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id="toc-First_World_War_and_Austro-Hungarian_Armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_Austro-Hungarian_Armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First World War and Austro-Hungarian Armistice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_Austro-Hungarian_Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aster_Revolution_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aster_Revolution_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aster Revolution and the First Hungarian Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aster_Revolution_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unilaterial_self-disarmament_of_the_Hungarian_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unilaterial_self-disarmament_of_the_Hungarian_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Unilaterial self-disarmament of the Hungarian army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unilaterial_self-disarmament_of_the_Hungarian_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_reactions_to_the_Hungarian_disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_reactions_to_the_Hungarian_disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>International reactions to the Hungarian disarmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_reactions_to_the_Hungarian_disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_liberal_First_Hungarian_Republic_and_communist_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_liberal_First_Hungarian_Republic_and_communist_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fall of the liberal First Hungarian Republic and communist coup d'état</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_liberal_First_Hungarian_Republic_and_communist_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_preparation_and_Conference_at_Trianon_in_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_preparation_and_Conference_at_Trianon_in_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Treaty preparation and Conference at Trianon in Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_preparation_and_Conference_at_Trianon_in_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_Shortage_in_Hungary_and_the_Peace-Making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_Shortage_in_Hungary_and_the_Peace-Making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Coal Shortage in Hungary and the Peace-Making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_Shortage_in_Hungary_and_the_Peace-Making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders_of_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders_of_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Borders of Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders_of_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_and_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_and_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Results and consequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results_and_consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results and consequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results_and_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1910_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1910 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_1910_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_1910_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Criticism of the 1910 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_1910_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_of_the_non-Hungarian_and_Hungarian_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_of_the_non-Hungarian_and_Hungarian_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Distribution of the non-Hungarian and Hungarian populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_of_the_non-Hungarian_and_Hungarian_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Austria_(1920_Treaty_of_Trianon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Austria_(1920_Treaty_of_Trianon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Cities and towns of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Austria (1920 Treaty of Trianon)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Austria_(1920_Treaty_of_Trianon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Czechoslovakia_(1910_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Czechoslovakia_(1910_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Czechoslovakia (1910 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Czechoslovakia_(1910_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Romania_(1910_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Romania_(1910_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Romania (1910 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Romania_(1910_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Yugoslavia_(1910_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Yugoslavia_(1910_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.4</span> <span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Yugoslavia (1910 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Yugoslavia_(1910_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarians_outside_the_newly_defined_borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarians_outside_the_newly_defined_borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Hungarians outside the newly defined borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarians_outside_the_newly_defined_borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorities_in_post-Trianon_Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorities_in_post-Trianon_Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorities_in_post-Trianon_Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Political consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>In modern historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Treaty of Trianon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianon-verdrag" title="Trianon-verdrag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trianon-verdrag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="معاهدة تريانون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة تريانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_Trian%C3%B3n" title="Tratáu de Trianón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de Trianón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianon_s%C3%BClh_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si" title="Trianon sülh müqaviləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trianon sülh müqaviləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%81_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ত্রিয়ানোঁ চুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিয়ানোঁ চুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трыянонскі дагавор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыянонскі дагавор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Трыянонская дамова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трыянонская дамова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трианонски договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трианонски договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijanonski_sporazum" title="Trijanonski sporazum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Trijanonski sporazum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_del_Trianon" title="Tractat del Trianon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat del Trianon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonsk%C3%A1_smlouva" title="Trianonská smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trianonská smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytundeb_Trianon" title="Cytundeb Trianon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytundeb Trianon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianon-traktaten" title="Trianon-traktaten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trianon-traktaten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertrag_von_Trianon" title="Vertrag von Trianon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertrag von Trianon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianoni_rahuleping" title="Trianoni rahuleping – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trianoni rahuleping" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Συνθήκη του Τριανόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη του Τριανόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Trian%C3%B3n" title="Tratado de Trianón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Trianón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianona_traktato" title="Trianona traktato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trianona traktato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianongo_Ituna" title="Trianongo Ituna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trianongo Ituna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیمان تریانون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان تریانون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Trianon" title="Traité de Trianon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Trianon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradh_Trianon" title="Conradh Trianon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conradh Trianon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Trianon" title="Tratado de Trianon – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tratado de Trianon" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%86%8D_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="트리아농 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트리아농 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Տրիանոնի պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրիանոնի պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonski_ugovor" title="Trianonski ugovor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trianonski ugovor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Trianon" title="Perjanjian Trianon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Trianon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_del_Trianon" title="Trattato del Trianon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato del Trianon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חוזה טריאנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוזה טריאנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ტრიანონის საზავო ხელშეკრულება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრიანონის საზავო ხელშეკრულება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Трианон бітім шарты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трианон бітім шарты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foedus_apud_Trianonium_sanctum" title="Foedus apud Trianonium sanctum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foedus apud Trianonium sanctum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonas_l%C4%ABgums" title="Trianonas līgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trianonas līgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianono_sutartis" title="Trianono sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trianono sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianoni_b%C3%A9ke" title="Trianoni béke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trianoni béke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тријанонски договор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тријанонски договор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="ട്രിയനൻ ഉടമ്പടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രിയനൻ ഉടമ്പടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="معاهدة تريانون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معاهدة تريانون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Trianon" title="Verdrag van Trianon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Trianon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="トリアノン条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリアノン条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianon-traktaten" title="Trianon-traktaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trianon-traktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Trianon" title="Tractat de Trianon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tractat de Trianon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianon_shartnomasi" title="Trianon shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trianon shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_w_Trianon" title="Traktat w Trianon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat w Trianon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Trianon" title="Tratado de Trianon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Trianon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Trianon" title="Tratatul de la Trianon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Trianon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трианонскый мирный договор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трианонскый мирный договор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Трианонский договор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трианонский договор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treaty of Trianon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonsk%C3%A1_mierov%C3%A1_zmluva" title="Trianonská mierová zmluva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trianonská mierová zmluva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonska_mirovna_pogodba" title="Trianonska mirovna pogodba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trianonska mirovna pogodba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D9%86" title="پەیمانی تریانۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی تریانۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тријанонски споразум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тријанонски споразум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trijanonski_sporazum" title="Trijanonski sporazum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Trijanonski sporazum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajangjian_Trianon" title="Pajangjian Trianon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pajangjian Trianon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonin_rauha" title="Trianonin rauha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trianonin rauha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianonf%C3%B6rdraget" title="Trianonfördraget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trianonfördraget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%87" title="สนธิสัญญาทรียานง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาทรียานง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty of Trianon</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Hungary</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie,_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois(passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg/300px-Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg/450px-Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg/600px-Signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_en_t%C3%AAte_Ben%C3%A1rd_%C3%81gost_hongrois%28passant_devant_un_piquet_d%27honneur_%C3%A0_Versailles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Arrival of the two Hungarian signatories, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81gost_Ben%C3%A1rd" title="Ágost Benárd">Ágost Benárd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Drasche-L%C3%A1z%C3%A1r" title="Alfréd Drasche-Lázár">Alfréd Drasche-Lázár</a>, on 4 June 1920 at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">26 July 1921</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div><b>Principal Allied and Associated Powers</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Principal Allied and Associated Powers</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span data-sort-value="New Zealand"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Allied and Associated Powers</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government"><img alt="Beiyang government" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">China</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Cuba"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Poland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Portugal"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portugal</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Romania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Siam"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span data-sort-value="Czechoslovakia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></span> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Central Power</b></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Hungary"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data">French Government</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/250px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/375px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War Guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II#Legacies_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millerand_letter" title="Millerand letter">Millerand letter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to World War II</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1910s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> 1919–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> 1919–1920</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1920s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a> 1923–1925</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a> 1923–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> 1929</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1930s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a> 1931–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_for_the_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Armaments" title="Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments">Geneva Conference</a> 1932–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power in Germany</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Soviet_Pact" title="Italo-Soviet Pact">Italo-Soviet Pact</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolian Campaign</a> 1933–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">German–Polish declaration of non-aggression</a> 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Background" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> 1935–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">Italo-German "Axis" protocol</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> 1937–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS <i>Panay</i> incident</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Polish_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania">Polish ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a> May 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> July–Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a> Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps#Undeclared_German–Czechoslovak_War" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> Nov. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasion_of_Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">German ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War</a> Mar.–Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig Crisis</a> Mar.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#British_assurance_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">British guarantee to Poland</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#Failed_Soviet-Franco-British_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations</a> Apr.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> May 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> May–Sep. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> Sep. 1939</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/310px--President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="President_Mihaly_Karolyi's_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november,_1918.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november,_1918.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm/President_Mihaly_Karolyi%27s_speech_after_the_proclamation_of_the_First_Hungarian_Republic_on_16_november%2C_1918.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>President Mihály Károlyi's speech after the proclamation of the First Hungarian Republic on 16 November, 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/310px--Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="Bela_Linder's_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm/Bela_Linder%27s_pacifist_speech_on_2_November_1918.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>film: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Linder" title="Béla Linder">Béla Linder</a>'s pacifist speech for military officers, and declaration of Hungarian self-disarmament on 2 November 1918.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/310px--Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="212" data-mwtitle="Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b2/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm/Protest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AProtest_of_the_Transylvanian_National_Council_in_Kolozsvar_22_December_1918.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Protest of the Transylvanian National Council against the occupation of Transylvania by Romania on 22 December 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/310px--Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="233" data-durationhint="876" data-mwtitle="Treaty_of_Trianon_,_January_1920.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Trianon_,_January_1920.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm/Treaty_of_Trianon_%2C_January_1920.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Newsreel about Treaty of Trianon, 1920</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/300px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/450px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png/600px-Demographics_of_Austria_and_Hungary_in_Europe_before_WW1.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1145" /></a><figcaption>Demographics of pre-WW1 Austrian Empire (red) and Kingdom of Hungary (green) in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Treaty of Trianon</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Traité de Trianon</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Trianoni békeszerződés</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Trattato del Trianon</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Tratatul de la Trianon</i>) often referred to as the <b>Peace Dictate of Trianon</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Dictate of Trianon</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Hungary, was prepared at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> and was signed on the one side by Hungary and, on the other, by the Allied and Associated Powers, in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> château in Versailles on 4 June 1920. It formally terminated the state of war issued from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> between most of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies of World War I</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craig66_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig66-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grenville74_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grenville74-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lichtheim74_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtheim74-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Treaty_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Treaty-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty is mostly famous due to the territorial changes induced on Hungary and recognizing its new international borders after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. </p><p>Hungary, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, had been involved in the First World War since August 1914. After its allies – Bulgaria and later Turkey – <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica"> signed armistices with the Entente</a>, the political elite in Budapest opted to end the war as well. On 31 October 1918, <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi#Károlyi's_cabinet" title="Mihály Károlyi">the Budapest government</a> declared independence of Hungary from Austria and immediately began peace talks with the Allies. Despite the end of hostilities, the Entente Allies – Hungary's neighbours – <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (which just declared its independence on 28 October 1918), Romania, and Yugoslavia put Hungary under an economic blockade. They deprived Hungary of importing food, fuel (coal and petrol) and other important goods. In an attempt to alleviate the economic crisis, succeeding Hungarian governments pleaded with the Entente to lift the blockade and restore regional trade.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First peace talks led to an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">armistice in Belgrade</a> on 13 November 1918: Hungary undertook to demobilise its army and granted the Allies the right to occupy the south (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> and Croatia) and east of Hungary (south <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>) until a peace treaty was signed. In December 1918, Budapest allowed the Czechoslovak troops to occupy northern Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) as well. In exchange, Budapest hoped to reopen foreign trade and supply coal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to extend their zones of occupation in Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War#April–June_1919" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Czechoslovakia</a> moved their armies further into Hungary in April 1919, provoking a renewal of hostilities between these three countries. In June 1919, the Entente powers ordered Budapest, Prague, and Bucharest to cease fighting and accept new demarcation lines that would be guaranteed as the future borders of Hungary. Despite temporary military successes against the Czechs, Budapest accepted the offer and withdrew its army behind the demarcation line. Bucharest, however, ignored the Entente order and continued its offensive.  In early August 1919, the Romanian army entered Budapest and a <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Friedrich" title="István Friedrich">new pro-Romanian government</a> was installed in Hungary. This marked the end of hostilities between the Hungarians and the Romanians. </p><p>However, the Entente pressed the Romanians to leave Budapest in November 1919 and orchestrated formation of a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">new Hungarian coalition government</a>. The new cabinet was invited to attend the Paris Peace Conference. In January 1920, it received the Allied proposal for a peace treaty. The treaty stipulated the legalization of the demarcation lines of 13 June 1919 as the new borders and guaranteed the end of the blockade and the restoration of free trade between the former Habsburg lands and the import of coal into Hungary. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Simonyi-Semadam" title="Sándor Simonyi-Semadam">The government in Budapest</a> and the Hungarian Parliament (opened in February 1920) accepted the peace terms. While it welcomed the restoration of peace and trade, it still formally protested against the cession of their former territories without plebiscites. The Peace Treaty was signed on 4 June 1920, ratified by Hungary on 16 November 1920 and came into force on 26 July 1921. </p><p>The post-1920 Hungary became a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked state</a> that included 93,073 square kilometres (35,936 sq mi), 28% of the 325,411 square kilometres (125,642 sq mi) that had constituted the pre-war <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (the Hungarian half of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> monarchy). The kingdom had a population of 7.6 million, 36% compared to the pre-war kingdom's population of 20.9 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though the areas that were allocated to neighbouring countries had a majority of non-Hungarians, in them lived 3.3 million Hungarians – 31% of the Hungarians – who then became minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004360_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004360-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macartney37_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macartney37-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty limited Hungary's army to 35,000 officers and men, and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a> ceased to exist. These decisions and their consequences have been the cause of deep resentment in Hungary ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-toomey_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toomey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal beneficiaries were the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak Republic</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>. But it also led to international recognition of Hungary and of its sovereignty. The treaty canceled the Belgrade armistice, which gave right to the Allied powers to occupy Hungary. The treaty also granted Hungarian citizens abroad right of protection of their property from nationalization. Most importantly, it guaranteed the free trade between Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia (for 5 years), and obliged Czechoslovakia and Poland to supply coal to Hungary in "reasonable quantity". One of the main elements of the treaty was the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> of peoples", and it was an attempt to give the non-Hungarians their own national states.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Hungary had to pay <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a> to its neighbours. </p><p>The treaty was dictated by the Allies rather than negotiated, and the Hungarians faced an option to accept or reject its terms in full. The Hungarian delegation signed the treaty under protest, and agitation for its revision began immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051183_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051183-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> are for the most part the same as those defined by the Treaty of Trianon. Minor modifications occurred in 1921-1924 on the Hungarian-Austrian border and the transfer of three villages to Czechoslovakia in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the actual borders of Hungary stem out from the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a>, which cancelled the territorial <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Award" title="Vienna Award">aggrandizement of Hungary in 1938–1941</a>. The Paris treaty of 1947 de-facto restored the Trianon borders of Hungary. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, despite the "self-determination of peoples" idea of the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">US President Wilson</a>, the Allies refused to organise plebiscites in Hungary to draw its new borders. The Allies explained this decision in a cover <a href="/wiki/Millerand_letter" title="Millerand letter">letter</a>, which accompanied the text of the Peace Treaty with Hungary. The letter, signed by the President of the Paris Peace Conference, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexander Millerand</a>, dated 6 May 1920, stated that the Entente Powers and their allies determined new borders of Hungary without plebiscites due to their belief that "a popular consultation ... would not produce significantly different results". At the same time, the letter suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations#Council" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Council of the League of Nations</a> might offer its mediation to rectify the new borders amicably if suggested by the delimitation commission.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian diplomacy later appealed to the Millerand letter as a Great Powers promise of future territorial revisions in favour of Hungary. </p><p>Only one plebiscite was permitted (later known as the <a href="/wiki/1921_Sopron_plebiscite" title="1921 Sopron plebiscite">Sopron plebiscite</a>) to settle disputed borders on the former territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> settling a smaller territorial dispute between the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, because some months earlier, the <a href="/wiki/Rongyos_G%C3%A1rda" title="Rongyos Gárda">Rongyos Gárda</a> launched a series of attacks to oust the Austrian forces that entered the area. During the Sopron plebiscite in late 1921, the polling stations were supervised by British, French, and Italian army officers of the Allied Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_and_Austro-Hungarian_Armistice">First World War and Austro-Hungarian Armistice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War and Austro-Hungarian Armistice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></div> <p>On 28 June 1914, the heir to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassinated</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005xxv,_9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005xxv,_9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused a rapidly escalating <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> resulting in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia, followed quickly by the entry of most European powers into the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051078_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051078-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two alliances faced off, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> (led by Britain, France and Russia). In 1918 Germany tried to <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">overwhelm the Allies</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> but failed. Instead the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> began a <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">successful counteroffensive</a> and forced the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> that resembled a surrender by the Central Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war against Germany and in December 1917 against Austria-Hungary. The American war aim was to end aggressive militarism as shown by Berlin and Vienna; the United States never formally joined the Allies. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> acted as an independent force, and his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> was accepted by Germany as a basis for the armistice of November 1918. It outlined a policy of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">open agreements</a>, and democracy. While the term was not used, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">Polish state</a>, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005429_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005429-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexation. Point ten announced Wilson's "wish" that the peoples of Austria-Hungary be given autonomy—a point that <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-p1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian Parliament, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Wekerle" title="Sándor Wekerle">Sándor Wekerle</a>, agreed to the proposal to discuss peace on the basis of Wilson's Fourteen Points. At the same time, it declared that the problem of non-Hungarian nations in Hungary was an internal matter for the state. Wekerle refused to publicly admit that the war was lost. Responding to that, Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> said that <i>"We have lost the war. Now the main thing is not to lose the peace"</i> and called for a democratic Hungary to conclude the most advantageous peace with the Entente.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200125_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200125-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">István Tisza</a> responded that although Károlyi was right that the war was lost, Hungary did not need further democratisation during wartime. The only important task was to preserve the territorial integrity of Hungary, which Tisza claimed did not go against Wilson's points. (Tisza was bitterly unpopular among ethnic Hungarian voters<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and therefore his party <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Work" title="National Party of Work">National Party of Work</a> drew most of his votes from ethnic minorities during the parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The non-Hungarian ethnic groups of Hungary would receive only small concession.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200126_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200126-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole Slovak member of the parliament, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Juriga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand Juriga (page does not exist)">Ferdinand Juriga</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Juriga" class="extiw" title="sk:Ferdinand Juriga">sk</a>]</span>, opened his speech by denying the right of the Hungarian parliament to speak or act in the name of the Slovaks, declared that only the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council" title="Slovak National Council">Slovak National Council</a> had the right to represent Slovaks at the peace conference and demanded the right to self-determination for all nations of Hungary. The Hungarian parliament erupted in anger, shouting <i>"Where is this council!? Where is the Slovak nation!? What county does it live in!? Who is this really!? Stop him speaking!!"</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200127_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200127-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 October Woodrow Wilson responded to the peace offer of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, burying the hope that federalization would preserve its territorial integrity. Wilson emphasized that since his Fourteen Points on 8 January the situation has changed, that the USA has recognized the Czechoslovak National Council in Paris as a de facto government, and that the <i>"oppressed nations of Austria-Hungary will themselves assess what will satisfy their aspirations and their rights".</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200128_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200128-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last political speech to the Hungarian parliament, Tisza bitterly complained about how the Entente powers <i>"negotiated with the internal enemies of the state"</i> which meant that now he was forced to enter talks with <i>"the phantasmagoria of a Czechoslovak state"</i>. Wekerle responded that they will negotiate with them <i>"only if they first give up on the idea of turning Hungary into Eastern Switzerland"</i>. Wekerle promised the parliament that they will tell Wilson that <i>"we know of no Czechoslovak union, only of a Czech union"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200129_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200129-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian government agreed to begin negotiations with the nationalities, promise them some minor concessions and if these were not accepted, they would hold a plebiscite and make sure its resolution was favorable to Hungarians and the integrity of Hungary. They would inform President Wilson of the results and the conditions for peace would be fulfilled. Only a minority of Hungarian politicians, led by Mihály Károlyi, sought preservation in the democratisation of the semi-feudal kingdom, which still lacked universal suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200131_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200131-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Similar to Hungary, the most Western European countries did not have <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> before the end of WW1. The UK introduced universal suffrage after WWI <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>). All feudal privileges of the Hungarian nobility was erased by the <a href="/wiki/April_Laws" title="April Laws">April Laws</a> of 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">major ally of Austria-Hungary</a> in World War I, suffered numerous losses during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> between August and November 1918 and was in negotiation of armistice with Allied Powers from the beginning of October 1918. Between 15 and 29 September 1918, <a href="/wiki/Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" class="mw-redirect" title="Franchet d'Espèrey">Franchet d'Espèrey</a>, in command of a relative small army of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> (9 divisions), <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> (6 divisions), <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serbs</a> (6 divisions), <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> (4 divisions) and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (1 division), staged a successful <a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Vardar Macedonia</a> that ended by taking <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That collapse of the Southern (Italian) Front was one of several developments that effectively triggered the November 1918 armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Army" title="Austro-Hungarian Army">Austro-Hungarian Army</a> was so fatigued that its commanders were forced to seek a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> were proclaimed, and troops started deserting, disobeying orders and retreating. Many Czechoslovak troops, in fact, started working for the Allied cause, and in September 1918, five <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion_in_Italy" title="Czechoslovak Legion in Italy">Czechoslovak Regiments were formed in the Italian Army</a>. The launch of an offensive by 51 Entente divisions along the whole Italian front on 24 October 1918 lead to the destruction of the Austro-Hungarian army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200164_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200164-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The troops of Austria-Hungary started a chaotic withdrawal during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a>, and Austria-Hungary began to negotiate a truce on 28 October, which they signed at Padua on 3 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200165_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200165-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian Parliament dissolved on 23 October after learning of a revolution in <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, Croatia, where the 79th Infantry regiment rebelled and occupied the town. Fearing the spread of revolution from Croatia to Hungary, Prime Minister Wekerle resigned under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200132_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200132-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aster_Revolution_and_the_First_Hungarian_Republic">Aster Revolution and the First Hungarian Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aster Revolution and the First Hungarian Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a></div> <p>During the war, Count <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_K%C3%A1rolyi" title="Mihály Károlyi">Mihály Károlyi</a> led a small but very active pacifist anti-war maverick faction in the Hungarian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even organized covert contacts with British and French diplomats in Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 October 1918 Károlyi had formed the Hungarian National Council. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy politically collapsed and disintegrated as a result of a defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian front</a>. On 31 October 1918, in the midst of armistice negotiations, the <a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a> erupted and Charles IV King of Hungary appointed the liberal Károlyi as prime minister. The revolution in Budapest occurred in parallel to the disintegration of the Austria-Hungary trade network. The heaviest blow to the government was caused by the stop of coal imports from <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesia</a>, which assured the functioning of most of transport, industry and heating in cities. By 5 November, Károlyi learnt that the national coal stocks would be empty in 2 days. The energy crisis in Hungary, caused by a shortage of coal, weakened the Budapest government to such an extent that it felt compelled to seek a compromise with Czechoslovakia, which was blocking the coal road to Silesia.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795">‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21</a> </p><p>The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian army on the Italian front also affected the rear units in Hungary. By the beginning of November 1918, the collapsing statehood was experiencing "disturbances" or "looting". On the 1st of November, the pacifist and pro-Entente Károlyi's new Hungarian government decided to recall all of the troops, who were conscripted from the territory of Kingdom of Hungary, which was a major blow for the Habsburg's armies.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Károlyi's new government insisted on preserving the historic borders of Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200161_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200161-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was in no position to comply with the urgent demands for forcible intervention, demanded by military commanders. Károlyi intended to conclude an armistice independently in the name of Hungary, without regard for its German and Austrian allies. By this, alongside his pacifist views, he sought to distance Hungary from those mainly responsible for the war, and convince the victorious Entente that his government already represented a democratic country, and so should not be punished for the warlike actions of preceding governments, as Slovak historian <a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A1n_Hronsk%C3%BD" title="Marián Hronský">Marián Hronský</a> considered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200199_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200199-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unilaterial_self-disarmament_of_the_Hungarian_army">Unilaterial self-disarmament of the Hungarian army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unilaterial self-disarmament of the Hungarian army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Károlyi yielded to President Wilson's demand for <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> by ordering the unilateral self-disarmament of the Hungarian army.The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Honv%C3%A9d" title="Royal Hungarian Honvéd">Hungarian Royal Honvéd army</a> still had more than 1,400,000 soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Károlyi was announced as prime minister. This happened under the direction of Minister of War <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Linder" title="Béla Linder">Béla Linder</a> on 2 November 1918<sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_1986_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon_1986-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharp_2008_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharp_2008-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the request of the Austro-Hungarian government, an armistice was granted to Austria-Hungary on 3 November 1918 by the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstice_of_3_Nov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstice_of_3_Nov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disarmament of its army meant that Hungary was to remain without a national defence at a time of particular vulnerability. The unilateral self-disarmament made the occupation of Hungary directly possible for the relatively small armies of Romania, the Franco-Serbian army, and the armed forces of the newly established Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, small Hungarian troops were still able to resist the advancement of the Czech army in the North. Only in early December the Budapest government ordered their withdrawal following a political arrangement with Prague which established the first demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reactions_to_the_Hungarian_disarmament">International reactions to the Hungarian disarmament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International reactions to the Hungarian disarmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military and political events changed rapidly and drastically after the Hungarian unilateral disarmament: </p> <ul><li>On 5 November 1918, the Serbian army, with the help of the French army, crossed the southern borders.</li> <li>On 7 November, Hungarian Prime Minister Mihály Károlyi meets General Louis Franchet d'Espèrey in Belgrade. d'Espèrey bluntly informed Károlyi that the Hungarian government <i>"Only represents the Magyar people, and not the other nations of Hungary"</i>. When the Hungarian side declared the acceptance of an <i>"Independent Czech and Yugoslav states"</i>, the French general responded <i>"Let us say Czechoslovak"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001100_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001100-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 8 November, the Czechoslovak army crossed the northern borders.</li> <li>On 10 November <a href="/wiki/Louis_Franchet_d%27Esp%C3%A8rey" title="Louis Franchet d'Espèrey">d'Espérey's</a> army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> River and was poised to enter the Hungarian heartland.</li> <li>On 11 November Germany signed an armistice with Allies, under which they had to immediately withdraw all German troops in Romania and in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> back to German territory and Allies to have access to these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Fr_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fr-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 13 November, the Romanian army crossed the eastern borders of the Kingdom of Hungary.</li></ul> <p>Károlyi appointed the liberal progressive and pacifist <a href="/wiki/Oszk%C3%A1r_J%C3%A1szi" title="Oszkár Jászi">Oszkár Jászi</a> to become Minister without portfolio for nationality questions. Jászi wanted to indicate that the old Hungarian policy towards non-Hungarian nations and nationalities was over and a new democratic course was to begin. According to Jászi, the main aim of his nationality policy was <i>"to defend the plebiscite principle, and so where possible make conditions more favorable for Hungary."</i> The ultimate goal was the creation of a confederative state system, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danube_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danube Confederation (page does not exist)">Danube Confederation</a>, that would preserve the territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001110_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001110-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jászi immediately offered democratic referendums about the disputed borders for minorities; however, the political leaders of those minorities refused the very idea of democratic referendums regarding disputed territories at the Paris peace conference.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, Hungarian government still possessed forces strong enough to resist the encroaching Entente troops, and on 13 November declared the mobilization of the five youngest year groups (1896–1900).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001105_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001105-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was presaged by Károlyi's proclamation, in which he declared the entrance of Czechoslovak troops a <i>"Czech invasion and occupation"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001107_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001107-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"The Czechoslovak state was recognized by the Allies, and the Allies recognized the Czechoslovak army as Allied. The Czechoslovak state is entitled to occupy the territory of Slovakia, already because the Czechoslovak state as an Allied participant in the war, is participating in the armistice, in which the former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was included. As a result of this, I am authorized to call on the Hungarian government to withdraw its army from the territory of Slovakia without delay..." — Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, 3 December 1918<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001127_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001127-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The Armistice of 3 November was completed as regards Hungary on 13 November, when Károlyi signed the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a> with the Allied nations, in order that a Treaty of Peace might be concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstice_of_13_Nov_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstice_of_13_Nov-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-(U.S.)1922_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(U.S.)1922-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms of the armistice were harsh and without compromise. The Hungarian government had to withdraw its troops behind a line deep into Hungary. The army had to disarm, except for its six infantry and two cavalry divisions. Demarcation lines defining the territory to remain under Hungarian control were made. The lines would apply until definitive borders could be established. The Entente was allowed to occupy strategically important places and its forces were allowed free movement inside Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001101_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001101-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the armistice, Serbian and French troops advanced from the south, taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and Croatia. Romanian forces were permitted to advance to the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">River Mureș (Maros)</a>. However, on 14 November, Serbia occupied <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breit_1929_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breit_1929-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Franchet d'Espèrey followed up the victory by <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)" title="Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)">overrunning much of the Balkans</a>, and by the war's end his troops had penetrated well into Hungary. In mid-November 1918, the Czechoslovak troops advanced into the northern parts of the collapsing kingdom (i.e. future Slovakia), but on 14 November Károlyi ordered the Hungarian forces to repulse the "Czech invasion" back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001104_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001104-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After King Charles IV's withdrawal from government on 16 November 1918, Károlyi proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a>, with himself as provisional president of the republic. On the same day the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council" title="Slovak National Council">Slovak National Council</a> dispatched Pavel Fábry to Budapest on an official mission to discuss public security and police order in their respective areas. Fábry reported back that the Károlyi government considered the fight against Yugoslavs and Romanians to be lost, and instead aimed to send all of their military forces to the northern front, in order to at least retain "Upper Hungary". Fábry entered talks with Károlyi and Jászi, agreeing to nothing while stalling for time, until the Entente could act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001112_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001112-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December, following a note from 3 December sent to Budapest by French Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a>, the Hungarian government agreed to retreat behind temporary boundaries drawn by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Milan Hodža">Milan Hodža</a>, who led a delegation of the Slovak National Council in Budapest. Hodža stipulated that the line he drew <i>"would be valid only until new instructions concerning the demarcation line come from Paris."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001128_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 December 1918, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pichon" title="Stephen Pichon">Stephen Pichon</a> informed Budapest of a new demarcation line, and the Hungarian government agreed to extend the Czechoslovak zone of occupation to Pozsony (Bratislava), Komárom (Komárno), Kassa (Košice) and Ungvár (Užhhorod).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001130_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001130-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late January 1919, the Czechoslovak troops advanced into these areas. The Budapest approval for the Czechoslovak advancement was largely explained by the Hungarian desire to reopen trade with Czech lands and to obtain crucially needed coal amidst an energy crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, by 4 February 1919, the Czechoslovak Ministry moved its headquarters from Zsolna (<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDilina" title="Žilina">Žilina</a>) to newly renamed <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> (formerly Pozsony).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001152_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001152-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rule of Károlyi's pacifist cabinet, Hungary rapidly lost control over approximately 75% of its former pre-WWI territories (325,411 km<sup>2</sup> (125,642 sq mi)) without a fight and was subject to foreign occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_liberal_First_Hungarian_Republic_and_communist_coup_d'état"><span id="Fall_of_the_liberal_First_Hungarian_Republic_and_communist_coup_d.27.C3.A9tat"></span>Fall of the liberal First Hungarian Republic and communist coup d'état</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of the liberal First Hungarian Republic and communist coup d'état"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></div> <p>The Károlyi government failed to manage both domestic and military issues and lost popular support. On 20 March 1919, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, who had been imprisoned in the Markó Street prison, was released.<sup id="cite_ref-Sachar_2007_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sachar_2007-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 March, he led a successful communist <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>; Károlyi was deposed and arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2014_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2014-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kun formed a <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a>, communist <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> and proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>. Days later the communists purged the social democrats from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling_2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Andelman_2009_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andelman_2009-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian Soviet Republic was a small communist <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Republic of Councils in Hungary was established, it controlled only approximately 23% of Hungary's historic territory. After the Communist takeover, the Allies sent a new diplomatic mission to Budapest, led by General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>. During these talks with Smuts, Kun insisted that his government would abide by the Belgrade ceasefire and recognise the right to self-determination of the various ethnic groups living in Hungary. In return, Kun urged an end to the Allied trade blockade, particularly by the Czechs, and to allow fuel and food to be imported into Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The communists remained bitterly unpopular<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Hungarian countryside, where the authority of that government was often nonexistent.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than divide the big estates among the peasants – which might have gained their support for the government, but would have created a class of small-holding farmers the communist government proclaimed the nationalization of the estates. But having no skilled people to manage the estates, the communists had no choice but to leave the existing estate managers in place. These, while formally accepting their new government bosses, in practice retained their loyalty to the deposed aristocratic owners. The peasants felt that the revolution had no real effect on their lives and thus had no reason to support it. The communist party and communist policies only had real popular support among the proletarian masses of large industrial centers—especially in Budapest—where the working class represented a high proportion of the inhabitants. The communist government followed the Soviet model: the party established its terror groups (like the infamous <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Boys" title="Lenin Boys">Lenin Boys</a>) to "overcome the obstacles" in the Hungarian countryside. This was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Hungary)" title="Red Terror (Hungary)">Red Terror in Hungary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In late May, after the Entente military representative demanded more territorial concessions from Hungary, Kun attempted to "fulfill" his promise to adhere to Hungary's historical borders. The men of the Hungarian Red Army were recruited mainly from the volunteers of the Budapest proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May 1919, a force under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9l_Stromfeld" title="Aurél Stromfeld">Aurél Stromfeld</a> attacked and routed Czechoslovak troops from <a href="/wiki/Miskolc" title="Miskolc">Miskolc</a>. The Romanian Army attacked the Hungarian flank with troops from the 16th Infantry Division and the Second Vânători Division, aiming to maintain contact with the Czechoslovak Army. Hungarian troops prevailed, and the Romanian Army retreated to its bridgehead at <a href="/wiki/Tokaj" title="Tokaj">Tokaj</a>. There, between 25 and 30 May, Romanian forces were required to defend their position against Hungarian attacks. On 3 June, Romania was forced into further retreat but extended its line of defence along the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> River and reinforced its position with the 8th Division, which had been moving forward from <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> since 22 May. Hungary then controlled the territory almost to its old borders; regained control of industrial areas around Miskolc, <a href="/wiki/Salg%C3%B3tarj%C3%A1n" title="Salgótarján">Salgótarján</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica" title="Banská Štiavnica">Selmecbánya</a> (Banská Štiavnica), <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Kassa</a> (Košice).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June, the Hungarian Red Army invaded the eastern part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a>, now claimed by the newly forming Czechoslovak state. The Hungarian Red Army achieved some military success early on: under the leadership of Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, it ousted <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Army" title="Czechoslovak Army">Czechoslovak troops</a> from the north and planned to march against the Romanian Army in the east. Kun ordered the preparation of an <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">offensive against Czechoslovakia</a>, which would increase his domestic support by making good on his promise to restore Hungary's borders. The Hungarian Red Army recruited men between 19 and 25 years of age. Industrial workers from Budapest volunteered. Many former Austro-Hungarian officers re-enlisted for patriotic reasons. The Hungarian Red Army moved its 1st and 5th artillery divisions—40 battalions—to Upper Hungary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite promises for the restoration of the former borders of Hungary, the communists declared the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> (Eperjes) on 16 June 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a>, the Hungarian nationalists and patriots soon realized that the new communist government had no intentions to recapture the lost territories, only to spread communist ideology and establish other communist states in Europe, thus sacrificing Hungarian national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian patriots and professional military officers in the Red Army saw the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic as a betrayal, and their support for the government began to erode. Despite a series of military victories against the Czechoslovak army, the Hungarian Red Army started to disintegrate due to tension between nationalists and communists during the establishment of the Slovak Soviet Republic. The concession eroded support of the communist government among professional military officers and nationalists in the Hungarian Red Army; even the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Defence_Forces_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Defence Forces (Hungary)">chief of the general staff</a> Aurél Stromfeld, resigned his post in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the French promised the Hungarian government that Romanian forces would withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/Tisz%C3%A1nt%C3%BAl" title="Tiszántúl">Tiszántúl</a>, Kun withdrew from Czechoslovakia his remaining military units who had remained loyal after the political fiasco with the Slovak Soviet Republic. Kun then unsuccessfully tried to turn the remaining units of the demoralized Hungarian Red Army on the Romanians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_preparation_and_Conference_at_Trianon_in_Paris">Treaty preparation and Conference at Trianon in Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treaty preparation and Conference at Trianon in Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG/220px-Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG/330px-Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG/440px-Vertrag_von_Trianon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4185" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption>Treaty of Trianon</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the communist regime of Béla Kun, the instability of the Hungarian state delayed the sending of a Hungarian delegation to the Peace conference in Paris. On 16 November 1919, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Miklós Horthy</a> entered Budapest, taking over the running of the country for a long time and thus bringing to an end the period of unstable Hungarian governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001289_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001289-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By December 1919, text of the proposed Peace Treaty with Hungary was fully prepared in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001278_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001278-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Husz%C3%A1r" title="Károly Huszár">Károly Huszár</a> government, which received the international recognition of the Entente, was invited to participate in the Paris Peace Conference on 2 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzilassy197170_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzilassy197170-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notable pre-WW1 politician and diplomat Count <a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> was appointed to lead the Hungarian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference to represent the Hungarian interests. Simultaneously, Horthy entrusted Count <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Teleki" title="Pál Teleki">Pál Teleki</a> with collecting and preparing all the material necessary for the peace conference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001290_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001290-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless it was Apponyi who took over the conceptual leadership of all the works connected with the peace talk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001291_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001291-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a>, knowing that the Hungarian delegation to Paris would be eventually headed by Apponyi, proposed to compile statistics on Hungarian education, where it would be emphasized that it was precisely Apponyi, who in his role as Minister for Education, suppressed the education of minorities in their native languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001286_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001286-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czechoslovak delegation would be headed by the Slovak ambassador <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Osusk%C3%BD" title="Štefan Osuský">Štefan Osuský</a>, who was given the task to monitor and study Hungarian counter-proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001287_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001287-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result of the common work of Apponyi and Teleki was the so-called <i>Memoirs</i>: a huge amount of written material containing 346 memoirs supplemented with 4000 pages of large office format with 100 maps and many other statistical and graphical supplements. Copies of the basic set of <i>Memoirs</i> were sent to Paris in January 1920, and further supplements, protest notes and demands were added in the following months. The <i>Memoir</i> intended to present a harmonious life of the nations and nationalities inside the Kingdom of Hungary while denying their oppression, marginalization and systematic assimilation. But its massive size also turned to be its greatest weakness, as it made it easy for the Paris peace commission to point out any contradiction. Apponyi's claims on the question of education were likewise pointed out to be contradictory to what he claimed and what he passed while in office as Minister of Education (1906–1910), which the Czechoslovak side exploited with great effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001293_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001293-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of unity and contradictions of the Hungarian Memoirs was because they failed to consistently pursue a single fact. Instead, they argued in favor of four different positions:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001294_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001294-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The complete integrity and indivisibility of the historic Kingdom of Hungary, without a plebiscite</li> <li>A plebiscite on the territories separated from Hungary</li> <li>Adjustments of the borders in favor of Hungary without a plebiscite</li> <li>Cultural, economical, transportation and ecclesiastical concessions in the separated territories</li></ul> <p>The Hungarian representatives placed the blame for the Great War on the former Austrian government. The war was directed centrally from Vienna and Hungarians took no responsibility for its origin or continuation. Hungarians committed no sin other than fighting bravely in the war that was forced on them. Hungarian representatives also claimed credit for ending the war, when they laid down arms after Wilson promulgated his Fourteen Points, only to be rewarded with occupation and robbery of its territory by the Entente. The Bolshevik revolution in Hungary was also blamed on the Entente. The French representatives countered that the Hungarian parliament was in a political alliance with the Prussians since 1867 and continuously supported German imperialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001296_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001296-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apponyi was reminded of how he himself notoriously welcomed the proclamation of the war against Serbia by shouting <i>"Hát végre!"</i> <i>("At last!")</i> at the Hungarian Parliament in 1914, and how he proceeded to make territorial demands against Serbia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001291_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001291-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarian delegation claimed that a diminished Hungary would not be capable of independent economic life and would only be a burden to the Entente. What's worse, all the lost natural wealth and energy would be in the hands of "less cultured nations", unable to use it. The alleged cultural inferiority of Romanians, Slovaks and Yugoslavs would not only lead to economic decline, but would also have a destructive effect on spiritual and moral life, on science, arts, literature, religion (especially European Catholicism), social development and political organization. This is why these nations did not deserve self-realization and should remain under the leadership of Hungarians <i>"who represented a highly developed and state-forming element in the Carpathian basin"</i>. This racially colored mentality of a "ruling nation" was used thorough the <i>Memoirs</i> submitted by the Hungarian representatives, and was also used to justify <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a>. All the non-Hungarian nations and nationalities (with the exception of the Germans and Saxons) had <i>"a much less developed civilization than the Hungarians"</i>, which the Hungarian state blamed on their inferior languages. The Slovaks, Romanians and Jews "willingly" magyarized themselves, because they realized that <i>"the Magyar race was the bearer of a thousand years of civilization"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001298_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001298-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, only three European countries declared ethnic minority rights, and enacted minority-protecting laws: the first was Hungary (1849 and 1868), the second was Austria (1867), and the third was Belgium (1898). In contrast, the legal systems of other pre-WW1 era European countries did not allow the use of European minority languages in primary schools, in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural institutions">cultural institutions</a>, in offices of public administration and at the legal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hevizi_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hevizi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"In the name of the great principle so happily phrased by President Wilson, namely that no group of people, no population, may be transferred from one State to the other without being first consulted – as though they were a herd of cattle with no will of their own – in the name of this great principle, an axiom of good sense and public morals, we request and demand a plebiscite in those parts of Hungary which are now on the point of being severed from us. I declare that we are willing to bow to the decision of a plebiscite, whatever it should be".<br /> [...]<br /> "Gentlemen! From the point of view of the great interests of humanity I think the fact of national hegemony falling into the hands of races who, while offering the best hopes for the future, are yet today on a low level of civilisation, can be looked upon neither with indifference nor with satisfaction." — Details from the closing speech of Count <a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a>, head of the Hungarian delegation on 16 January 1920<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p><br /> The arguments used by Hungary concentrated on proving the historical, geographical, economic and spiritual unity of the old Kingdom of Hungary. Yet, the <i>Memoirs</i> mixed them all in a confusing way. Hungary also demanded plebiscites as a means to restore the former multi-national Kingdom of Hungary, and not to create a majority Hungarian nation state. The Supreme Council of the Peace Conference, when drawing the Czechoslovak–Hungarian border, applied the principle of mutual balance of minorities in the two states, since, as they claimed, creating a clean and precise ethnic border was impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001299_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001299-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Council rejected the maximum demands of the Czechoslovak side, nor did it apply a purely geographical or ethnic principle, but combined them with economical, historical, transportation, military strategical, and other geopolitical factors. The Supreme Council accepted Czechoslovak arguments that showed that post-war Hungary was self-sufficient in coal, crude oil, grain, cattle and other areas of agriculture, railways and transport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001300_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001300-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"The Hungarian reply [at the Trianon conference] showed us our neighbors in a true light... Hungarian cunning and hypocrisy, their slithering smarminess towards the stronger, their brutal imperiousness towards the weak, and inflated scorn for those they consider inferior. The greatest source of their shortcomings and errors is blind and uncritical self-love. These vices, in which they excelled during the war, are still the leading principles of their politics and their whole life. We have a vital interest in carefully following all their movements, but especially in avoiding similar errors." — Ing. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0tefan_Jan%C5%A1%C3%A1k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Štefan Janšák (page does not exist)">Štefan Janšák</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Jan%C5%A1%C3%A1k" class="extiw" title="sk:Štefan Janšák">sk</a>]</span>, Slovak archeologist, historian and publicist, speaking after the conclusion of the 1920 Paris Peace conference at Trianon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001301_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001301-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The Hungarian delegation, led by Count Apponyi, arrived in Paris on 7 January 1920 and was informed that the peace conditions would be submitted to him on 15 January. On 14 January, Apponyi publicly protested in the press against the conditions for peace, despite still not knowing their official text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001306_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001306-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His demand to talk directly with the leading representatives of the Entente before officially receiving the text further irritated the Supreme Council and was declined. It would have meant preferential treatment for the Hungarians, as no other delegation from a defeated state had been given the same advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001307_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001307-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January, Apponyi received the text of the proposed Peace Treaty in the "Red Hall", and the next day Apponyi made his prepared speech to the Supreme Council. He called for the right of self-determination of Hungarians, denied that other nations were oppressed in the old Kingdom of Hungary, claimed that Hungary had a historic mission, emphasized the geographical and economic unity of the country, condemned that many Hungarians were now living under the <i>"hegemony of races with lower cultures"</i> and declared that the torso of the historic Hungarian kingdom could not live without the lost regions, without its mineral wealth, water energy and labor force. Hungary would never accept these borders and would follow a policy aimed at its revision. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001308_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001308-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lengthy negotiation process was recorded on a daily basis by <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Wettstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Wettstein (page does not exist)">János Wettstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettstein_J%C3%A1nos_(diplomata)" class="extiw" title="hu:Wettstein János (diplomata)">hu</a>]</span>, deputy first secretary of the Hungarian delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hronský, it turned out to be a mistake on Hungary's part when it appointed Apponyi to lead the Hungarian delegation. Count Apponyi, though popular in Hungary, had a negative reputation in the neighboring countries. His education acts (1907), his pro-German policy during the war and negative relations with the non-Hungarian nationalities of Hungary made him an easy target for the international press. Štefan Osuský, the Czechoslovak ambassador in Paris, did not bother to hide his glee at Hungary choosing Apponyi of all people. <i>"The choice of Apponyi was very welcome to me"</i>, wrote Osuský back to Prague, <i>"In the former Kingdom of Hungary, he embodied the spirit of disregard and oppression of the Slovaks, and as such I would grant to him that he should be the one to sign the sentence of condemnation not only of his life..."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001307_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001307-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czechoslovak, Romanian and Yugoslavian delegation decided on a joint approach when replying to the Hungarian memorandums. On 26 February, the Hungarian newspaper <i>Pesti Hírlap</i> ridiculed this cooperation as some kind of <i>"<a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001311_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001311-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty of peace in its final form was submitted to the Hungarians on 6 May and signed by them in Grand Trianon<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 4 June 1920, entering into force on 26 July 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Peace_Confrence_Timeline_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peace_Confrence_Timeline-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive accompanying letter, written by the Chairman of the Peace Conference <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a>, was sent along with the Peace Treaty to Hungary. The letter emphasized that the Great Powers studied the notes provided by the Hungarian delegation, but <i>"could not ignore the partial responsibility which falls on Hungary for the outbreak of the World War and in general for the imperialist policy pursued by the Dual Monarchy"</i> It also mentioned that the <i>"territorial clauses in the peace conditions would not be changed at all, because any change of the frontiers which the Hungarian delegation demanded would have very unfortunate results"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001320_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001320-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examination of Hungarian counter-proposals only confirmed to them that the borders should remain as they were drafted in 1919, because <i>"the nationality situation in Central Europe is such that it is not possible to ensure that political borders fully agree with ethnic borders"</i> and thus the Great Powers were forced to leave some populations under the sovereignty of other states. In spite of this, the Great Powers rejected the Hungarian claim <i>"that it would be better to not change the historic borders: The continuation of a situation, even if it is a thousand years old, is not justified if it is against justice."</i> The belated Hungarian offers for Slovak autonomy within Hungary were dismissed as a diplomatic trick, since <i>"the basic historic fact was that for many years all the efforts of the Hungarian political elite were directed towards silencing the voices of the national minorities."</i> At the end, Millerand's letter categorically emphasized, that <i>"The conditions for peace, which were presented to you today, are, however, definitive."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001320_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001320-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States did not ratify the Treaty of Trianon. Instead it negotiated <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Hungarian_Peace_Treaty" title="U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty">a separate peace treaty</a> that did not contradict the terms of the Trianon treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-p1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:100em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote center-aligned" style=""> <p>"...Today it is possible to say that Hungarian or Magyar imperialism will be broken. Although we risk angering Hungarian patriots, whose propaganda reaches as far as Switzerland, we do not hesitate to declare that this strictness appears to us to be justified, since the former frontiers of Hungary gave the Hungarian or Magyar minority of 9 million headed by the nobility the position... to exploit 12 million people of other nationalities. The French Government did not always speak to the Hungarians in the language they deserved, and the English aristocracy agreed with the Hungarian oligarchy even in the course of the war. However, it appears that the Hungarian nobility went too far: by evoking Bolshevism and installing a white terror, they destroyed the good will of their sympathizers in London and Paris. We hope that the Hungarians or Magyars will be satisfied with a national, non-imperial state, and that they will give up their almost Asiatic institutions and accept new principles." -Swiss newspaper <a href="/wiki/Gazette_de_Lausanne" title="Gazette de Lausanne">Gazette de Lausanne</a>, reacting to the signing of the Treat of Trianon<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001321_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001321-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_Shortage_in_Hungary_and_the_Peace-Making">Coal Shortage in Hungary and the Peace-Making</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coal Shortage in Hungary and the Peace-Making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg/220px-Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg/330px-Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg/440px-Czechoslovak_map_of_coal_exports_from_Silesia_in_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Coal exports from Silesia to neighboring regions in 1913. The map was produced by the Czechoslovak map-makers in early 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Trianon not only redrew Hungary's borders but also laid down rules for the restoration of economic relations between Hungary and foreign countries, including its neighbors - the Entente allies: Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. The peace treaty de facto ended the Allied blockade of Hungary and de jure ordered the resumption of regional trade and the supply of coal to Hungary from Czechoslovakia and Poland. Together with other international agreements signed at the Paris Peace Conference, such as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain Peace Treaty of 1919</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1920v01/ch5">Teschen Settlement of July 1920</a>, it provided the legal framework for overcoming the economic chaos in Central Europe caused by the First World War and exacerbated by the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian common market in late 1918.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02707613">Breaking up a customs union: The case of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1919</a> </p><p>The critical element of the economic paralysis in Hungary and other Danubian countries was the shortage of coal, which had been aggravating since 1914, but became critical in 1918-1920.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/107456668/5296-libre.pdf?1700221618=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DTowards_a_New_and_Broader_History_of_Hun.pdf&Expires=1718135549&Signature=LhS4qWARz0XjpUGkqHeDUtXWU1M8nEmSneZ1TIWbVi1Rzdoj1DaEUTUk5Pt0MIcLbQAUtX49dP5BYUptBdi6Gyz~yPC4vgbGMiJkTEPKOqP5-3fwpRFyBd7YmEJvpFh~iKE2d5H3cNgNzcir909YIM3BAae9Yzjr5hbjwCA3BH-fdCGgEu5zDFiGC1QjYF3T~4V-JZAZIwaSol4lW95BLXnPWE82ej9AlrVaCCBUE8f7pTJaQgZ5wYZpt8qD3fGWqHAIaHdKX9A1ZjuT-T1EofiOHeUtCeOoAzpKQuABh4VWRI6jOKHfM2x8Hg9OkjBvSp9liZRTHOKIlmRcnAcmig__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">[1]</a> While coal production in the Habsburg Monarchy had been declining after 1914, the disappearance of imperial unity at the end of 1918 halted the distribution of coal from the Silesian mines to various consuming regions, including Hungary. Coal production in Hungary fell from 10 million tonnes in 1913 to 3 million tonnes in 1919, but the most drastic blow came from the cessation of imports of 5 million tonnes of rich Silesian bituminous coal. The stoppage of coal imports was mainly due to the blockade imposed by the Czechoslovak government over Hungary at the end of 1918. In fact, Czechs gained control over a significant part of the Silesian mines, such as in Teschen, and over the transit railways from Silesia to Vienna and Budapest. From November-December 1918, Prague made the resumption of coal supplies to Vienna and Budapest conditional on the acceptance of its territorial claims to former Austrian and Hungarian territories.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795">‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21</a> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Production_(up;_blue_dotted_rhombus)_and_Coal_Import_(down;_red_squar_line)_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg/220px-Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg/330px-Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg/440px-Coal_Production_%28up%3B_blue_dotted_rhombus%29_and_Coal_Import_%28down%3B_red_squar_line%29_in_Hungary_in_million_tons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption><b>Coal Production (up; blue rhombus) and Coal Import (down; red square) in Hungary in million tons</b></figcaption></figure> <p>As the Hungarian revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Vilmos_B%C3%B6hm" title="Vilmos Böhm">Vilmos Böhm</a> recalled about the Hungarian-Czech coal talks, "every wagon of coal should be paid for with territorial concessions"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mtda.hu/books/bohm_vilmos_ket_forradalom_tuzeben.pdf">[2]</a>. Despite the withdrawal of Hungarian troops from the Upper Hungarian territories claimed by Prague (Slovakia in December 1918-January 1919 and Subcarpathian Ruthenia in April-July 1919), Czechoslovakia maintained a blockade on coal exports to Hungary until the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty in June 1920.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/czechoslovak-hungarian_border_conflict">Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Conflict / 1.1 / encyclopedic</a> </p><p>The acute coal shortage had a profound effect on Hungary's economy and infrastructure. Industrial production and transport were severely hampered. The shortage led to desperate diplomatic efforts by the government in Budapest to secure coal supplies and stabilise the economy. In November 1918, the Hungarian government began negotiations with Czechoslovakia and the Entente powers to alleviate the coal crisis. Hungary's desperate need for coal influenced its diplomatic strategy and led it to make concessions. Hungary also sought help from the Entente, recognising that cooperation with its neighbours and the victorious powers was essential for economic recovery.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795">‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21</a> </p><p>Czechoslovakia and the Entente powers strategically used coal supplies as leverage to force Hungary to make territorial and political concessions. The negotiated peace treaty project included passages, which stipulated the obligation of Czechoslovakia and Poland to provide coal to Hungary in necessary quantities, but also assured that the two important coal-mining centers of Hungary – surrounding towns of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Salg%C3%B3tarj%C3%A1n" title="Salgótarján">Salgótarján</a> – would be freed from the occupying Czech and Serbian troops and remain inside Hungary. The great powers understood that Hungary's desperate need for coal and trade with neighbouring countries, particularly Czechoslovakia, would force Budapest to accept the heavy territorial losses in favour of Prague. After the ratification of the Trianon Treaty by the Hungarian Parliament in November 1920, Hungary started receiving increasing quantities of coal via Czechoslovakia. During the 1920s, Czechoslovakia became the most important trading partner of Hungary.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795">‘Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.’ Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Borders_of_Hungary">Borders of Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Borders of Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg/220px-Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg/330px-Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg/440px-Partition_of_Austria-Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Drafted borders of Austria-Hungary in the treaties of Trianon and Saint Germain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4-6-1920,_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie,_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_(sur_les_marches_du_perron)_-_full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg/220px-4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg/330px-4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg/440px-4-6-1920%2C_signature_de_la_Paix_avec_la_Hongrie%2C_d%C3%A9part_des_d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9s_hongrois_%28sur_les_marches_du_perron%29_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4019" data-file-height="2866" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian delegation leaving <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trianon" title="Grand Trianon">Grand Trianon</a> Palace at <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, after the treaty was signed, 1920.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of <span class="fn org label">Hungary</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of Hungary)">Great Officers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">Transylvanian Princes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Hungary" title="Music history of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Budapest" title="History of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/16px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/24px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Hungary portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Hungarian government terminated its union with Austria on 31 October 1918, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy. The <i>de facto</i> temporary borders of independent Hungary were defined by the ceasefire lines in November–December 1918. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary, these temporary borders did not include: </p> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)" title="Mureș (river)">Mureș River</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Some%C8%99" title="Someș">Someș</a> River, which came under the control of Romania (cease-fire agreement of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> signed on 13 November 1918).</li> <li>The General Council of the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a> in Nagyszeben (now <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a> in Romania) decided in question of Transylvania to choose clear neutrality, without committing themselves either to the Hungarian or the Romanian side on 25 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-transindex_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transindex-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Romanian Army occupied Marosvásárhely (now <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a> in Romania), the most important town of <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a> in Transylvania. On the same day the National Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> in Marosvásárhely reaffirms their support to the territorial integrity of Hungary on 25 November 1918.</li> <li>On 1 December 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">declared union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In response, a Hungarian General Assembly in Kolozsvár (now <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj</a> in Romania), the most important Hungarian town in Transylvania, reaffirms the loyalty of Hungarians from Transylvania to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> on 22 December 1918.</li> <li>Slovakia was proclaimed as part of Czechoslovakia (status quo set by the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak legions</a> and accepted by the Entente on 25 November 1918). Afterwards, the Slovak politician <a href="/wiki/Milan_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Milan Hodža">Milan Hodža</a> discussed with the Hungarian Minister of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bartha" title="Albert Bartha">Albert Bartha</a>, a temporary demarcation line that left between 650,000 and 886,000 Hungarians in the newly formed Czechoslovakia and between 142,000 and 399,000 Slovaks in the remainder of Hungary (the discrepancy was caused by the different way census was collected in Hungary and Czechoslovakia). That was signed on 6 December 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>South Slavic lands, which, after the war, were organised into two political formations – the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a>, which both came under control of South Slavs, according to the ceasefire agreement of <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> signed on 13 November 1918. Previously, on 29 October 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> parliament, an autonomous kingdom within Transleithania, terminated<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the union<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Kingdom of Hungary and on 30 October 1918 the Hungarian diet adopted a motion declaring that the constitutional relations between the two states had ended.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia-Slavonia was included in a newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs (which also included some other South Slavic territories, formerly administered by Austria-Hungary) on 29 October 1918. This state and the Kingdom of Serbia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) on 1 December 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The territories of <a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> (which included most of the pre-war Hungarian counties of <a href="/wiki/Baranya_County_(former)" title="Baranya County (former)">Baranya</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1cs-Bodrog_County" title="Bács-Bodrog County">Bács-Bodrog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toront%C3%A1l_County" title="Torontál County">Torontál</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temes_County" title="Temes County">Temes</a>) came under military control by the Kingdom of Serbia and political control by local South Slavs. The <a href="/wiki/Great_People%27s_Assembly_of_Serbs,_Bunjevci_and_other_Slavs_in_Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Great People's Assembly of Serbs, Bunjevci and other Slavs in Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> declared union of this region with Serbia on 25 November 1918. The ceasefire line had the character of a temporary international border until the treaty. The central parts of Banat were later assigned to Romania, respecting the wishes of Romanians from this area, which, on 1 December 1918, were present in the National Assembly of Romanians in Alba Iulia, which <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">voted for union</a> with the Kingdom of Romania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>The city of <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> was occupied by the Italian nationalists group. Its affiliation was a matter of international dispute between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and Yugoslavia.</li> <li>Croatian-populated territories in modern <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje</a> remained under Hungarian control after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a> of 13 November 1918. After the <a href="/wiki/1918_occupation_of_Me%C4%91imurje" title="1918 occupation of Međimurje">Međimurje was occupied</a> by forces led by <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Slavko Kvaternik</a> on 24 December 1918, this region declared separation from Hungary and entry into Yugoslavia at the <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">popular assembly</a> of 9 January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>After the Romanian Army advanced beyond this cease-fire line, the Entente powers asked Hungary (<a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a>) to acknowledge the new Romanian territorial gains by a new line set along the Tisza river. Unable to reject these terms and unwilling to accept them, the leaders of the Hungarian Democratic Republic resigned and the Communists seized power. In spite of the country being under Allied blockade, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was formed and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Red_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Red Army">Hungarian Red Army</a> was rapidly set up. This army was initially successful against the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legions</a>, due to covert food<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arms aid from Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it possible for Hungary to reach nearly the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galician</a> (Polish) border, thus separating the Czechoslovak and Romanian troops from each other. </p><p>After a Hungarian-Czechoslovak cease-fire signed on 1 July 1919, the Hungarian Red Army left parts of Slovakia by 4 July, as the Entente powers promised to invite a Hungarian delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. In the end, this particular invitation was not issued. <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a>, leader of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, then turned the Hungarian Red Army on the Romanian Army and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">attacked at the Tisza river</a> on 20 July 1919. After fierce fighting that lasted some five days, the Hungarian Red Army collapsed. The Royal Romanian Army marched into <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> on 4 August 1919.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Hungarian state was restored by the Entente powers, helping Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a> into power in November 1919. On 1 December 1919, the Hungarian delegation was officially invited to the <a href="/wiki/Versailles_Peace_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles Peace Conference">Versailles Peace Conference</a>; however, the newly defined borders of Hungary were nearly concluded without the presence of the Hungarians.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During prior negotiations, the Hungarian party, along with the Austrian, advocated the American principle of self-determination: that the population of disputed territories should decide by free plebiscite to which country they wished to belong.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view did not prevail for long, as it was disregarded by the decisive French and British delegates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeak194245_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeak194245-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some opinions, the Allies drafted the outline of the new frontiers<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with little or no regard to the historical, cultural, ethnic, geographic, economic and strategic aspects of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies assigned territories that were mostly populated by non-Hungarian ethnicities to successor states, but also allowed these states to absorb sizeable territories that were mainly inhabited by Hungarian-speaking populations. For instance, Romania gained all of Transylvania, which was home to 2,800,000 Romanians, but also contained a significant minority of 1,600,000 Hungarians and about 250,000 Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intent of the Allies was principally to strengthen these successor states at the expense of Hungary. Although the countries that were the main beneficiaries of the treaty partially noted the issues, the Hungarian delegates tried to draw attention to them. Their views were disregarded by the Allied representatives. </p><p>Some predominantly Hungarian settlements, consisting of more than two million people, were situated in a typically 20–50 km (12–31 mi) wide strip along the new borders in foreign territory. More concentrated groups were found in Czechoslovakia (parts of southern Slovakia), Yugoslavia (parts of northern <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a>), and Romania (parts of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>). </p><p>The final borders of Hungary were defined by the Treaty of Trianon signed on 4 June 1920. Beside exclusion of the previously mentioned territories, they did not include: </p> <ul><li>the rest of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, which together with some additional parts of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary became part of Romania;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, which became part of Czechoslovakia, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a> in 1919;<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Pastor_2019_pp_398_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Pastor_2019_pp_398-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>most of <a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, which became part of Austria, also pursuant to the Treaty of Saint-Germain (the district of <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a> opted to remain within Hungary after a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> held in December 1921, the only place where a plebiscite was held and factored in the decision);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_County" title="Međimurje County">Međimurje</a> and the 2/3 of the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_March_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)">Slovene March</a> or <i>Vendvidék</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>), which became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.</li></ul> <p>By the Treaty of Trianon, the cities of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Mohács">Mohács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baja,_Hungary" title="Baja, Hungary">Baja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szigetv%C3%A1r" title="Szigetvár">Szigetvár</a>, which were under Serb-Croat-Slovene administration after November 1918, were assigned to Hungary. An arbitration committee in 1920 assigned small northern parts of the former <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rva" class="mw-redirect" title="Árva">Árva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szepes" class="mw-redirect" title="Szepes">Szepes</a> counties of the Kingdom of Hungary with Polish majority population to <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>. After 1918, Hungary did not have access to the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, which pre-war Hungary formerly had directly through the <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a> coastline and indirectly through Croatia-Slavonia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/220px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/330px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg/440px-Hungary-ethnic_groups.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>1885 <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> map of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a> according to the 1880 census</figcaption></figure> <p>Representatives of small nations living in the former Austria-Hungary and active in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Oppressed_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of Oppressed Nations (page does not exist)">Congress of Oppressed Nations</a> regarded the treaty of Trianon for being an act of historical righteousness<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> because a better future for their nations was "to be founded and durably assured on the firm basis of world democracy, real and sovereign government by the people, and a universal alliance of the nations vested with the authority of arbitration" while at the same time making a call for putting an end to "the existing unbearable domination of one nation over the other" and making it possible "for nations to organize their relations to each other on the basis of equal rights and free conventions". Furthermore, they believed the treaty would help toward a new era of dependence on international law, the fraternity of nations, equal rights, and human liberty as well as aid civilisation in the effort to free humanity from international violence.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_and_consequences">Results and consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Results and consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/220px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/330px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg/440px-Ethnographic_map_of_hungary_1910_by_teleki_carte_rouge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4962" data-file-height="3509" /></a><figcaption>The Red Map,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> map of the Hungary proper publicised by the Hungarian delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions with population density below 20 persons/km<sup>2</sup> (51.8 persons/sq. mi.)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC0000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9900; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D1E231; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#568203; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFB6C1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008080; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: black solid 2px;background-color:white; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Regions with fewer than 20 persons/sq km</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a>—the demand for reunification of Hungarian peoples—became a central theme of Hungarian politics and diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-online_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1910_census">1910 census</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1910 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/220px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/330px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png/440px-Ethnic_Map_of_Hungary_1910_with_Counties.png 2x" data-file-width="6208" data-file-height="4104" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic map of the Kingdom of Hungary according to the 1910 census</figcaption></figure> <p>The last census before the Treaty of Trianon was held in 1910. This census recorded population by language and religion but not by ethnicity. On the other hand, in pre-WW1 era Europe, there were only language censuses in a few countries, but the first ethnic censuses were not implemented in Europe until the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hevizi_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hevizi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is generally accepted that the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary in this time were the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>. According to the census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 48% of the population of the kingdom (including the autonomous <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Croatia-Slavonia</a>) and 54% of the population of the territory referred to as "Hungary proper", i.e. excluding Croatia. Within the borders of "Hungary proper" numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, 10.5% <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, 10.4% <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>, 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and 8% others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5% of the population of "Hungary proper" were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Jews</a>, who were included in speakers of the Hungarian language.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the autonomous Croatia-Slavonia was mostly composed of Croats and Serbs (who together counted 87% of population). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_1910_census">Criticism of the 1910 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism of the 1910 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The census of 1910 classified the residents of the Kingdom of Hungary by their native languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi1998116_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi1998116-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and religions, so it presents the preferred language of the individual, which may or may not correspond to the individual's ethnic identity. To make the situation even more complex, in the multilingual kingdom there were territories with ethnically mixed populations where people spoke two or even three languages natively. For example, in the territory what is today Slovakia (then part of Upper Hungary) 18% of the Slovaks, 33% of the Hungarians and 65% of the Germans were bilingual. In addition, 21% of the Germans spoke both Slovak and Hungarian beside German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199857_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199857-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reasons are ground for debate about the accuracy of the census. </p><p>While several demographers (David W. Paul,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Hanak, László Katus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1985132_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1985132-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) state that the outcome of the census is reasonably accurate (assuming that it is also properly interpreted), others believe that the 1910 census was manipulated<sup id="cite_ref-SlovakiaInHistory_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SlovakiaInHistory-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by exaggerating the percentage of the speakers of Hungarian, pointing to the discrepancy between an improbably high growth of the Hungarian-speaking population and the decrease of percentual participation of speakers of other languages through <a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ia_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ia-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the 1921 census in Czechoslovakia (only one year after the Treaty of Trianon) shows 21% Hungarians in Slovakia,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to 30% based on 1910 census. </p><p>Some Slovak demographers (such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1n_Sveto%C5%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ján Svetoň (page does not exist)">Ján Svetoň</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Sveto%C5%88" class="extiw" title="sk:Ján Svetoň">sk</a>]</span> and Julius Mesaros) dispute the result of every pre-war census.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen Johnson, an American historian, accepts the numbers of the earlier censuses up to the one in 1900, according to which the proportion of the Hungarians was 51.4%,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he neglects the 1910 census as he thinks the changes since the last census are too big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrass1985156-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also argued that there were different results in previous censuses in the Kingdom of Hungary and subsequent censuses in the new states. Considering the size of discrepancies, some demographers are on the opinion that these censuses were somewhat biased in the favour of the respective ruling nation.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_of_the_non-Hungarian_and_Hungarian_populations">Distribution of the non-Hungarian and Hungarian populations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution of the non-Hungarian and Hungarian populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of non-Hungarian and Hungarian communities in the different areas based on the census data of 1910 (in this, people were not directly asked about their ethnicity, but about their native language). The present day location of each area is given in parentheses. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Main spoken language </th> <th>Hungarian language </th> <th>Other languages </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Partium#Present_day_location" title="Partium">Partium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat#The_Banat_Question_at_the_end_of_First_World_War" title="Banat">Banat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> – 2,819,467 (54%) </td> <td>1,658,045 (31.7%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 550,964 (10.5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_Hungary" title="Upper Hungary">Upper Hungary</a> (restricted to the territory of today's <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> – 1,688,413 (57.9%) </td> <td>881,320 (30.2%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 198,405 (6.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9lvid%C3%A9k" title="Délvidék">Délvidék</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> – 601,770 (39.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> – 510,754 (33.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunjevac_dialect" title="Bunjevac dialect">Bunjevac</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0okac_dialect" title="Šokac dialect">Šokac</a> – 91,016 (6%)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td>425,672 (28.1%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 324,017 (21.4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Kárpátalja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language">Ruthenian</a> – 330,010 (54.5%) </td> <td>185,433 (30.6%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 64,257 (10.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91imurje_(region)" title="Međimurje (region)">Muraköz</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Baranya_(region)" title="Baranya (region)">Baranya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> – 1,638,350 (62.3%) </td> <td>121,000 (3.5%) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> – 644,955 (24.6%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 134,078 (5.1%)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> – 24,212 (48.6%) </td> <td>6,493 (13%) </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> – 13,351 (26.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> – 2,336 (4.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 2,315 (4.6%)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Őrvidék (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 217,072 (74.4%) </td> <td>26,225 (9%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> – 43,633 (15%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muravidék (<a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> – 74,199 (80.4%) – in 1921 </td> <td>14,065 (15.2%) – in 1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – 2,540 (2.8%) – in 1921 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cities_and_towns_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Austria_(1920_Treaty_of_Trianon)"><span id="Cities_and_towns_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Austria_.281920_Treaty_of_Trianon.29"></span>Cities and towns of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Austria (1920 Treaty of Trianon)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cities and towns of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Austria (1920 Treaty of Trianon)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Settlements in historical Burgenland with populations over 2,000 (1910 census)<sup id="cite_ref-KSH1910_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH1910-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Hungarian name (1910)</th> <th>Current name</th> <th>Population (1910)</th> <th>Hungarian (%)</th> <th>German (%)</th> <th>Croatian (%)</th> <th>Other (%)</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Felsőőr</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oberwart" title="Oberwart">Oberwart</a></td> <td>4,962</td> <td>68.5%</td> <td>28.3%</td> <td>1.1%</td> <td>2.1%</td> <td>Hungarian majority (ceded anyway) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Kismarton</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></td> <td>3,368</td> <td>12.4%</td> <td>84.1%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>Capital of Burgenland </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Léka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rechnitz" title="Rechnitz">Rechnitz</a></td> <td>2,890</td> <td>15.3%</td> <td>81.6%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>1.9%</td> <td>Historic German town </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Németújvár</td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCssing" title="Güssing">Güssing</a></td> <td>2,817</td> <td>14.2%</td> <td>82.1%</td> <td>1.3%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>German majority </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Nagymarton</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mattersburg" title="Mattersburg">Mattersburg</a></td> <td>2,312</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>78.3%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>Central Burgenland </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Czechoslovakia_(1910_census)"><span id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Czechoslovakia_.281910_census.29"></span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Czechoslovakia (1910 census)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Czechoslovakia (1910 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major cities in historical Upper Hungary (Felvidék)<sup id="cite_ref-KSH1910_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH1910-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Hungarian name (1910)</th> <th>Current name</th> <th>Population (1910)</th> <th>Hungarian (%)</th> <th>Slovak (%)</th> <th>German (%)</th> <th>Other (%)</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Pozsony</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></td> <td>78,223</td> <td>40.5%</td> <td>15.2%</td> <td>41.9%</td> <td>2.4%</td> <td>Capital of Upper Hungary </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Kassa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></td> <td>41,360</td> <td>75.4%</td> <td>13.2%</td> <td>8.1%</td> <td>3.3%</td> <td>Cultural center of Upper Hungary </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Nagyszombat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a></td> <td>28,776</td> <td>31.6%</td> <td>55.3%</td> <td>10.1%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>Historic Slovak town </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Munkács</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a></td> <td>21,901</td> <td>63.5%</td> <td>9.1%</td> <td>4.0%</td> <td>23.4%</td> <td>Now in Ukraine (post-1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Ungvár</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a></td> <td>17,275</td> <td>62.2%</td> <td>14.8%</td> <td>5.3%</td> <td>17.7%</td> <td>Now in Ukraine (post-1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Eperjes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a></td> <td>16,323</td> <td>48.1%</td> <td>38.9%</td> <td>9.4%</td> <td>3.6%</td> <td>Šariš region </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Losonc</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lu%C4%8Denec" title="Lučenec">Lučenec</a></td> <td>11,006</td> <td>85.3%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>Novohrad region </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Galánta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galanta" title="Galanta">Galanta</a></td> <td>10,900</td> <td>91.7%</td> <td>5.1%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>Agricultural center </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Rimaszombat</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rimavsk%C3%A1_Sobota" title="Rimavská Sobota">Rimavská Sobota</a></td> <td>9,162</td> <td>89.4%</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>2.0%</td> <td>2.5%</td> <td>Gömör-Kishont County </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Selmecbánya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_%C5%A0tiavnica" title="Banská Štiavnica">Banská Štiavnica</a></td> <td>8,856</td> <td>36.4%</td> <td>52.1%</td> <td>8.3%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>Mining town </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Igló</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1sk%C3%A1_Nov%C3%A1_Ves" title="Spišská Nová Ves">Spišská Nová Ves</a></td> <td>7,094</td> <td>18.3%</td> <td>71.6%</td> <td>7.8%</td> <td>2.3%</td> <td>Spiš region </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Lőcse</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Levo%C4%8Da" title="Levoča">Levoča</a></td> <td>6,507</td> <td>23.8%</td> <td>64.1%</td> <td>9.5%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>Historic Slovak town </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Zólyom</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zvolen" title="Zvolen">Zvolen</a></td> <td>5,976</td> <td>22.1%</td> <td>69.8%</td> <td>5.4%</td> <td>2.7%</td> <td>Central Slovakia </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Késmárk</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%BEmarok" title="Kežmarok">Kežmarok</a></td> <td>5,934</td> <td>13.2%</td> <td>78.9%</td> <td>6.3%</td> <td>1.6%</td> <td>Spiš region </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Szepesváralja</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1sk%C3%A9_Podhradie" title="Spišské Podhradie">Spišské Podhradie</a></td> <td>3,007</td> <td>8.5%</td> <td>85.1%</td> <td>4.2%</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>Near Spiš Castle </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Romania_(1910_census)"><span id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Romania_.281910_census.29"></span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Romania (1910 census)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Romania (1910 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Top cities in historical Transylvania, Banat, and Partium regions<sup id="cite_ref-KSH1910_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH1910-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Hungarian name (1910)</th> <th>Current name</th> <th>Population (1910)</th> <th>Hungarian (%)</th> <th>Romanian (%)</th> <th>Saxon/German (%)</th> <th>Other (%)</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Temesvár</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></td> <td>72,555</td> <td>41.5%</td> <td>29.3%</td> <td>22.4%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>Capital of Banat </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Nagyvárad</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a></td> <td>64,169</td> <td>49.3%</td> <td>25.9%</td> <td>15.1%</td> <td>9.7%</td> <td>Partium region </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Arad</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a></td> <td>63,166</td> <td>56.4%</td> <td>23.1%</td> <td>10.2%</td> <td>10.3%</td> <td>Partium region </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Kolozsvár</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></td> <td>60,808</td> <td>81.6%</td> <td>11.4%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>Capital of Transylvania </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Brassó</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></td> <td>41,056</td> <td>26.7%</td> <td>17.4%</td> <td>43.3%</td> <td>12.6%</td> <td>Saxon cultural center </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Nagyszeben</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></td> <td>33,489</td> <td>14.3%</td> <td>19.2%</td> <td>56.4%</td> <td>10.1%</td> <td>Saxon administrative hub </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Szatmárnémeti</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare" title="Satu Mare">Satu Mare</a></td> <td>28,339</td> <td>76.7%</td> <td>12.1%</td> <td>6.4%</td> <td>4.8%</td> <td>Partium region </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Marosvásárhely</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a></td> <td>25,517</td> <td>85.2%</td> <td>8.7%</td> <td>4.3%</td> <td>1.8%</td> <td>Székely-majority city </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Nagykároly</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carei" title="Carei">Carei</a></td> <td>17,100</td> <td>85.9%</td> <td>7.3%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>3.7%</td> <td>Partium region </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Dés</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dej" title="Dej">Dej</a></td> <td>12,937</td> <td>77.8%</td> <td>18.4%</td> <td>1.2%</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>Transylvania </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Sepsiszentgyörgy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntu_Gheorghe" title="Sfântu Gheorghe">Sfântu Gheorghe</a></td> <td>13,838</td> <td>93.5%</td> <td>4.2%</td> <td>0.9%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>Székely cultural center </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Nagybánya</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baia_Mare" title="Baia Mare">Baia Mare</a></td> <td>12,877</td> <td>71.2%</td> <td>18.9%</td> <td>3.1%</td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>Partium region </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Székelyudvarhely</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odorheiu_Secuiesc" title="Odorheiu Secuiesc">Odorheiu Secuiesc</a></td> <td>12,056</td> <td>97.1%</td> <td>1.4%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>1.0%</td> <td>Székely cultural center </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Szászváros</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Or%C4%83%C8%99tie" title="Orăștie">Orăștie</a></td> <td>8,140</td> <td>15.6%</td> <td>21.3%</td> <td>58.4%</td> <td>4.7%</td> <td>Saxon-majority town </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Nagyenyed</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aiud" title="Aiud">Aiud</a></td> <td>7,013</td> <td>89.2%</td> <td>6.1%</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>1.5%</td> <td>Historical Hungarian town </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Yugoslavia_(1910_census)"><span id="Cities_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_ceded_to_Yugoslavia_.281910_census.29"></span>Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Yugoslavia (1910 census)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cities of the Kingdom of Hungary ceded to Yugoslavia (1910 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Major cities in historical Bácska, Banat, and Croatia-Slavonia<sup id="cite_ref-KSH1910_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KSH1910-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Hungarian name (1910)</th> <th>Current name</th> <th>Population (1910)</th> <th>Hungarian (%)</th> <th>Southern Slav (%)</th> <th>German (%)</th> <th>Other (%)</th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Szabadka</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a></td> <td>63,579</td> <td>56.8%</td> <td>17.2%</td> <td>18.3%</td> <td>7.7%</td> <td>Largest city in Bácska </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Eszék</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a></td> <td>40,379</td> <td>52.4%</td> <td>22.1%</td> <td>15.3%</td> <td>10.2%</td> <td>Slavonia region </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Újvidék</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></td> <td>33,090</td> <td>34.5%</td> <td>39.2%</td> <td>20.1%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>Capital of Bácska </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Zombor</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sombor" title="Sombor">Sombor</a></td> <td>32,623</td> <td>58.3%</td> <td>23.4%</td> <td>12.1%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>Bácska region </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Nagybecskerek</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zrenjanin" title="Zrenjanin">Zrenjanin</a></td> <td>28,555</td> <td>48.7%</td> <td>25.3%</td> <td>19.8%</td> <td>6.2%</td> <td>Banat region </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Versec</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ac" title="Vršac">Vršac</a></td> <td>27,370</td> <td>39.1%</td> <td>35.2%</td> <td>18.7%</td> <td>7.0%</td> <td>Banat region </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Pancsova</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan%C4%8Devo" title="Pančevo">Pančevo</a></td> <td>20,808</td> <td>45.6%</td> <td>28.9%</td> <td>18.4%</td> <td>7.1%</td> <td>Banat region </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Valkóvár</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vukovar" title="Vukovar">Vukovar</a></td> <td>10,359</td> <td>43.2%</td> <td>38.4%</td> <td>9.8%</td> <td>8.6%</td> <td>Slavonia region </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungarians_outside_the_newly_defined_borders">Hungarians outside the newly defined borders</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hungarians outside the newly defined borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trianon_consequences.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/300px-Trianon_consequences.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/450px-Trianon_consequences.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Trianon_consequences.png/600px-Trianon_consequences.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Hungary lost 72% of its territory, its sea access, half of its 10 biggest cities and all of its precious metal mines; 3,425,000 ethnic Hungarians found themselves separated from their motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004359–360_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004359–360-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the 1910 Hungarian census with the Administrative Kingdom of Hungary in green and autonomous Croatia-Slavonia in grey</figcaption></figure> <p>The territories of the former Hungarian Kingdom that were ceded by the treaty to neighbouring countries in total (and each of them separately) had a majority of non-Hungarian nationals; however, the Hungarian ethnic area was much larger than the newly established territory of Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-Eberhardt_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhardt-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore 30% of the ethnic Hungarians were under foreign authority.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After the treaty, the percentage and the absolute number of all Hungarian populations outside of Hungary decreased in the next decades (although, some of these populations also recorded temporary increase of the absolute population number). There are several reasons for this population decrease, some of which were spontaneous assimilation and certain state policies, like <a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other important factors were the Hungarian migration from the neighbouring states to Hungary or to some western countries as well as decreased birth rate of Hungarian populations. According to the National Office for Refugees, the number of Hungarians who immigrated to Hungary from neighbouring countries was about 350,000 between 1918 and 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199819_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199819-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_census_in_Hungary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1910_census_in_Hungary.png/300px-1910_census_in_Hungary.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1910_census_in_Hungary.png/450px-1910_census_in_Hungary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1910_census_in_Hungary.png/600px-1910_census_in_Hungary.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>In the Kingdom of Hungary, the 1910 census was based on mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Maps_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Maps-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Varga_-_Censuses_in_Transylvania_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varga_-_Censuses_in_Transylvania-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORIGINAL_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORIGINAL-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the census, 54.4% of the inhabitants of Hungary were recorded to speak Hungarian as their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number included the Jewish ethnic group (around 5% of the population according to a separate census on religion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1948268_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1948268-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 23% of Budapest's citizenry) who were overwhelmingly Hungarian-speaking (the Jews tending to declare German as mother tongue due to the immigration of Jews of Yiddish/German mother tongue).<sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Patterns_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Patterns-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minorities_in_post-Trianon_Hungary">Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the other hand, a considerable number of other nationalities remained within the frontiers of the independent Hungary: </p><p>According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language: </p> <ul><li>551,212 German (6.9%)</li> <li>141,882 Slovak (1.8%)</li> <li>36,858 Croatian (0.5%)</li> <li>23,760 Romanian (0.3%)</li> <li>23,228 Bunjevac and Šokac (0.3%)</li> <li>17,131 Serbian (0.2%)</li> <li>7,000 Slovene (0.08%)</li></ul> <p>The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased. Bilingualism was also disappearing. The main reasons of this process were both spontaneous assimilation and the deliberate Magyarization policy of the state. Minorities made up 8% of the total population in 1930 and 7% in 1941 (on the post-Trianon territory).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After World War II approximately 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany, according to the decree of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary and according to different estimations 120,500<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199857_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199857-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 45,000<sup id="cite_ref-Sutaj_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutaj-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hungarians moved to present day Hungarian territory from Czechoslovakia. After these population movements, Hungary became a nearly ethnically homogeneous country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_consequences">Political consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Political consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Csenger,_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922,_Grenzstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg/220px-Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg/330px-Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg/440px-Csenger%2C_Ungarn-Rum%C3%A4nien_Grenze_1922%2C_Grenzstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Bordermark on the Hungarian-Romanian border near <a href="/wiki/Csenger" title="Csenger">Csenger</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg/220px-AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg/330px-AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg/440px-AsambleaDeAlbaIulia19181201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a> (1 December 1918) – Union of Transylvania with Romania, seen as an act of national liberation by the Transylvanian Romanians</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zrenjanin,_Trg_Slobode,_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg/220px-Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg/330px-Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg/440px-Zrenjanin%2C_Trg_Slobode%2C_socha_Kr%C3%A1le_Petra_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="4528" /></a><figcaption>A statue of King Peter I, Karađorđević of Serbia at Freedom Square in <a href="/wiki/Zrenjanin" title="Zrenjanin">Zrenjanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The inscription says: "To the King Peter I, gratious people, to its liberator". Separation from the Kingdom of Hungary and unification with the Kingdom of Serbia was seen as an act of national liberation by the Vojvodinian Serbs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Officially the treaty was intended to be a confirmation of the right of self-determination for nations and of the concept of nation-states replacing the old multinational Austro-Hungarian empire. Although the treaty addressed some nationality issues, it also sparked some new ones.<sup id="cite_ref-online_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minority ethnic groups of the pre-war kingdom were the major beneficiaries. The Allies had explicitly committed themselves to the causes of the minority peoples of Austria-Hungary late in World War I. For all intents and purposes, the death knell of the Austro-Hungarian empire sounded on 14 October 1918, when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a> informed Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Buri%C3%A1n_von_Rajecz" title="Stephan Burián von Rajecz">István Burián</a> that autonomy for the nationalities was no longer enough. Accordingly, the Allies assumed without question that the minority ethnic groups of the pre-war kingdom wanted to leave Hungary. The Romanians joined their ethnic brethren in Romania, while the Slovaks, Serbs and Croats helped establish states of their own (Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia). However, these new or enlarged countries also absorbed large slices of territory with a majority of ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian speaking population. As a result, as many as a third of Hungarian language-speakers found themselves outside the borders of the post-Trianon Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the territories that were now outside Hungary's borders had non-Hungarian majorities overall, there also existed some sizeable areas with a majority of Hungarians, largely near the newly defined borders. Over the last century, concerns have been raised frequently about the treatment of these ethnic Hungarian communities in the neighbouring states.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas with significant Hungarian populations included the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in eastern Transylvania, the area along the newly defined Romanian-Hungarian border (cities of <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Romania" title="Arad, Romania">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Oradea</a>), the area north of the newly defined Czechoslovak–Hungarian border (<a href="/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rno" title="Komárno">Komárno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Csall%C3%B3k%C3%B6z" class="mw-redirect" title="Csallóköz">Csallóköz</a>), southern parts of Subcarpathia and northern parts of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Vojvodina" title="Ethnic groups in Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Allies rejected the idea of <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">plebiscites</a> in the disputed areas with the exception of the city of <a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>, which voted in favour of Hungary. The Allies were indifferent as to the exact line of the newly defined border between Austria and Hungary. Furthermore, ethnically diverse Transylvania, with an overall Romanian majority (53.8% – 1910 census data or 57.1% – 1919 census data or 57.3% – 1920 census data), was treated as a single entity at the peace negotiations and was assigned in its entirety to Romania. The option of partition along ethnic lines as an alternative was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another reason why the victorious Allies decided to dissolve the Austria-Hungary was to prevent Germany from acquiring substantial influence in the future, since Austria-Hungary was a strong German supporter and fast developing region.<sup id="cite_ref-duroselle_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duroselle-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western powers' main priority was to prevent a resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, and they therefore decided that her allies in the region should be "contained" by a ring of states friendly to the Allies,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> each of which would be bigger than either Austria or Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary, post-Trianon Hungary had 60% less population, and its political and economic footprint in the region was significantly reduced. Hungary lost connection to strategic military and economic infrastructure because of the concentric layout of the railway and road network, which the borders bisected. In addition, the structure of its economy collapsed because it had relied on other parts of the pre-war kingdom. The country lost access to the Mediterranean and to the important sea port of Rijeka (Fiume) and became landlocked, which had a negative effect on sea trading and strategic naval operations. Many trading routes that went through the newly defined borders from various parts of the pre-war kingdom were abandoned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With regard to the ethnic issues, the Western powers were aware of the problem posed by the presence of so many Hungarians (and Germans) living outside the newly formed states of Hungary and Austria. The Romanian delegation to Versailles feared in 1919 that the Allies were beginning to favour the partition of Transylvania along ethnic lines to reduce the potential exodus,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a> even summoned British-born <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Queen Marie</a> to France to strengthen their case. The Romanians had suffered a higher <i>relative</i> casualty rate in the war than either Britain<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romania_census_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania_census-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or France<sup id="cite_ref-Romania_census_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania_census-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casualties_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it was considered that the Western powers had a moral debt to repay. In <i>absolute</i> terms, Romanian troops had considerably fewer casualties than either Britain or France, however.<sup id="cite_ref-casualties_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casualties-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying reason for the decision was a <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">secret pact</a> between The Entente and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest (1916)</a> Romania was promised Transylvania and some other territories to the east of river Tisza, provided that she attacked Austria-Hungary from the south-east, where defences were weak. However, after the Central Powers had noticed the military manoeuvre, the attempt was quickly choked off and Bucharest fell in the same year. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg/220px-K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg/330px-K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg/440px-K%C5%91szeg_trianon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Trianon cross at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%91szeg" title="Kőszeg">Kőszeg</a> is pointing onto the former territories of the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary that were not assigned to post-Trianon Hungary.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg/220px-Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg/330px-Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg/440px-Trianon_Statue_Bekescsaba_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Trianon memorial, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9scsaba" title="Békéscsaba">Békéscsaba</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the time the victorious Allies arrived in France, the treaty was already settled, which made the outcome inevitable. At the heart of the dispute lay fundamentally different views on the nature of the Hungarian presence in the disputed territories. For Hungarians, the outer territories were not seen as colonial territories but rather part of the core national territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalism_and_Territory_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalism_and_Territory-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-Hungarians that lived in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a> saw the Hungarians as colonial-style rulers who had oppressed the Slavs and Romanians since 1848, when they introduced laws that the language used in education and in local offices was to be Hungarian.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For non-Hungarians from the Pannonian Basin it was a process of decolonisation instead of a punitive dismemberment (as was seen by the Hungarians).<sup id="cite_ref-gelardi_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelardi-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hungarians did not see it this way because the newly defined borders did not fully respect territorial distribution of ethnic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-image1_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-image1-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with areas where there were Hungarian majorities<sup id="cite_ref-image1_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-image1-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outside the new borders. The French sided with their allies the Romanians who had a long policy of cultural ties to France since the country broke from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (partly because of the relative ease at which Romanians could learn French)<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Clemenceau</a> personally detested <a href="/wiki/Ion_C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion C. Brătianu">Brătianu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gelardi_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gelardi-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Wilson initially supported the outline of a border that would have more respect to ethnic distribution of population based on the <i>Coolidge Report,</i> led by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cary_Coolidge" title="Archibald Cary Coolidge">Archibald Cary Coolidge</a>, a Harvard professor, but later gave in because of changing international politics and as a courtesy to other allies.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Hungarian public opinion, the fact that almost three-fourths of the pre-war kingdom's territory and a significant number of ethnic Hungarians were assigned to neighbouring countries triggered considerable bitterness. Most Hungarians preferred to maintain the territorial integrity of the pre-war kingdom. The Hungarian politicians claimed that they were ready to give the non-Hungarian ethnicities a great deal of autonomy. Most Hungarians regarded the treaty as an insult to the nation's honour. The Hungarian political attitude towards Trianon was summed up in the phrases <i>Nem, nem, soha!</i> ("No, no, never!") and <i>Mindent vissza!</i> ("Return everything!" or "Everything back!").<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceived humiliation of the treaty became a dominant theme in inter-war Hungarian politics, analogous with the German reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. </p><p>By the arbitrations of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, Hungary <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">expanded its borders</a> towards neighbouring countries before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This started by the <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a>, then was continued with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1939 (annexation of the remainder of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> and a small strip from eastern Slovakia), afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a> in 1940, and finally by the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">annexations of territories after the breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. This territorial expansion was short-lived, since the post-war Hungarian boundaries in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a> were nearly identical to those of 1920 (with three villages – <a href="/wiki/Jarovce" title="Jarovce">Horvátjárfalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rusovce" title="Rusovce">Oroszvár</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cunovo" title="Čunovo">Dunacsún</a> – transferred to Czechoslovakia).<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Pastor_2019_pp_398_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Pastor_2019_pp_398-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy">Legacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> between 1919 and 1920. Italy was a member of the Entente and participated in the treaty, he wrote in <i>Peaceless Europe</i> (1922):<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hungary has undergone the greatest occupation of her territories and her wealth. This poor great country, which saved both civilization and Christianity, has been treated with a bitterness which nothing can explain except the desire of greed of those surrounding her, and the fact that the weaker people, seeing the stronger overcome, wish and insist that she shall be reduced to impotence. Nothing, in fact, can justify the measures of violence and the depredations committed in Magyar territory. What was the Rumanian occupation of Hungary: a systematic rapine and the systematic destruction for a long time hidden, and the stern reproach which Lloyd George addressed in London to the Premier of Rumania was perfectly justified. After the War everyone wanted some sacrifice from Hungary, and no one dared to say a word of peace or goodwill for her. When I tried it was too late. The victors hated Hungary for her proud defence. The adherents of Socialism do not love her because she had to resist, under more than difficult conditions, internal and external Bolshevism. The international financiers hate her because of the violences committed against the Jews. So Hungary suffers all the injustices without defence, all the miseries without help, and all the intrigues without resistance. Before the War Hungary had an area almost equal to that of Italy, 282,870 square kilometres, with a population of 18,264,533 inhabitants. The Treaty of Trianon reduced her territory to 91,114 kilometres – that is, 32.3% – and the population to 7,481,954, or 41%. It was not sufficient to cut off from Hungary the populations which were not ethnically Magyar. Without any reason 1,084,447 Magyars have been handed over to Czeko-Slovakia, 457,597 to Jugo-Slavia, 1,704,851 to Rumania. Also other nuclei of population have been detached without reason.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_modern_historiography">In modern historiography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In modern historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty's perceived disproportion has had a lasting impact on Hungarian politics and culture, with some commentators even likening it to a "collective pathology" that places Trianon into a much larger narrative of Hungarian victimhood at the hands of foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Hungary, Trianon is often referred to as a "diktat", "tragedy",<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "trauma".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study, two-thirds of Hungarians agreed in 2020 that parts of neighbouring countries should belong to them, the highest percentage in any NATO country.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Such irredentism</a> was one of the main contributing factors to Hungary's decision to <a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">enter World War II</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis power</a> as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had promised to intervene on Hungary's behalf to restore majority-ethnic Hungarian lands lost after Trianon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hungarian bitterness at Trianon was also a source of regional tension after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> ended in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalism_and_Territory_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalism_and_Territory-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Hungary attracted international media attention in 1999 for passing the "status law" concerning estimated three-million ethnic Hungarian minorities in neighbouring Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Ukraine. The law aimed to provide education, health benefits and employment rights to these minorities as a means of providing reparations for Trianon's negative consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-toomey_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toomey-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trianon's legacy is similarly implicated in the question of whether to grant extraterritorial ethnic Hungarians citizenship, an important issue in contemporary Hungarian politics. In 2004, a majority of voters approved extending citizenship to ethnic Hungarians in <a href="/wiki/2004_Hungarian_dual_citizenship_referendum" title="2004 Hungarian dual citizenship referendum">a referendum</a>, which nonetheless failed due to low turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-NS_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>'s newly formed government liberalized the nationality law by statute. Although Orbán depicted the new law as redressing Trianon, many commentators speculated about an additional political motivation; the law granted voting rights to extraterritorial Hungarians, who were seen as a reliable base of support for Orbán's national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_consequences">Economic consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economic consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG/220px-Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG/330px-Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG/440px-Kiskunhalas-Trianon_eml%C3%A9km%C5%B1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Trianon memorial, <a href="/wiki/Kiskunhalas" title="Kiskunhalas">Kiskunhalas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Austro-Hungarian Empire was <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_monetary_union" title="Economic and monetary union">one economic unit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarkic characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-hungary_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hungary-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during its golden age and therefore achieved rapid growth, especially in the early 20th century when <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNP</a> grew by 1.46%.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This level of growth compared very favourably to that of other European states such as Britain (1.00%), France (1.06%), and Germany (1.51%). There was also a <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> present throughout the empire: that is, in the Austrian part of the monarchy manufacturing industries were highly advanced, while in the Kingdom of Hungary an agro-industrial economy had emerged. By the late 19th century, economic growth of the eastern regions consistently surpassed that of western, thus discrepancies eventually began to diminish. The key success of fast development was specialisation of each region in fields that they were best.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kingdom of Hungary was the main supplier of wheat, rye, barley and other various goods in the empire, and these comprised a large portion of the empire's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the territory of present-day Czech Republic (Kingdom of Bohemia) owned 75% of the whole industrial capacity of former Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shows that the various parts of the former monarchy were economically interdependent. As a further illustration of this issue, post-Trianon Hungary produced 5 times more agricultural goods than it needed for itself,<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mills around Budapest (some of the largest ones in Europe at the time) operated at 20% capacity. As a consequence of the treaty, all the <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive</a> industries of the former empire were compelled to close doors, as great capacity was met by negligible demand owing to economic barriers presented in the form of the newly defined borders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Treaty of Trianon, Hungarian economic, economical loss" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg/220px-Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg/330px-Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg/440px-Hungarian_economic_consequences_of_Trianon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian economic consequences due to the Treaty of Trianon. "A New World Was Born"<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> permanent exhibition in the <a href="/wiki/Buda_Castle" title="Buda Castle">Buda Castle</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> without <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Post-Trianon Hungary possessed 90% of the engineering and printing industry of the pre-war kingdom, while only 11% of timber and 16% of iron was retained. In addition, 61% of arable land, 74% of public roads, 65% of canals, 62% of railroads, 64% of hard surface roads, 83% of pig iron output, 55% of industrial plants, and 67% of credit and banking institutions of the former Kingdom of Hungary lay within the territory of Hungary's neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These statistics correspond to post-Trianon Hungary retaining only around a third of the kingdom's territory before the war and around 60% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new borders also bisected transport links – in the Kingdom of Hungary the road and railway network had a radial structure, with Budapest in the centre. Many roads and railways, running along the newly defined borders and interlinking radial transport lines, ended up in different, highly introvert countries. Hence, much of the rail cargo traffic of the emergent states was virtually paralysed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeak1942436_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeak1942436-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors all combined created some imbalances in the now separated economic regions of the former monarchy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg/220px-Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg/330px-Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg/440px-Archibald_Cary_Coolidge_1915cr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cary_Coolidge" title="Archibald Cary Coolidge">Archibald Cary Coolidge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The disseminating economic problems had been also noted in the <i>Coolidge Report</i> as a serious potential aftermath of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeak194245_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeak194245-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opinion was not taken into account during the negotiations. Thus, the resulting uneasiness and despondency of one part of the concerned population was later one of the main antecedents of World War II. Unemployment levels in Austria, as well as in Hungary, were dangerously high, and industrial output dropped by 65%. What happened to Austria in industry happened to Hungary in agriculture where production of grain declined by more than 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Austria, especially the imperial capital Vienna, was a leading investor of development projects throughout the empire with more than 2.2 billion crown capital. This sum sunk to a mere 8.6 million crowns after the treaty took effect and resulted in a starving of capital in other regions of the former empire.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disintegration of the multinational state conversely impacted neighbouring countries, too: In Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria a fifth to a third of the rural population could find no work, and industry was in no position to absorb them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In comparison, by 1921 the new Czechoslovak state reached 75% of its pre-war production owing to their favourable position among the victors and greater associated access to international rehabilitation resources.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the creation of customs barriers and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">fragmented protective economies</a>, the economic growth and outlook in the region sharply declined,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeak194216_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeak194216-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately culminating in a deep recession. It proved to be immensely challenging for the successor states to successfully transform their economies to adapt to the new circumstances. All the formal districts of Austria-Hungary used to rely on each other's exports for growth and welfare; by contrast, 5 years after the treaty, traffic of goods between the countries dropped to less than 5% of its former value. This could be attributed to the introduction of aggressive nationalistic policies by local political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The drastic shift in economic climate forced the countries to re-evaluate their situation and to promote industries where they had fallen short. Austria and Czechoslovakia subsidised the mill, sugar and brewing industries, while Hungary attempted to increase the efficiency of iron, steel, glass and chemical industries.<sup id="cite_ref-hungary_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hungary-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated objective was that all countries should become self-sufficient. This tendency, however, led to uniform economies and competitive economic advantage of long well-established industries and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> fields evaporated. The lack of specialisation adversely affected the whole Danube-Carpathian region and caused a distinct setback of growth and development compared to western and northern European regions as well as high financial vulnerability and instability.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_consequences">Other consequences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falunap_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falunap_014.jpg/220px-Falunap_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falunap_014.jpg/330px-Falunap_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Falunap_014.jpg/440px-Falunap_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1talja" title="Csátalja">Csátalja</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia had to assume part of the financial obligations of the former Kingdom of Hungary on account of the parts of its former territory that were assigned under their sovereignty. Some conditions of the treaty were similar to those imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. After the war, the Austro-Hungarian navy, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Aviation_Troops" title="Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops">air force</a> and army were disbanded. The army of post-Trianon Hungary was to be restricted to 35,000 men, and there was to be no conscription. Heavy artillery, tanks and air force were prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No railway was to be built with more than one track, because at that time railways held substantial strategic importance economically and militarily.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Articles 54–60 of the treaty required Hungary to recognise various rights of national minorities within its borders.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles 61–66 state that all former citizens of the Kingdom of Hungary living outside the newly defined frontiers of Hungary were to <i><a href="/wiki/Ipso_facto" title="Ipso facto">ipso facto</a></i> lose their Hungarian citizenship in one year.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under articles 79 to 101 Hungary renounced all privileges of the former Austro-Hungarian monarchy in territories outside Europe, including Morocco, Egypt, Siam and China.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Union of Hungary and Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerand_letter" title="Millerand letter">Millerand letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Trianon Syndrome">Trianon Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_Treaty_Day" title="Trianon Treaty Day">Trianon Treaty Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The United States ended its state of war with the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Hungarian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1948" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, A.J.P. (1948). <i>The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918 – A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary</i>. London: Hamish Hamilton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburg+Monarchy+1809%E2%80%931918+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+Austrian+Empire+and+Austria-Hungary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manchester.mfa.gov.hu/eng/news/hungarian-president-janos-aders-speech-on-day-of-national-unity">"Hungarian President János Áder's Speech on the Day of National Unity"</a>. <i>Consulate General of Hungary Manchester</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consulate+General+of+Hungary+Manchester&rft.atitle=Hungarian+President+J%C3%A1nos+%C3%81der%27s+Speech+on+the+Day+of+National+Unity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanchester.mfa.gov.hu%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fhungarian-president-janos-aders-speech-on-day-of-national-unity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobóKollárZsoldosKohári2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dobó, Attila; Kollár, Ferenc; Zsoldos, Sándor; Kohári, Nándor (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/19200/19273/19273.pdf"><i>A trianoni békediktátum</i></a> [<i>The Peace Dictate of Trianon</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian) (2nd ed.). Magyar Kultúra Emlékívek Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-81078-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-81078-9-1"><bdi>978-615-81078-9-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+trianoni+b%C3%A9kedikt%C3%A1tum&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Magyar+Kult%C3%BAra+Eml%C3%A9k%C3%ADvek+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-615-81078-9-1&rft.aulast=Dob%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft.au=Koll%C3%A1r%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Zsoldos%2C+S%C3%A1ndor&rft.au=Koh%C3%A1ri%2C+N%C3%A1ndor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F19200%2F19273%2F19273.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyás2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gulyás, László (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trianoniszemle.hu/blog/trianoni-kiskate-101-kerdes-es-101-valasz-trianonrol"><i>Trianoni kiskáté – 101 kérdés és 101 válasz a békediktátumról</i></a> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trianoni+kisk%C3%A1t%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+101+k%C3%A9rd%C3%A9s+%C3%A9s+101+v%C3%A1lasz+a+b%C3%A9kedikt%C3%A1tumr%C3%B3l&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Guly%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrianoniszemle.hu%2Fblog%2Ftrianoni-kiskate-101-kerdes-es-101-valasz-trianonrol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkai2019" class="citation journal cs1">Makkai, Béla (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/111986/">"Chopping Hungary Up by the 1920 Peace Dictate of Trianon. Causes, Events and Consequences"</a>. <i>Polgári Szemle: Gazdasági És Társadalmi Folyóirat</i>. <b>15</b> (Spec): <span class="nowrap">204–</span>225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polg%C3%A1ri+Szemle%3A+Gazdas%C3%A1gi+%C3%89s+T%C3%A1rsadalmi+Foly%C3%B3irat&rft.atitle=Chopping+Hungary+Up+by+the+1920+Peace+Dictate+of+Trianon.+Causes%2C+Events+and+Consequences&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=Spec&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Makkai&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F111986%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyásAnkaArdayCsüllög2019–2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gulyás, László; Anka, László; Arday, Lajos; Csüllög, Gábor; Gecse, Géza; Hajdú, Zoltán; Hamerli, Petra; Heka, László; Jeszenszky, Géza; Kaposi, Zoltán; Kolontári, Attila; Köő, Artúr; Kurdi, Krisztina; Ligeti, Dávid; Majoros, István; Maruzsa, Zoltán; Miklós, Péter; Nánay, Mihály; Olasz, Lajos; Ördögh, Tibor; Pelles, Márton; Popély, Gyula; Sokcsevits, Dénes; Suba, János; Szávai, Ferenc; Tefner, Zoltán; Tóth, Andrej; Tóth, Imre; Vincze, Gábor; Vizi, László Tamás (2019–2020). <i>A trianoni békediktátum története hét kötetben</i> [<i>The history of the Peace Dictate of Trianon in seven volumes</i>] (in Hungarian). Egyesület Közép-Európa Kutatására. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-80462-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-80462-9-9"><bdi>978-615-80462-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+trianoni+b%C3%A9kedikt%C3%A1tum+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete+h%C3%A9t+k%C3%B6tetben&rft.pub=Egyes%C3%BClet+K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-Eur%C3%B3pa+Kutat%C3%A1s%C3%A1ra&rft.date=2019%2F2020&rft.isbn=978-615-80462-9-9&rft.aulast=Guly%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Anka%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Arday%2C+Lajos&rft.au=Cs%C3%BCll%C3%B6g%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Gecse%2C+G%C3%A9za&rft.au=Hajd%C3%BA%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Hamerli%2C+Petra&rft.au=Heka%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Jeszenszky%2C+G%C3%A9za&rft.au=Kaposi%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kolont%C3%A1ri%2C+Attila&rft.au=K%C3%B6%C5%91%2C+Art%C3%BAr&rft.au=Kurdi%2C+Krisztina&rft.au=Ligeti%2C+D%C3%A1vid&rft.au=Majoros%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Maruzsa%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=Mikl%C3%B3s%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft.au=N%C3%A1nay%2C+Mih%C3%A1ly&rft.au=Olasz%2C+Lajos&rft.au=%C3%96rd%C3%B6gh%2C+Tibor&rft.au=Pelles%2C+M%C3%A1rton&rft.au=Pop%C3%A9ly%2C+Gyula&rft.au=Sokcsevits%2C+D%C3%A9nes&rft.au=Suba%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=Sz%C3%A1vai%2C+Ferenc&rft.au=Tefner%2C+Zolt%C3%A1n&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+Andrej&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+Imre&rft.au=Vincze%2C+G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Vizi%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3+Tam%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankKovács2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bank, Barbara; Kovács, Attila Zoltán (2022). <i>Trianon - A diktátum teljes szövege</i> [<i>Trianon – Full text of the dictate</i>] (in Hungarian). Erdélyi Szalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-6502-24-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-6502-24-7"><bdi>978-615-6502-24-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trianon+-+A+dikt%C3%A1tum+teljes+sz%C3%B6vege&rft.pub=Erd%C3%A9lyi+Szalon&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-615-6502-24-7&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Kov%C3%A1cs%2C+Attila+Zolt%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffaySzabó" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raffay, Ernő; Szabó, Pál Csaba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trianonmuzeum.hu/index.php?page=post&id=203#prettyPhoto"><i>A Trianoni diktátum története és következményei</i></a> [<i>The history and consequences of the Dictate of Trianon</i>] (in Hungarian). Trianon Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Trianoni+dikt%C3%A1tum+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete+%C3%A9s+k%C3%B6vetkezm%C3%A9nyei&rft.pub=Trianon+Museum&rft.aulast=Raffay&rft.aufirst=Ern%C5%91&rft.au=Szab%C3%B3%2C+P%C3%A1l+Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trianonmuzeum.hu%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dpost%26id%3D203%23prettyPhoto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig66-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craig66_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1966" class="citation book cs1">Craig, G. A. (1966). <i>Europe since 1914</i>. 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Rodopi. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5183-349-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5183-349-0"><bdi>90-5183-349-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disintegration+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-5183-349-0&rft.aulast=van+den+Heuvel&rft.aufirst=Martin+P.&rft.au=Siccama%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPphwDIRNHzAC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051183-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051183_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1183: "Virtually the entire population of what remained of Hungary regarded the Treaty of Trianon as manifestly unfair, and agitation for revision began immediately."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotlik2008" class="citation web cs1">Botlik, József (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vasiszemle.hu/2008/06/botlik.htm">"AZ ŐRVIDÉKI (BURGENLANDI) MAGYARSÁG SORSA"</a>. <i>vasiszemle.hu</i>. 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Vol. 5, Part 1. <a href="/wiki/Kraus_Reprint" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraus Reprint">Kraus Reprint</a>. 1973. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irredentist+and+National+Questions+in+Central+Europe%2C+1913%E2%80%931939%3A+Hungary&rft.series=Irredentist+and+National+Questions+in+Central+Europe%2C+1913%E2%80%931939+Seeds+of+conflict&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Kraus+Reprint&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQxWAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522only%2Bplebiscite%2522%2BSopron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005xxv,_9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005xxv,_9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, pp. xxv, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051078-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051078_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 1078.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiest, Andrew (2012) <i>The Western Front 1917–1918: From Vimy Ridge to Amiens and the Armistice</i>. Amber. pp. 126, 168, 200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-906626-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-906626-13-8">1-906626-13-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005429-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005429_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005">Tucker & Roberts 2005</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Fourteen Points Speech">Fourteen Points Speech</a>. Wikisource.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor, Peter (1 September 2014). "The United States' Role in the Shaping of the Peace Treaty of Trianon". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>76</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">550–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhisn.12047">10.1111/hisn.12047</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24456554">24456554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143278311">143278311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=The+United+States%27+Role+in+the+Shaping+of+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E550-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143278311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24456554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhisn.12047&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200125-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200125_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cieger András. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c3.hu/scripta/szazadveg/14/cieger.htm">Kormány a mérlegen – a múlt században</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Hungarian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">András Gerő (2014). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geroandras.hu/2014_Nationalities_and_the_Hungarian_Parliament.pdf">Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867–1918)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425200559/http://www.geroandras.hu/2014_Nationalities_and_the_Hungarian_Parliament.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200126-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200126_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200127-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200127_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200128-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200128_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200129-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200129_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200131-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200131_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Thornhill2011" class="citation book cs1">Chris Thornhill (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNdH4VRGR5kC&dq=%22april%20laws%22%20%22nobility%20privileges&pg=PA245"><i>A Sociology of Constitutions.Constitutions and State Legitimacy in Historical-Sociological Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49580-6"><bdi>978-1-139-49580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociology+of+Constitutions.Constitutions+and+State+Legitimacy+in+Historical-Sociological+Perspective&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49580-6&rft.au=Chris+Thornhill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZNdH4VRGR5kC%26dq%3D%2522april%2520laws%2522%2520%2522nobility%2520privileges%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2011" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2011). <i>World War One: The Global Revolution</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73626-8"><bdi>978-0-521-73626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+One%3A+The+Global+Revolution&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73626-8&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1998" class="citation book cs1">Keegan, John (1998). <i>The First World War</i>. Hutchinson. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-180178-8"><bdi>0-09-180178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-09-180178-8&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200164-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200164_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200165-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200165_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200132-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200132_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton,_RobertHessler,_Julie2011" class="citation book cs1">Paxton, Robert; Hessler, Julie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M5wTncOaHEQC&pg=PA129E"><i>Europe in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CEngage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="CEngage Learning">CEngage Learning</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91319-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91319-1"><bdi>978-0-495-91319-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=CEngage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91319-1&rft.au=Paxton%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hessler%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM5wTncOaHEQC%26pg%3DPA129E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius,_Deborah_S.2011" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius, Deborah S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CInVseCvW-wC&pg=PA9"><i>Hungary in World War II: Caught in the Cauldron</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3343-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-3343-4"><bdi>978-0-8232-3343-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+in+World+War+II%3A+Caught+in+the+Cauldron&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-3343-4&rft.au=Cornelius%2C+Deborah+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCInVseCvW-wC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Gerwarth2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Robert Gerwarth</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyrtDwAAQBAJ&dq=1918+%22Vittorio+Veneto%22+already+in+disintegration&pg=PA65"><i>November 1918 The German Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-260633-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-260633-4"><bdi>978-0-19-260633-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=November+1918+The+German+Revolution&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-260633-4&rft.au=Robert+Gerwarth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZyrtDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D1918%2B%2522Vittorio%2BVeneto%2522%2Balready%2Bin%2Bdisintegration%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200161-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200161_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský200199-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský200199_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitchen,_Martin2014" class="citation book cs1">Kitchen, Martin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36WsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Europe Between the Wars</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86753-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86753-1"><bdi>978-1-317-86753-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Between+the+Wars&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86753-1&rft.au=Kitchen%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D36WsAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics,_Ignác2002" class="citation book cs1">Romsics, Ignác (2002). <i>Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920 Issue 3 of CHSP Hungarian authors series East European monographs</i>. Social Science Monographs. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-505-8"><bdi>978-0-88033-505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismantling+of+Historic+Hungary%3A+The+Peace+Treaty+of+Trianon%2C+1920+Issue+3+of+CHSP+Hungarian+authors+series+East+European+monographs&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-505-8&rft.au=Romsics%2C+Ign%C3%A1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon_1986-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_1986_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dixon J. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKDRvNHdraoC&pg=PA34"><i>Defeat and Disarmament, Allied Diplomacy and Politics of Military Affairs in Austria, 1918–1922</i></a>. Associated University Presses 1986. p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp_2008-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_2008_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharp A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQodBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking after the First World War, 1919–1923</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Palgrave Macmillan 2008. p. 156. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06968-9">978-1-137-06968-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstice_of_3_Nov-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstice_of_3_Nov_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0001.pdf">"Armistice with Austria-Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. US Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Armistice+with+Austria-Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fus-treaties%2Fbevans%2Fm-ust000002-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzijj1996–2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szijj, Jolán (1996–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/55.html">"Ország hadsereg nélkül (1918)"</a> [A Country Without an Army (1918)]. In Kollega Tarsoly, István; Bekény, István; Dányi, Dezső; Hernádi, László Mihály; Illésfalvi, Péter; Károly, István (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/index.html"><i>Magyarország a XX. században - I. Kötet: Politika és társadalom, hadtörténet, jogalkotás - II. Honvédelem és hadügyek</i></a> [<i>Hungary in the XX. century - Volume I: Politics and Society, Military history, Legislation - II. National Defense and Military Affairs</i>] (in Hungarian). Vol. 1. Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9015-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9015-08-3"><bdi>963-9015-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orsz%C3%A1g+hadsereg+n%C3%A9lk%C3%BCl+%281918%29&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+a+XX.+sz%C3%A1zadban+-+I.+K%C3%B6tet%3A+Politika+%C3%A9s+t%C3%A1rsadalom%2C+hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9net%2C+jogalkot%C3%A1s+-+II.+Honv%C3%A9delem+%C3%A9s+had%C3%BCgyek&rft.place=Szeksz%C3%A1rd&rft.pub=Babits+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1996%2F2000&rft.isbn=963-9015-08-3&rft.aulast=Szijj&rft.aufirst=Jol%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F02100%2F02185%2Fhtml%2F55.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarján_M." class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarján M., Tamás. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1918-november-13-a-belgradi-fegyverszunet-megkotese">"A belgrádi fegyverszünet megkötése - 1918. november 13"</a> [The Belgrade Armistice - 13 November 1918]. <i>Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination)</i> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rubicon+%28Hungarian+Historical+Information+Dissemination%29&rft.atitle=A+belgr%C3%A1di+fegyversz%C3%BCnet+megk%C3%B6t%C3%A9se+-+1918.+november+13.&rft.aulast=Tarj%C3%A1n+M.&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frubicon.hu%2Fkalendarium%2F1918-november-13-a-belgradi-fegyverszunet-megkotese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgárdy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veol.hu/hirek/2016/06/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp">"Trianon volt az utolsó csepp - A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt"</a>. <i>VEOL - Veszprém Vármegye Hírportál</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VEOL+-+Veszpr%C3%A9m+V%C3%A1rmegye+H%C3%ADrport%C3%A1l&rft.atitle=Trianon+volt+az+utols%C3%B3+csepp+-+A+Magyar+Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g+sorsa+m%C3%A1r+j%C3%B3val+a+b%C3%A9keszerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s+al%C3%A1%C3%ADr%C3%A1sa+el%C5%91tt+eld%C5%91lt&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Ag%C3%A1rdy&rft.aufirst=Csaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veol.hu%2Fhirek%2F2016%2F06%2Ftrianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001100-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001100_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fr-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fr_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123133121/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/LaConventionDarmistice.pdf"><i>Convention</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, 11 November 1918, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/LaConventionDarmistice.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 November 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convention&rft.date=1918-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FLaConventionDarmistice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001110-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001110_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverin,_AdrianGherman,_SabinLipcsey,_Ildiko2006" class="citation book cs1">Severin, Adrian; Gherman, Sabin; Lipcsey, Ildiko (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AkppAAAAMAAJ"><i>Romania and Transylvania in the 20th Century</i></a>. Corvinus Publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882785-15-5"><bdi>978-1-882785-15-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romania+and+Transylvania+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Corvinus+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-882785-15-5&rft.au=Severin%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Gherman%2C+Sabin&rft.au=Lipcsey%2C+Ildiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAkppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001105-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001105_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001107-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001107_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001127-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001127_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstice_of_13_Nov-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstice_of_13_Nov_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties/lltreaties-ustbv002/lltreaties-ustbv002.pdf">"Military arrangements with Hungary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Library of Congress</i>. 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Budapest. pp. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001104-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001104_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001112-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001112_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001128-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001128_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001130-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001130_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiahanau2023" class="citation journal cs1">Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Each Wagon of Coal Should be Paid for with Territorial concessions.' Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21"</a>. <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2023.2188795">10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=%27Each+Wagon+of+Coal+Should+be+Paid+for+with+Territorial+concessions.%27+Hungary%2C+Czechoslovakia%2C+and+the+Coal+Shortage+in+1918%E2%80%9321&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2023.2188795&rft.aulast=Piahanau&rft.aufirst=Aliaksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2023.2188795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001152-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001152_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgárdy2016" class="citation web cs1">Agárdy, Csaba (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624182358/https://www.veol.hu/hirek/trianon-volt-az-utolso-csepp-1772297/">"Trianon volt az utolsó csepp – A Magyar Királyság sorsa már jóval a békeszerződés aláírása előtt eldőlt"</a>. <i>veol.hu</i>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.au=Dowling%2C+Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andelman_2009-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andelman_2009_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andelman, D. A. (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3H1yONggqlkC&pg=PA193"><i>A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today.</i></a> John Wiley and Sons. p. 193 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-56472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-56472-1">978-0-470-56472-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson,_John_C.2017" class="citation book cs1">Swanson, John C. 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Vol. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15. Universita. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+Universitatis+Scientiarum+Budapestinensis+de+Rolando+E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Nominatae%2C+Sectio+philosophica+et+sociologica&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Universita&rft.date=1979&rft.au=E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Lor%C3%A1nd+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522proletariat%2Bof%2Bbudapest%2Brose%2Bin%2Barms%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstone,_Jack_A.2015" class="citation book cs1">Goldstone, Jack A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gre5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT271"><i>The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93758-4"><bdi>978-1-135-93758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Revolutions&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93758-4&rft.au=Goldstone%2C+Jack+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGre5CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor,_Peter1988" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Peter (1988). <i>Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and Its Neighbor States, 1918–1919</i>. 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Social Science Monographs. p. 441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-137-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+Interventions+in+Hungary+and+Its+Neighbor+States%2C+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-137-1&rft.au=Pastor%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugar,_Peter_F.Hanák,_PéterFrank,_Tibor1994" class="citation book cs1">Sugar, Peter F.; Hanák, Péter; Frank, Tibor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SKwmGQCT0MAC&pg=PA308"><i>A History of Hungary</i></a>. 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href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001286-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001286_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001287-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001287_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001293-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001293_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHronský2001">Hronský 2001</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHronský2001294-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHronský2001294_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Hungary&rft.atitle=Teleki+P%C3%A1l+%E2%80%93+egy+ellentmond%C3%A1sos+%C3%A9let%C3%BAt&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.hu%2Findex.php%3Fact%3Dnapi%26id%3D1707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/868.html">"A kartográfia története"</a> (in Hungarian). Babits Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Editura Militara, Bucuresti. 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-online_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-online_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenyhért2016" class="citation journal cs1">Menyhért, Anna (2016). "The Image of the "Maimed Hungary" in 20th-Century Cultural Memory and the 21st Century Consequences of an Unresolved Collective Trauma". <i>Environment, Space, Place</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">69–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fesplace20168211">10.5840/esplace20168211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment%2C+Space%2C+Place&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+the+%22Maimed+Hungary%22+in+20th-Century+Cultural+Memory+and+the+21st+Century+Consequences+of+an+Unresolved+Collective+Trauma&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fesplace20168211&rft.aulast=Menyh%C3%A9rt&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004356_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrucht2004">Frucht 2004</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, A. 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New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Joseph+I+of+Austria+and+his+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Murad&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIMYrryZL9K0C%26q%3DHungarian%2Bgovernment%2Bmanipulated%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ia-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ia_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson1933" class="citation journal cs1">Seton-Watson, Robert William (1933). 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Geographical Research Institute. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9637395484" title="Special:BookSources/978-9637395484"><bdi>978-9637395484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Historical+Demography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Geographical+Research+Institute&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsis2006" class="citation book cs1">Kocsis, Károly (2006). <i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities</i>. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9639545265" title="Special:BookSources/978-9639545265"><bdi>978-9639545265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minorities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tapon, Francis (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GlbAmn_cajYC&pg=PA221"><i>The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us</i></a>. Thomson Press India. p. 221. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9765812-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9765812-2-2">978-0-9765812-2-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molnar, Miklós (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC&dq=found+themselves+separated+from+their+motherland&pg=PA262"><i>A Concise History of Hungary</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 262. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66736-4">978-0-521-66736-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004359–360-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrucht2004359–360_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrucht2004">Frucht 2004</a>, pp. 359–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eberhardt-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eberhardt_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eberhardt, Piotr (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&q=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-century+Central-Eastern+Europe:+History,+Data,+and+Analysis"><i>Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, and Analysis</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 290–299. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7">978-0-7656-1833-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRa'anan,_Uri1991" class="citation book cs1">Ra'anan, Uri (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcVRAQAAIAAJ"><i>State and Nation in Multi-ethnic Societies: The Breakup of Multinational States</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3711-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-3711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation+in+Multi-ethnic+Societies%3A+The+Breakup+of+Multinational+States&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3711-5&rft.au=Ra%27anan%2C+Uri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcVRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199819-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKocsisKocsis-Hodosi199819_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKocsisKocsis-Hodosi1998">Kocsis & Kocsis-Hodosi 1998</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Mother_Tongue_and_Nationality_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsis1996–2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kocsis, Károly (1996–2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02185/html/171.html#175">"V. Népesség és társadalom – Demográfiai jellemzők és folyamatok – Magyarország népessége – Anyanyelv, nemzetiség alakulása"</a> [V. Population and Society – Demographic Characteristics and Processes – Hungary's Population – Development of Mother Tongue and Nationality]. In István, Kollega Tarsoly (ed.). <i>Magyarország a XX. században – II. Kötet: Természeti környezet, népesség és társadalom, egyházak és felekezetek, gazdaság</i> [<i>Hungary in the 20th century – II. Volume: Natural Environment, Population and Society, Churches and Denominations, Economy</i>] (in Hungarian). Szekszárd: Babits Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9015-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9015-08-3"><bdi>963-9015-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=V.+N%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+%C3%A9s+t%C3%A1rsadalom+%E2%80%93+Demogr%C3%A1fiai+jellemz%C5%91k+%C3%A9s+folyamatok+%E2%80%93+Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9ge+%E2%80%93+Anyanyelv%2C+nemzetis%C3%A9g+alakul%C3%A1sa&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+a+XX.+sz%C3%A1zadban+%E2%80%93+II.+K%C3%B6tet%3A+Term%C3%A9szeti+k%C3%B6rnyezet%2C+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+%C3%A9s+t%C3%A1rsadalom%2C+egyh%C3%A1zak+%C3%A9s+felekezetek%2C+gazdas%C3%A1g&rft.place=Szeksz%C3%A1rd&rft.pub=Babits+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1996%2F2000&rft.isbn=963-9015-08-3&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F02100%2F02185%2Fhtml%2F171.html%23175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Maps-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Maps_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsis" class="citation web cs1">Kocsis, Károly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtafki.hu/konyvtar/kiadv/etnika/">"Series of Ethnic Maps of the Carpatho-Pannonian Area"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Series+of+Ethnic+Maps+of+the+Carpatho-Pannonian+Area&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtafki.hu%2Fkonyvtar%2Fkiadv%2Fetnika%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varga_-_Censuses_in_Transylvania-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varga_-_Censuses_in_Transylvania_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrpád1999" class="citation book cs1">Árpád, Varga E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/00900/00983/pdf/studia.pdf"><i>Népszámlálások Erdély területén 1850 és 1910 között</i></a> [<i>Censuses in Transylvania between 1850 and 1910</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9psz%C3%A1ml%C3%A1l%C3%A1sok+Erd%C3%A9ly+ter%C3%BClet%C3%A9n+1850+%C3%A9s+1910+k%C3%B6z%C3%B6tt&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rft.aufirst=Varga+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F00900%2F00983%2Fpdf%2Fstudia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORIGINAL-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ORIGINAL_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=21&layout=s">"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1910.+%C3%89VI+N%C3%89PSZ%C3%81ML%C3%81L%C3%81S+1.+A+n%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g+f%C5%91bb+adatai+k%C3%B6zs%C3%A9gek+%C3%A9s+n%C3%A9pesebb+puszt%C3%A1k%2C+telepek+szerint+%281912%29+%26%23124%3B+K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r+%26%23124%3B+Hungaricana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.hungaricana.hu%2Fhu%2Fview%2FNEDA_1910_01%2F%3Fpg%3D21%26layout%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1948268-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1948268_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1948">Taylor 1948</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Patterns-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_-_Ethnic_Patterns_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisBottlik" class="citation book cs1">Kocsis, Károly; Bottlik, Zsolt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtafki.hu/kutatok/kocsis/terkepek/Mo-teruletenek_web.pdf"><i>The Changing Ethnic Patterns on the Present-Day Territory Of Hungary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Ethnic+Patterns+on+the+Present-Day+Territory+Of+Hungary&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft.au=Bottlik%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtafki.hu%2Fkutatok%2Fkocsis%2Fterkepek%2FMo-teruletenek_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorni,_GustavoStark,_Tamás2008" class="citation book cs1">Corni, Gustavo; Stark, Tamás (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RS_HJEFzaVsC"><i>Peoples on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies during World War II and its Aftermath</i></a>. Berg. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-480-8"><bdi>978-1-84520-480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+on+the+Move%3A+Population+Transfers+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+Policies+during+World+War+II+and+its+Aftermath&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-480-8&rft.au=Corni%2C+Gustavo&rft.au=Stark%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRS_HJEFzaVsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutaj-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sutaj_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠutaj2007" class="citation web cs1">Šutaj, Štefan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sav.sk/?lang=en&charset=&doc=org-user&user_no=3325&action=publish">"The Czechoslovak government policy and population exchange (A csehszlovák kormánypolitika és a lakosságcsere)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Slovak Academy of Sciences">Slovak Academy of Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Czechoslovak+government+policy+and+population+exchange+%28A+csehszlov%C3%A1k+korm%C3%A1nypolitika+%C3%A9s+a+lakoss%C3%A1gcsere%29&rft.pub=Slovak+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C5%A0utaj&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0tefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sav.sk%2F%3Flang%3Den%26charset%3D%26doc%3Dorg-user%26user_no%3D3325%26action%3Dpublish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Putz, Orsolya (2019) <i>Metaphor and National Identity: Alternative conceptualization of the Treaty of Trianon</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/reports/2005/serbia1005/7.htm">"Assaults on Minorities in Vojvodina"</a>. Human Rights Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assaults+on+Minorities+in+Vojvodina&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Freports%2F2005%2Fserbia1005%2F7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409121818/http://www.hacusa.org/press/lantos_letter.pdf">"Official Letter from Tom Lantos to Robert Fico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Congress of the United States, Committee on Foreign affairs. 17 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hacusa.org/press/lantos_letter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Letter+from+Tom+Lantos+to+Robert+Fico&rft.pub=Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+Committee+on+Foreign+affairs&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hacusa.org%2Fpress%2Flantos_letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/09/05/europe/EU_GEN_Hungary_US_Slovakia.php">"U.S. lawmaker blames Slovak government for ethnically motivated attacks on Hungarians"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. 5 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=U.S.+lawmaker+blames+Slovak+government+for+ethnically+motivated+attacks+on+Hungarians&rft.date=2006-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2Fap%2F2006%2F09%2F05%2Feurope%2FEU_GEN_Hungary_US_Slovakia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2008" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/07/world/europe/07hungarians.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Szekler&st=nyt&oref=slogin">"Kosovo's Actions Hearten a Hungarian Enclave"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624064519/http://open-archive.rkk.hu:8080/jspui/bitstream/11155/2031/1/gyori_trianon_2019.pdf">"Trianon and its aftermath: British geography and the 'dismemberment' of Hungary, c.1915-c.1922"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scottish Geographical Journal</i>. <b>135</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ScGJ..135...68G">2019ScGJ..135...68G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702541.2019.1668049">10.1080/14702541.2019.1668049</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F322504e5-4f63-43ff-a5d7-f6528ba87a39">20.500.11820/322504e5-4f63-43ff-a5d7-f6528ba87a39</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204263956">204263956</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-archive.rkk.hu:8080/jspui/bitstream/11155/2031/1/gyori_trianon_2019.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Trianon+and+its+aftermath%3A+British+geography+and+the+%27dismemberment%27+of+Hungary%2C+c.1915-c.1922&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11820%2F322504e5-4f63-43ff-a5d7-f6528ba87a39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204263956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14702541.2019.1668049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ScGJ..135...68G&rft.aulast=Gy%C5%91ri&rft.aufirst=R%C3%B3bert&rft.au=Withers%2C+Charles+W.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-archive.rkk.hu%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F11155%2F2031%2F1%2Fgyori_trianon_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duroselle-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duroselle_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duroselle, Jean-Baptiste (1968) <i>From Wilson to Roosevelt</i>. Harper & Row Torchbooks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan2003" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, Margaret (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm"><i>Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50826-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50826-4"><bdi>978-0-375-50826-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+that+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50826-4&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis1919sixmont00macm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412173517/http://genealogy.about.com/b/2009/01/13/1911-uk-census-now-online.htm">"Britain census 1911"</a>. Genealogy.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.about.com/b/2009/01/13/1911-uk-census-now-online.htm">the original</a> on 12 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain+census+1911&rft.pub=Genealogy.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.about.com%2Fb%2F2009%2F01%2F13%2F1911-uk-census-now-online.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romania_census-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romania_census_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romania_census_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ici.ro/romania/en/geografie/population.html">Present Day Romania census 1912</a> – population of Transylvania</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casualties-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casualties_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kilidavid.com/History/World%20War%20I.htm">"World War I casualties"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=France+census+1911&rft.aulast=Clarey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F1995%2F10%2F06%2Fedold.t_9.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fest, Wilfried (1978) <i>Peace or Partition, The Habsburg Monarchy and British Policy, 1914–1918</i>. New York: St. Martin's. p. 37. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86043-107-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86043-107-7">978-0-86043-107-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalism_and_Territory-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalism_and_Territory_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalism_and_Territory_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">White, George W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC"><i>Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Territory%3A+Constructing+Group+Identity+in+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9809-7&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7TgkO8utHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzáray2006" class="citation book cs1">Száray, Miklós. (2006). <i>Történelem III</i>. Műszaki Kiadó. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelem+III.&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=M%C5%B1szaki+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sz%C3%A1ray&rft.aufirst=Mikl%C3%B3s.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gelardi-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gelardi_184-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gelardi_184-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelardi,_Julia_P.2006" class="citation book cs1">Gelardi, Julia P. (2006). <i>Born to rule: granddaughters of Victoria, queens of Europe: Maud of Norway, Sophie of Greece, Alexandra of Russia, Marie of Romania, Victoria Eugenie of Spain</i>. 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Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-242256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-242256-4">978-0-14-242256-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelfand, Laurence Emerson (1963) <i>The Inquiry; American Preparation for Peace, 1917–1919</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dent, Peter (26 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budapesttimes.hu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14570&Itemid=219">Trianon tribulations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Times">Budapest Times</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitti1922" class="citation book cs1">Nitti, Francesco Saverio (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peacelesseurope00nittuoft"><i>Peaceless Europe</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peaceless+Europe&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Nitti&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Saverio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeacelesseurope00nittuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/Peaceless-Europe3.html">"Peaceless Europe by Francesco Saverio Nitti – Full Text Free Book (Part 3/5)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peaceless+Europe+by+Francesco+Saverio+Nitti+%E2%80%93+Full+Text+Free+Book+%28Part+3%2F5%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fullbooks.com%2FPeaceless-Europe3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraub2015" class="citation web cs1">Traub, James (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/10/28/hungarys-500-year-old-victim-complex-nazis-habsburgs/">"Hungary's 500-Year-Old Victim Complex"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Hungary%27s+500-Year-Old+Victim+Complex&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=Traub&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2015%2F10%2F28%2Fhungarys-500-year-old-victim-complex-nazis-habsburgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandfordMagyar2020" class="citation web cs1">Sandford, Alasdair; Magyar, Ádám (4 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/04/trianon-trauma-why-is-the-peace-treaty-signed-100-years-ago-seen-as-a-national-tragedy">"Trianon trauma: Why is the peace treaty signed 100 years ago seen as a national tragedy for Hungary?"</a>. <i>EuroNews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EuroNews&rft.atitle=Trianon+trauma%3A+Why+is+the+peace+treaty+signed+100+years+ago+seen+as+a+national+tragedy+for+Hungary%3F&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Sandford&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft.au=Magyar%2C+%C3%81d%C3%A1m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2020%2F06%2F04%2Ftrianon-trauma-why-is-the-peace-treaty-signed-100-years-ago-seen-as-a-national-tragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/02/09/nato-seen-favorably-across-member-states/">"NATO Seen Favorably Across Member States"</a>. pewresearch.org. 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATO+Seen+Favorably+Across+Member+States&rft.pub=pewresearch.org&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2020%2F02%2F09%2Fnato-seen-favorably-across-member-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmel,_Rudolf2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chmel, Rudolf (2002). "Syndrom of Trianon in Hungarian Foreign Policy and Act on Hungarians Living in Neighboring Countries". <i>Slovak Foreign Policy Affairs</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovak+Foreign+Policy+Affairs&rft.atitle=Syndrom+of+Trianon+in+Hungarian+Foreign+Policy+and+Act+on+Hungarians+Living+in+Neighboring+Countries&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Chmel%2C+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NS_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen, Dieter and Stöver, Philip (2010) <i>Elections in Europe: A data handbook</i>. p. 899 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7">978-3-8329-5609-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12114289">"New Hungary citizenship law fuels passport demand"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=New+Hungary+citizenship+law+fuels+passport+demand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12114289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10166610">"Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Slovaks+retaliate+over+Hungarian+citizenship+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10166610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hungary-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hungary_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hungary_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hungary#Commerce"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hungary#Commerce">"Hungary § Commerce" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary+%C2%A7+Commerce&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=899&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vide for the controversy of the role of the state: Berend, Iván T. and Ranki, G. (1978) "Az allam szerepe az europai 'periferia' XIX. szazadi gazdasagi fejlodesben." The Role of the State in the 19th Century Economic Development of the European "periphery." Valosag 21, no.3. Budapest, pp. 1–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lengyel, L. (1978) "Kolcsonos tarsadalmi fuggoseg a XIX szazadi europai gazdasagi fejlodesben." (Socio-Economic Interdependence in the European Economic Development of the 19th Century.) Valosag 21, no. 9. Budapest. pp. 100–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Good, David (1984). <i>The Economic Rise of the Habsburg Empire</i>. University of California Press. p. 239. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05094-5">978-0-520-05094-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonnard, R. (1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3401816g"><i>La Hongrie au XXe siècle : étude économique et sociale</i></a>. Paris. p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Teichova, Alice (1978) <i>An Economic Background to Munich International Business and Czechoslovakia 1918–1938</i>. Cambridge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olsovsky, R.; Prucha, V. et al. (1961) <i>Prehled gospodursveho vyvoje Ceskoslovehska v letech 1918–1945</i> [Survey of the economic development of Czechoslovakia]. Prague.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iván T. 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Permanent exhibition: A New World Was Born"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buda+Castle%2C+V%C3%A1rkert+Baz%C3%A1r.+Permanent+exhibition%3A+A+New+World+Was+Born&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvarkertbazar.hu%2Fen%2Fexhibitions%2Fa-new-world-was-born-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmer, Felix (1937) <i>Flood-light on Europe: a guide to the next war</i>. C. Scribner's sons. p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosáry, Domokos G. and Várdy, Steven Béla (1969) <i>History of the Hungarian Nation</i>. Danubian Press. p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_209-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_209-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Spencer_C.Wood,_Laura_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC"><i>The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bohemia+%C2%A7+Manufactures+and+Commerce&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=123&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svennilson, I. (1954) <i>Growth and Stagnation in the European Economy</i>. Geneva</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berend, Iván T. and Ranki, G. (1974) <i>Economic Development of East Central Europe</i>. New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pratt, Edwin A. (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42438"><i>The Rise of Rail-Power in War and Conquest</i></a>. Project Gutenberg. p. X. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4992-8645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4992-8645-8">978-1-4992-8645-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon/Part_III#Section_VI._Protection_of_Minorities" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Trianon/Part III">Wikisource: Protection of minorities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon/Part_III#Section_VII._Clauses_Relating_to_Nationality" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Trianon/Part III">Wikisource: Nationality</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon/Part_IV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Trianon/Part IV">Wikisource: Hungarian Interests outside Europe</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeak1942" class="citation book cs1">Deak, Francis (1942). <i>Hungary at the Paris Peace Conference: The Diplomatic History of the Treaty of Trianon</i>. Howard Fertig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference%3A+The+Diplomatic+History+of+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.pub=Howard+Fertig&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Deak&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2004" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHronský2001" class="citation book cs1">Hronský, Marián (2001). <i>The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon</i>. VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-224-0677-5" title="Special:BookSources/80-224-0677-5"><bdi>80-224-0677-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Slovakia+and+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.pub=VEDA+Publishing+House+of+the+Slovak+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=80-224-0677-5&rft.aulast=Hronsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Mari%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocsisKocsis-Hodosi1998" class="citation book cs1">Kocsis, Károly; Kocsis-Hodosi, Eszter (1998). <i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin</i>. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-7395-84-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-7395-84-0"><bdi>978-963-7395-84-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Geography+of+the+Hungarian+Minorities+in+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.pub=Geographical+Research+Institute%2C+Research+Centre+and+Earth+Sciences&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-963-7395-84-0&rft.aulast=Kocsis&rft.aufirst=K%C3%A1roly&rft.au=Kocsis-Hodosi%2C+Eszter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrass1985" class="citation book cs1">Brass, Paul R. (1985). <i>Ethnic Groups and the State</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3272-7"><bdi>978-0-7099-3272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+the+State&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3272-7&rft.aulast=Brass&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzilassy1971" class="citation book cs1">Szilassy, Sándor (1971). <i>Revolutionary Hungary 1918–1921</i>. Aston Park, Florida: Danubian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-79-34005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-79-34005-6"><bdi>978-08-79-34005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Hungary+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Aston+Park%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Danubian+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-08-79-34005-6&rft.aulast=Szilassy&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YqjfHLyyj8C"><i>Encyclopedia of World War I</i></a> (1 ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-420-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YqjfHLyyj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadescu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Badescu, Ilie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalofsociology.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/02-IBadescu.pdf">"Peacebuilding in an Era of State-Nations: The Europe of Trianon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Romanian Journal of Sociological Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+Sociological+Studies&rft.atitle=Peacebuilding+in+an+Era+of+State-Nations%3A+The+Europe+of+Trianon&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Badescu&rft.aufirst=Ilie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalofsociology.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F05%2F02-IBadescu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh1983" class="citation journal cs1">Balogh, Eva S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efolyoirat.oszk.hu/00000/00010/00008/pdf/HSR_1983_1_043-051.pdf">"Peaceful Revision: The Diplomatic Road to War"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hungarian Studies Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Peaceful+Revision%3A+The+Diplomatic+Road+to+War&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Eva+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefolyoirat.oszk.hu%2F00000%2F00010%2F00008%2Fpdf%2FHSR_1983_1_043-051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandholtz1933" class="citation book cs1">Bandholtz, Hary Hill (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624064520/https://mek.oszk.hu/08200/08202/08202.htm"><i>An Undiplomatic Diary by the American Member of the Inter-Allied Military Mission to Hungary: 1919–1920</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/08200/08202/08202.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Undiplomatic+Diary+by+the+American+Member+of+the+Inter-Allied+Military+Mission+to+Hungary%3A+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Bandholtz&rft.aufirst=Hary+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F08200%2F08202%2F08202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartha2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Bartha, Dezso (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1757&context=etd"><i>Trianon and the Predestination of Hungarian Politics: A Historiography of Hungarian Revisionism, 1918–1944</i></a> (Thesis). University of Central Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Trianon+and+the+Predestination+of+Hungarian+Politics%3A+A+Historiography+of+Hungarian+Revisionism%2C+1918%E2%80%931944&rft.inst=University+of+Central+Florida&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bartha&rft.aufirst=Dezso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1757%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihari2006" class="citation book cs1">Bihari, Peter (2006). "Images of defeat: Hungary after the lost war, the revolutions and the Peace Treaty of Trianon". In Stradling, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=0900001680493c97"><i>Crossroads of European histories: multiple outlooks on five key moments in the history of Europe</i></a>. Council of Europe. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6031-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6031-7"><bdi>978-92-871-6031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Images+of+defeat%3A+Hungary+after+the+lost+war%2C+the+revolutions+and+the+Peace+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.btitle=Crossroads+of+European+histories%3A+multiple+outlooks+on+five+key+moments+in+the+history+of+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6031-7&rft.aulast=Bihari&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2FCoERMPublicCommonSearchServices%2FDisplayDCTMContent%3FdocumentId%3D0900001680493c97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanák1992" class="citation book cs1">Hanák, Peter (1992). "Hungary on a fixed course: An outline of Hungarian history, 1918–1945". In Held, Joseph (ed.). <i>Columbia history of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">164–</span>204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary+on+a+fixed+course%3A+An+outline+of+Hungarian+history%2C+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Columbia+history+of+Eastern+Europe+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Han%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeszenszky2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jeszenszky, Géza (2006). "The Afterlife of the Treaty of Trianon". <i>The Hungarian Quarterly</i>. <b>184</b>: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hungarian+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Afterlife+of+the+Treaty+of+Trianon&rft.volume=184&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Jeszenszky&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirályVeszprémy1995" class="citation book cs1">Király, Béla K.; Veszprémy, László, eds. (1995). <i>Trianon and East Central Europe: Antecedents and Repercussions</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trianon+and+East+Central+Europe%3A+Antecedents+and+Repercussions&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacartney1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> (1937). <i>Hungary and Her Successors: The Treaty of Trianon and Its Consequences 1919–1937</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary+and+Her+Successors%3A+The+Treaty+of+Trianon+and+Its+Consequences+1919%E2%80%931937&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=Carlile+Aylmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacartney1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">Macartney, Carlile Aylmer</a> (1956). <i>October Fifteenth – A History of Modern Hungary 1929–1945</i>. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=October+Fifteenth+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+Modern+Hungary+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Macartney&rft.aufirst=Carlile+Aylmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiahanau2023" class="citation journal cs1">Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2023). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Each Wagon of Coal Should Be Paid for with Territorial concessions.' Hungary, Czechoslovakia,and the Coal Shortage in 1918–21". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2023.2188795">10.1080/09592296.2023.2188795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=%27Each+Wagon+of+Coal+Should+Be+Paid+for+with+Territorial+concessions.%27+Hungary%2C+Czechoslovakia%2Cand+the+Coal+Shortage+in+1918%E2%80%9321&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2023.2188795&rft.aulast=Piahanau&rft.aufirst=Aliaksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiahanau2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Piahanau, Aliaksandr (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/46634725"><i>Hungary's Policy Towards Czechoslovakia, 1918–36</i></a> (PhD thesis). Toulouse University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hungary%27s+Policy+Towards+Czechoslovakia%2C+1918%E2%80%9336&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Toulouse+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Piahanau&rft.aufirst=Aliaksandr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F46634725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics2002" class="citation book cs1">Romsics, Ignác (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dismantlingofhis0000roms"><i>The Dismantling of Historic Hungary: The Peace Treaty of Trianon, 1920</i></a></span>. Boulder, CO: Eastern European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-505-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-505-8"><bdi>978-0-88033-505-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dismantling+of+Historic+Hungary%3A+The+Peace+Treaty+of+Trianon%2C+1920&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Eastern+European+Monographs&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-505-8&rft.aulast=Romsics&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdismantlingofhis0000roms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics2000" class="citation book cs1">Romsics, Ignác (2000). "The Trianon Peace Treaty in Hungarian Historiography and Political Thinking". In Hupchick, Dennis P.; Weisberger, R. William (eds.). <i>Hungary's Historical Legacies. Studies in Honor of Steven Béla Várdy</i>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trianon+Peace+Treaty+in+Hungarian+Historiography+and+Political+Thinking&rft.btitle=Hungary%27s+Historical+Legacies.+Studies+in+Honor+of+Steven+B%C3%A9la+V%C3%A1rdy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Romsics&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomsics2013" class="citation book cs1">Romsics, Ignác (2013). "Hungarian Revisionism in Thought and Action, 1920–1941: Plans, Expectations, Reality". In Cattaruzza, Marina (ed.). <i>Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War: Goals, Expectations, Practices</i>. Berghahn Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-738-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-738-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-738-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcwmw.11">j.ctt9qcwmw.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Revisionism+in+Thought+and+Action%2C+1920%E2%80%931941%3A+Plans%2C+Expectations%2C+Reality&rft.btitle=Territorial+Revisionism+and+the+Allies+of+Germany+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+Goals%2C+Expectations%2C+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qcwmw.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-738-7&rft.aulast=Romsics&rft.aufirst=Ign%C3%A1c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara S. (2007). <i>The lights that failed: European international history, 1919–1933</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198221142.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221142.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822114-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822114-2"><bdi>978-0-19-822114-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198221142.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822114-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span> – Trianon in relation to powers and nearby countries.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2011" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara S. (2011). <i>The triumph of the dark: European international history 1933–1939</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199676095.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199676095.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967609-5"><bdi>978-0-19-967609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+triumph+of+the+dark%3A+European+international+history+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199676095.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967609-5&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span> – continuation of Steiner's 2007 work</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVárdy1983" class="citation journal cs1">Várdy, Steven Béla (Spring 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603034209/http://efolyoirat.oszk.hu/00000/00010/00008/pdf/HSR_1983_1_021-042.pdf">"The Impact of Trianon upon Hungary and the Hungarian Mind: The Nature of Interwar Hungarian Irredentism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hungarian Studies Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">21–</span>42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://efolyoirat.oszk.hu/00000/00010/00008/pdf/HSR_1983_1_021-042.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Trianon+upon+Hungary+and+the+Hungarian+Mind%3A+The+Nature+of+Interwar+Hungarian+Irredentism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1rdy&rft.aufirst=Steven+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fefolyoirat.oszk.hu%2F00000%2F00010%2F00008%2Fpdf%2FHSR_1983_1_021-042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojatsek1980" class="citation book cs1">Wojatsek, Charles (1980). <i>From Trianon to the First Vienna Arbitral Award: The Hungarian Minority in the First Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–1938</i>. Montreal: Institute of Comparative Civilizations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Trianon+to+the+First+Vienna+Arbitral+Award%3A+The+Hungarian+Minority+in+the+First+Czechoslovak+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931938&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Institute+of+Comparative+Civilizations&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Wojatsek&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Trianon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Trianon&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Treaty_of_Trianon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Treaty_of_Trianon" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Zeidler, Miklós: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/trianon_treaty_of">Treaty of Trianon</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Sharp, Alan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/the_paris_peace_conference_and_its_consequences">The Paris Peace Conference and its Consequences</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Conflict, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/czechoslovak-hungarian_border_conflict">Czechoslovak-Hungarian Border Conflict / 1.1 / encyclopedic</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Trianon">Trianon Treaty text (in English)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/167.gif">Map of Hungarian borders in November–December 1918</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234947/http://terkepek.adatbank.transindex.ro/kepek/netre/167.gif">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19200604/">Map of Europe and Treaty of Trianon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316054855/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19200604/">Archived</a> 16 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at omniatlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indavideo.hu/video/Eszak_fele_1938">Észak felé (to the North) Hungarian propaganda documentary about the First Vienna Award</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indavideo.hu/video/Kelet_fele_1940">Kelet felé (to the East) Hungarian propaganda documentary about the Second Vienna Award</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I23297" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I23297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" title="Allied occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur_(1916)" title="Invasion of Darfur (1916)">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription493" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Internment of Ukrainian Canadians">Internment of Ukrainian Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Peace Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919–1920)139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsequent treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="List of participants in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_Conference_at_the_Quai_d%27Orsay" title="A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay">A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Unknown_British_Soldier_in_France" title="To the Unknown British Soldier in France">To the Unknown British Soldier in France</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I_treaties102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template talk:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I_treaties102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="During_the_war14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;">During the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">St.-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">London</a></li> <li>Bucharest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Acroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buftea" title="Treaty of Buftea">Buftea</a></li> <li>Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany" title="Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Finland" title="Treaty of Peace between Austria-Hungary and Finland">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paris_Peace_Conference63" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Rapallo (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Estonia%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)">Tartu (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian%E2%80%93Soviet_Peace_Treaty" title="Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty">Riga (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Agreement" title="Suwałki Agreement">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Riga (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Finland%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)">Tartu (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Rapallo (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Contribution_to_the_Cost_of_Liberation_of_the_Territories_of_the_Former_Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" title="Agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Contribution to the Cost of Liberation of the Territories of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Italian_Reparation_Payments" title="Agreement Between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Italian Reparation Payments">Italian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Regarding_the_Restoration_of_the_State_of_Peace_between_Germany_and_China_(1921)" title="Agreement Regarding the Restoration of the State of Peace between Germany and China (1921)">Sino-German Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–German Peace Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Montreux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Regime of the Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Abolition_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt">Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Denmark_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Denmark Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Greece_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1920)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Norway_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Norway Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Sweden_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Portugal_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treaties_of_Hungary488" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Hungary" title="Template:Treaties of Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treaties_of_Hungary" title="Template talk:Treaties of Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties_of_Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties of Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treaties_of_Hungary488" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Hungary" title="Category:Treaties of Hungary">Treaties of Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">9–10th century (age of <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin#The_Hungarian_conquest" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Legend of the white horse</a> (894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">1000–1301 (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacta_conventa_(Croatia)" title="Pacta conventa (Croatia)">Personal union of Hungary and Croatia</a> (1102)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties</a> (1153–1167)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1161" title="Concordat of 1161">Concordat of 1161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1169" title="Concordat of 1169">Concordat of 1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Bereg" title="Oath of Bereg">Oath of Bereg</a> (1233)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1271)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1271)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> (1271)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">1302–1526 (Middle ages to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Tripartition</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry,_Margrave_of_Moravia" title="John Henry, Margrave of Moravia">Treaty of Enns</a> (1336)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis#Co-ruler_of_Lithuania" title="Kęstutis">Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty</a> (1351)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_campaigns_of_Louis_the_Great" title="Neapolitan campaigns of Louis the Great">Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty</a> (1352)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zara" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Zara">Treaty of Zara</a> (1358)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lubowla" title="Treaty of Lubowla">Treaty of Lubowla</a> (1412)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szeged" title="Peace of Szeged">Peace of Szeged</a> (1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_of_Wiener_Neustadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt">Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt</a> (1463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_%C3%93falu" title="Treaty of Ófalu">Treaty of Ófalu</a> (1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brno_(1478)" title="Treaty of Brno (1478)">Treaty of Brno (1478)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Priests_(Poland)" title="War of the Priests (Poland)">Treaty of Piotrków</a> (1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Olomouc" title="Peace of Olomouc">Peace of Olomouc</a> (1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1491)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1491)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> (1491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congress_of_Vienna" title="First Congress of Vienna">First Congress of Vienna</a> (1515)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Dual reign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman vassalship</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">reconquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a><br />(1526–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Hungarian_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Hungarian alliance">Franco-Hungarian alliance</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nagyv%C3%A1rad" title="Treaty of Nagyvárad">Treaty of Nagyvárad</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gyalu" title="Treaty of Gyalu">Treaty of Gyalu</a> (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentapolitana" title="Pentapolitana">Confessio Pentapolitana</a> (1549)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a> (1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" title="Treaty of Szatmár">Treaty of Szatmár</a> (1711)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Hungarian Declaration of Independence">Independence</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Adrianople_(1547)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Adrianople (1547)">Truce of Adrianople (1547)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1568)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1568)">Treaty of Adrianople (1568)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1606)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1606)">Treaty of Vienna (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Zsitvatorok" title="Peace of Zsitvatorok">Peace of Zsitvatorok</a> (1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vasv%C3%A1r" title="Peace of Vasvár">Peace of Vasvár</a> (1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> (1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a> (1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_Sanction_of_1723" title="Pragmatic Sanction of 1723">Pragmatic Sanction</a> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a> (1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sistova" title="Treaty of Sistova">Treaty of Sistova</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> (1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Treaty of Schönbrunn</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nikolsburg" title="Peace of Nikolsburg">Peace of Nikolsburg</a> (1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1626)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1626)">Treaty of Pressburg</a> (1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nymwegen</a> (1679)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Category:Treaties of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> <br />to the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1848–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Settlement" title="Croatian–Hungarian Settlement">Croatian–Hungarian Settlement</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bern" title="Treaty of Bern">Treaty of Bern</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a> (1918)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War#Aftermath_2" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Armistice with Romania</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Austria%27s_attempts_to_retake_the_throne_of_Hungary#March_on_Budapest" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Austria's attempts to retake the throne of Hungary">Bill of dethronement</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Hungarian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Modern age (1922–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic">Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic</a> (1949–89)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Third_Republic_of_Hungary" title="Category:Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary">Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary</a> (1989–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Hungary" title="Rail transport in Hungary">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Template talk:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dissolution of Austria–Hungary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">Dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Austria)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(for Hungary)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Carinthian_plebiscite" title="1920 Carinthian plebiscite">1920 Carinthian plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopron_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopron plebiscite">1921 Sopron plebiscite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hod%C5%BEa-Bartha_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodža-Bartha Agreement (page does not exist)">Hodža-Bartha Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pichon_Line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pichon Line (page does not exist)">Pichon Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthelot-Ap%C3%A1thy_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement (page does not exist)">Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vix_Note" title="Vix Note">Vix Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuts_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuts Mission (page does not exist)">Smuts Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemenceau_Note&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemenceau Note (page does not exist)">Clemenceau Note</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clerk_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clerk Mission (page does not exist)">Clerk Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_German_Bohemia" title="Province of German Bohemia">German Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;;">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zakopane" title="Republic of Zakopane">Republic of Zakopane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat,_Ba%C4%8Dka_and_Baranja" title="Banat, Bačka and Baranja">Banat, Bačka and Baranja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Hungarian_Baranya-Baja_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic">Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="West Ukrainian People's Republic">West Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komancza_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Komancza Republic">Komancza Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Republic of Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_Republic" title="Lemko Republic">Lemko Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Heinzenland" title="Republic of Heinzenland">Republic of Heinzenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Republic" title="Slovak People's Republic">Slovak People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutsul_Republic" title="Hutsul Republic">Hutsul Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galician Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(Russian Civil War spill over)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajtab%C3%A1ns%C3%A1g" title="Lajtabánság">Lajtabánság</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> to Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and Transylvania to Romania</li> <li>South Tyrol and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a> to Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin">Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin</a> to China</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post World War I<br />armed conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Revolution" title="Aster Revolution">Aster Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War" title="Hungarian–Czechoslovak War">Hungarian–Czechoslovak War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_West_Hungary" title="Uprising in West Hungary">Uprising in West Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buda%C3%B6rs" title="Battle of Budaörs">Battle of Budaörs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Great_Union_(Marea_UnireCategory:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text)301" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Union" title="Template:Great Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Union" title="Template talk:Great Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Romania&#124;link=Romania_Great_Union_(Marea_UnireCategory:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text)301" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Union" title="Great Union">Great Union</a> (<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Marea Unire</i></span>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian irredentism">Romanian irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Independence and annexation of Northern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_of_St._Petersburg_(1913)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol of St. Petersburg (1913) (page does not exist)">Romanian annexation of Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Conquest of Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1916</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/100px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/150px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg/200px-Flag_map_of_Greater_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="2129" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Ferdinand I of Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie of Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Romania">Queen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_I._C._Br%C4%83tianu" title="Ion I. C. Brătianu">Ion I. C. Brătianu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iancu_Flondor" title="Iancu Flondor">Iancu Flondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Halippa" title="Pan Halippa">Pan Halippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accomplishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania in<br />World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis_Z" title="Hypothesis Z">First Romanian war plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)" title="Romanian campaign (1916)">1916 Romanian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Romanian_Debacle" title="The Romanian Debacle">The Romanian Debacle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bucharest" title="Battle of Bucharest">Battle of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Powers_occupation_of_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Powers occupation of Romania (page does not exist)">Central Powers occupation of Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Campaign (1917)">1917 Romanian Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_occupation_of_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian occupation of Hungary (page does not exist)">Romanian occupation of Hungary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_occupation_of_Pokuttia" title="Romanian occupation of Pokuttia">Romanian occupation of Pokuttia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions and<br />documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sfatul_%C8%9A%C4%83rii" title="Sfatul Țării">Sfatul Țării</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Congress_of_Bukovina" title="General Congress of Bukovina">General Congress of Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_National_Council" title="Romanian National Council">Romanian National Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_National_Assembly_of_Alba_Iulia" title="Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia">Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Alba_Iulia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Alba Iulia (page does not exist)">Declaration of Alba Iulia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruling_Council_of_Transylvania,_Banat_and_the_Romanian_Lands_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruling Council of Transylvania, Banat and the Romanian Lands in Hungary (page does not exist)">Ruling Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1920)" title="Treaty of Paris (1920)">Treaty of Paris</a> (unenforced)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disestablishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania">Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Recovery attempt of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties, 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow_Protocol_(1948)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moscow Protocol (1948) (page does not exist)">Moscow Protocol of 1948</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_Republic" title="Gagauz Republic">Gagauz Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Unification with Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Decembrie_1918_University,_Alba_Iulia" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia">1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Union" title="National Museum of the Union">National Museum of the Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja_Day" title="Dobruja Day">Dobruja Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Day" title="Bukovina Day">Bukovina Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Day" title="Great Union Day">Great Union Day</a> (Romanian national day)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trianon_Treaty_Day" title="Trianon Treaty Day">Trianon Treaty Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenary_of_the_Great_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centenary of the Great Union (page does not exist)">Centenary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centenary_of_the_Great_Union_Anniversary_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal (page does not exist)">Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_March" title="Centenary March">Centenary March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_unification_declarations_in_Moldova_and_Romania" title="2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania">2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrizman1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtheim1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs,_John1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacartney1937\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacartney1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakkai2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenyhért2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichálek1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurad1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaval_War_College_(U.S.)1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitti1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkey,_Robin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor,_Peter1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton,_RobertHessler,_Julie2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiahanau2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiahanau2023\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRa\u0026#039;anan,_Uri1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaffaySzabó\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_C._Hall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Gerwarth2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomsics,_Ignác2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomsics2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomsics2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomsics2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomsics2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRónai1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandfordMagyar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeton-Watson1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverin,_AdrianGherman,_SabinLipcsey,_Ildiko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugar,_Peter_F.Hanák,_PéterFrank,_Tibor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson,_John_C.2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzijj1996–2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzilassy1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzáray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarján_M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeichKováč,_DušanBrown,_Martin_D.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToomey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraub2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker,_Spencer_C.Wood,_Laura_M.1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVárdy1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWojatsek1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeidler2018\"] = 1,\n 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