235204/https://webprod.uvu.edu/religiousstudies/docs/mormonamerican/mason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf">"God and the People: Theodemocracy in Nineteenth-Century Mormonism"</a> (PDF). Journal of Church and State. 53 (3): 349–375. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fjcs%252Fcsq135">10.1093/jcs/csq135</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webprod.uvu.edu/religiousstudies/docs/mormonamerican/mason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2016-03-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=God+and+the+People%3A+Theodemocracy+in+Nineteenth-Century+Mormonism&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-375&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2Fcsq135&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=P.+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebprod.uvu.edu%2Freligiousstudies%2Fdocs%2Fmormonamerican%2Fmason_patrick_god_and_the_people_theodemocracy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> Luke Perry and Christopher Cronin, Mormons in American Politics: From Persecution to Power (ABC-CLIO, 2012)</li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15283-zoroastrianism">"Zoroastrianism – JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517101303/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15283-zoroastrianism">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-17. Retrieved 2020-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism+%E2%80%93+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F15283-zoroastrianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/history/persia_1.shtml">"Zoroastrianism under Persian rule"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125062439/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/history/persia_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism+under+Persian+rule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fzoroastrian%2Fhistory%2Fpersia_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lactualite.com/societe/cetait-le-temps-des-ayatollahs/">"C'était le temps des Ayatollahs"</a>. 2 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%27%C3%A9tait+le+temps+des+Ayatollahs&rft.date=2009-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flactualite.com%2Fsociete%2Fcetait-le-temps-des-ayatollahs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1709001/cine-parc-cinema-histoire-quebec-archives">"Sortir en famille au ciné-parc"</a>. 5 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sortir+en+famille+au+cin%C3%A9-parc&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1709001%2Fcine-parc-cinema-histoire-quebec-archives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theocracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorokin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pitirim_Sorokin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pitirim Sorokin">Sorokin, Pitirim</a> (2017) [1957]. "Fluctuation of the Theocratic and Secular Forms of Government and Leadership". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKm9QDwAAQBAJ">Social and Cultural Dynamics: A Study of Change in Major Systems of Art, Truth, Ethics, Law and Social Relationships</a> (revised and abridged by the author ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 477. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351490603?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781351490603"><bdi>9781351490603</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2024. <q>Likewise theocratic is the regime and leadership of the Ideational tribes of Polynesia or Samoa. The ruling stratum, the aristocracy, and the chief there derive their power from 'holiness' (Heiligkeit); are regarded as incarnated deities; are ascribed all the supersensory halo of power; in brief, the regime and leadership have the essential traits of theocracy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fluctuation+of+the+Theocratic+and+Secular+Forms+of+Government+and+Leadership&rft.btitle=Social+and+Cultural+Dynamics%3A+A+Study+of+Change+in+Major+Systems+of+Art%2C+Truth%2C+Ethics%2C+Law+and+Social+Relationships&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=477&rft.edition=revised+and+abridged+by+the+author&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351490603&rft.aulast=Sorokin&rft.aufirst=Pitirim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKm9QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnkerl2000" class="citation book cs1">Ankerl, Guy (2000). Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research, vol. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-88155-004-1"><bdi>978-2-88155-004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+communication+without+universal+civilization&rft.place=Geneva&rft.series=INU+societal+research%2C+vol.+1%3A+Coexisting+contemporary+civilizations%3A+Arabo-Muslim%2C+Bharati%2C+Chinese%2C+and+Western&rft.pub=INU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-88155-004-1&rft.aulast=Ankerl&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheocracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hirschl, Ran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkiST0_35pkUC%26q%3DMaldives%2Btheocracy">Constitutional Theocracy</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-04819-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-04819-9">0-674-04819-9</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04819-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04819-5">978-0-674-04819-5</a>.</li> <li>(in French) Baslez, Marie-Françoise and Schwentzel, Christian-Georges.Les dieux et le pouvoir: aux origines de la théocratie. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presses_Universitaires_de_Rennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presses Universitaires de Rennes">Presses Universitaires de Rennes</a>, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-4864-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-4864-0">978-2-7535-4864-0</a>.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theocracy&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dominionismus.info/">Dominionism, sacralism and theocracy</a> – Rachel Tabachnik, Dr. John MacArthur, Dr. Martin Erdmann, Rudolf Ebertshäuser, Sarah Leslie, Discernment Ministries Inc. u.v.m, Eds (English + German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/2184/jewish/Is-Judaism-a-Theocracy.htm">"Is Judaism a Theocracy?"</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasie" title="Teokrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Teokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottesstaat" title="Gottesstaat – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gottesstaat" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="ثيوقراطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيوقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratiya" title="Teokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="دینی حاکیمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دینی حاکیمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A7%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0" title="ধর্মরাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মরাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C3%25AEn-ch%25C3%25BA-ch%25C3%25BA-g%25C4%25AB" title="Sîn-chú-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-chú-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Тэакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%258D%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Тэакратыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasya" title="Teokrasya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Teokrasya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Теокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BE%25B7%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2586%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BE%25B2%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%2591%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BD%2582%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ལྷ་དབང་ཆབ་སྲིད་ལམ་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷ་དབང་ཆབ་སྲིད་ལམ་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocr%25C3%25A0cia" title="Teocràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Теократи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теократи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracie" title="Teokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocrataeth" title="Theocrataeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theocrataeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theokratie" title="Theokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokraatia" title="Teokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2598%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Θεοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratio" title="Teokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrazia" title="Teokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="دین‌سالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دین‌سالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25C3%25A9ocratie" title="Théocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasy" title="Teokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Teokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%258B%25A0%25EA%25B6%258C_%25EC%25A0%2595%25EC%25B9%2598" title="신권 정치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신권 정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Theocracy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BF%25D6%2580%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BA%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B5%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6" title="Կրոնապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="धर्मतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracija" title="Teokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratio" title="Teokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Teokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocratie" title="Teocratie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Teocratie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klerkaveldi" title="Klerkaveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klerkaveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrazia" title="Teocrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2590%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="תאוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="თეოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Теократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25A9okrasi" title="Téokrasi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Téokrasi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokras%25C3%25AE" title="Teokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Teokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Теократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25A7%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2584%25E0%25BA%2595" title="ເທວາທິປະໄຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທວາທິປະໄຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocratia" title="Theocratia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theocratia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokr%25C4%2581tija" title="Teokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theokratie" title="Theokratie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theokratie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratija" title="Teokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokr%25C3%25A1cia" title="Teokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Теократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%25C3%25B4krasia" title="Teôkrasia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Teôkrasia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ദിവ്യാധിപത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദിവ്യാധിപത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="თეოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თეოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D9%2582%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="ثيوقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثيوقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A6%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA" title="تئوکرات – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تئوکرات" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracie" title="Teocracie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Teocracie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D1%258C" title="Теократиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Теократиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A7%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0" title="धर्मतन्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="धर्मतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E6%25A8%25A9%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB" title="神権政治 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神権政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8" title="Теократи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Теократи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratiya" title="Teokratiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Teokratiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A7%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C" title="ਧਰਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A" title="تیوکراسي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تیوکراسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyakrasi" title="Tiyakrasi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tiyakrasi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracja" title="Teokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teocracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocra%25C8%259Bie" title="Teocrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teocrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Теократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracia" title="Teokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrazz%25C3%25ACa" title="Teocrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Teocrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theocracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracia" title="Teokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracija" title="Teokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25DB%2586%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="سیۆکراسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیۆکراسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Теократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokracija" title="Teokracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teokracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokratia" title="Teokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrati" title="Teokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Teokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasya" title="Teokrasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Teokrasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="சமயச் சார்பாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமயச் சார்பாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2598%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B9%2584%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%25A2" title="เทวาธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทวาธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D3%25A3" title="Динсолорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Динсолорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasi" title="Teokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Teokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Теократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D8%25B0%25DB%2581%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A2%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25AA" title="مذہبی آمریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مذہبی آمریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teocrasia" title="Teocrasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teocrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25E1%25BA%25A7n_quy%25E1%25BB%2581n" title="Thần quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teokrasy%25C3%25A1" title="Teokrasyá – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Teokrasyá" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E6%259D%2583%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB" title="神权政治 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神权政治" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E6%25AC%258A%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB" title="神權政治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神權政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25A5%259E%25E6%25AC%258A%25E6%2594%25BF%25E6%25B2%25BB" title="神權政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="神權政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist 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