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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جون تايلور كارولين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون تايلور كارولين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان تیلور کارولین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان تیلور کارولین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Taylor of Caroline" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان تیلور کارولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان تیلور کارولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'ון טיילור קרוליין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון טיילור קרוליין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(politikus,_1753%E2%80%931824)" title="John Taylor (politikus, 1753–1824) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Taylor (politikus, 1753–1824)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جون تايلور كارولين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون تايلور كارولين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC_(%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3)" title="ジョン・テイラー (カロライン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・テイラー (カロライン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(1753%E2%80%931824)" title="John Taylor (1753–1824) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Taylor (1753–1824)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Тейлор, Джон (политик) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тейлор, Джон (политик)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Taylor_(Virginia)" title="John Taylor (Virginia) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Taylor (Virginia)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Taylor of Caroline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_taylor_of_caroline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/John_taylor_of_caroline.jpg/220px-John_taylor_of_caroline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/John_taylor_of_caroline.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 18, 1822 – August 21, 1824</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Littleton W. Tazewell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 4, 1803 – December 7, 1803</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">John Page</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (Virginia)">Stevens T. Mason</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Abraham B. Venable</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 18, 1792 – May 11, 1794</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard H. Lee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">Henry Tazewell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1796–1800</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1783–1785</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1779–1782</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1753-12-19</span>)</span>December 19, 1753<br /><a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 21, 1824<span style="display:none">(1824-08-21)</span> (aged 70)<br />Caroline County, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer, planter</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Taylor</b> (December 19, 1753 – August 21, 1824), usually called <b>John Taylor of Caroline</b>, was a politician and writer. He served in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1779–1781, 1783–1785, 1796–1800) and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> (1792–1794, 1803, 1822–1824). He wrote several books on politics and agriculture. He was a <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffersonian Republican">Jeffersonian Republican</a> and his works provided inspiration to the later <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> movements. Sheldon and Hill (2008) locate Taylor at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>. They see his position as a "combination of a concern with <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Lockean</a> <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural rights">natural rights</a>, freedom, and limited government along with a classical interest in strong citizen participation in rule to prevent concentrated power and wealth, political corruption, and financial manipulation."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to some sources, John Taylor was born in Orange County, Virginia, in 1753, though others state that this is in error and that he was in fact born in Caroline County in 1754.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of James Taylor and Ann Pollard. She was a sister of Sarah Pollard, wife of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton" title="Edmund Pendleton">Edmund Pendleton</a>, a Founding Father of the State of Virginia who served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Fifth Virginia Convention</a> held between May and July 1776, that declared in favor of independence. Taylor was of the same line as General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, who became the President of the United States. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in 1770, studied law, and began to practice in <a href="/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline County</a> in 1774. At the onset of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> he joined the Continental army, becoming a colonel of cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor served in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> from 1779 to 1787, being one of the leading members. About this time he gave up the practice of law and devoted his ample time to politics and agriculture. In 1792 he was appointed to fill the unexpired term of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and was elected to the term that began March 4, 1793, but resigned, May 11, 1794. He served as a presidential elector in 1797. Taylor was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and, as member of the House of Delegates, was one of the men who offered the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_and_Kentucky_Resolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia and Kentucky Resolves">Virginia Resolves</a> to that body. </p><p>Taylor served in the U.S. Senate on two additional occasions. He was appointed to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Stevens Thomson Mason, and served from June 4, 1803, until December 7, 1803, when he resigned. In 1822, he was elected to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a>, and was elected later to serve the regular term for six years beginning December 18, 1822, but died at his estate in Caroline County, August 20, 1824. </p><p>Taylor was a prolific political writer, and was the author of "An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States," 1814; "Construction Construed and the Constitution Vindicated." 1820; "Tyranny Unmasked. 1822; "New Views of the Constitution of the United States." 1823. He was also a scientific agriculturist, and in 1811 was first president of the Virginia Agricultural Societies. His little books, "Arator" ("Ploughman", in Latin), being a series of agricultural essays, practical and political, 1818, was one of the first American books on agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_West_Virginia" title="Taylor County, West Virginia">Taylor County, West Virginia</a>, was named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English legal historian <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Vile" title="Maurice Vile">Maurice Vile</a> views Taylor as "in some ways the most impressive political theorist that America has produced."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Clyde N. Wilson</a> describes Taylor as "the systematic philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as "representing 'both a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> allegiance to local community and inherited ways and a radical-<a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, 'progress,' government and routine <a href="/wiki/Logrolling" title="Logrolling">logrolling</a> politics.'"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Adam L. Tate, Taylor was "an <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> who 'viewed happiness as possession of family, farm, and leisure,' had no great love for <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>, social hierarchy, and other such traditional institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph R. Stromberg wrote, "Taylor took solid liberal ground in holding that men were a mixture of good and evil. Self-interest was the only real constant in human action.... Indeed, while other thinkers, from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, agonized over the need for a virtuous citizenry, Taylor took the view that 'the principles of a society may be virtuous, though the individuals composing it are vicious.'"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor's solution to the effects of factionalism was to "remove the base from under the stock jobbers, the banks, the paper money party, the tariff-supported manufacturers, and so on; destroy the system of patronage by which the executive has corrupted the legislature; bring down the usurped authority of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The more a nation depends for its liberty on the qualities of individuals, the less likely it is to retain it. By expecting publick good from private virtue, we expose ourselves to publick evils from private vices."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor wrote in defense of slavery but admitted that it was wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Let it not be supposed that I approve of slavery because I do not aggravate its evils, or prefer a policy which must terminate in a war of extermination."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, he defended the institution because he "thought blacks incapable of liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor feared that widespread emancipation would ultimately and invariably lead to the horrific bloodshed witnessed in the French colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> in 1791, the site of the greatest of all successful slave insurrections, the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Taylor is one with most American thinkers from Washington to Jefferson to Lincoln in doubting that the free Negro could ever be anything but a problem for American politics."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, he advocated the deportation of <a href="/wiki/Free_blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Free blacks">free blacks</a>. </p><p>"Negro slavery is a misfortune to agriculture, incapable of removal, and only within the reach of palliation."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor criticized Jefferson's ambivalence towards slavery in <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i>. Taylor agreed with Jefferson that the institution was evil but took issue with Jefferson's repeated references to the specific cruelties of slavery. Taylor argued that "[s]laves are docile, useful and happy, if they are well managed," that "[t]he individual is restrained by his property in the slave, and susceptible of humanity, and that "[r]eligion assails him [the slaveholder] both with her blandishments and terrors. It indissolubly binds his, and his slaves' happiness or misery together."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That slavery might paradoxically have fostered a sense of equality among whites has been reconsidered recently by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morgan_(historian)" title="Edmund Morgan (historian)">Edmund S. Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor's approach, defending the preservation of slavery under the circumstances and apprehensions of his day, would be used to support more emphatic defenses of slavery by writers, such as <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin" title="Edmund Ruffin">Edmund Ruffin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh" title="George Fitzhugh">George Fitzhugh</a>, who extended the argument by claiming the institution to be a "positive good." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States'_rights"><span id="States.27_rights"></span>States' rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: States' rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stromberg says that Taylor's role in calling for Virginia's secession in 1798 and his role in the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a> "show how seriously he took the reserved rights [interposition (nullification) and secession] of these primary political communities [the States]."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor was responsible for guiding the Virginia Resolution, written by <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, through the Virginia legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "enormous political power invariably accumulates enormous wealth and enormous wealth invariably accumulates enormous political power." <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Like his radical bourgeois counterparts in England, Taylor would not concede that great extremes of wealth and poverty were natural outcomes of differences in talent; on the contrary they were invariably the result of extra-economic coercion and deceit."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Along with <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a> and a few others, Taylor opposed Madison's War of 1812—his own party's war—precisely because it was a war for empire."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tate (2011) undertakes a literary criticism of Taylor's book <i>New Views of the Constitution of the United States,</i> arguing it is structured as a forensic historiography modeled on the techniques of 18th-century whig lawyers. Taylor believed that evidence from American history gave proof of state sovereignty within the union, against the arguments of nationalists such as Chief Justice John Marshall.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taylor's primary plantation estate, <a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_(Port_Royal,_Virginia)" title="Hazelwood (Port Royal, Virginia)">Hazelwood</a>, was located three miles from <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal,_Virginia" title="Port Royal, Virginia">Port Royal, Virginia</a> and is on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taylor_County,_West_Virginia" title="Taylor County, West Virginia">Taylor County, West Virginia</a> was formed in 1844 and named in Senator Taylor's honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>An Enquiry into the Principles and Tendency of Certain Public Measures</i> (Philadelphia: Thomas Dobson, 1794).</li> <li><i>A Definition of Parties: Or the Political Effects of the Paper System Considered</i> (Philadelphia: Francis Bailey, 1794).</li> <li><i>Arator</i> (1818) (first published as a book in 1813 (without attribution) from a collection of sixty-four essays, originally published in a Georgetown newspaper in 1810–1811, which pertain to American agriculture, including some of Taylor's views on slavery).</li> <li><i>A Pamphlet Containing a Series of Letters</i> (Richmond: E. C. Stanard, 1809).</li> <li><i>An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States</i> (1814) – a detailed and elaborate critique of the political-philosophical system developed and defended by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> in his <i>Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America</i> (1787).</li> <li><i>Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated</i> (Richmond: Shepherd and Pollard, 1820).</li> <li><i>Tyranny Unmasked</i> (Washington: Davis and Force, 1822).</li> <li><i>New Views of the Constitution of the United States</i> (Washington: Way and Gideon, 1823).</li></ul> <p>The last three books listed "are to be valued chiefly for their insight into federal-state relations and the true nature of the Union." M. E. Bradford, ed., <i>Arator</i> 35 (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1977). </p><p>The above publication notations are credited to F. Thornton Miller, ed., <i>Tyranny Unmasked</i>, Foreword ix-xxii (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1992). </p><p>From <i>Reprints of Legal Classics</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030129012323/http://www.lawbookexchange.com/reprints02/books/Sears.html">(1)</a> </p> <blockquote><p>Little-known today, Taylor's work is of great significance in the political and intellectual history of the South and is essential for understanding the constitutional theories that Southerners asserted to justify <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> in 1861. Taylor fought in the Continental army during the American Revolution and served briefly in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> and as a U.S. Senator. It was as a writer on constitutional, political, and agricultural questions, however, that Taylor gained prominence. He joined with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> advocates of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> and a strict construction of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> in the political battles of the 1790s. His first published writings argued against <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s financial program. <i>Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated</i> was Taylor's response to a series of post-<a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> developments including <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>'s Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a>, the widespread issuance of <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a> by banks, proposals for a <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariff" title="Protective tariff">protective tariff</a>, and the attempt to bar slavery from Missouri. Along with many other Southerners, Taylor feared that these and other measures following in the train of Hamilton's financial system, were undermining the foundations of American <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a>. He saw them as the attempt of an "artificial capitalist sect" to corrupt the virtue of the American people and upset the proper constitutional balance between state and federal authority in favor of a centralized national government. Taylor wrote, "If the means to which the government of the union may resort for executing the power confided to it, are unlimited, it may easily select such as will impair or destroy the powers confided to the state governments." Jefferson, who noted that "Col. Taylor and myself have rarely, if ever, differed in any political principle of importance," considered <i>Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated</i> "the most logical retraction of our governments to the original and true principles of the Constitution creating them, which has appeared since the adoption of the instrument." Later Southern thinkers, notably <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, were clearly indebted to Taylor. Sabin, <i>A Dictionary of Books Relating to America</i> 94486. Cohen, <i>Bibliography of Early American Law</i> 6333. (21527)</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Taylor, "An Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of the Government of the United States" (1814)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWingfield1924" class="citation book cs1">Wingfield, Marshall (1924). <i>A History of Caroline County, Virginia</i>. Richmond, VA: Clearfield. p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Caroline+County%2C+Virginia&rft.place=Richmond%2C+VA&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Clearfield&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Wingfield&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Taylor+of+Caroline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FROM: Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography Volume II By: <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Lyon Gardiner Tyler">Lyon Gardiner Tyler</a>, LL. D. Lewis Historical Publishing Company New York 1915</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph R. Stromberg, Country Ideology, Republicanism, and Libertarianism: The Thought of John Taylor of Caroline, The Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol VI, No. 1, 35 (Winter 1982) (citing M.J.C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers, 167 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1967)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson, Clyde</a> (2011-11-03) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/2011/11/03/a-little-rebellion/">A Little Rebellion</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119225727/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/2011/11/03/a-little-rebellion/">Archived</a> January 19, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hales, Dylan (2008-12-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203181606/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/article/2008/dec/01/00023/">Left Turn Ahead</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, Daniel (2005-08-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/article/2005/aug/01/00030/">Liberty and Order in the Slave Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326232902/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/article/2005/aug/01/00030/">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stromberg, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. at 41 (quoting Grant McConnell, "John Taylor and the Democratic Tradition," Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1, 27 (March 1951)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forrest McDonald, <i>Novus Ordo Seclorum</i> 75 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 1985) (quoting Taylor).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stromberg, Country Ideology, Republicanism, and Libertarianism 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, ed., "Arator," 124 (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1977) (1818) (Taylor in his own words).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See id. at 115–125 (discussing slavery).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. E. Bradford, ed., "Arator," 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, ed. "Arator" 115 (Taylor in his own words).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, John, <i>Arator</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFVHAAAAYAAJ">pp.120-121</a> (2d Ed., 1814).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation book cs1">Morgan. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery,_American_Freedom" title="American Slavery, American Freedom">American Slavery, American Freedom</a></i> (2nd ed.). p. 380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Slavery%2C+American+Freedom&rft.pages=380&rft.edition=2nd&rft.au=Morgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Taylor+of+Caroline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stromberg, <i>Country Ideology, Republicanism, and Libertarianism</i> 42 (citations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Jeff (2010-07-01) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911142952/http://www.theamericanconservative.com/article/2010/jul/01/00032/">States' Fights</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2010) at 43 (quoting from McConnell, <i>John Taylor and the Democratic Tradition</i>, 24).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2010) at 43 (citing Charles A. Beard <i>Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy</i> (1915) 323–325 ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor (2010) at 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tate, "A Historiography of States' Rights: John Taylor of Caroline's New Views of the Constitution" (2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Taylor+of+Caroline" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christopher M. Curtis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120023527/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-4744152149731401/unrestricted/CHP1.PDF">Chapter I</a>, <i>Can These be the Sons of their Fathers? The Defense of Slavery in Virginia, 1831–1832</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210021252/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/parrington/vol2/bk01_01_ch02.html">Vernon Parrington, <i>Main Currents in American Thought</i> (1927) v 2 online</a></li> <li>Sheldon, Garrett Ward, and C. William Hill Jr. <i>The Liberal Republicanism of John Taylor of Caroline</i> (2008)</li> <li>Tate, Adam. "A Historiography of States' Rights: John Taylor of Caroline's New Views of the Constitution," <i>Southern Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of the South,</i> Spring/Summer 2011, Vol. 18 Issue 1, pp. 10–28</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suggested_reading">Suggested reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Suggested reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mudge, Eugene T. <i>The Social Philosophy of John Taylor of Caroline</i> (New York: Columbia University Press 1939).</li> <li>Shallhope, Robert E. <i>John Taylor of Caroline: Pastoral Republican</i> (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1980).</li> <li>Wright, Benjamin F. "The Philosopher of Jeffersonian Democracy," <i>American Political Science Review</i> Vol. 22, No. 4 (Nov., 1928), pp. 870–892 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945352">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Taylor_of_Caroline&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressT000086" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000086">"John Taylor of Caroline (id: T000086)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Taylor+of+Caroline+%28id%3A+T000086%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000086&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Taylor+of+Caroline" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/jt/jtnvc.htm">Taylor, John. (1823). "New Views of the Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/jt/tyr_un.htm">Taylor, John. (1821). "Tyranny Unmasked"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/jt/cccv.htm">Taylor, John. (1820). "Construction Construed and Constitutions Vindicated"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php&person=3831">John Taylor's works</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Online Library of Liberty</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8299123">John Taylor of Caroline</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard H. Lee</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia"> U.S. senator (Class 2) from Virginia</a> </b><br />October 18, 1792 – May 11, 1794 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">Henry Tazewell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (Virginia)">Stevens T. Mason</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Virginia</a> </b><br />June 4, 1803 – December 7, 1803 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Wilson C. Nicholas</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Abraham B. Venable</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia"> U.S. senator (Class 2) from Virginia</a> </b><br />December 18, 1822 – August 21, 1824 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Littleton W. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar 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4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">United States senators from Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grayson" title="William Grayson">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Walker (Virginia politician)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Thomson_Mason_(senator)" title="Stevens Thomson Mason (senator)">S. Mason</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_B._Venable" title="Abraham B. Venable">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brent_(politician)" title="Richard Brent (politician)">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">J. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_S._Pennybacker" title="Isaac S. Pennybacker">Pennybacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">J. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitman_T._Willey" title="Waitman T. Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_J._Bowden" title="Lemuel J. Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Lewis" title="John F. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Withers" title="Robert E. Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Daniel" title="John W. Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Byrd Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Trible" title="Paul Trible">Trible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tazewell" title="Henry Tazewell">H. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moore_(politician)" title="Andrew Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Thomson_Mason" title="Armistead Thomson Mason">A. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">L. Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Leigh" title="Benjamin W. Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Parker" title="Richard E. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Roane" title="William H. Roane">Roane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">Carlile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Johnston" title="John W. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Riddleberger" title="Harrison H. Riddleberger">Riddleberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr." title="John S. Barbour Jr.">J. S. Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Burch" title="Thomas G. Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Willis_Robertson" title="A. Willis Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spong_Jr." title="William Spong Jr.">Spong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Scott" title="William L. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">J. Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">M. Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6205057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6205057#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6205057#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/14016524X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50009282">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Taylor, John <1753-1824>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV109669">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup20030000100653&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4424023">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067856977">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569836505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463466605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14776694">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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