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id="toc-Crewed_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Soviet_uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Soviet_uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Early Soviet uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Soviet_uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Early U.S. uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early U.S. uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneer_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneer_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pioneer missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneer_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranger_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranger_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ranger missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranger_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Soviet uncrewed soft landings (1966–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>U.S. uncrewed soft landings (1966–1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_direct_ascent_landings_to_lunar_orbit_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_direct_ascent_landings_to_lunar_orbit_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_direct_ascent_landings_to_lunar_orbit_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Soviet lunar orbit satellites (1966–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1967)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1967)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>U.S. lunar orbit satellites (1966–1967)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1967)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_circumlunar_loop_flights_(1967–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_circumlunar_loop_flights_(1967–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Soviet circumlunar loop flights (1967–1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_circumlunar_loop_flights_(1967–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Moon_landings_(1969–1972)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Moon_landings_(1969–1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Human Moon landings (1969–1972)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_Moon_landings_(1969–1972)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human Moon landings (1969–1972) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_Moon_landings_(1969–1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-US_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>US strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Soviet strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apollo_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apollo_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Apollo missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apollo_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Moon_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Moon_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Human Moon landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Moon_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_aspects_of_the_successful_Apollo_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_aspects_of_the_successful_Apollo_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Other aspects of the successful Apollo landings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_aspects_of_the_successful_Apollo_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century–21st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century–21st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Late 20th century–21st century uncrewed crash landings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_20th_century–21st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late 20th century–21st century uncrewed crash landings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century–21st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiten_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiten_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Hiten (Japan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiten_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_Prospector_(U.S.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_Prospector_(U.S.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Lunar Prospector (U.S.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_Prospector_(U.S.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SMART-1_(ESA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SMART-1_(ESA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>SMART-1 (ESA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SMART-1_(ESA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandrayaan-1_(India)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandrayaan-1_(India)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Chandrayaan-1 (India)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandrayaan-1_(India)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chang'e_1_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'e_1_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Chang'e 1 (China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'e_1_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SELENE_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SELENE_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>SELENE (Japan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SELENE_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LCROSS_(U.S.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LCROSS_(U.S.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>LCROSS (U.S.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LCROSS_(U.S.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GRAIL_(U.S.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GRAIL_(U.S.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>GRAIL (U.S.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GRAIL_(U.S.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LADEE_(U.S.)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LADEE_(U.S.)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.9</span> <span>LADEE (U.S.)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LADEE_(U.S.)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission_(Luxembourg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission_(Luxembourg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.10</span> <span>Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (Luxembourg)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission_(Luxembourg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_uncrewed_soft_landings_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_uncrewed_soft_landings_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>21st century uncrewed soft landings and attempts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century_uncrewed_soft_landings_and_attempts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century uncrewed soft landings and attempts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century_uncrewed_soft_landings_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chang'e_3_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'e_3_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Chang'e 3 (China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'e_3_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chang'e_4_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'e_4_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Chang'e 4 (China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'e_4_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beresheet_(Israel/SpaceIL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beresheet_(Israel/SpaceIL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span><i>Beresheet</i> (Israel/SpaceIL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beresheet_(Israel/SpaceIL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandrayaan-2_(India)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandrayaan-2_(India)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Chandrayaan-2 (India)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandrayaan-2_(India)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakuto-R_Mission_1_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakuto-R_Mission_1_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.5</span> <span>Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Japan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakuto-R_Mission_1_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chang'e_5_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'e_5_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.6</span> <span>Chang'e 5 (China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'e_5_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luna_25_(Russia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luna_25_(Russia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.7</span> <span>Luna 25 (Russia)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luna_25_(Russia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandrayaan-3_(India)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandrayaan-3_(India)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.8</span> <span>Chandrayaan-3 (India)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandrayaan-3_(India)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.9</span> <span>Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (Japan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IM-1_Odysseus_(USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IM-1_Odysseus_(USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.10</span> <span>IM-1 <i>Odysseus</i> (USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IM-1_Odysseus_(USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chang'e_6_(China)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chang'e_6_(China)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.11</span> <span>Chang'e 6 (China)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chang'e_6_(China)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_Ghost_M1_(USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_Ghost_M1_(USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.12</span> <span>Blue Ghost M1 (USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_Ghost_M1_(USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakuto-R_Mission_2_(Japan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakuto-R_Mission_2_(Japan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.13</span> <span>Hakuto-R Mission 2 (Japan)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakuto-R_Mission_2_(Japan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IM-2_Athena_(USA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IM-2_Athena_(USA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.14</span> <span>IM-2 <i>Athena</i> (USA)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IM-2_Athena_(USA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landings_on_moons_of_other_Solar_System_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings_on_moons_of_other_Solar_System_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings_on_moons_of_other_Solar_System_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_future_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_future_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Proposed future missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_future_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanlanding" title="Maanlanding – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maanlanding" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondlandung" title="Mondlandung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mondlandung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%A8%E1%89%83_%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%8B%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%89%B5" title="ጨረቃ ላይ መውጣት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጨረቃ ላይ መውጣት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الهبوط على القمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الهبوط على القمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allunizaxe" title="Allunizaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Allunizaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="চাঁদে অবতরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাঁদে অবতরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Прилуняване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Прилуняване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slijetanje_na_Mjesec" title="Slijetanje na Mjesec – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slijetanje na Mjesec" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterratge_lunar" title="Aterratge lunar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aterratge lunar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaniad_ar_y_Lleuad" title="Glaniad ar y Lleuad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glaniad ar y Lleuad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5nelanding" title="Månelanding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Månelanding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondlandung" title="Mondlandung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mondlandung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolj%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_yiik%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC_nandah%C3%AD" title="Ooljééʼ yiikááʼ nandahí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ooljééʼ yiikááʼ nandahí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuundumine" title="Kuundumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuundumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Προσελήνωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσελήνωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alunizaje" title="Alunizaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alunizaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilargiratze" title="Ilargiratze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ilargiratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87" title="فرود بر ماه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرود بر ماه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alunissage" title="Alunissage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alunissage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluaxe" title="Aluaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aluaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E8%90%BD%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" title="着落月球 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="着落月球" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC_%EC%B0%A9%EB%A5%99" title="달 착륙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="달 착륙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="चंद्रयात्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चंद्रयात्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaratan_di_Bulan" title="Pendaratan di Bulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendaratan di Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allunaggio" title="Allunaggio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allunaggio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%97" title="נחיתה על הירח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחיתה על הירח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alinisaj" title="Alinisaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alinisaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundlandung" title="Moundlandung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moundlandung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusileidimas_M%C4%97nulyje" title="Nusileidimas Mėnulyje – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nusileidimas Mėnulyje" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holdra_sz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1sok_emberrel" title="Holdra szállások emberrel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holdra szállások emberrel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ചാന്ദ്ര ദൗത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാന്ദ്ര ദൗത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="चंद्रावतरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चंद्रावतरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="မဖျေဟ်ဇိုင် လတူ ဂိတု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မဖျေဟ်ဇိုင် လတူ ဂိတု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendaratan_Bulan" title="Pendaratan Bulan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendaratan Bulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လပေါ်သို့ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လပေါ်သို့ဆင်းသက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maanlanding" title="Maanlanding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maanlanding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A2%E7%9D%80%E9%99%B8" title="月面着陸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="月面着陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5nelanding" title="Månelanding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Månelanding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%8F%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ထင်ႏလာမဲင်းလောင်း – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထင်ႏလာမဲင်းလောင်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muun_landin" title="Muun landin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Muun landin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alunissagem" title="Alunissagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alunissagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aselenizare" title="Aselenizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aselenizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Список прилунений – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список прилунений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moon landing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristanek_na_Luni" title="Pristanek na Luni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pristanek na Luni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sletanje_na_Mesec" title="Sletanje na Mesec – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sletanje na Mesec" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_kuuk%C3%A4vely" title="Ensimmäinen kuukävely – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen kuukävely" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglapag_sa_buwan" title="Paglapag sa buwan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paglapag sa buwan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலாவில் தரையிறக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலாவில் தரையிறக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsanl%C4%B1_Ay_yolculuklar%C4%B1" title="İnsanlı Ay yolculukları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsanlı Ay yolculukları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moon's surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about lunar landings in general. For the Cold War "Race to the Moon", see <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. For the first crewed Moon landing, see <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moon landing (disambiguation)">Moon landing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="Map of landing sites on the Moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/370px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/555px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Moon_Soft_Landings.svg/740px-Moon_Soft_Landings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4659" data-file-height="4627" usemap="#ImageMap_1dde97d590d4ac0a" resource="/wiki/File:Moon_Soft_Landings.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_1dde97d590d4ac0a"><area href="/wiki/Luna_9" shape="rect" coords="17,8,87,23" alt="Luna 9" title="Luna 9" /><area href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" shape="rect" coords="17,23,87,38" alt="Surveyor 1" title="Surveyor 1" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_13" shape="rect" coords="17,38,87,53" alt="Luna 13" title="Luna 13" /><area href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" shape="rect" coords="17,53,87,68" alt="Surveyor 3" title="Surveyor 3" /><area href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" shape="rect" coords="17,68,87,83" alt="Surveyor 5" title="Surveyor 5" /><area href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" shape="rect" coords="17,83,87,98" alt="Surveyor 6" title="Surveyor 6" /><area href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" shape="rect" coords="17,98,87,121" alt="Surveyor 7" title="Surveyor 7" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_11" shape="rect" coords="17,113,87,129" alt="Apollo 11" title="Apollo 11" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_12" shape="rect" coords="17,129,87,144" alt="Apollo 12" title="Apollo 12" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_16" shape="rect" coords="17,144,87,159" alt="Luna 16" title="Luna 16" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_17" shape="rect" coords="17,159,87,174" alt="Luna 17" title="Luna 17" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_14" shape="rect" coords="17,174,87,189" alt="Apollo 14" title="Apollo 14" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_15" shape="rect" coords="17,189,87,204" alt="Apollo 15" title="Apollo 15" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_20" shape="rect" coords="17,204,87,219" alt="Luna 20" title="Luna 20" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_16" shape="rect" coords="17,219,87,234" alt="Apollo 16" title="Apollo 16" /><area href="/wiki/Apollo_17" shape="rect" coords="17,234,87,249" alt="Apollo 17" title="Apollo 17" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_21" shape="rect" coords="17,249,87,264" alt="Luna 21" title="Luna 21" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_23" shape="rect" coords="17,264,87,279" alt="Luna 23" title="Luna 23" /><area href="/wiki/Luna_24" shape="rect" coords="17,279,87,294" alt="Luna 24" title="Luna 24" /><area href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" shape="rect" coords="278,8,357,23" alt="Chang'e 3" title="Chang'e 3" /><area href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" shape="rect" coords="278,23,357,38" alt="Chang'e 4" title="Chang'e 4" /><area href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" shape="rect" coords="278,38,357,53" alt="Chang'e 5" title="Chang'e 5" /><area href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_3" shape="rect" coords="278,53,357,68" alt="Chandrayaan 3" title="Chandrayaan 3" /><area href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" shape="rect" coords="278,68,357,83" alt="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon" /><area href="/wiki/IM-1" shape="rect" coords="278,83,357,98" alt="IM-1" title="IM-1" /><area href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" shape="rect" coords="278,98,357,113" alt="Chang'e 6" title="Chang'e 6" /><area href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" shape="rect" coords="278,113,357,129" alt="Blue Ghost Mission 1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1" /><area href="/wiki/IM-2" shape="rect" coords="278,129,357,144" alt="IM-2" title="IM-2" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left;"> <p>Clickable map of the locations of all successful <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft landings</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> to date (top) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Luna_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna program">Luna program</a> (USSR)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a> (USA)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#FF00FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> (USA)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e program</a> (China)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#3A3AFF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan program">Chandrayaan program</a> (India)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#D45500; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a> (Japan)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #000000;background-color:#00FF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> (USA)</span></li></ul></div> </div> <p>Dates are landing dates in <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a>. Except for the Apollo program, all soft landings were uncrewed. </p> Asterisk indicates a partial success.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_first_step.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/250px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo_11_first_step.jpg/500px-Apollo_11_first_step.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Still frame from a video transmission, taken moments before <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon, at 02:56 UTC on 21 July 1969. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts" title="List of most-watched television broadcasts">largest television audience</a> for a live broadcast at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Moon landing</b> or <b>lunar landing</b> is the arrival of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> on the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, including both crewed and robotic missions. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was <a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> was the first crewed mission to land on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Crewed_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">six crewed landings</a> between 1969 and 1972, and numerous uncrewed landings. All crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972. After <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> in 1976 there were no <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (aeronautics)">soft landings</a> on the Moon until <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> in 2013. All soft landings took place on the <a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">near side of the Moon</a> until January 2019, when <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> made the first landing on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-far_side_of_the_moon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-far_side_of_the_moon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uncrewed_landings">Uncrewed landings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_landings">Government landings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_(Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png/500px-The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png/960px-The_Soviet_Union_1966_CPA_3317_stamp_%28Luna_9_on_Moon%27s_Surface_and_1st_Television_Program_of_Moon_Pictures_on_February_4%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Stamp with a drawing of the first soft landed probe <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a>, next to the first view of the lunar surface photographed by the probe</figcaption></figure> <p>Six government space agencies, <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, have reached the Moon with uncrewed missions. Three private/commercial missions, <a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a> (hard landing), <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakuto-R">Hakuto-R</a> (hard landing), and <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C#IM-1_mission" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C">Odysseus</a> (soft landing) have also reached the lunar surface (see <a href="#Commercial_landings">#Commercial landings</a>). The Soviet Union (Interkosmos), the United States (NASA), China (CNSA), India (ISRO),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Japan (JAXA)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the only five nations to have successfully achieved soft landings. </p><p>The Soviet Union performed the first hard Moon landing – "hard" meaning the spacecraft intentionally crashes into the Moon at high speeds – with the <a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a> spacecraft in 1959, a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with <a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a>. </p><p>Following their initial hard landings on the Moon, sixteen Soviet, U.S., Chinese and Indian spacecraft have used braking rockets (<a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a>) to make <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (aeronautics)">soft landings</a> and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface. In 1966 the Soviet Union accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">Luna 13</a> missions. The U.S. followed with five <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor Program">Surveyor</a> soft landings. China's ongoing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">"Chang'e" program</a> has landed 4 times since 2013, achieving robotic soil sample return and the first landing on the far side of the Moon. </p><p>On 23 August 2023, ISRO successfully landed its <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> module in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> region, making India the fourth nation to successfully complete a soft landing on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chandrayaan-3 saw a successful soft landing of its <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-3"><i>Vikram</i> lander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a> at 6.04 pm IST (1234 GMT), marking the first uncrewed soft landing in the little-explored region.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 January 2024, JAXA successfully landed its <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM lander</a>, making Japan the fifth nation to successfully complete a soft landing.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_20240119_slim-landing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_20240119_slim-landing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_landings">Commercial landings</h3></div> <p>Two organizations have attempted but failed to achieve soft landings: Israeli private space agency <a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a> with their <a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a> spacecraft (2019), and Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a> (2023). </p><p>On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C#IM-1_mission" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C"><i>Odysseus</i></a> successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> liftoff on 15 February 2024 in a mission between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines" title="Intuitive Machines">Intuitive Machines</a>, marking the United States' first soft unmanned Moon landing in over 50 years. This event marked the first successful landing of a <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">privately owned spacecraft</a> on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March 2025, <a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1">Blue Ghost</a> lunar lander performed the first fully successful commercial Moon landing after softly touching down on the lunar surface in a stable, upright configuration. Firefly then completed more than 14 days of surface operations and over 5 hours of operations into the lunar night - marking the longest commercial operations on the Moon to date. As a part of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> initiative, Firefly's first lunar mission delivered and operated 10 NASA instruments near Mons Latreille in Mare Crisium. The mission concluded on 16 March 2025 and Firefly announced it met 100 percent of its mission objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdca_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdca-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crewed_landings">Crewed landings</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">List of people who have walked on the Moon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing,_Apollo_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg/220px-Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg/330px-Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg/440px-Lunar_surface_shortly_after_landing%2C_Apollo_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>The view through the window of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> <i>Orion</i> shortly after <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>'s landing</figcaption></figure> <p>A total of twelve <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> have landed on the Moon. This was accomplished with two pilot-astronauts flying a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> on each of six <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> missions. The missions spanned a 41-month period starting 20 July 1969, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, and ending on 14 December 1972 with <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> on <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>. Cernan was the last man to step off the lunar surface. </p><p>All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">command module</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_background">Scientific background</h2></div> <p>To get to the Moon, a spacecraft must first leave Earth's <a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">gravity well</a>; currently, the only practical means is a <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a>. Unlike airborne vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jets</a>, a rocket can continue <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">accelerating</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. </p><p>Upon approach of the target moon, a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity. In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour (100 mph) and be ruggedized to withstand a "hard landing" impact, or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a "soft landing" (the only option for humans). The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard Moon landing with a ruggedized <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometer</a> package in 1962 all failed.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966, followed only months later by the first uncrewed soft lunar landing by the U.S. </p><p>The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100% of the <a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">escape velocity</a> of the target moon, and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur. For Earth's Moon, the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second (1.48 mi/s).<sup id="cite_ref-GgLunarXPrize-MoonInfo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GgLunarXPrize-MoonInfo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change in velocity (referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a>) is usually provided by a landing rocket, which must be carried into space by the original <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> as part of the overall spacecraft. An exception is the soft moon landing on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)"><i>Huygens</i> probe</a> in 2005. As the moon with the thickest atmosphere, landings on Titan may be accomplished by using <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a> techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability. </p><p>The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-luna2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-luna2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crash landings<sup id="cite_ref-hard-landing_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hard-landing-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft, or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket. There have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">many such Moon crashes</a>, often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface. For example, during the Apollo program the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a <a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">moonquake</a> on <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">seismometers</a> that had been left on the lunar surface. Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">internal structure of the Moon</a>. </p><p>To return to Earth, the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the <a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">gravity well</a> of the Moon. Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space. Upon reaching Earth, atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing. These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations. Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon's surface by a moon landing rocket, increasing the latter's required size. The Moon departure rocket, larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a> must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle, greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_background">Political background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></div> <p>The political context of the 1960s helps to parse both the United States and Soviet Union's efforts to land spacecraft, and eventually humans, on the Moon. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> had introduced many new and deadly innovations including <a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a>-style surprise attacks used in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Finland</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>; the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> which killed thousands in attacks on London and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atom bomb</a>, which killed hundreds of thousands in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>. In the 1950s, tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> that had emerged as victors in the conflict, particularly after the development by both countries of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luna_3_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/250px-Luna_3_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/330px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Luna_3_moon.jpg/500px-Luna_3_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>The first image of another world from space, returned by Luna 3, showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 October 1957, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Rocket_launch" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket launch">launched</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></i> as the first <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">artificial satellite</a> to orbit the Earth and so initiated the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>. This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S., who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear-tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The craft was also barely visible to the naked eye as the steady beeping of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_beacon" title="Radio beacon">radio beacon</a> aboard <i>Sputnik 1</i> as it passed overhead every 96 minutes, which was widely viewed on both sides<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as effective propaganda to <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid-fire Soviet space achievements. In 1959, the R-7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth's gravity into a <a href="/wiki/Solar_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar orbit">solar orbit</a>, the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon, and the first photography of the never-before-seen <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna 3</a> spacecraft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg/250px-Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg/330px-Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg/500px-Lunar_Lander_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>A 1963 conceptual model of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Excursion Module</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles (<a href="/wiki/ICBMs" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBMs">ICBMs</a>) that would bridge the so-called <a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">missile gap</a> and enable a policy of <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> with the Soviets known as <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutual assured destruction</a> or MAD. These newly developed <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a> were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects (which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload, guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Soviet_uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)"><span id="Early_Soviet_uncrewed_lunar_missions_.281958.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Early Soviet uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965)</h2></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts. Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch, the Soviets assigned a public "<a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a>" mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit. The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view. If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon, it was frequently (but not always) given a "<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (satellite)">Cosmos</a>" Earth-orbit mission number to hide its purpose. Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Launch vehicle </th> <th align="center">Launch date </th> <th align="center">Goal </th> <th align="center">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semyorka" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyorka">Semyorka</a> – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">23 September 1958 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 93 s </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">12 October 1958 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 104 s </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">4 December 1958 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 254 s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna-1</a> </td> <td>361 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">2 January 1959 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – first spacecraft to reach escape velocity, lunar flyby, solar orbit; missed the Moon </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">18 June 1959 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 153 s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna-2</a> </td> <td>390 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">12 September 1959 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – first lunar impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">Luna-3</a> </td> <td>270 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">4 October 1959 </td> <td>Flyby </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – first photos of lunar far side </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">15 April 1960 </td> <td>Flyby </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K72 </td> <td align="right">16 April 1960 </td> <td>Flyby </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 1 s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-6_No.2" title="Luna E-6 No.2">Sputnik-25</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">4 January 1963 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – stranded in low Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">3 February 1963 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction at T+ 105 s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">Luna-4</a> </td> <td>1422 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">2 April 1963 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres (5,000 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">21 March 1964 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">20 April 1964 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmos (satellite)">Cosmos</a>-60 </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">12 March 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – stranded in low Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">10 April 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna-5</a> </td> <td>1475 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">9 May 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">Luna-6</a> </td> <td>1440 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">8 June 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres (99,000 mi) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">Luna-7</a> </td> <td>1504 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">4 October 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">Luna-8</a> </td> <td>1550 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">3 December 1965 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar impact during landing attempt </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_(1958–1965)"><span id="Early_U.S._uncrewed_lunar_missions_.281958.E2.80.931965.29"></span>Early U.S. uncrewed lunar missions (1958–1965)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif/250px-Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif/330px-Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif/500px-Ranger_9_sudden_impact.gif 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Artist's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranger8-moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ranger8-moon.jpg/220px-Ranger8-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ranger8-moon.jpg/330px-Ranger8-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ranger8-moon.jpg/440px-Ranger8-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. was not able to reach the Moon with the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger programs</a>, with fifteen consecutive U.S. uncrewed lunar missions from 1958 to 1964 failing their primary photographic missions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger6_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger6-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three U.S. missions<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger5_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1962 attempted to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft. These surface packages were to use <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> to survive landing, unlike the parent vehicle, which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface. The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second (9,400 and 9,600 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Launch vehicle </th> <th align="center">Launch date </th> <th align="center">Goal </th> <th align="center">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_0" title="Pioneer 0">Pioneer 0</a> </td> <td>38 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Thor-Able</a> </td> <td align="right">17 August 1958 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – first stage explosion; destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_1" title="Pioneer 1">Pioneer 1</a> </td> <td>34 </td> <td>Thor-Able </td> <td align="right">11 October 1958 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – software error; reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_2" title="Pioneer 2">Pioneer 2</a> </td> <td>39 </td> <td>Thor-Able </td> <td align="right">8 November 1958 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – third stage misfire; reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_3" title="Pioneer 3">Pioneer 3</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Juno </td> <td align="right">6 December 1958 </td> <td>Flyby </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – first stage misfire, reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Juno </td> <td align="right">3 March 1959 </td> <td>Flyby </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – first US craft to reach escape velocity, lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error; solar orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-1" title="Pioneer P-1">Pioneer P-1</a> </td> <td>168 </td> <td>Atlas-Able </td> <td align="right">24 September 1959 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – pad explosion; destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-3" title="Pioneer P-3">Pioneer P-3</a> </td> <td>168 </td> <td>Atlas-Able </td> <td align="right">29 November 1959 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – payload shroud; destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-30" title="Pioneer P-30">Pioneer P-30</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>Atlas-Able </td> <td align="right">25 September 1960 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – second stage anomaly; reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_P-31" title="Pioneer P-31">Pioneer P-31</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>Atlas-Able </td> <td align="right">15 December 1960 </td> <td>Lunar orbit </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – first stage explosion; destroyed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_1" title="Ranger 1">Ranger 1</a> </td> <td>306 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">23 August 1961 </td> <td>Prototype test </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – upper stage anomaly; reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_2" title="Ranger 2">Ranger 2</a> </td> <td>304 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">18 November 1961 </td> <td>Prototype test </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – upper stage anomaly; reentry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_3" title="Ranger 3">Ranger 3</a> </td> <td>330 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">26 January 1962 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster guidance; solar orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a> </td> <td>331 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">23 April 1962 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body; crash impact – no photos returned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a> </td> <td>342 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">18 October 1962 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – spacecraft power; solar orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">Ranger 6</a> </td> <td>367 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">30 January 1964 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – spacecraft camera; crash impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">Ranger 7</a> </td> <td>367 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">28 July 1964 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 4308 photos, crash impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">Ranger 8</a> </td> <td>367 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">17 February 1965 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 7137 photos, crash impact </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">Ranger 9</a> </td> <td>367 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">21 March 1965 </td> <td>Impact </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 5814 photos, crash impact </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneer_missions">Pioneer missions</h3></div> <p>Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs. Those flown on the <a href="/wiki/PGM-17_Thor" title="PGM-17 Thor">Thor</a> booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> image scanning television system with a <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> of 1 <a href="/wiki/Milliradian" title="Milliradian">milliradian</a> to study the Moon's surface, an <a href="/wiki/Ionization_chamber" title="Ionization chamber">ionization chamber</a> to measure <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> in space, a diaphragm/microphone assembly to detect <a href="/wiki/Micrometeorites" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometeorites">micrometeorites</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, and temperature-variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, a mission managed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, exploded during launch;<sup id="cite_ref-AP_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization. The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 114,000 kilometres (71,000 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-PA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1,530 kilometres (950 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-NS_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively, far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres (250,000 mi) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon. </p><p>NASA then collaborated with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Ballistic_Missile_Agency" title="Army Ballistic Missile Agency">Ballistic Missile Agency</a> to fly two extremely small cone-shaped probes on the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> ICBM, carrying only <a href="/wiki/Photocells" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocells">photocells</a> which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a <a href="/wiki/Geiger-M%C3%BCller_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiger-Müller tube">Geiger-Müller tube</a> detector.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres (62,000 mi), gathering data that established the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belts" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Allen radiation belts">Van Allen radiation belts</a> before reentering Earth's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi), twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on-board scientific instruments, yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a <a href="/wiki/Solar_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar orbit">solar orbit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-P4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four "<a href="/wiki/Paddlewheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddlewheel">paddlewheel</a>" <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panels</a> extending from a one-meter diameter spherical <a href="/wiki/Spin-stabilized_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-stabilized satellite">spin-stabilized</a> spacecraft body equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television-like system, estimate the Moon's mass and topography of the <a href="/wiki/Peak_of_Eternal_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak of Eternal Light">poles</a>, record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites, study radiation, measure <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic field of celestial bodies">magnetic fields</a>, detect <a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave" title="Alfvén wave">low frequency electromagnetic waves</a> in space and use a sophisticated integrated <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (missile)">Atlas</a> ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the unsuccessful Atlas-Able Pioneer probes, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> embarked upon an uncrewed spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions. The interplanetary versions were known as <a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariners</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lunar versions were <a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Rangers</a>. JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes: Block I prototypes, which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Block II, which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Block III, which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide-area photographs of the Moon during their descent.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranger_missions">Ranger missions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger program</a></div> <p>The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spacecraft experiments included a <a href="/wiki/H-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="H-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a> telescope, a <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium-vapor</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a>, electrostatic analyzers, medium-energy-range <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>, two triple coincidence telescopes, a cosmic-ray integrating <a href="/wiki/Ionization_chamber" title="Ionization chamber">ionization chamber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a> detectors, and <a href="/wiki/Scintillation_counter" title="Scintillation counter">scintillation counters</a>. The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres (68,000 mi) and a <a href="/wiki/Perigee" class="mw-redirect" title="Perigee">perigee</a> of 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From that vantage point, scientists could make direct measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a> over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances. Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high-bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one-shot fifteen-minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents. Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth <a href="/wiki/Parking_orbit" title="Parking orbit">parking orbit</a> after launch; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days. </p><p>The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3, 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger3_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger5_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger5-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact-limiter, 650 mm in diameter, a mono-propellant mid-course motor, a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds-force (22.5 kN),<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a gold- and chrome-plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter. This lander (code-named <i>Tonto</i>) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">freon</a>. A 42-kilogram (93 lb) 30-centimetre-diameter (0.98 ft) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ACE1AF;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Everything that we do ought to really be tied-in to getting onto the Moon ahead of the Russians. ...We're ready to spend reasonable amounts of money, but we're talking about fantastic expenditures which wreck our budget and all these other domestic programs, and the only justification for it, in my opinion, to do it is because we hope to beat them and demonstrate that starting behind, as we did by a couple of years, by God, we passed them." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> on the planned Moon landing, 21 November 1962<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>This payload sphere contained six silver-<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> batteries to power a fifty-milliwatt radio transmitter, a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures, and a seismometer designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 2.3 kg (5 lb) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon. Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere. After landing, plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere. The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere. Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator, which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch. </p><p>No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers, and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission. Instead, the 3.1 metres (10 ft) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200-scan-line television camera to capture images during the free-fall descent to the lunar surface. The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seconds before impact, at 5 and 0.6 kilometres (3.11 and 0.37 mi) above the lunar surface, the Ranger mother ships took pictures (which may be viewed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/ranger.html">here</a>). </p><p>Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter. The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid-fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship. The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres (1,080 ft) above the surface and separate, allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Ranger 3, failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon. Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in-flight failure of the onboard flight computer. This was probably because of prior <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">heat sterilization</a> of the spacecraft by keeping it above the <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> point of water for 24 hours on the ground, to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms. Ranger 3 later began orbiting the Sun, called heliocentric orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in-flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5. Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block III probes replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier, more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo crewed Moon landing missions. Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high-altitude photographs in the final twenty-minute period before crashing on the lunar surface. Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines, far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television. While <a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">Ranger 6</a> suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">Ranger 7</a> mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success. </p><p>Breaking the six-year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range, the <a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">Ranger 7</a> mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo crewed Moon landing program. Subsequent successes with <a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">Ranger 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">Ranger 9</a> further buoyed U.S. hopes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1976)"><span id="Soviet_uncrewed_soft_landings_.281966.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Soviet uncrewed soft landings (1966–1976)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2644" data-file-height="3135" /></a><figcaption>Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_moonrover.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/220px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/330px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Soviet_moonrover.JPG/440px-Soviet_moonrover.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic Moon rover</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a> spacecraft, launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February 1966. <a href="/wiki/Airbag#Spacecraft_airbag_landing_systems" title="Airbag">Airbags</a> protected its 99-kilogram (218 lb) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second (54 km/h; 34 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix-luna9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-luna9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">Luna 13</a> duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966. Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic probe</a> to land on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represented the first <a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar sample">lunar sample</a> return mission by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and was the third lunar <a href="/wiki/Sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">sample return mission</a> overall, following the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> missions. This mission was later successfully repeated by <a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">Luna 20</a> (1972) and <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> (1976). </p><p>In 1970 and 1973 two <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod">Lunokhod</a> ("Moonwalker") robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon, where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively, covering 10.5 km (6.5 mi) (<a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a>) and 37 km (23 mi) (<a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a>). These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby, orbiter and landing missions. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Booster </th> <th align="center">Launch date </th> <th align="center">Goal </th> <th align="center">Result </th> <th align="center">Landing zone </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Lat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Lon</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna-9</a> </td> <td>1,580 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">31 January 1966 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – first lunar soft landing, numerous photos </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a> </td> <td>7.13°N 64.37°W </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">Luna-13</a> </td> <td>1,580 </td> <td>Semyorka – 8K78 </td> <td align="right">21 December 1966 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – second lunar soft landing, numerous photos </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a> </td> <td>18°52'N 62°3'W </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton</a> </td> <td align="right">19 February 1969 </td> <td>Lunar rover </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">14 June 1969 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna-15</a> </td> <td>5,700 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">13 July 1969 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar crash impact </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Crisium" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a> </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cosmos-300 </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">23 September 1969 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – stranded in low Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cosmos-305 </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">22 October 1969 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – stranded in low Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">6 February 1970 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna-16</a> </td> <td>5,600 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">12 September 1970 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 0.10 kg (0.22 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Fecunditatis" title="Mare Fecunditatis">Mare Fecunditatis</a> </td> <td>000.68S 056.30E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna-17</a> </td> <td>5,700 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">10 November 1970 </td> <td>Lunar rover </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod-1</a> rover traveled 10.5 km (6.5 mi) across lunar surface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Imbrium" title="Mare Imbrium">Mare Imbrium</a> </td> <td>038.28N 325.00E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">Luna-18</a> </td> <td>5,750 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">2 September 1971 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – lunar crash impact </td> <td>Mare Fecunditatis </td> <td>003.57N 056.50E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">Luna-20</a> </td> <td>5,727 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">14 February 1972 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 0.05 kg (0.11 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth </td> <td>Mare Fecunditatis </td> <td>003.57N 056.50E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna-21</a> </td> <td>5,950 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">8 January 1973 </td> <td>Lunar rover </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod-2</a> rover traveled 37.0 km (23.0 mi) across lunar surface </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Monnier_(crater)" title="Le Monnier (crater)">LeMonnier Crater</a> </td> <td>025.85N 030.45E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">Luna-23</a> </td> <td>5,800 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">28 October 1974 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – Moon landing achieved, but malfunction prevented sample return </td> <td>Mare Crisium </td> <td>012.00N 062.00E </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">16 October 1975 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna-24</a> </td> <td>5,800 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">9 August 1976 </td> <td>Sample return </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – returned 0.17 kg (0.37 lb) of Moon soil back to Earth </td> <td>Mare Crisium </td> <td>012.25N 062.20E </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._uncrewed_soft_landings_(1966–1968)"><span id="U.S._uncrewed_soft_landings_.281966.E2.80.931968.29"></span>U.S. uncrewed soft landings (1966–1968)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveyor_1_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Surveyor_1_launch.jpg/220px-Surveyor_1_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Surveyor_1_launch.jpg/330px-Surveyor_1_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Surveyor_1_launch.jpg/440px-Surveyor_1_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Launch of <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/250px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/330px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg/500px-Surveyor_3-Apollo_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a>, commander of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, stands next to the <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> lander. In the background is the Apollo 12 lander, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module <i>Intrepid</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor program</a> was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown. Five of Surveyor's seven missions made successful uncrewed Moon landings. Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12. They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long-term exposure to the lunar environment. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Booster </th> <th align="center">Launch date </th> <th align="center">Goal </th> <th align="center">Result </th> <th align="center">Landing zone </th> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Lat</a>/<a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Lon</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a> </td> <td>292 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (rocket)">Atlas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> </td> <td>30 May 1966 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 11,000 pictures returned, first U.S. Moon landing </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a> </td> <td>002.45S 043.22W </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a> </td> <td>292 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>20 September 1966 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – midcourse engine malfunction, placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Medii" title="Sinus Medii">Sinus Medii</a> </td> <td>004.00S 011.00W </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> </td> <td>302 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>20 April 1967 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 6,000 pictures returned; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use </td> <td>Oceanus Procellarum </td> <td>002.94S 336.66E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">Surveyor 4</a> </td> <td>282 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>14 July 1967 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown </td> <td>Sinus Medii </td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">Surveyor 5</a> </td> <td>303 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>8 September 1967 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 19,000 photos returned, first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Mare Tranquillitatis</a> </td> <td>001.41N 023.18E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">Surveyor 6</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>7 November 1967 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 30,000 photos returned, robot arm and alpha scatter science, engine restart, second landing 2.5 m away from first </td> <td>Sinus Medii </td> <td>000.46N 358.63E </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">Surveyor 7</a> </td> <td>306 </td> <td>Atlas – Centaur </td> <td>7 January 1968 </td> <td>Landing </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 21,000 photos returned; robot arm and alpha scatter science; laser beams from Earth detected </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tycho_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho (crater)">Tycho Crater</a> </td> <td>041.01S 348.59E </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_from_direct_ascent_landings_to_lunar_orbit_operations">Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/220px--Ap17-ascent.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Ap17-ascent.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ap17-ascent.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Ap17-ascent.ogv/Ap17-ascent.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Lunar ascent by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">ascent stage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with uncrewed spacecraft. To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon. These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming crewed landers with their much greater weight. </p><p>However, the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50-kilometre-per-hour (31 mph) ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160-kilometre-per-hour (99 mph) impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar-controlled, adjustable-thrust retrorocket. While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments, only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a crewed flight. Thus as of mid-1966, the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so-called Space Race to land a man on the Moon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/440px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/660px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png/880px-Space_Race_1957-1975_black_text.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975, with missions from the US and USSR</figcaption></figure> <p>Advances in other areas were necessary before crewed spacecraft could follow uncrewed ones to the surface of the Moon. Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit. Ranger, Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all flew directly to the surface without a lunar orbit. Such <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascents</a> use a minimum amount of fuel for uncrewed spacecraft on a one-way trip. </p><p>In contrast, crewed vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew. Leaving this massive amount of required Earth-return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again, working against lunar gravity both ways. Such considerations lead logically to a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a> mission profile for a crewed Moon landing. </p><p>Accordingly, beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions featuring lunar orbit as a prerequisite to a crewed Moon landing. The primary goals of these initial uncrewed orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of crewed landing sites and, for the Soviets, the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings. </p><p>An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar maria">maria</a>. Such mass concentrations ("<a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)" title="Mass concentration (astronomy)">mascons</a>") can send a crewed mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe. Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low-altitude satellites around the Moon, making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years. </p><p>Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value. For example, in 1999 the NASA <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole. It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume detectable from Earth. No such plume was observed. However, a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Shoemaker">Eugene Shoemaker</a> was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor – the only human remains on the Moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1974)"><span id="Soviet_lunar_orbit_satellites_.281966.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Soviet lunar orbit satellites (1966–1974)</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">U.S.S.R. mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Booster </th> <th align="center">Launched </th> <th align="center">Mission goal </th> <th align="center">Mission result </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cosmos – 111 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">Molniya-M</a> </td> <td align="right">1 March 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – stranded in low Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna-10</a> </td> <td>1,582 </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">31 March 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 2,738-by-2,088-kilometre (1,701 mi × 1,297 mi) × 72 deg orbit, 178 minute period, 60-day science mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">Luna-11</a> </td> <td>1,640 </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">24 August 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 2,931-by-1,898-kilometre (1,821 mi × 1,179 mi) × 27 deg orbit, 178 minute period, 38-day science mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">Luna-12</a> </td> <td>1,620 </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">22 October 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 2,938-by-1,871-kilometre (1,826 mi × 1,163 mi) × 10 deg orbit, 205 minute period, 89-day science mission </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cosmos-159 </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">17 May 1967 </td> <td>Prototype test </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – high Earth orbit crewed landing communications gear radio calibration test </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">7 February 1968 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit – attempted radio calibration test? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">Luna-14</a> </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td>Molniya-M </td> <td align="right">7 April 1968 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 870-by-160-kilometre (541 mi × 99 mi) × 42 deg orbit, 160 minute period, unstable orbit, radio calibration test? </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">Luna-19</a> </td> <td>5,700 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton</a> </td> <td align="right">28 September 1971 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 140-by-140-kilometre (87 mi × 87 mi) × 41 deg orbit, 121 minute period, 388-day science mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">Luna-22</a> </td> <td>5,700 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">29 May 1974 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 222-by-219-kilometre (138 mi × 136 mi) × 19 deg orbit, 130 minute period, 521-day science mission </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a> became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._lunar_orbit_satellites_(1966–1967)"><span id="U.S._lunar_orbit_satellites_.281966.E2.80.931967.29"></span>U.S. lunar orbit satellites (1966–1967)</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">U.S. mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Booster </th> <th align="center">Launched </th> <th align="center">Mission goal </th> <th align="center">Mission result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (missile)">Atlas</a> – <a href="/wiki/RM-81_Agena" title="RM-81 Agena">Agena</a> </td> <td align="right">10 August 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 1,160-by-189-kilometer (721 mi × 117 mi) × 12 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 80-day photography mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">Lunar Orbiter 2</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">6 November 1966 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 1,860-by-52-kilometer (1,156 mi × 32 mi) × 12 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 339-day photography mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">Lunar Orbiter 3</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">5 February 1967 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 1,860-by-52-kilometer (1,156 mi × 32 mi) × 21 deg orbit, 208 minute period, 246-day photography mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">Lunar Orbiter 4</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">4 May 1967 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 6,111-by-2,706-kilometer (3,797 mi × 1,681 mi) × 86 deg orbit, 172 minute period, 180-day photography mission </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">Lunar Orbiter 5</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>Atlas – Agena </td> <td align="right">1 August 1967 </td> <td>Lunar orbiter </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – 6,023-by-195-kilometer (3,743 mi × 121 mi) × 85 deg orbit, 510 minute period, 183-day photography mission </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_circumlunar_loop_flights_(1967–1970)"><span id="Soviet_circumlunar_loop_flights_.281967.E2.80.931970.29"></span>Soviet circumlunar loop flights (1967–1970)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a></div> <p>It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit, following the so-called <a href="/wiki/Free_return_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free return trajectory">free return trajectory</a>. Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required. However, a crewed circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges beyond those found in a crewed low-Earth-orbit mission, offering valuable lessons in preparation for a crewed Moon landing. Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon. </p><p>Inhabited Earth-orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 7,500 m/s (27,000 km/h). Due to the effects of gravity, a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 11,000 m/s (40,000 km/h). The <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force">g-loading</a> on astronauts during the resulting <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">deceleration</a> can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry. Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force. </p><p>Achieving a crewed circumlunar loop flight prior to a crewed lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> spacecraft program. The first three Zonds were robotic planetary probes; after that, the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate human spaceflight program. The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high-speed reentry techniques. This focus was not shared by the U.S., who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a crewed circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose. </p><p>Initial crewed spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> and U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mercury_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury program">Mercury</a> programs. A two-flight extension of the Vostok program known as <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a> effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965. These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten <a href="/wiki/Gemini_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini program">Gemini</a> low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966, using a totally new second-generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury. These Gemini missions went on to prove techniques for orbital <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">rendezvous and docking</a> crucial to a crewed lunar landing mission profile. </p><p>After the end of the Gemini program, the Soviet Union began flying their second-generation Zond crewed spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him or her immediately to Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton</a> launch rocket, unlike the parallel Soviet human Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third-generation <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz spacecraft">Soyuz spacecraft</a> requiring development of the advanced <a href="/wiki/N-1_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-1 rocket">N-1</a> booster. The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a crewed Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. human lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory. However, significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort. </p><p>Like Zond, Apollo flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop if a <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">service module</a> malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit. This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> mission in 1970, which is the only crewed circumlunar loop mission flown to date.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">U.S.S.R mission </th> <th align="center">Mass (kg) </th> <th align="center">Booster </th> <th align="center">Launched </th> <th align="center">Mission goal </th> <th align="center">Payload </th> <th align="center">Mission result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos-146&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos-146 (page does not exist)">Cosmos-146</a> </td> <td>5,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton</a> </td> <td align="right">10 March 1967 </td> <td>High Earth Orbit </td> <td>uncrewed </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – Successfully reached high Earth orbit, but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos-154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos-154 (page does not exist)">Cosmos-154</a> </td> <td>5,400 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">8 April 1967 </td> <td>High Earth Orbit </td> <td>uncrewed </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – Successfully reached high Earth orbit, but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">28 September 1967 </td> <td>High Earth Orbit </td> <td>uncrewed </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">22 November 1967 </td> <td>High Earth Orbit </td> <td>uncrewed </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond-4</a> </td> <td>5,140 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">2 March 1968 </td> <td>High Earth Orbit </td> <td>uncrewed </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – launched successfully to 300,000 km (190,000 mi) high Earth orbit, high speed reentry test guidance malfunction, intentional self-destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">23 April 1968 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond-5</a> </td> <td>5,375 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">15 September 1968 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – looped around Moon with Earth's first near-lunar life forms, two tortoises and other live biological specimens, and the capsule and payload safely to Earth despite landing off-target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">Zond-6</a> </td> <td>5,375 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">10 November 1968 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:orange;">Partial success</span> – looped around Moon, successful reentry, but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death, parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">20 January 1969 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:red;">Failure</span> – booster malfunction, failed to reach Earth orbit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond-7</a> </td> <td>5,979 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">8 August 1969 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – looped around Moon, returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on-target inside Soviet Union. Only Zond mission whose reentry G-forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">Zond-8</a> </td> <td>5,375 </td> <td>Proton </td> <td align="right">20 October 1970 </td> <td>Circumlunar Loop </td> <td>non-human biological payload </td> <td><span style="color:green;">Success</span> – looped around Moon, returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off-target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">Zond 5</a> was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return, initiating the final lap of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> with its payload of tortoises, insects, plants, and bacteria. Despite the failure suffered in its final moments, the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well. Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements, both these Zond missions flew off-nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to humans. </p><p>As a result, the Soviets secretly planned to continue uncrewed Zond tests until their reliability to support human flight had been demonstrated. However, due to NASA's continuing problems with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">lunar module</a>, and because of <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> reports of a potential Soviet crewed circumlunar flight in late 1968, NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> from an Earth-orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968. </p><p>In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in <a href="/wiki/Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Baikonur</a>, giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon. <a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonauts">Cosmonauts</a> went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first human trip to the Moon. Ultimately, however, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond/Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a crewed Soviet lunar mission. Their decision proved to be a wise one, since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another uncrewed test when it was finally launched several weeks later. </p><p>By this time flights of the third generation U.S. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo spacecraft</a> had begun. Far more capable than the Zond, the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> mission carried out the first human trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968, certifying the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> booster for crewed use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> then performed a full dress rehearsal of a crewed Moon landing in May 1969. This mission orbited within 14.4 kilometres (47,400 ft) of the lunar surface, performing necessary low-altitude mapping of trajectory-altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module too heavy to land. With the failure of the robotic Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt <a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">Luna 15</a> in July 1969, the stage was set for <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_Moon_landings_(1969–1972)"><span id="Human_Moon_landings_.281969.E2.80.931972.29"></span>Human Moon landings (1969–1972)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="US_strategy">US strategy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program#Political_pressure_builds" title="Apollo program">Apollo program § Political pressure builds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N1%2BSaturn5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/N1%2BSaturn5.jpg/170px-N1%2BSaturn5.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/N1%2BSaturn5.jpg/255px-N1%2BSaturn5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/N1%2BSaturn5.jpg/340px-N1%2BSaturn5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="3527" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> and the Soviet <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Plans for human Moon exploration began during the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> administration. In a series of mid-1950s articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s" title="Collier's">Collier's</a></i> magazine, <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> had popularized the idea of a crewed expedition to establish a lunar base. A human Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR. Besides guidance and weight management, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric re-entry">atmospheric re-entry</a> without <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablative</a> overheating was a major hurdle. After the Soviets launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>, von Braun promoted a plan for the US Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Space_race#First_humans_in_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Space race">early Soviet successes</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>'s flight, US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> looked for a project that would capture the public imagination. He asked Vice President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership. The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a>. The Soviets, at the time, had more powerful rockets than the US, which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission. </p><p>Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller, lighter warheads; the Soviets' were much heavier, and the powerful <a href="/wiki/R-7_Semyorka" title="R-7 Semyorka">R-7</a> rocket was developed to carry them. More modest missions such as flying around the Moon, or a space lab in lunar orbit (both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun), offered too much advantage to the Soviets; <i>landing</i>, however, would capture the world's imagination. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg/220px-Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg/330px-Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg/440px-Apollo_Landings_by_Nasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Apollo landing sites</figcaption></figure> <p>Johnson had championed the US human spaceflight program ever since Sputnik, sponsoring legislation to create NASA while he was still a senator. When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best achievement to counter the Soviets' lead, Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating them to a crewed lunar landing, but not for anything less. Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space. He ensured continuing funding, shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut, but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects. These diversions dismayed NASA's leader, <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a>, who perceived the need for NASA's support from the scientific community. </p><p>The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>, which achieved a perfect record: zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle-caused mission failures in thirteen launches. </p><p>For the program to succeed, its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians both on the left (more money for social programs) and on the right (more money for the military). By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance, Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion: by 1965, 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo, up from 33 percent two years earlier. After Johnson <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President John F. Kennedy">became president in 1963</a>, his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969, as Kennedy had planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_strategy">Soviet strategy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet Moonshot</a></div> <p>Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> said in October 1963 the USSR was "not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon," while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race. Only after another year did the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon-landing attempt, which ultimately failed. </p><p>At the same time, Kennedy had suggested various joint programs, including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather-monitoring satellites, eventually resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo-Soyuz mission">Apollo-Soyuz mission</a>. Khrushchev, sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology, rejected the idea at first: if the USSR went to the Moon, it would go alone. Though Khrushchev was eventually warming up to the idea, the realization of a joint Moon landing was choked by Kennedy's assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-Launius_2019_pp._167–168_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launius_2019_pp._167–168-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Korolev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Korolev">Sergey Korolev</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>'s chief designer, had started promoting his <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> craft and the <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a> launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a human Moon landing. Khrushchev directed Korolev's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology, while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft, the Proton booster and the Zond, for a human cislunar flight in 1966. In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all crewed projects under his direction. </p><p>With Korolev's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967, coordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled. The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for a mission that would have placed <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> on the Moon's surface, but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969, plans for a crewed landing suffered first delay and then cancellation. </p><p>A program of automated return vehicles was begun, in the hope of being the first to return lunar rocks. This had several failures. It eventually succeeded with <a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this had little impact, because the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar landings and rock returns had already taken place by then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apollo_missions">Apollo missions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/250px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/330px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg/500px-Buzz_salutes_the_U.S._Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3929" data-file-height="3967" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, Lunar Module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside the deployed <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States flag</a> during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface.</figcaption></figure> <p>In total, twenty-four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon. Three have made the trip twice, and twelve have walked on its surface. Apollo 8 was a lunar-orbit-only mission, Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI), followed by LM staging to CSM redocking, while Apollo 13, originally scheduled as a landing, ended up as a lunar fly-by, by means of <a href="/wiki/Free_return_trajectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Free return trajectory">free return trajectory</a>; thus, none of these missions made landings. Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth-orbit-only missions. Apart from the inherent dangers of crewed Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13, one reason for their cessation according to astronaut <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> is the cost it imposes in government subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Moon_landings">Human Moon landings</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="background: #f9f9f9; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>Mission name </th> <th>Lunar lander </th> <th width="11%">Lunar landing date </th> <th width="11%">Lunar liftoff date </th> <th width="12%">Lunar landing site </th> <th>Duration on lunar surface (DD:HH:MM) </th> <th width="25%">Crew </th> <th>Number of <a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVAs</a> </th> <th>Total EVA Time (HH:MM) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle"><i>Eagle</i></a> </td> <td align="right">20 July 1969 </td> <td align="right">21 July 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tranquillitatis" title="Mare Tranquillitatis">Sea of Tranquility</a> </td> <td>0:21:31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2:31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> </td> <td><i>Intrepid</i> </td> <td align="right">19 November 1969 </td> <td align="right">21 November 1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Ocean of Storms</a> </td> <td>1:07:31 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Charles "Pete" Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>7:45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> </td> <td><i>Antares</i> </td> <td align="right">5 February 1971 </td> <td align="right">6 February 1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro</a> </td> <td>1:09:30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan B. Shepard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>9:21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> </td> <td><i>Falcon</i> </td> <td align="right">30 July 1971 </td> <td align="right">2 August 1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley Rille">Hadley Rille</a> </td> <td>2:18:55 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>18:33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> </td> <td><i>Orion</i> </td> <td align="right">21 April 1972 </td> <td align="right">24 April 1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Descartes_Highlands" title="Descartes Highlands">Descartes Highlands</a> </td> <td>2:23:02 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>20:14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> </td> <td><i>Challenger</i> </td> <td align="right">11 December 1972 </td> <td align="right">14 December 1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a> </td> <td>3:02:59 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison "Jack" Schmitt</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>22:04 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_aspects_of_the_successful_Apollo_landings">Other aspects of the successful Apollo landings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/220px--AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="270" data-mwtitle="AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv/AP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAP11_FINAL_APPROACH.ogv&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> land the first <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> on the Moon, 20 July 1969, creating <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> was the first of six <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> lunar landings.</figcaption></figure> <p>President Richard Nixon had speechwriter <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> prepare a condolence speech for delivery in case Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon's surface and could not be rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1951, science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> forecast that a man would reach the Moon by 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that NASA is <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">missing the original</a> <a href="/wiki/Slow-scan_television" title="Slow-scan television">Slow-scan television</a> tapes (which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk. Some news outlets have mistakenly reported the SSTV tapes found in Western Australia, but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tapes were found in 2008 and sold at auction in 2019 for the 50th anniversary of the landing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-businessinsider_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter#LROC" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">LROC</a> images, it has been determined that five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites, except Apollo 11.<sup id="cite_ref-LROC_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LROC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11.<sup id="cite_ref-LROC_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LROC-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_20th_century–21st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings"><span id="Late_20th_century.E2.80.9321st_century_uncrewed_crash_landings"></span>Late 20th century–21st century uncrewed crash landings</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiten_(Japan)"><span id="Hiten_.28Japan.29"></span>Hiten (Japan)</h3></div> <p>Launched on 24 January 1990, 11:46 UTC. At the end of its mission, the Japanese lunar orbiter <a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a> was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18:03:25.7 UT (11 April 03:03:25.7 JST).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_Prospector_(U.S.)"><span id="Lunar_Prospector_.28U.S..29"></span>Lunar Prospector (U.S.)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a> was launched on 7 January 1998. The mission ended on 31 July 1999, when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SMART-1_(ESA)"><span id="SMART-1_.28ESA.29"></span>SMART-1 (ESA)</h3></div> <p>Launched 27 September 2003, 23:14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana. At the end of its mission, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> lunar orbiter <a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> performed a controlled crash into the Moon, at about 2 km/s (7,200 km/h; 4,500 mph). The time of the crash was 3 September 2006, at 5:42 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandrayaan-1_(India)"><span id="Chandrayaan-1_.28India.29"></span>Chandrayaan-1 (India)</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO) performed a controlled hard landing with its <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a> (MIP). The MIP was ejected from the <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface. It impacted near <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_(crater)" title="Shackleton (crater)">Shackleton</a> crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008, 20:31 IST. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> was launched on 22 October 2008, 00:52 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_Of_India_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_Of_India-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chang'e_1_(China)"><span id="Chang.27e_1_.28China.29"></span>Chang'e 1 (China)</h3></div> <p>The Chinese lunar orbiter <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a>, executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009, 20:44 GMT, after a 16-month mission. <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> was launched on 24 October 2007, 10:05 UTC.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SELENE_(Japan)"><span id="SELENE_.28Japan.29"></span>SELENE (Japan)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a> or <i>Kaguya</i> after successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months, the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater <a href="/wiki/Gill_(lunar_crater)" title="Gill (lunar crater)">Gill</a> at 18:25 UTC on 10 June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-lunarimpact_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunarimpact-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a> or <i>Kaguya</i> was launched on 14 September 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LCROSS_(U.S.)"><span id="LCROSS_.28U.S..29"></span>LCROSS (U.S.)</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a> data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (LRO) on 18 June 2009 on board an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> rocket with a <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> upper stage. On 9 October 2009, at 11:31 UTC, the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface, releasing the kinetic <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">energy equivalent</a> of detonating approximately 2 tons of <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a> (8.86 <a href="/wiki/Gigajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigajoule">GJ</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six minutes later at 11:37 UTC, the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GRAIL_(U.S.)"><span id="GRAIL_.28U.S..29"></span>GRAIL (U.S.)</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Interior_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory">GRAIL</a> mission consisted of two small spacecraft: GRAIL A (<i>Ebb</i>), and GRAIL B (<i>Flow</i>). They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket. GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch, and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LADEE_(U.S.)"><span id="LADEE_.28U.S..29"></span>LADEE (U.S.)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Atmosphere_and_Dust_Environment_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer">LADEE</a> was launched on 7 September 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-gsfc-ladee_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsfc-ladee-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt20140418_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt20140418-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abc20140418_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc20140418-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of <a href="/wiki/Sundman_(crater)" title="Sundman (crater)">Sundman V crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141028-NNJ_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141028-NNJ-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20140418_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20140418-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission_(Luxembourg)"><span id="Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission_.28Luxembourg.29"></span>Manfred Memorial Moon Mission (Luxembourg)</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">Manfred Memorial Moon Mission</a> was launched on 23 October 2014. It conducted a lunar flyby and operated for 19 days which was four times longer than expected. The Manfred Memorial Moon Mission remained attached to the upper stage of its launch vehicle (CZ-3C/E). The spacecraft along with its upper stage impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century_uncrewed_soft_landings_and_attempts">21st century uncrewed soft landings and attempts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chang'e_3_(China)"><span id="Chang.27e_3_.28China.29"></span>Chang'e 3 (China)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yutu_rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yutu rover on lunar surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/250px-Yutu_rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/330px-Yutu_rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Yutu_rover.jpg/500px-Yutu_rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yutu_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Yutu rover"><i>Yuto</i> rover</a> on lunar surface</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 December 2013 at 13:12 UTC,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing_(rocketry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft landing (rocketry)">soft-landed</a> a <a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">rover</a> on the Moon. This was China's first soft landing on another celestial body and world's first lunar soft landing since <a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">Luna 24</a> on 22 August 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was launched on 1 December 2013. After successful landing, the lander release the <a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a>, which moved 114 meters before being immobilized due to system malfunction. But the rover was still operational until July 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-sfn-20160804_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfn-20160804-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chang'e_4_(China)"><span id="Chang.27e_4_.28China.29"></span>Chang'e 4 (China)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chang'e 4 lander on the surface of far side of the Moon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png/220px-ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png/330px-ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png/440px-ChangE-4_-_PCAM.png 2x" data-file-width="5324" data-file-height="3204" /></a><figcaption>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> lander on the surface of far side of the Moon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChangE-4,_Yutu-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yutu-2 rover deployed by Chang'e 4 lander." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png/220px-ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png/330px-ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png/440px-ChangE-4%2C_Yutu-2.png 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> rover deployed by Chang'e 4 lander</figcaption></figure> <p>On 3 January 2019 at 2:26 UTC, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> became the first spacecraft to land on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chang'e 4 was originally designed as the backup of Chang'e 3. It was later adjusted as a mission to the far side of the Moon after the success of Chang'e 3.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After making a successful landing within <a href="/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_(lunar_crater)" title="Von Kármán (lunar crater)">Von Kármán crater</a>, the Chang'e 4 lander deployed the 140-kilogram (310 lb) <a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a> and began human's first close exploration of the far side of the Moon. Because the Moon blocks the communications between far side and Earth, a relay satellite, <a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a>, was launched to the Earth–Moon L2 <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian point</a> a few months prior to the landing to enable communications. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i>, the second lunar rover from China, was equipped with panoramic camera, <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">lunar penetrating radar</a>, visible and near-infrared Imaging spectrometer and advanced small analyzer for neutrals. As of July 2022, it has survived more than 1000 days on the lunar surface and is still driving with cumulative travel distance of over 1200 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beresheet_(Israel/SpaceIL)"><span id="Beresheet_.28Israel.2FSpaceIL.29"></span><i>Beresheet</i> (Israel/SpaceIL)</h3></div> <p>On 22 February 2019, Israeli private space agency <a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a> launched their spacecraft <i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i> on a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, Florida with the intention of achieving a soft landing. SpaceIL lost contact with the spacecraft during final descent on 11 April 2019, and it crashed as a result of a main engine failure. </p><p>The mission was the first Israeli, and the first privately funded, lunar landing attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the failure, the mission represented the closest a private entity had come to a soft lunar landing at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SpaceIL was originally conceived in 2011 as a venture to pursue the <a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a>. The <i>Beresheet</i> lunar lander's target landing destination was within Mare Serenitatis, a vast volcanic basin on the Moon's northern near side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandrayaan-2_(India)"><span id="Chandrayaan-2_.28India.29"></span>Chandrayaan-2 (India)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a>, the Indian National Space agency, launched <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> on 22 July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had three major modules: orbiter, lander and rover. Each of these modules had scientific instruments from scientific research institutes in India and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September 2019 contact was lost with the <i>Vikram</i> lander at an altitude of 2.1 km (1.3 mi) after a rough braking phase.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vikram</i> was later confirmed to have crashed and been destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hakuto-R_Mission_1_(Japan)"><span id="Hakuto-R_Mission_1_.28Japan.29"></span>Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Japan)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SORAQ-BackView.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SORAQ-BackView.jpg/220px-SORAQ-BackView.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SORAQ-BackView.jpg/330px-SORAQ-BackView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/SORAQ-BackView.jpg/440px-SORAQ-BackView.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Sora-Q mini rover carried by Hakuto-R</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a> was a commercial lander developed by <a href="/wiki/Ispace_Inc." title="Ispace Inc.">ispace_Inc.</a>. It was launched on 11 December 2022 aboard a <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> rocket on a <a href="/wiki/Low-energy_transfer" title="Low-energy transfer">low-energy transfer trajectory</a> that entered Lunar orbit 21 March 2023. An attempted landing on 25 April 2023 failed due to software misinterpretation of laser altimeter data.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chang'e_5_(China)"><span id="Chang.27e_5_.28China.29"></span>Chang'e 5 (China)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png/250px-Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png/330px-Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png/500px-Chang-e_5_back_to_CAST_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> returner carrying lunar sample was transported back to <a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 December 2020 at 21:42 UTC, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> landed and collected the first lunar soil samples in over 40 years, and then <a href="/wiki/Sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">returned the samples</a> to Earth. The 8.2t stack consisting of lander, ascender, orbiter and returner was launched to lunar orbit by a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> rocket on 24 November. The lander-ascender combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing near <a href="/wiki/Mons_R%C3%BCmker" title="Mons Rümker">Mons Rümker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oceanus_Procellarum" title="Oceanus Procellarum">Oceanus Procellarum</a>. The ascender was later launched back to lunar orbit, carrying samples collected by the lander, and completed the first-ever robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which successfully landed on <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> on 16 December 2020, completing China's first extraterrestrial sample return mission.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luna_25_(Russia)"><span id="Luna_25_.28Russia.29"></span>Luna 25 (Russia)</h3></div> <p>In Russia's first attempt to reach the Moon since 1976, and since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> spacecraft failed during "pre-landing" maneuvers, and crashed into the lunar surface on 19 August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandrayaan-3_(India)"><span id="Chandrayaan-3_.28India.29"></span>Chandrayaan-3 (India)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan3-landed_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vikram lander of Chandrayaan-3 near lunar south pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Chandrayaan3-landed_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Vikram</i> lander of Chandrayaan-3 near lunar south pole</figcaption></figure> <p>India's national space agency <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">ISRO</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> on 14 July 2023. Chandrayaan-3 consists of an Indigenous Lander Module (LM), Propulsion module (PM) and the <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i></a> rover. The lander with the rover successfully landed near the lunar south pole at 18:04 IST on 23 August 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon_(Japan)"><span id="Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon_.28Japan.29"></span>Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (Japan)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">Smart Lander for Investigating Moon</a> (SLIM) mission on 6 September 2023 at 23:42 UTC (7 September 08:42 Japan Standard Time). It landed on 19 January 2024 at 15:20 UTC, making Japan the fifth country to soft-land on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solar panel orientation issues and possible landing damage complicated the spacecraft's operation.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JS_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission also deployed two rovers which operated successfully and independently communicated with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IM-1_Odysseus_(USA)"><span id="IM-1_Odysseus_.28USA.29"></span>IM-1 <i>Odysseus</i> (USA)</h3></div> <p>On 22 February 2024, Intuitive Machine's <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines_Nova-C#IM-1_mission" title="Intuitive Machines Nova-C"><i>Odysseus</i></a> successfully landed on the Moon after taking off on a SpaceX <a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> liftoff on 15 February 2024 in a mission between <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines" title="Intuitive Machines">Intuitive Machines</a>, marking the United States' first soft unmanned Moon landing in over 50 years. This mission also marks the first <a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">privately owned spacecraft</a> to land on the Moon and the first landing with <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-space.com_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it landed successfully, one of the lander's legs broke upon landing and it tilted up on the other side, 18°, due to landing on a slope, but the lander survived and payloads are functioning as expected.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EagleCam was not ejected prior to landing. It was later ejected on 28 February but was partially a failure as it returned all types of data except post-IM-1 landing images that were the main aim of its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chang'e_6_(China)"><span id="Chang.27e_6_.28China.29"></span>Chang'e 6 (China)</h3></div> <p>China sent <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(crater)" title="Apollo (crater)">Apollo Basin</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">far side of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_FI-20230425_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_FI-20230425-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved by <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> from the lunar near side four years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also carried a Chinese rover called <i>Jinchan</i> to conduct <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-AJ_FI-20240601_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJ_FI-20240601-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-segeryu240602_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segeryu240602-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ascender was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at 23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, and later completed another robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which landed on <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> on 25 June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_Ghost_M1_(USA)"><span id="Blue_Ghost_M1_.28USA.29"></span>Blue Ghost M1 (USA)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly Aerospace</a>'s lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads as a part of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> program to <a href="/wiki/Mare_Crisium" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a>, was launched on 15 January 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It successfully landed on 2 March 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hakuto-R_Mission_2_(Japan)"><span id="Hakuto-R_Mission_2_.28Japan.29"></span>Hakuto-R Mission 2 (Japan)</h3></div> <p>The second mission of the Hakuto-R program by ispace, <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>, carrying the RESILIENCE lunar lander and TENACIOUS <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">micro rover</a>, was launched on 15 January 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_M1" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Ghost M1">Blue Ghost M1</a> lander.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landing is expected in <a href="/wiki/Mare_Frigoris" title="Mare Frigoris">Mare Frigoris</a> around 6 June 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-Landing_Date_Announcement_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Landing_Date_Announcement-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IM-2_Athena_(USA)"><span id="IM-2_Athena_.28USA.29"></span>IM-2 <i>Athena</i> (USA)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Machines" title="Intuitive Machines">Intuitive Machines</a>'s lunar lander <a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a>, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial rovers (<a href="/wiki/Yaoki" title="Yaoki">Yaoki</a>, AstroAnt, Micro-Nova and MAPP LV1) and payloads as a part of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> program to <a href="/wiki/Mons_Mouton" title="Mons Mouton">Mons Mouton</a>, was launched on 27 February 2025 on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle with <a href="/wiki/AstroForge#Odin_(Brokkr-2)" title="AstroForge">Brokkr-2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IM-2 landed on 6 March 2025. The spacecraft was intact after touchdown but resting on its side, thereby complicating its planned science and technology demonstration mission; this outcome is similar to what occurred with the company's IM-1 Odysseus spacecraft in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-JF20250306_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JF20250306-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-im-2_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-im-2-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 13, Intuitive Machines shared that, like on the IM-1 mission, the <i>Athena</i>'s <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> had failed during landing, leaving its onboard computer without an accurate altitude reading. As a result, the spacecraft struck a plateau, tipped over, and skidded across the lunar surface, rolling once or twice before settling inside the crater. The company's CEO compared it to a baseball player <a href="/wiki/Slide_(baseball)" title="Slide (baseball)">sliding</a> into a base. During the slide, the spacecraft rolled once or twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landings_on_moons_of_other_Solar_System_bodies">Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies</h2></div> <p>21st century progress in <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> has broadened the phrase <i>moon landing</i> to include other moons in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)"><i>Huygens</i> probe</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> mission to <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> performed a successful moon landing on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> in 2005. The Soviet probe <a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a> came within 190 km (120 mi) of performing a landing on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>' moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost. A similar Russian sample return mission called <a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> ("grunt" means "soil" in Russian) launched in November 2011, but stalled in low Earth orbit. There is widespread interest in performing a future landing on <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_future_missions">Proposed future missions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon#Future_missions" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon § Future missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/330px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/500px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png/960px-Artemis_Accords_and_ILRS_members.png 2x" data-file-width="6024" data-file-height="3224" /></a><figcaption>Signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (red).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> is a robotic space mission concept by ISRO and Japan's space agency <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JI_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JI-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would send a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">lunar rover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">lander</a> to explore <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">south pole</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-I_Times_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I_Times-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPN_20190730_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPN_20190730-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JAXA is likely to provide launch service using the future <a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a> rocket, along with responsibility for the rover. ISRO would be responsible for the lander. ISRO, following the success of <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan 3</a> also has plans to launch <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan 4</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">sample return mission</a>, which would possibly be the first to return soil from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">water rich</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">south polar basin</a>, in a landing close to <a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a>. The mission is planned by late 2028. Both nations are also active participants in the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JI_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JI-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPGU2019_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPGU2019-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 December 2017, US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> signed Space Policy <a href="/wiki/Directive_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 1">Directive 1</a>, which directed NASA to return to the Moon with a crewed mission, for long-term exploration and use and missions to other planets.<sup id="cite_ref-spo20171217_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spo20171217-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March 2019, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_Mike_Pence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President Mike Pence">Vice President Mike Pence</a> formally announced that the mission will include the first female lunar astronaut.<sup id="cite_ref-Pence_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pence-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> had intended to land a crewed mission on the Moon in 2024, and to begin sustained operations by 2028, supported by a planned <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NASA lunar landing mission has since been postponed to launch no earlier than September 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> plans 3 additional Chang'e uncrewed missions between 2025 and 2028, in active preparation for the <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> it plans to construct with Russia, Venezuela, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates in the 2030s. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">China Manned Space Agency</a> intends to conduct crewed lunar landings by 2029 or 2030; in preparation for this effort, the various Chinese space agencies and contractors are currently developing a human-rated super-heavy launch vehicle (the <a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a>), a new <a href="/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">crewed lunar spacecraft</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_crewed_lunar_lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese crewed lunar lander">crewed lunar lander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> has announced plans to launch a lunar polar orbiter as <a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a>, in 2027. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Escape_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Escape Systems">Lunar Escape Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goddard" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Goddard">Robert Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Soyuz 7K-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_on_the_Moon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="First on the Moon (disambiguation)">First on the Moon (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spaceline.org/flightchron/apollo11.html">"Manned Space Chronology: Apollo_11"</a>. spaceline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunar+Missions+1958+through+1965&rft.pub=Nasa+History+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19780007206_1978007206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger4_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-012A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 4 Details"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+4+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1962-012A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger6-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger6_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-007A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 6 Details"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+6+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1964-007A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger5-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger5_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger5_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-055A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 5 Details"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+5+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1962-055A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger7_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-041A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 7 Details"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+7+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1964-041A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger8_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-010A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 8 Details"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+8+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1965-010A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa-ranger9-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nasa-ranger9_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-023A">"NASA – NSSDC – Spacecraft – Ranger 9 Details"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+%E2%80%93+NSSDC+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft+%E2%80%93+Ranger+9+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fnmc%2Fspacecraft%2Fdisplay.action%3Fid%3D1965-023A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-0-able1/">"Able 1 (Pioneer 0) - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Able+1+%28Pioneer+0%29+-+NASA+Science&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fpioneer-0-able1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-1-able-2/">"Able 2 (Pioneer 1) - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. 21 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Able+2+%28Pioneer+1%29+-+NASA+Science&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fpioneer-1-able-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NS-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NS_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NS_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-2/">"Pioneer 2 - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Pioneer+2+-+NASA+Science&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fpioneer-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PN-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PN_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-3/">"Pioneer 3 - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Pioneer+3+-+NASA+Science&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fpioneer-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P4_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P4_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-4/">"Pioneer 4 - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Pioneer+4+-+NASA+Science&rft.date=2017-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fmission%2Fpioneer-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/pioneer_p1.htm">"Pioneer P-1, P-3, P-30, P-31"</a>. <i>Gunter's Space Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA%2C+Intuitive+Machines+Share+Images+from+the+Moon%2C+Provide+Science+Updates+%E2%80%93+Artemis&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.nasa.gov%2Fartemis%2F2024%2F02%2F28%2Fnasa-intuitive-machines-share-images-from-the-moon-provide-science-updates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/SpaceTechLab/status/1762979276360479156">"2/3 mission plans and procedures in order to deploy its CubeSat camera system. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://confit.atlas.jp/guide/event-img/jpgu2019/PPS08-15/public/pdf">the original</a> on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+status+of+a+Japanese+lunar+polar+exploration+mission&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Hoshino&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rft.au=Ohtake%2C+Makiko&rft.au=Karouji%2C+Yuzuru&rft.au=Shiraishi%2C+Hiroaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconfit.atlas.jp%2Fguide%2Fevent-img%2Fjpgu2019%2FPPS08-15%2Fpublic%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spo20171217-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spo20171217_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/text-of-remarks-at-signing-of-trump-space-policy-directive-1-and-list-of-attendees/">"Text of Remarks at Signing of Trump Space Policy Directive 1 and List of Attendees"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043738/https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/text-of-remarks-at-signing-of-trump-space-policy-directive-1-and-list-of-attendees/">Archived</a> 12 May 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Marcia Smith, <i>Space Policy Online</i>, 11 December 2017, accessed 21 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pence-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pence_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith-Schoenwalder2019" class="citation web cs1">Smith-Schoenwalder, Cecelia (26 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2019-03-26/pence-tells-nasa-to-put-americans-on-the-moon-in-5-years">"Pence Tells NASA to Put Americans on the Moon in 5 Years"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Pence+Tells+NASA+to+Put+Americans+on+the+Moon+in+5+Years&rft.date=2019-03-26&rft.aulast=Smith-Schoenwalder&rft.aufirst=Cecelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-news%2Farticles%2F2019-03-26%2Fpence-tells-nasa-to-put-americans-on-the-moon-in-5-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/white-house-endorses-artemis-program/">White House endorses Artemis program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions/">"NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions"</a>. 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+delays+Artemis+2+and+3+missions&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fnasa-delays-artemis-2-and-3-missions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jones2023" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Jones (17 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/china-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan/">"China sets out preliminary crewed lunar landing plan"</a>. <i>spacenews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=spacenews.com&rft.atitle=China+sets+out+preliminary+crewed+lunar+landing+plan&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.au=Andrew+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchina-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">James Gleick</a>, "Moon Fever" [review of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Morton">Oliver Morton</a>, <i>The Moon: A History of the Future</i>; <i>Apollo's Muse: The Moon in the Age of Photography</i>, an exhibition at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, 3 July – 22 September 2019; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Douglas Brinkley</a>, <i>American Moonshot: John F. Kennedy and the Great Space Race; Brandon R. Brown, </i>The Apollo Chronicles: Engineering America's First Moon Missions<i>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Launius" title="Roger D. Launius">Roger D. Launius</a>, </i>Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race; <i>Apollo 11</i>, a documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Todd_Douglas_Miller" title="Todd Douglas Miller">Todd Douglas Miller</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a>, <i>Carrying the Fire: An Astronaut's Journeys (50th Anniversary Edition)</i>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehta2024" class="citation journal cs1">Mehta, Jatan (8 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00352-w">"How to test a Moon landing from Earth"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-024-00352-w">10.1038/d41586-024-00352-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38326425">38326425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:267545517">267545517</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=How+to+test+a+Moon+landing+from+Earth&rft.date=2024-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A267545517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38326425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-024-00352-w&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jatan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-024-00352-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoon+landing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/moonpage.html">NASA's page</a> on Moon landings, missions, etc. (includes information on other space agencies' missions).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/projectapolloarchive/21751523890/">Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery</a>: an independently organized collection of high-res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apolloinrealtime.org/">Apollo in Real Time</a>: an independently organized collection of different Apollo missions media, creating a comprehensive and interactive documentation of Apollo missions.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Blue_Ghost_Mission_1" title="Blue Ghost Mission 1"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">VI</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">VII</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_Mark_1_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Moon Mark 1 Pathfinder">Blue Moon Pathfinder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Mission_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffin Mission 1"><i>Griffin</i> M1</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-3" title="IM-3">IM-3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ghost_Mission_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2 (page does not exist)"><i>Blue Ghost</i> M2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ghost_Mission_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Ghost Mission 2 (page does not exist)">M3</a> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Korean Lunar Exploration Program">KLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_lunar_lander" title="Korean lunar lander">Korean lunar lander</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">Hakuto-R M3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>, 2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CLPS4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">CLPS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">MoonEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#Z-01" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed_lunar_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crewed lunar spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crewed_lunar_spacecraft53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Crewed lunar spacecraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK-1" title="LK-1">LK-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a> (<a href="/wiki/VA_spacecraft" title="VA spacecraft">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengzhou_(spacecraft)" title="Mengzhou (spacecraft)">Mengzhou</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo16LM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo 16 LEM"><img alt="Apollo 16 LEM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/120px-Apollo16LM.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Apollo16LM.jpg/250px-Apollo16LM.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></li> <li>Canceled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">Lunniy Korabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Future <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_HLS" title="Starship HLS">Starship HLS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moon landing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br />without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moon412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moon412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Topography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/120px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/250px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_limb" title="Lunar limb">Limb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_craters" title="Lunar craters">Craters</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Changesite-(Y)" title="Changesite-(Y)">Changesite-(Y)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Landing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Culmination" title="Culmination">Meridian passage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_deity" title="Lunar deity">Lunar deities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Earth_phase" title="Earth phase">Earth phase</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(Project_Apollo_era)" title="List of fictional astronauts (Project Apollo era)">Apollo era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_astronauts_(futuristic_exploration_of_Moon)" title="List of fictional astronauts (futuristic exploration of Moon)">futuristic exploration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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