CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Antwerp - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c41ee424-3952-441f-adcf-57b82dad9d6c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Antwerp","wgTitle":"Antwerp","wgCurRevisionId":1259632538,"wgRevisionId":1259632538,"wgArticleId":32149462,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Articles with Latin-language sources (la)","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links", "Articles with dead external links from October 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 Flemish-language sources (nl-be)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2021","Articles containing French-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Dutch IPA","Pages with French IPA","Articles with text in Germanic languages","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010","Articles needing additional references from September 2016","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link from Wikidata", "Pages using the Kartographer extension","Antwerp","Municipalities of Antwerp Province","Olympic cycling venues","Orthodox Jewish communities","Port cities and towns in Belgium","Port cities and towns of the North Sea","Provincial capitals of Flanders","Trading posts of the Hanseatic League","Venues of the 1920 Summer Olympics"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Antwerp","wgRelevantArticleId":32149462,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":51.217777777777776,"lon":4.400277777777778},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12892","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/1200px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="820"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/800px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="546"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/640px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="437"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Antwerp - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Antwerp rootpage-Antwerp skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antwerp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antwerp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antwerp" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antwerp" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toponymy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-1500" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1500"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-1500</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1500-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Reformation era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Dutch revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>17th–19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Neighborhoods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Neighborhoods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_district_of_Antwerp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_district_of_Antwerp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In the district of Antwerp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_district_of_Antwerp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_inner_city_-_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_inner_city_-_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The inner city - 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_inner_city_-_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerpen-Noord_-_2060" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerpen-Noord_-_2060"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Antwerpen-Noord - 2060</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerpen-Noord_-_2060-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerpen_intra-muros_-_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerpen_intra-muros_-_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Antwerpen intra-muros - 2018</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerpen_intra-muros_-_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerpen_extra-muros_-_2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerpen_extra-muros_-_2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Antwerpen extra-muros - 2020</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerpen_extra-muros_-_2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerpen_2030" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerpen_2030"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Antwerpen 2030</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerpen_2030-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linkeroever_-_2050" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linkeroever_-_2050"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Linkeroever - 2050</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linkeroever_-_2050-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berchem_-_2600" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berchem_-_2600"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Berchem - 2600</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berchem_-_2600-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cityscape and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreational_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreational_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Parks and recreational areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreational_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Historical population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicities_and_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicities_and_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ethnicities and religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicities_and_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Jewish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jain_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jain_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.2</span> <span>Jain community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jain_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.3</span> <span>Armenian community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Port</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diamonds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamonds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Diamonds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamonds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Local public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-City_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>City council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_mayors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_mayors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Former mayors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_mayors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Music and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Nightlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Local products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restaurants_and_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restaurants_and_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Restaurants and cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restaurants_and_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Choir_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Choir_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>World Choir Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Choir_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_to_Seafarers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_to_Seafarers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.8</span> <span>Missions to Seafarers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_to_Seafarers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Sister ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antwerp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 131 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%95" title="አንትወርፕ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንትወርፕ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="أنتويرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتويرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anvers" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Անտվերպեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անտվերպեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberes" title="Amberes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amberes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberes" title="Amberes – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Amberes" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpen" title="Antverpen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antverpen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="আন্টভের্প – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্টভের্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Антвэрпэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антвэрпэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anvers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_(parokya)" title="Antwerpen (parokya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antwerpen (parokya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpy" title="Antverpy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antverpy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αμβέρσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμβέρσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberes" title="Amberes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amberes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpeno_(urbo)" title="Antverpeno (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antverpeno (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberis" title="Amberis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Amberis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anberes" title="Anberes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anberes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="آنتورپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتورپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anvers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antuairp" title="Antuairp – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antuairp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anveres" title="Anveres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anveres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8A%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8E%9C" title="안트베르펜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안트베르펜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birnin_Antwerp" title="Birnin Antwerp – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Birnin Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Անտվերպեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտվերպեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anversa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="אנטוורפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטוורפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಂಟ್ವರ್ಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಂಟ್ವರ್ಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ანტვერპენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტვერპენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpa" title="Antwerpa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Antwerpa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv%C3%A8" title="Anvè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anvè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpia" title="Antverpia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antverpia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpene" title="Antverpene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antverpene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpenas" title="Antverpenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antverpenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpe" title="Antwerpe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antwerpe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Anversa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ആന്റ്‌വെർപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്റ്‌വെർപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatawepa" title="Anatawepa – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Anatawepa" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="अँटवर्प – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँटवर्प" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="انتويرب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتويرب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အန့်တွပ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အန့်တွပ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_(stad)" title="Antwerpen (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antwerpen (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwarpen" title="Antwarpen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Antwarpen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3" title="アントウェルペン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントウェルペン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Anversa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_(Steed)" title="Antwerpen (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antwerpen (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv%C3%A8rs" title="Anvèrs – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anvèrs" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpen" title="Antverpen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antverpen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="آنتویرپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آنتویرپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anv%C3%A9rse" title="Anvérse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Anvérse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwarp" title="Antwarp – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Antwarp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpia" title="Antwerpia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antwerpia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antu%C3%A9rpia" title="Antuérpia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antuérpia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anvers" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anversa" title="Anversa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Anversa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="انٽورپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽورپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpy" title="Antverpy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antverpy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwyrpijo" title="Antwyrpijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Antwyrpijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberes" title="Amberes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amberes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆண்ட்வெர்ப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆண்ட்வெர்ப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B" title="แอนต์เวิร์ป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอนต์เวิร์ป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anvers" title="Anvers – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anvers" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Антверпен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антверпен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%86" title="اینٹورپن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینٹورپن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antw%C3%A9rp" title="Antwérp – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Antwérp" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpen" title="Antverpen – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Antverpen" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antwerpen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_(zif)" title="Antwerpen (zif) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Antwerpen (zif)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anverse" title="Anverse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anverse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpn_(stad)" title="Antwerpn (stad) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Antwerpn (stad)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%AB%E6%99%AE" title="安特卫普 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安特卫普" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="אנטווערפן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנטווערפן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E8%A1%9E%E6%99%AE" title="安特衞普 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安特衞普" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antwerp" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen_(geme%C3%AAnte)" title="Antwerpen (gemeênte) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Antwerpen (gemeênte)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antverpens" title="Antverpens – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Antverpens" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%AB%E6%99%AE" title="安特卫普 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安特卫普" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12892#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Antwerp" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Antwerp" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Antwerp" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&oldid=1259632538" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Antwerp&id=1259632538&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntwerp"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntwerp"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antwerp&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Antwerpen" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antwerp" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antwerp" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12892" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antwerp&params=51_13_04_N_04_24_01_E_region:BE_type:city(536079)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°13′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°24′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.21778°N 4.40028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.21778; 4.40028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City located in Flanders, Belgium</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For the province, see <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp Province</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antwerp (disambiguation)">Antwerp (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anvers" redirects here. For the station on Paris Métro Line 2, see <a href="/wiki/Anvers_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anvers (Paris Métro)">Anvers (Paris Métro)</a>. For the island off the Antarctic coast, see <a href="/wiki/Anvers_Island" title="Anvers Island">Anvers Island</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and municipality in Flanders, Belgium</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Antwerp</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Antwerpen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>)</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Anvers</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amberes;_vistas_MAS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/268px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/402px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg/536px-Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3772" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Antwerp skyline with the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Our Lady</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antwerp Central Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg/135px-Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg/203px-Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg/270px-Antwerpen_-_Station_Antwerpen-Centraal_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5106" data-file-height="3685" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp Central Station">Antwerp Central Station</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG/129px-Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG/194px-Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG/258px-Meir_and_Boerentoren_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Boerentoren" title="Boerentoren">Boerentoren</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Museum aan de Stroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg/132px-Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg/198px-Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg/264px-Belgie_Antwerpen_MAS_Museum_aan_de_stroom_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">Museum aan de Stroom</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_port_house_(34504832790).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antwerp Port House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg/132px-Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg/198px-Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg/264px-Antwerp_port_house_%2834504832790%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="3291" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Building_(Antwerp)" title="Port Authority Building (Antwerp)">Port Authority Building</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antwerp_(City).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Antwerp"><img alt="Flag of Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_(City).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Antwerp"><img alt="Coat of arms of Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Antwerp_%28City%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="406" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Antwerp"><img alt="Official logo of Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/55px-Antwerpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/83px-Antwerpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/110px-Antwerpen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="227" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Sinjoren and Pagadders</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Atypisch Antwerpen (<i>Atypical Antwerp</i>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1222442370">.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container>label:first-of-type{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container a.mw-kartographer-container.floatleft,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tright,.mw-parser-output .mapframe-multi-container div.mw-kartographer-container.tleft{padding:0 0 0 0;margin:0 0 0 0}</style><div class="switcher-container mapframe-multi-container center"><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="9" data-lat="51.217777777778" data-lon="4.4002777777778" data-overlays="["_faf89aea3c366e055926627f22263fe945710fb0"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/51.217777777778/4.4002777777778/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,51.217777777778,4.4002777777778,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_faf89aea3c366e055926627f22263fe945710fb0" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,51.217777777778,4.4002777777778,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_faf89aea3c366e055926627f22263fe945710fb0 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Antwerp</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="6" data-lat="50.85" data-lon="4.35" data-overlays="["_ebc456308bb9299aae15bd4b4d1e87eea852554b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/6/50.85/4.35/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,50.85,4.35,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_ebc456308bb9299aae15bd4b4d1e87eea852554b" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,6,50.85,4.35,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_ebc456308bb9299aae15bd4b4d1e87eea852554b 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Belgium</span></div><div><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 280px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="280" data-zoom="3" data-lat="50.85" data-lon="4.35" data-overlays="["_2e4a639e15f026b67a2ee747bf3c05ea04021a2f"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/3/50.85/4.35/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,50.85,4.35,280x280.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_2e4a639e15f026b67a2ee747bf3c05ea04021a2f" width="280" height="280" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,3,50.85,4.35,280x280@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_2e4a639e15f026b67a2ee747bf3c05ea04021a2f 2x" alt="Map" /></a><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show Europe</span></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antwerp&params=51_13_04_N_04_24_01_E_region:BE_type:city(536079)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°13′04″N</span> <span class="longitude">04°24′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.21778°N 4.40028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.21778; 4.40028</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions,_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" title="Communities, regions, and language areas of Belgium">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boroughs</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp" title="Districts of Antwerp">Nine districts</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(district)" title="Antwerp (district)">Antwerp</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo" title="Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo">Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp" title="Hoboken, Antwerp">Hoboken</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Antwerp" title="List of mayors of Antwerp">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bart_De_Wever" title="Bart De Wever">Bart De Wever</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Vlaamse_Alliantie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie">N-VA</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nieuw-Vlaamse_Alliantie" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie">N-VA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vooruit_(political_party)" title="Vooruit (political party)">Vooruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Vlaamse_Liberalen_en_Democraten" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten">Open Vld</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">Municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">204.32 km<sup>2</sup> (78.89 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 m (26 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023-01-01)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">Municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">536,079</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,600/km<sup>2</sup> (7,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,230,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal codes">Postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">2000–2660</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Belgium" title="Telephone numbers in Belgium">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">03</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antwerpen.be">antwerpen.be</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antwerp</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/En-us-Antwerp.ogg\/En-us-Antwerp.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Antwerp.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/En-us-Antwerp.ogg/En-us-Antwerp.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Antwerp.ogg" title="File:En-us-Antwerp.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Antwerpen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Nl-Antwerpen.ogg\/Nl-Antwerpen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Antwerpen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Nl-Antwerpen.ogg/Nl-Antwerpen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Antwerpen.ogg" title="File:Nl-Antwerpen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Anvers</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɑ̃vɛʁs]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Anvers.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Anvers.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Anvers.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Anvers.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Anvers.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Jules78120-Anvers.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Anvers.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">city</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">municipality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flemish Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. It is the capital and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp Province</a>, and the third largest city in Belgium by area at 204.51 km<sup>2</sup> (78.96 sq mi) after <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Couvin" title="Couvin">Couvin</a>. With a population of 536,079,<sup id="cite_ref-BelMun2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BelMun2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_municipalities_in_Belgium" title="List of most populous municipalities in Belgium">most populous municipality</a> in Belgium, and with a metropolitan population of over 1.2 million people, the country's <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Belgium" title="Metropolitan areas in Belgium">second-largest metropolitan area</a> after <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BelMetr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BelMetr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flowing through Antwerp is the river <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>. Antwerp is linked to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> by the river's <a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Westerschelde</a> estuary. It is about 40 km (25 mi) north of Brussels, and about 15 km (9 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> border. The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a> is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe after <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's busiest container ports">within the top 20 globally</a>. The city is also known as the hub of the world's <a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond industry">diamond trade</a>. In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> rated Antwerp as a Gamma + (third level/top tier) <a href="/wiki/Global_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Global City">Global City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both economically and culturally, Antwerp is and has long been an important city in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, especially before and during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Spanish Fury</a> (1576) and throughout and after the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bourse_at_Antwerp" title="Bourse at Antwerp">Bourse at Antwerp</a>, originally built in 1531 and re-built in 1872, was the world's first purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Commodities_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities exchange">commodity exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fn2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, the city hosted the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>The inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed <i>Sinjoren</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[sɪˈɲoːrə(n)]</a></span>), after the Spanish honorific <i>señor</i> or French <i>seigneur</i>, "lord", referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's population is very diverse, including about 180 nationalities; as of 2019, more than 50% of its population had a parent that was not a Belgian citizen at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A notable community is the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Antwerp">Jewish one</a>, as Antwerp is one of the only two cities in Europe (together with <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> neighbourhood) that is home to a considerable <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> population in the 21st century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scaldis_en_Antverpia,_Abraham_Janssens_I,_(1609),_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen,_212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg/260px-Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg/390px-Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg/520px-Scaldis_en_Antverpia%2C_Abraham_Janssens_I%2C_%281609%29%2C_Koninklijk_Museum_voor_Schone_Kunsten_Antwerpen%2C_212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6891" data-file-height="3910" /></a><figcaption><i>Scaldis</i> ("the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>") <i>and Antverpia</i> ("Antwerp"), <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Janssens" title="Abraham Janssens">Abraham Janssens</a>, 1609, oil on panel, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early recorded versions of the name include <i>Ando Verpia</i> on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> coins found in the city centre,<sup id="cite_ref-belgiumview.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belgiumview.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanic <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">Andhunerbo</i></span> from around the time <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a> became a separate kingdom (that is, about 567 CE),<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (possibly originally Celtic) <i>Andoverpis</i> in <a href="/wiki/Audoin_(bishop)" title="Audoin (bishop)">Dado</a>'s <i>Life of <a href="/wiki/St._Eligius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Eligius">St. Eligius</a></i> <i>(Vita Eligii)</i> from about 700 CE. The form <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Antverpia</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Germanic (<a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Frisian</a>) origin could contain prefix <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">anda</i></span> ("against") and a noun derived from the verb <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">werpen</i></span> ("to throw") and denote, for example: land thrown up at the riverbank; an <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial deposit">alluvial deposit</a>; a mound (like a <a href="/wiki/Terp" title="Terp">terp</a>) thrown up (as a defence) against (something or someone); or a wharf.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-placenames_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-placenames-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antwerp_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antwerp-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If <i>Andoverpis</i> is Celtic in origin, it could mean "those who live on both banks".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> tradition that the name <i>Antwerpen</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">handwerpen</i></span> ("hand-throwing"). A <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giant</a> called <a href="/wiki/Druon_Antigoon" title="Druon Antigoon">Antigoon</a> is said to have lived near the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> river and extracted a toll from passing boatmen. He severed the hand of anyone who did not pay, and threw it in the river. Eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named <a href="/wiki/Silvius_Brabo" title="Silvius Brabo">Silvius Brabo</a>, who cut off the giant's own hand and flung that into the river. This is unlikely to be the true origin, but it is celebrated by <a href="/wiki/Brabo_Fountain" title="Brabo Fountain">a statue</a> (illustrated further below) in the city's main market square, the <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-belgiumview.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belgiumview.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Antwerp" title="Timeline of Antwerp">Timeline of Antwerp</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1500">Pre-1500</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-1500"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">vicus</a></i>. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt in 1952–1961 (ref. Princeton), produced pottery shards and fragments of glass from mid-2nd century to the end of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Antwerp_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antwerp-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> Antwerp was evangelized by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Amand" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Amand">Saint Amand</a> in the 7th century. <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Steen" title="Het Steen">Het Steen</a></i> Castle has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> period in the 9th century. The castle may have been built after the Viking incursions in the early Middle Ages; in 879 the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> invaded Flanders. The surviving structure was built between 1200 and 1225 as a gateway to a larger castle of the Dukes of Brabant which was demolished in the 19th century. It is Antwerp's oldest building.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Antwerp became a <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">margraviate</a> in 980, by the German emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a>, a border province facing the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a>. </p><p>In the 11th century, the best-known leader of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> (1096–1099), <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, was originally <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp#Margraves_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Margrave of Antwerp</a>, from 1076 until his death in 1100, though he was later also Duke of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Lorraine">Lower Lorraine</a> (1087–1100) and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Defender of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (1099–1100). In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Norbert_of_Xanten" title="Norbert of Xanten">Norbert of Xanten</a> established a community of his <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Premonstratensian">Premonstratensian canons</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Abbey,_Antwerp" title="St. Michael's Abbey, Antwerp">St. Michael's Abbey</a> at Caloes. Antwerp was also the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> during his early negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde" title="Jacob van Artevelde">Jacob van Artevelde</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Duke of Clarence</a>, was born there in 1338.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grote_Markt_(Antwerpen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg/310px-Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg/465px-Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg/620px-Grote_Markt_%28Antwerpen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8358" data-file-height="2890" /></a><figcaption><span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a></span></span> (main square)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the silting-up of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> and the consequent decline of <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Antwerp, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, grew in importance, with the city doubling its population between 1500 and 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 15th century, the foreign trading houses were transferred from Bruges to Antwerp, and the building assigned to the association of English merchants active in the city is specifically mentioned in 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the old Mediterranean trade routes were gradually losing importance and the discovery of new sea routes via Africa to Asia and via the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to America helped push Antwerp to a position of prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1504, the Portuguese had established Antwerp as one of their main shipping bases, bringing in spices from Asia and trading them for textiles and metal goods. The city's trade expanded to include cloth from England, Italy and Germany, <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> from Germany, France and Spain, salt from France, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>. The city's skilled workers processed soap, fish, sugar, and especially cloth. Banks helped finance the trade, the merchants, and the manufacturers. The city was a cosmopolitan center; its <a href="/wiki/Bourse_at_Antwerp" title="Bourse at Antwerp">bourse</a> opened in 1531, "To the merchants of all nations."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg/260px-Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg/390px-Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg/520px-Jan_Wildens_-_View_of_the_city_of_Antwerp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>View of Antwerp by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wildens" title="Jan Wildens">Jan Wildens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antwerp became the sugar capital of Europe, importing the raw commodity from Portuguese and Spanish plantations on both sides of the Atlantic, where it was grown by a mixture of free and forced labour, increasingly with <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a> as the century progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city attracted Italian and German sugar refiners by 1550, and shipped their refined product to Germany, especially <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp also had an unusually high number of painters, around 360 in 1560, in a city with a population of roughly 89,000 in 1569 (250 people per painter), it was the most important artistic centre north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, serving notable painters such as <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Pieter Bruegel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moneylenders and financiers developed a large business lending money all over Europe including the English government in 1544–1574. London bankers were too small to operate on that scale, and Antwerp had a highly efficient bourse that itself attracted rich bankers from around Europe. After the 1570s, the city's banking business declined: England ceased its borrowing in Antwerp in 1574.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> states that Antwerp became "the centre of the <i>entire</i> international economy, something Bruges had never been even at its height."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp had the highest growth rate and was the richest city in Europe at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-world_and_its_people_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_and_its_people-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> is tightly linked to the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Exploration</a>". During the first half of the 16th century, Antwerp grew to become the second-largest European city north of the Alps. Many foreign merchants were resident in the city. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>, the Florentine envoy, stated that hundreds of ships would pass in a day, and 2,000 carts entered the city each week. Portuguese ships laden with <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> would unload their cargo. According to Luc-Normand Tellier "It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the Spanish colonization of the Americas".<sup id="cite_ref-golden_age_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden_age-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg/220px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg/330px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg/440px-Wolf-Dietrich-Klebeband_St%C3%A4dtebilder_G_111_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Sack of Antwerp</a> in 1576, in which about 7,000 people died.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Without a long-distance merchant fleet, and governed by an oligarchy of banker-aristocrats forbidden to engage in trade, the economy of Antwerp was foreign-controlled, which made the city very cosmopolitan, with merchants and traders from <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and Portugal. Antwerp had a policy of toleration, which attracted a large crypto-<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Antwerp" title="History of the Jews in Antwerp">Jewish</a> community composed of migrants from Spain and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antwerp experienced three booms during its golden age: the first based on the pepper market, a second launched by American silver coming from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> (ending with the bankruptcy of Spain in 1557), and a third boom, after the stabilizing <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis</a> in 1559, based on the textiles industry. At the beginning of the 16th century, Antwerp accounted for 40% of world trade.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_age_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden_age-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living squeezed less-skilled workers. In the century after 1541, the city's economy and population declined dramatically. The Portuguese merchants left in 1549, and there was much less trade in English cloth. Numerous financial bankruptcies began around 1557. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> replaced Antwerp as the major trading center for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformation_era">Reformation era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religious revolution of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> erupted in violent riots in August 1566, as in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. The regent <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret, Duchess of Parma</a>, was swept aside when <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> sent the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> at the head of an army the following summer. When the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch revolt against Spain</a> broke out in 1568, commercial trading between Antwerp and the Spanish port of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a> collapsed and became impossible. On 4 November 1576, Spanish soldiers sacked the city during the so-called <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Spanish Fury</a>: 8,000 citizens were massacred, several houses burnt down, and over £2 million sterling of damage was done. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch_revolt">Dutch revolt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dutch revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG/220px-1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG/330px-1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG/440px-1593_Valckenborch_Ansicht_von_Antwerpen_mit_zugefrorener_Schelde_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>View of Antwerp with the frozen Scheldt (1590) by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_van_Valckenborch" title="Lucas van Valckenborch">Lucas van Valckenborch</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequently, the city joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> in 1579 and became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>. In 1585, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza</a>, captured it after a <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Antwerp (1584–1585)">long siege</a> and as part of the terms of surrender its <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> citizens were given two years to settle their affairs before quitting the city.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most went to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> in the north, starting the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>. Antwerp's banking was controlled for a generation by <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> became the new trading centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–19th_centuries"><span id="17th.E2.80.9319th_centuries"></span>17th–19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 17th–19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen,_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_(Claes_Jansz._Visscher,_1624).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg/220px-Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg/330px-Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg/440px-Marchionatus_Sacri_Romani_Imperii_-_Antwerpen%2C_het_markgraafschap_en_de_belangrijkste_gebouwen_%28Claes_Jansz._Visscher%2C_1624%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4582" /></a><figcaption>Map of Antwerp (1624)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt,_photochrom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png/220px-Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png/330px-Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png/440px-Antwerp_and_the_river_Scheldt%2C_photochrom.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Antwerp and the river Scheldt, photochrom, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890–1900</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp,_Belgium,_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_(ca._1890-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg/220px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg/330px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg/440px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium%2C_from_the_left_bank_of_the_Scheldt_%28ca._1890-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Antwerp from the left bank of the Scheldt, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890–1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The recognition of the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Treaty of Münster</a> in 1648 stipulated that the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> should be closed to navigation, which destroyed Antwerp's trading activities. This impediment remained in force until 1863, although the provisions were relaxed during French rule from 1795 to 1814, and also during the time Belgium formed part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the United Netherlands</a> (1815 to 1830).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp had reached the lowest point in its fortunes in 1800, and its population had sunk to under 40,000, when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a>, realizing its strategic importance, assigned funds to enlarge the harbour by constructing a new dock (still named the Bonaparte Dock), an <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">access-lock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">mole</a>, and deepening the Scheldt to allow larger ships to approach Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-world_and_its_people_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_and_its_people-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon hoped that by making Antwerp's harbour the finest in Europe he would be able to counter the Port of London and hamper British growth. However, he was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> before he could see the plan through.<sup id="cite_ref-world_and_its_people2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_and_its_people2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, the city was captured by the Belgian insurgents, but the citadel continued to be held by a Dutch garrison under General <a href="/wiki/David_Hendrik_Chass%C3%A9" title="David Hendrik Chassé">David Hendrik Chassé</a>. For a time, Chassé subjected the town to periodic bombardment which inflicted much damage, and at the end of 1832, the citadel itself was besieged by the French Northern Army commanded by Marechal <a href="/wiki/Gerard" title="Gerard">Gerard</a>. During this attack, the town was further damaged. In December 1832, after a gallant defence, Chassé made an honourable surrender, ending the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1832)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1832)">Siege of Antwerp (1832)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that century, a double ring of <a href="/wiki/Brialmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Brialmont">Brialmont</a> Fortresses was constructed some 10 km (6 mi) from the city centre, as Antwerp was considered vital for the survival of the young Belgian state. And in 1894 Antwerp presented itself to the world via a <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_Exposition_(1894)" title="Antwerp International Exposition (1894)">World's Fair</a> attended by 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG/220px-Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG/330px-Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG/440px-Willy_St%C3%B6wer_-_Antwerpen_1914.JPG 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">German bombardment of Antwerp</a>, October 1914, by <a href="/wiki/Willy_St%C3%B6wer" title="Willy Stöwer">Willy Stöwer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antwerp was the first city to host the <a href="/wiki/World_Gymnastics_Championships" class="mw-redirect" title="World Gymnastics Championships">World Gymnastics Championships</a>, in 1903. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the city became the fallback point of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> after the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1914)" title="Siege of Antwerp (1914)">Siege of Antwerp</a> lasted for 11 days, but the city was taken after heavy fighting by the German Army, and the Belgians were forced to retreat westwards. Antwerp remained under <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German occupation</a> until the Armistice. A few years later, Antwerp hosted the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city was an important strategic target because of its port. It was <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">occupied by Germany</a> on 18 May 1940 and liberated by the <a href="/wiki/11th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="11th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">British 11th Armoured Division</a> on 4 September 1944. After this, the Germans attempted to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a>, which was used by the Allies to bring new material ashore. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Rheinbote" title="Rheinbote">Rheinbote</a>, <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> missiles were fired (more V-2s than used on all other targets during the entire war combined), causing severe damage to the city but failed to destroy the port due to poor accuracy. After the war, Antwerp, which had already had a sizeable Jewish population before the war, once again became a major European centre of <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> (and particularly <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. </p><p>A Ten-Year Plan for the port of Antwerp (1956–1965) expanded and modernized the port's infrastructure with national funding to build a set of canal docks. The broader aim was to facilitate the growth of the north-eastern Antwerp metropolitan region, which attracted new industry based on a flexible and strategic implementation of the project as a co-production between various authorities and private parties. The plan succeeded in extending the linear layout along the Scheldt river by connecting new satellite communities to the main strip.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the 1990s, Antwerp rebranded itself as a world-class fashion centre. Emphasizing the avant-garde, it tried to compete with <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. It emerged from organized tourism and mega-cultural events.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Districts">Districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp" title="Districts of Antwerp">Districts of Antwerp</a></div><p>The municipality comprises the city of Antwerp proper and several towns. It is divided into nine entities (districts): </p><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>name </th> <th>surface <p><small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small> </p> </th> <th>inhabitants </th> <th>population density </th> <th>population density <p>in residential areas </p> </th> <th>Flag </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(district)" title="Antwerp (district)">Antwerp</a> </td> <td>83,18 </td> <td>198,784 </td> <td>2,390 </td> <td>11,959 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Antwerp_(district).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Antwerp (district)"><img alt="Flag of Antwerp (district)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Antwerp_%28district%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="709" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a> </td> <td>5,70 </td> <td>43,325 </td> <td>7,603 </td> <td>10,717 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berchem,_Antwerp.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Berchem, Antwerp"><img alt="Flag of Berchem, Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg/60px-Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg/90px-Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg/120px-Flag_of_Berchem%2C_Antwerp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo" title="Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo">Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo</a> </td> <td>52,43 </td> <td>9,962 </td> <td>190 </td> <td>3,315 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Berchem, Antwerp"><img alt="Flag of Berchem, Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg/60px-Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg/90px-Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg/120px-Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo_vlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a> </td> <td>3,90 </td> <td>46,424 </td> <td>11,904 </td> <td>17,026 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Borgerhout_(district).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blason ville be Borgerhout"><img alt="Blason ville be Borgerhout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Borgerhout_%28district%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="709" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a> </td> <td>13,03 </td> <td>82,270 </td> <td>6,315 </td> <td>11,932 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Deurne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Deurne"><img alt="Flag of Deurne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Deurne.svg/60px-Flag_of_Deurne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Deurne.svg/90px-Flag_of_Deurne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Flag_of_Deurne.svg/120px-Flag_of_Deurne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="779" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a> </td> <td>13,48 </td> <td>28,720 </td> <td>2,131 </td> <td>4,614 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekeren_vlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ekeren vlag"><img alt="Ekeren vlag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ekeren_vlag.jpg/60px-Ekeren_vlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ekeren_vlag.jpg/90px-Ekeren_vlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ekeren_vlag.jpg/120px-Ekeren_vlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp" title="Hoboken, Antwerp">Hoboken</a> </td> <td>10,52 </td> <td>41,352 </td> <td>3,932 </td> <td>8,451 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoboken_vlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hoboken vlag"><img alt="Hoboken vlag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoboken_vlag.jpg/60px-Hoboken_vlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoboken_vlag.jpg/90px-Hoboken_vlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Hoboken_vlag.jpg/120px-Hoboken_vlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="251" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a> </td> <td>8,42 </td> <td>45,929 </td> <td>5,457 </td> <td>10,691 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Merksem_(district).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Merksem (district)"><img alt="Flag of Merksem (district)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Merksem_%28district%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="709" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a> </td> <td>13,71 </td> <td>41,916 </td> <td>3,057 </td> <td>7,026 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilrijk_vlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wilrijk vlag"><img alt="Wilrijk vlag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wilrijk_vlag.jpg/60px-Wilrijk_vlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wilrijk_vlag.jpg/90px-Wilrijk_vlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Wilrijk_vlag.jpg/120px-Wilrijk_vlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="269" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_Districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antwerpen_Districts.png/220px-Antwerpen_Districts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antwerpen_Districts.png/330px-Antwerpen_Districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antwerpen_Districts.png/440px-Antwerpen_Districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1958, in preparation of the 10-year development plan for the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a>, the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo" title="Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo">Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo</a> were integrated into the city territory and lost their administrative independence. During the 1983 merger of municipalities, conducted by the Belgian government as an administrative simplification, the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp" title="Hoboken, Antwerp">Hoboken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a> were merged into the city. At that time the city was also divided into the districts mentioned above. Simultaneously, districts received an appointed district council; later district councils became elected bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neighboring municipality of <a href="/wiki/Borsbeek" title="Borsbeek">Borsbeek</a> has declared the intention to become the tenth district of the city of Antwerp. However, the final decision has not been made and a non-binding citizens vote on the matter is scheduled for September 2023. </p><p>With the exception of Ekeren and Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo, all the districts form together one contiguous inhabited area. The former town halls have been converted into district halls and the former town centers are now local main streets within the larger urban agglomeration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_district_of_Antwerp">In the district of Antwerp</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In the district of Antwerp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical city of Antwerp consists nowadays of the following neighborhoods. For a few of them, the postal code has become a cultural reference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_inner_city_-_2000">The inner city - 2000</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The inner city - 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encompassing the area between the river and the Spanish fortification walls, this is the historical heart of Antwerp. On the place of the Spanish walls is now an avenue called <i>de Leien</i> in Dutch or <i>den Boulevard</i> in the local dialect. Tourist sights such as the Cathedral are located here, but also more mundane places. </p><p>Quarters in the inner city are: </p> <ul><li>Historical centre</li> <li>Meir</li> <li>Schipperskwartier</li> <li>Quartier Latin</li> <li>University quarter</li> <li>het Zuid</li> <li>nieuw Zuid</li> <li>het Eilandje</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antwerpen-Noord_-_2060">Antwerpen-Noord - 2060</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antwerpen-Noord - 2060"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerpen-Noord or synonymously 2060 is a densely populated part of the city, and the most diverse one as well. </p> <ul><li>Seefhoek</li> <li>Stuivenberg</li> <li>Amandus-Atheneum</li> <li>Dam</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antwerpen_intra-muros_-_2018">Antwerpen intra-muros - 2018</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Antwerpen intra-muros - 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is not a neighborhood by itself, but is the postal code for the remaining quarters of the district that lie between <i>de Leien</i> and the ringway. </p> <ul><li>Statiekwartier</li> <li>Diamond square</li> <li>Groen Kwartier</li> <li>Haringrode</li> <li>Zurenborg</li> <li>Brederode</li> <li>Klein-Antwerpen</li> <li>Kievit quarter</li> <li>Harmonie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antwerpen_extra-muros_-_2020">Antwerpen extra-muros - 2020</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Antwerpen extra-muros - 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kiel</li> <li>Tentoonstellingswijk</li> <li>Middelheim (the border with the district of Wilrijk runs rights through this quarter)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antwerpen_2030">Antwerpen 2030</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Antwerpen 2030"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Luchtbal</li> <li>Not a quarter, but a significant amount of territory here are industrial and uninhabited port terrains.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linkeroever_-_2050">Linkeroever - 2050</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Linkeroever - 2050"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>United with the city in 1923, Linkeroever ("Left bank") consists of the former polders of <a href="/wiki/Zwijndrecht,_Belgium" title="Zwijndrecht, Belgium">Zwijndrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burcht,_Antwerp" title="Burcht, Antwerp">Burcht</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berchem_-_2600">Berchem - 2600</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Berchem - 2600"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Antwerp-Berchem</a>: Vibrant district, rich history, lively streets, major transportation hub. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape_and_architecture">Cityscape and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cityscape and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp's architecture is a blend of old and new, with a cultural heritage spanning from the Gothic and Renaissance periods to contemporary designs. In the 16th century, the city was noted for the wealth of its citizens (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Antwerpia nummis</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The houses of these wealthy merchants and manufacturers have been preserved throughout the city. However, fire has destroyed several old buildings, such as the house of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> on the northern quays, in 1891. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the city also suffered considerable damage from <a href="/wiki/Vergeltungswaffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergeltungswaffe">V-bombs</a>. Here are some of the most notable examples of Antwerp's diverse architecture: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Building_(Antwerp)" title="Port Authority Building (Antwerp)">The Port House</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Zaha_Hadid" title="Zaha Hadid">Zaha Hadid</a>, is a contemporary landmark that juxtaposes a restored neoclassical building with a futuristic glass-clad extension.</li> <li>The Provincial Government Building, designed by <a href="/wiki/Xaveer_De_Geyter" title="Xaveer De Geyter">Xaveer De Geyter</a> Architects, is a unique triangular-shaped building with a natural stone façade located in the historic city center.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSingel" title="DeSingel">De Singel</a>, a cultural center with a modernist design, features a mix of glass and concrete and is considered an architectural marvel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice Antwerp">The Palace of Justice</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a>', is a modern building with a prominent dome and makes extensive use of glass and steel.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">MAS Museum</a>, with its distinctive red sandstone façade, is a contemporary building that explores Antwerp's rich maritime history.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Zurenborg" title="Zurenborg">Zurenborg</a> neighborhood is known for its Art Nouveau architecture, featuring intricate details, colorful mosaics, and stained glass windows.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maison_Guiette" title="Maison Guiette">Maison Guiette</a> is a residential building designed by the Swiss-French architect <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a> in collaboration with the Belgian architect Paul De Meyer in 1926–1927. Maison Guiette is considered an early example of Le Corbusier's work in Europe. It is now listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site and is recognized as an important example of modernist architecture.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Boerentoren" title="Boerentoren">Boerentoren</a>, or "The Farmer's Tower", is a historic Art Deco skyscraper that was once the tallest building in Europe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bourla_Theatre" title="Bourla Theatre">Bourla Theatre</a>, with its Neo-Classical style, is a historic theater that dates back to the 19th century.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Conscience_Heritage_Library" title="Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library">Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library</a> is a historic library. The library was established in 1481 and is one of the oldest and most extensive heritage libraries in Belgium. It is home to over 1.5 million books, manuscripts, and other documents related to the history and culture of Flanders.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts</a>, with its Neo-Classical style, houses a vast collection of Flemish art from the 14th to the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Centraal_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Centraal railway station">Antwerp Central Station</a>, a beautiful Beaux-Arts railway station, is one of the most impressive examples of railway architecture in Europe.</li> <li>The Sint-Annatunnel,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Voetgangerstunnel, is a 572-meter-long tunnel. It was opened in 1933 and was designed by engineer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Van_Averbeke" title="Émile Van Averbeke">Emiel Van Averbeke</a>. The tunnel connects the banks of the Scheldt River, linking the historic city center with the Left Bank neighborhood. It is primarily made of reinforced concrete and features an Art Deco style interior design with ceramic tiles, ornamental lighting fixtures, and decorative panels. One of its unique features is the wooden escalator, which has been in operation since the tunnel's opening. Today, the Voetgangerstunnel is a popular tourist attraction and a key transportation link for commuters and visitors to Antwerp.</li> <li>Nieuw Zuid (New South) neighborhood, Located next to the river on the site of abandoned railway tracks, Nieuw Zuid is being designed as a sustainable green neighbourhood. The project, which will not be finished until 2030, includes buildings by acclaimed international architects such as <a href="/wiki/Max_Dudler" title="Max Dudler">Max Dudler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Boeri" title="Stefano Boeri">Stefano Boeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zumthor" title="Peter Zumthor">Peter Zumthor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazuyo_Sejima" title="Kazuyo Sejima">Kazuyo Sejima</a>.</li></ul> <p>Antwerp is also home to a wealth of historic Gothic, Baroque and Renaissance-style buildings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall" title="Antwerp City Hall">Antwerp City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Our Lady</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._James%27_Church,_Antwerp" title="St. James' Church, Antwerp">St. James' Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vleeshuis" title="Vleeshuis">Vleeshuis Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Borromeo_Church,_Antwerp" title="St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp">St. Charles Borromeo Church</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 279.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 277.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antwerp City Hall at the Grote Markt"><img alt="Antwerp City Hall at the Grote Markt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg/416px-Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg/623px-Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg/831px-Antwerpen_Stadhuis_crop1_2006-05-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_City_Hall" title="Antwerp City Hall">Antwerp City Hall</a> at the <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a></span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th-century guildhalls at the Grote Markt"><img alt="16th-century guildhalls at the Grote Markt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg/360px-Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg/540px-Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg/720px-Antwerp_GroteMarkt3-13_017_7938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10066" data-file-height="6711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th-century <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhalls</a> at the Grote Markt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boerentoren"><img alt="Boerentoren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg/180px-Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg/270px-Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg/360px-Kbc-building-antwerpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boerentoren" title="Boerentoren">Boerentoren</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Justice"><img alt="Palace of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg/320px-The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg/480px-The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg/640px-The_new_Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Justice Antwerp">Palace of Justice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_(juni_2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Provincial Government Building"><img alt="Provincial Government Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg/320px-Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg/480px-Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg/640px-Provinciehuis_Antwerpen_%28juni_2020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Provincial Government Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 293.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 291.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Singel"><img alt="De Singel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg/437px-Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg" decoding="async" width="292" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg/655px-Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg/873px-Kunstencentrum_De_Singel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="2598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/DeSingel" title="DeSingel">De Singel</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreational_areas">Parks and recreational areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parks and recreational areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp offers a diverse range of parks and recreational areas for locals and tourists to explore. One of the most popular attractions is the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Zoo" title="Antwerp Zoo">Antwerp Zoo</a>. It opened on 21 July 1843, making it one of the oldest and most famous zoos in the world. The zoo covers an area of 10 hectares and is home to more than 5,000 animals from over 950 species. The zoo is located right next to <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Centraal_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Centraal railway station">Antwerp Central Station</a> on the Koningin Astridplein. Antwerp Zoo has played its role in preservation and breeding programmes for several endangered species, including the okapi, the Przewalski horse, the Congo peafowl, the bonobo, the golden-headed lion tamarin, the European otter, and the Knysna seahorse. They take part in the <a href="/wiki/EAZA_Ex-situ_Programme" title="EAZA Ex-situ Programme">European Endangered Species Programme</a>. On 1 January 1983 the entire park (architecture and garden) was listed as a monument. Other well-known parks include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachtegalen_Park" title="Nachtegalen Park">Nachtegalen Park</a> with several adjacent parks south of Antwerp. The area is 90 hectares in total. The parks were all built around a castle and were acquired by the municipality of Antwerp in 1910. The parks consist of Den Brandt (21 ha), Vogelenzang (40 ha), and <a href="/wiki/Middelheim_Open_Air_Sculpture_Museum" title="Middelheim Open Air Sculpture Museum">Middelheim Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (24 ha) which is famous for its open-air sculpture museum that features over 400 works of art. The park also hosts a variety of outdoor concerts and festivals throughout the year, making it a popular destination for visitors.</li> <li>The Rivierenhof is a large public park located in the district of Deurne. The park covers an area of 130 hectares and features beautiful gardens, lakes, ponds, and walking paths. The Rivierenhof park was originally designed in the 1920s as a recreational park for the working class, and has since become a beloved green space for both locals and tourists.</li> <li>Park Spoor Noord is a large urban park located in the northern part of Antwerp, Belgium. The park covers an area of approximately 24 hectares and was built on the site of a former railway yard. It is a popular destination for locals and tourists alike and features a wide range of amenities and attractions, including playgrounds, sports fields, a skate park, a petanque court, a community garden, and several restaurants and cafés.</li> <li>The Stadspark is a public park located in the center of Antwerp. It was designed by the landscape architect Édouard Keilig and opened in 1869. The park covers an area of approximately 14 hectares.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Den_Botaniek" title="Den Botaniek">Botanic Garden</a> is another popular destination for visitors, boasting a wide range of exotic plants and flowers from around the world.</li> <li>The Boekenbergpark is a public park located in the district of Deurne. It is notable for its unique outdoor swimming pool, which is filled with filtered rainwater. The park itself covers an area of about 12 hectares and includes walking paths, gardens, and playgrounds. It was designed to be an eco-friendly and sustainable space.</li> <li>Te Boelaerpark is a public park located in the district of Borgerhout. The park covers an area of 8.2 hectares and is a popular recreational area for locals and visitors alike.</li> <li>Hobokense Polder,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a nature reserve located in the district of Hoboken. It covers an area of about 170 hectares and consists of meadows, fields, wetlands, and forests. The area was originally used for agricultural purposes, but it was transformed into a nature reserve in the 1990s.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanical_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Den Botaniek"><img alt="Den Botaniek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Botanical_garden.jpg/320px-Botanical_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Botanical_garden.jpg/480px-Botanical_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Botanical_garden.jpg/640px-Botanical_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Den_Botaniek" title="Den Botaniek">Den Botaniek</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 246px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 244px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nachtegalenpark"><img alt="Nachtegalenpark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg/366px-Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg/548px-Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg/731px-Nachtegalenpark_Antwerpen_-_385841_-_onroerenderfgoed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5075" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nachtegalen_Park" title="Nachtegalen Park">Nachtegalenpark</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kop Park Spoor Noord"><img alt="Kop Park Spoor Noord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg/252px-Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg/378px-Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg/504px-Kop_Park_Spoor_Noord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="2439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kop Park Spoor Noord</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rivierenhof Deurne"><img alt="Rivierenhof Deurne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg/427px-Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg/640px-Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg/854px-Antwerpen-Rivierenhof_Deurne_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rivierenhof Deurne</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Cfb</i>), with cool winters, warm summers and frequent, though light, precipitation throughout the year. Due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, Antwerp has a relatively mild climate throughout the year, with the average temperature fluctuating between 4 °C (39 °F) and 19 °C (66 °F) throughout the year. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Antwerp (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1949−present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9<br />(91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br />(41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.1<br />(44.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.1<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.8<br />(12.6) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.5<br />(−1.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.0<br />(2.76) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.8<br />(2.47) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.2<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.1<br />(1.70) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8<br />(2.35) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9<br />(3.03) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.3<br />(3.24) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.0<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.6<br />(2.98) </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6<br />(2.86) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.7<br />(3.18) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.9<br />(3.58) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">852.9<br />(33.58) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">132.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #717171; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #9C9C9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">221 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">220 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">225 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">212 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164 </td> <td style="background: #B4B468; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117 </td> <td style="background: #7C7C7C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #5D5D5D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #C3C313; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Meteorological Institute">Royal Meteorological Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Temperature estreme in Toscoma (extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Antwerp" title="Fortifications of Antwerp">Fortifications of Antwerp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Het_Steen_-_Antwerpen_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i>Het Steen</i> (literally: 'The Stone')</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Antwerp was formerly a fortified city, hardly anything remains of the former <a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">enceinte</a>, only some remains of the city wall can be seen near the <a href="/wiki/Vleeshuis" title="Vleeshuis">Vleeshuis</a> museum at the corner of Bloedberg and Burchtgracht. <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Steen" title="Het Steen">Steen</a></i> castle on the Scheldt-quai is the gate wing of the demolished castle of the Dukes of Brabant. It was partly reconstructed in the 19th century. </p><p>Antwerp's development as a fortified city is documented between the 10th and the 20th century. The fortifications were developed in different phases: </p> <ul><li>10th century: fortification of the wharf with a wall and a ditch</li> <li>12th and 13th century: canals (so called "vlieten" and "ruien") were made</li> <li>16th century: Spanish fortifications</li> <li>19th century: double ring of Brialmont forts around the city, dismantling of the Spanish fortifications</li> <li>20th century: 1960 dismantling of the inner ring of forts, decommissioning of the outer ring of forts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antwerp" title="Demographics of Antwerp">Demographics of Antwerp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/220px-Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/440px-Antwerp_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption>Antwerp population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_population">Historical population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Historical population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population-antwerp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Population-antwerp.png/280px-Population-antwerp.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Population-antwerp.png/420px-Population-antwerp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Population-antwerp.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Population timeline of Antwerp</figcaption></figure> <p>This is the population of the city of Antwerp only, not of the larger current municipality of the same name. </p> <table class="vatop"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:500px;"> <ul><li>1374: 18,000<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1486: 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1500: around 44/49,000 inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1526: 50,000<sup id="cite_ref-strecker_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strecker-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1567: 105,000 (90,000 permanent residents and 15,000 "floating population", including foreign merchants and soldiers. At the time only 10 cities in Europe reached this size.)<sup id="cite_ref-strecker_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strecker-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1584: 84,000 (after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Spanish Fury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">French Fury</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Calvinist republic)</li> <li>1586 (May): 60,000 (after <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(1584%E2%80%931585)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Antwerp (1584–1585)">siege</a>)</li> <li>1586 (October): 50,000</li> <li>1591: 46,000</li> <li>1612: 54,000<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1620: 66,000 (<a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td style="width:500px;"> <ul><li>1640: 54,000 (after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> epidemics)</li> <li>1700: 66,000<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1765: 40,000</li> <li>1784: 51,000</li> <li>1800: 45,500</li> <li>1815: 54,000<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1830: 73,500</li> <li>1856: 111,700</li> <li>1880: 179,000</li> <li>1900: 275,100</li> <li>1925: 308,000</li> <li>1959: 260,000<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicities_and_religions">Ethnicities and religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ethnicities and religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption><b>Largest groups of foreign residents in Antwerp</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country of origin</th> <th>Population 2019 <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>76,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>28,582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>25,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>12,430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>9,644 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>6,841 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>6,229 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>6,223 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>4,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>4,862 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, 36% to 39% of the inhabitants of Antwerp had foreign origins. A study projected that in 2020, 55% of the population would be of immigrant background, either first, second, or third generation.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Group of origin </th> <th colspan="10">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2023<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Belgians with Belgian background </th> <th>340,130 </th> <th>76.3% </th> <th>316,993 </th> <th>68.7% </th> <th>291,499 </th> <th>59.1% </th> <th>268,317 </th> <th>51.9% </th> <th>235,374 </th> <th>43.7% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Belgians with foreign background<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>50,378 </th> <th>11.3% </th> <th>85,171 </th> <th>18.5% </th> <th>115,236 </th> <th>23.3% </th> <th>143,009 </th> <th>27.6% </th> <th>178,476 </th> <th>33.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neighboring country<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10,344 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>11,911 </td> <td> </td> <td>13,387 </td> <td> </td> <td>14,820 </td> <td> </td> <td>17,132 </td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>EU27 (excluding neighboring country) </td> <td>5,179 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <td>6,328 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,518 </td> <td> </td> <td>9,181 </td> <td> </td> <td>12,514 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outside EU 27 </td> <td>34,855 </td> <td>7.8% </td> <td>66,932 </td> <td> </td> <td>94,331 </td> <td> </td> <td>119,008 </td> <td> </td> <td>148,830 </td> <td>27.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-Belgians </th> <th>55,062 </th> <th>12.3% </th> <th>59,332 </th> <th>12.9% </th> <th>86,782 </th> <th>17.6% </th> <th>105,716 </th> <th>20.4% </th> <th>125,060 </th> <th>23.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neighboring country<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>11,515 </td> <td>2.6% </td> <td>13,385 </td> <td> </td> <td>18,810 </td> <td> </td> <td>22,588 </td> <td> </td> <td>23,253 </td> <td>4.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>EU27 (excluding neighboring country) </td> <td>7,130 </td> <td>1.6% </td> <td>9,215 </td> <td> </td> <td>18,557 </td> <td> </td> <td>28,197 </td> <td> </td> <td>33,109 </td> <td>6.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Outside EU 27 </td> <td>36,417 </td> <td>8.2% </td> <td>36,732 </td> <td> </td> <td>49,415 </td> <td> </td> <td>54,931 </td> <td> </td> <td>68,698 </td> <td>12.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>445,570 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>461,496 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>493,517 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>517,042 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>538,910 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG/170px-Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG/255px-Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG/340px-Antwerpen_Synagoge_Bouwmeestersstraat2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hollandse_Synagoge" title="Hollandse Synagoge">Hollandse Synagoge</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Antwerp">Jewish Community of Antwerp</a></div><p>After <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and the murder of its many Jews, Antwerp became a major centre for Orthodox Jews. At present, about 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> Jews, many of them <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a>, live in Antwerp. The city has three official Jewish Congregations: Shomrei Hadass, headed by Rabbi Dovid Moishe Lieberman, Machsike Hadass, headed by Rabbi Aron Schiff (formerly by Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kreiswirth" title="Chaim Kreiswirth">Chaim Kreiswirth</a>) and the Portuguese Community Ben Moshe. Antwerp has an extensive network of synagogues, shops, schools and organizations. Significant Hasidic movements in Antwerp include <a href="/wiki/Pshevorsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Pshevorsk</a>, based in Antwerp, as well as branches of <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klausenburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Klausenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a> and several others. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Kreiswirth" title="Chaim Kreiswirth">Chaim Kreiswirth</a>, chief rabbi of the Machsike Hadas community, who died in 2001, was arguably one of the better known personalities to have been based in Antwerp. An attempt to have a street named after him has received the support of the Town Hall and is in the process of being implemented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jain_community">Jain community</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Jain community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG/220px-Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG/330px-Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG/440px-Wilrijk_Ja%C3%AFn-tempel4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain temple, Antwerp">Jain temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Jainism in Belgium</a></div><p>The Jains in Belgium are estimated to be around about 1,500 people. The majority live in Antwerp, mostly involved in the very lucrative <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> business.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belgian Indian Jains control two-thirds of the rough diamonds trade and supplied India with roughly 36% of their rough diamonds.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major temple, with a cultural centre, has been built in Antwerp (Wilrijk). Ramesh Mehta, a Jain, is a member of the Belgian Council of Religious Leaders, put up on 17 December 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_community">Armenian community</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Armenian community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belgium" title="Armenians in Belgium">Armenians in Belgium</a></div> <p>There are significant <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian communities</a> that reside in Antwerp, many of whom are descendants of traders who settled during the 19th century. Most Armenian Belgians are adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, while a smaller number are adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a>. </p><p>One of the important sectors that Armenian communities in Antwerp excel at and are involved in is the <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> trade business,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that based primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district" title="Antwerp diamond district">diamond district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the famous Armenian families involved in the diamond business in the city are the Artinians, Arslanians, Aslanians, Barsamians and the Osganians.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg/220px-Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg/330px-Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg/440px-Antwerpen_Havenhuis_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3674" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_Building_(Antwerp)" title="Port Authority Building (Antwerp)">Port Authority Building</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg/220px-Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg/330px-Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg/440px-Zicht_op_het_Delwaidedok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bevrijdingsdok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bevrijdingsdok (page does not exist)">Bevrijdingsdok</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevrijdingsdok" class="extiw" title="nl:Bevrijdingsdok">nl</a>]</span> terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port">Port</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Port"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Port_Authorities" title="American Association of Port Authorities">American Association of Port Authorities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">port of Antwerp</a> was the seventeenth largest (by tonnage) port in the world in 2005 and second only to <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Rotterdam" title="Port of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> in Europe. It handled 235.2 million tons of cargo in 2018. Importantly it handles high volumes of economically attractive <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_lift" title="Heavy lift">project cargo</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Bulk_cargo" title="Bulk cargo">bulk cargo</a>. Antwerp's docklands, with five <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, are home to a massive concentration of <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industries, second only to the petrochemical cluster in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a> is also an important activity, with four <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plants at <a href="/wiki/Doel" title="Doel">Doel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power plant">conventional power station</a> in Kallo, as well as several smaller <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> plants. There is a <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> in the northern part of the port area. There are plans to extend this in the period 2014–2020.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainableportofantwerp_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainableportofantwerp-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Belgian <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Quay" class="mw-redirect" title="Quay">quays</a> bordering the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> for a distance of 5.6 km (3.5 mi) to the north and south of the city centre have been retained for their sentimental value and are used mainly by <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Short_sea_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Short sea shipping">short sea shipping</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diamonds">Diamonds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diamonds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp's other great mainstay is the diamond trade that takes place largely within the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district" title="Antwerp diamond district">diamond district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT11512_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT11512-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 85 percent of the world's rough diamonds pass through the district annually,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2011 turnover in the industry was $56 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has four <a href="/wiki/Diamond#Distribution" title="Diamond">diamond bourses</a>: the Diamond Club of Antwerp, the Beurs voor Diamanthandel, the <a href="/wiki/Antwerpsche_Diamantkring" title="Antwerpsche Diamantkring">Antwerpsche Diamantkring</a> and the Vrije Diamanthandel.<sup id="cite_ref-awdc_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awdc-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp's history in the diamond trade dates back to as early as the sixteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first diamond cutters guild being introduced in 1584. The industry never disappeared from Antwerp, and even experienced a second boom in the early twentieth century. By the year 1924, Antwerp had over 13,000 diamond finishers.<i><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Since World War II families of the large <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Community of Antwerp">Hasidic Jewish community</a> have dominated Antwerp's diamond trading industry, although the last two decades have seen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indians_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indians in Belgium (page does not exist)">Indian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stefangeens.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefangeens.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites">Maronite</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traders become increasingly important.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefangeens.com_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefangeens.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_World_Diamond_Centre" title="Antwerp World Diamond Centre">Antwerp World Diamond Centre</a>, (AWDC) the successor to the <i>Hoge Raad voor Diamant</i>, plays an important role in setting standards, regulating professional ethics, training and promoting the interests of Antwerp as the capital of the diamond industry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, in recent years Antwerp has seen a downturn in the diamond business, with the industry shifting to cheaper labor markets such as Dubai or India.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry has avoided the <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 European sanctions against Russia</a> although the imports from <a href="/wiki/Alrosa" title="Alrosa">Alrosa</a> have diminished. If banned, the AWDC claims 10,000 jobs would be at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp is the focus of lines to the north to Essen and the Netherlands, east to Turnhout, south to Mechelen, Brussels and Charleroi, and southwest to Ghent and Ostend. It is served by international and <a href="/wiki/Thalys" title="Thalys">Thalys</a> trains to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and national trains to <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turnhout" title="Turnhout">Turnhout</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerpen-Central railway station">Antwerp Central station</a> is an architectural monument in itself, and is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W G Sebald</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Austerlitz_(novel)" title="Austerlitz (novel)"><i>Austerlitz</i></a>. Prior to the completion in 2007 of a tunnel that runs northwards under the city centre to emerge at the old Antwerp Dam station, Central was a terminus. Trains from Brussels to the Netherlands had to either reverse at Central or call only at Berchem station, 2 km (1 mi) to the south, and then describe a semicircle to the east, round the Singel. Now, they call at the new lower level of the station before continuing in the same direction. </p><p>Antwerp is also home to Antwerpen-Noord, the largest <a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">classification yard</a> for freight in Belgium and second largest in Europe. The majority of freight trains in Belgium depart from or arrive here. It has two classification humps and over a hundred tracks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_public_transport">Local public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Local public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city has a web of tram and bus lines operated by <a href="/wiki/De_Lijn" title="De Lijn">De Lijn</a> and providing access to the city centre, suburbs and the Left Bank. The <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp Tram">tram network</a> has 14 lines, of which the underground section is called the "<a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Pre-metro" title="Antwerp Pre-metro">premetro</a>" and includes a tunnel under the river. The <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Rooseveltplaats" title="Franklin Rooseveltplaats">Franklin Rooseveltplaats</a> functions as the city's main hub for local and regional bus lines. However, there has been an evolution to end regional lines at transportation hubs more outward of the city center, such as Zuid and Luchtbal. </p><p><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatleft" style="width: 325px; height: 235px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="325" data-height="235" data-zoom="12" data-overlays="["_d25c12af5cbced64ede72ae4bc353e1f40cbd4a2"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,325x235.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_d25c12af5cbced64ede72ae4bc353e1f40cbd4a2" width="325" height="235" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,a,a,325x235@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Antwerp&revid=1259632538&groups=_d25c12af5cbced64ede72ae4bc353e1f40cbd4a2 2x" alt="Map" /></a> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A six-lane motorway bypass encircles much of the city centre and runs through the urban residential area of Antwerp. Known locally as the "Ring" it offers motorway connections to <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasselt" title="Hasselt">Hasselt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a> (Netherlands). The banks of the Scheldt are linked by three road tunnels (in order of construction): the Waasland Tunnel (1934), the <a href="/wiki/Kennedytunnel" title="Kennedytunnel">Kennedy Tunnel</a> (1967) and the <a href="/wiki/Liefkenshoektunnel" title="Liefkenshoektunnel">Liefkenshoek Tunnel</a> (1991). </p><p>Daily congestion on the Ring led to a fourth high-volume highway link called the "<a href="/wiki/Oosterweelconnection" class="mw-redirect" title="Oosterweelconnection">Oosterweelconnection</a>" being proposed. It would have entailed the construction of a long viaduct and bridge (the <i>Lange Wapper</i>) over the docks on the north side of the city in combination with the widening of the existing motorway into a 14-lane motorway; these plans were eventually rejected in a 2009 public referendum. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Government" title="Flemish Government">Flemish Government</a> decided to replace the bridge by a series of tunnels. There are ideas to cover the Ring in a similar way as happened around Paris, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and other cities. This would reconnect the city with its suburbs and would provide development opportunities to accommodate part of the foreseen population growth in Antwerp which currently are not possible because of the pollution and noise generated by the traffic on the Ring. An old plan to build an R2 outer ring road outside the built up urban area around the Antwerp agglomeration for port related traffic and transit traffic never materialized. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2017 it was finally decided to complete the ringway of Antwerp with a new tunnel crossing the Scheldt. In a compromise with civil society, it has equally been decided that the ringway will in the long term completely be covered. This compromise is called the <i>Toekomstverbond</i> ("Agreement for the future"). Part of the same agreement is that highways further away from the city center will be further developed and that the amount of motorized trips in all transportation should be reduced to 50%. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/FlixBus" title="FlixBus">FlixBus</a>es have a stop at the central Franklin Rooseveltplaats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Control tower and terminal building at Antwerp International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG/170px-Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG/255px-Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG/340px-Antwerp_International_Airport-_Deurne_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport" title="Antwerp International Airport">Antwerp International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A small airport, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport" title="Antwerp International Airport">Antwerp International Airport</a>, is located in the district of <a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a>. The airport is mainly used for business travel. Flying Group, the largest business jet service in Benelux and France, has its headquarters there and several maintenance sheds and hangars for their private jets. There are also some regular scheduled flights by <a href="/wiki/TUI_fly_Belgium" title="TUI fly Belgium">TUI fly</a> with direct connectivity to Spain, Croatia, Italy, Austria and Morocco. <a href="/wiki/Luxair" title="Luxair">Luxair</a> will fly again to <a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">London City</a> airport from 2023. A bus service connects the airport to the city centre. The runway has increased in length, and there is now direct connectivity to Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Greece from the city of Antwerp. </p><p>Belgium's major international airport, <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels Airport</a>, is about 45 km (28 mi) from the city of Antwerp, and connects the city worldwide. It is connected to the city centre by bus, and also by train. The new <a href="/wiki/Diabolo_project" title="Diabolo project"><i>Diabolo</i> rail connection</a> provides a direct fast train connection between Antwerp and Brussels Airport as of the summer of 2012. </p><p>There is also a direct rail service between Antwerp (calling at Central and Berchem stations) and <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> South station, with a connecting buslink to <a href="/wiki/Brussels_South_Charleroi_Airport" title="Brussels South Charleroi Airport">Brussels South Charleroi Airport</a>, which runs twice per hour on working days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2017 there has been a regular water ferry halting at the city center, connecting it with towns up and down the river Scheldt from <a href="/wiki/Hemiksem" title="Hemiksem">Kruibeke</a> to Lillo. This service is called <i>DeWaterbus</i>. It is popular with both commuting port laborers and cyclist making a day trip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_council">City council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: City council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current city council was elected in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_local_elections,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian local elections, 2018">October 2018 elections</a>. </p><p>The current majority consists of N-VA, Vooruit and Open Vld, led by mayor <a href="/wiki/Bart_De_Wever" title="Bart De Wever">Bart De Wever</a> (N-VA). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party</th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F9CE19; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a> (N-VA)</td> <td><b>23</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#01796F; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Groen_(political_party)" title="Groen (political party)">Green</a></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#DC241F; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialistische_Partij_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialistische Partij Anders">Vooruit</a></td> <td><b>6</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFE500; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Flemish Interest</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#8B0000; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Belgium" title="Workers' Party of Belgium">Workers' Party of Belgium</a> (PVDA)</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6200; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish" title="Christian Democratic and Flemish">Christian Democratic and Flemish</a> (CD&V)</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#0087DC; color:inherit; width:0.3em;"></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_Flemish_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats">Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats</a> (Open Vld)</td> <td><b>2</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total</th> <th>55 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_mayors">Former mayors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Former mayors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Antwerp" title="List of mayors of Antwerp">List of mayors of Antwerp</a></div> <p>In the 16th and 17th century important mayors include <a href="/wiki/Philips_of_Marnix,_Lord_of_Saint-Aldegonde" title="Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde">Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Stralen,_Lord_of_Merksem" title="Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem">Anthony van Stralen, Lord of Merksem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_II_Rockox" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas II Rockox">Nicolaas II Rockox</a>. In the early years after Belgian independence, Antwerp was governed by Catholic-Unionist mayors. Between 1848 and 1921, all mayors were from the Liberal Party (except for the so-called Meeting-intermezzo between 1863 and 1872). Between 1921 and 1932, the city had a Catholic mayor again: Frans Van Cauwelaert. From 1932 onwards and up until 2013, all mayors belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Socialistische_Partij_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialistische Partij Anders">Social Democrat</a> party: <a href="/wiki/Camille_Huysmans" title="Camille Huysmans">Camille Huysmans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lode_Craeybeckx" title="Lode Craeybeckx">Lode Craeybeckx</a>, Frans Detiège and <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Schroyens" title="Mathilde Schroyens">Mathilde Schroyens</a>, and after the municipality fusion: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Cools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Cools (page does not exist)">Bob Cools</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Cools" class="extiw" title="nl:Bob Cools">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Leona_Deti%C3%A8ge" title="Leona Detiège">Leona Detiège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Janssens" title="Patrick Janssens">Patrick Janssens</a>. Since 2013, the mayor is the Flemish nationalist <a href="/wiki/Bart_De_Wever" title="Bart De Wever">Bart De Wever</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish separatist</a> party <a href="/wiki/N-VA" class="mw-redirect" title="N-VA">N-VA</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp had an artistic reputation in the 17th century, based on its <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_school" title="Antwerp school">school of painting</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Jordaens" title="Jacob Jordaens">Jordaens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teniers" title="Teniers">Teniers</a> and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> building housing a collection of <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculptures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">drawings</a> from the 14th to the 20th centuries. It is one of the primary landmarks of the <a href="/wiki/Zuid_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuid (Antwerp)">Zuid</a> district of Antwerp. The majestic building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Winders" title="Jean-Jacques Winders">Jean-Jacques Winders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Van_Dijk" title="Frans Van Dijk">Frans Van Dijk</a>, built beginning in 1884, opened in 1890, and completed in 1894.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubenshuis" title="Rubenshuis">Rubenshuis</a>, is the former home and studio of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> in Antwerp. It is now a museum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantin-Moretus Museum">Plantin-Moretus Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preserves the house of the printer <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Plantin" title="Christophe Plantin">Christoffel Plantijn</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Moretus" title="Jan Moretus">Jan Moretus</a>. It has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Mayer_van_den_Bergh" title="Museum Mayer van den Bergh">Museum Mayer van den Bergh</a>, with works from the Gothic and Renaissance period in the Netherlands and Belgium, including paintings by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder">Pieter Brueghel the Elder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Antwerp" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp">Museum of Contemporary Art (M HKA)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the museum holds a permanent collection of contemporary art from Belgian and international artists, an arthouse cinema and an extensive library of books on contemporary art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">Museum aan de Stroom</a>, whose central focus is Antwerp and its connection to the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotomuseum_Antwerp" title="Fotomuseum Antwerp">Fotomuseum Antwerp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>FOMU</b>, is a museum of photography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ModeMuseum_Antwerpen" title="ModeMuseum Antwerpen">MoMu ModeMuseum</a> is a fashion museum. Founded on 21 September 2002, the museum collects, conserves, studies and exhibits Belgian fashion.</li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Line_Museum" class="extiw" title="nl:Red Star Line Museum">Red Star Line Museum</a>, is a museum about the history of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Line" title="Red Star Line">Red Star Line</a>, which opened on 28 September 2013.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantin-Moretus Museum"><img alt="Plantin-Moretus Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg/360px-Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg/540px-Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg/720px-Antwerp_Belgium_Museum-Plantin-Moretus-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantin-Moretus Museum">Plantin-Moretus Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMSKA_heropening_2022_(zondag)_voorkant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts (KMSKA)"><img alt="Royal Museum of Fine Arts (KMSKA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg/320px-KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg/480px-KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg/640px-KMSKA_heropening_2022_%28zondag%29_voorkant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts (KMSKA)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Antwerp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum of Contemporary Art (M HKA)"><img alt="Museum of Contemporary Art (M HKA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg/320px-Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg/480px-Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg/640px-Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Antwerp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Antwerp" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp">Museum of Contemporary Art (M HKA)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerp,_Belgium_(7969166350).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum aan de Stroom"><img alt="Museum aan de Stroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg/306px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg/460px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg/613px-Antwerp%2C_Belgium_%287969166350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4567" data-file-height="3579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">Museum aan de Stroom</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_festivals">Music and festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_Antwerpen_(september_2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg/240px-Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg/360px-Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg/480px-Opera_Antwerpen_%28september_2021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Opera" title="Vlaamse Opera">Vlaamse Opera</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antwerp is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Jazz_Club_(AJC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp Jazz Club (AJC)">Antwerp Jazz Club (AJC)</a>, founded in 1938 and located on the square <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a></span></span> since 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Den-Bengel_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Den-Bengel-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp also has various concert halls, such as the <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsschouwburg_Antwerpen" class="extiw" title="nl:Stadsschouwburg Antwerpen">Stadsschouwburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bourla_Theatre" title="Bourla Theatre">Bourlaschouwburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Opera" title="Vlaamse Opera">the Flemish Opera</a>, the Arenbergschouwburg and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elisabeth_Hall" title="Queen Elisabeth Hall">Koningin Elisabethzaal</a>; the latter being the home of the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Antwerp Symphony Orchestra">Antwerp Symphony Orchestra</a>. Large (pop) performances are often held in the <a href="/wiki/Sportpaleis" title="Sportpaleis">Sportpaleis</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Lotto_Arena" title="Lotto Arena">Lotto Arena</a>. These event halls are located in <a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a>. In addition, there are other well-known venues like <a href="/wiki/De_Roma" title="De Roma">De Roma</a> and <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trix_(muziekcentrum)" class="extiw" title="nl:Trix (muziekcentrum)">Trix</a>, both of which are located in <a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a>. </p><p>A band originating in Antwerp achieving major international success is <a href="/wiki/Deus_(band)" title="Deus (band)">Deus</a>. </p><p>Some well known festivals around the city are: <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkerwoofer" class="extiw" title="nl:Linkerwoofer">Linkerwoofer</a>, a pop-rock music festival located at the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>. This music festival starts in August and mostly local Belgian musicians play and perform in this event.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Middelheim" title="Jazz Middelheim">Jazz Middelheim</a> is an annual summer <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> festival in the Middelheim Park. <a href="/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)" title="Tomorrowland (festival)">Tomorrowland</a> is probably the most famous festival to arise from Antwerp. Though the festival is effectively located 15 km (10 mi) south of the city in Boom, its founders in the past organised a festival ('Antwerp is burning') within city limits. The office of the company behind Tomorrowland (weareone.world bvba) is located in the heart of the city. The company founders are involved in conceptualising urban planning concepts for specific Antwerp areas and are known to invite their favourite Antwerp food places to set up a pop-up at the festival. <a href="/wiki/Sfinks_Festival" title="Sfinks Festival">Sfinks</a> festival is a global pop festival that takes place annually in <a href="/wiki/Boechout" title="Boechout">Boechout</a>, a village southeast of Antwerp. The first edition dates from 1976. Other popular festivals are Fire Is Gold, Ampere Open Air and Vaag Outdoor focusing more on hip-hop music, house and techno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Nightlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp is a city that boasts a diverse and vibrant nightlife, with many cafés and nightclubs situated throughout its various neighborhoods. The old center and <span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Grote_Markt_(Antwerp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grote Markt (Antwerp)">Grote Markt</a></span></span> offer a cozy atmosphere surrounded by authentic city buildings and plenty of cafes. The Belgians are well-known for their beer, and visitors can savor a wide range of local brews while enjoying the nightlife. </p><p>Other popular areas include het Mechelseplein, home to various cafés as well as the bustling Dageraadplaats in the belle-époque neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Zurenborg" title="Zurenborg">Zurenborg</a>. </p><p>The neighborhood of het <a href="/wiki/Zuid,_Antwerp" title="Zuid, Antwerp">Zuid</a> is also a popular nightlife destination, with many bars, restaurants, and cafés. This district is named after its nearby museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Antwerp" title="Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp">Museum of Contemporary Art Antwerp (M HKA)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fotomuseum_Antwerp" title="Fotomuseum Antwerp">Photo Museum</a>. </p><p>Het groen kwartier (the green quarter) is also a hub of cultural and artistic activity.. Het Eilandje is a neighborhood in Antwerp, with many cafés and restaurants situated around the <a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">MAS Museum</a>. </p><p>Antwerp is known for a diverse range of nightclubs that cater to different tastes. Among these clubs are some of the most famous and notorious in Belgium. <a href="/wiki/Cinderella%27s_Ballroom" title="Cinderella's Ballroom">Cinderella's Ballroom</a> was famous in the 1980's. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp is a rising fashion city, and has produced designers such as the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Six" title="Antwerp Six">Antwerp Six</a>. The city has a cult status in the fashion world, due to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp">Royal Academy of Fine Arts</a>, one of the most important fashion academies in the world. It has served as the learning centre for many Belgian <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion designers</a>. Since the 1980s, several graduates of the Belgian Royal Academy of Fine Arts have become internationally successful fashion designers in Antwerp. The city has had a huge influence on other Belgian fashion designers such as <a href="/wiki/Raf_Simons" title="Raf Simons">Raf Simons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronique_Branquinho" title="Veronique Branquinho">Veronique Branquinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Theyskens" title="Olivier Theyskens">Olivier Theyskens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kris_Van_Assche" title="Kris Van Assche">Kris Van Assche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Arte won the Fashion brand of the Year award at the Belgian Fashion Awards. The Antwerp label was founded by Bertony Da Silva in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_products">Local products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Local products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp is famous for its local products. In August every year the Bollekesfeest takes place. The Bollekesfeest is a showcase for such local products as Bolleke, an amber beer from the <a href="/wiki/De_Koninck_Brewery" title="De Koninck Brewery">De Koninck Brewery</a>. The city's historical ale, Seefbier,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dating back to the 16th century and brewed at the Antwerpse Brouw Compagnie is a testament to the city's long brewing history and one of Belgium's oldest existing beerstyles. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mokatine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mokatine (page does not exist)">Mokatine</a> sweets made by <a href="/wiki/Confiserie_Roodthooft" title="Confiserie Roodthooft">Confiserie Roodthooft</a>, Elixir D'Anvers, a locally made liquor, locally roasted <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> from Koffie Verheyen, sugar from Candico, Poolster pickled herring and Equinox horse meat, are other examples of local specialities. One of the most known products of the city are its biscuits, the <i><a href="/wiki/Antwerpse_Handjes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerpse Handjes">Antwerpse Handjes</a></i>, literally "Antwerp Hands". Usually made from a short pastry with <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Milk_chocolate" title="Milk chocolate">milk chocolate</a>, they symbolize the Antwerp trademark and folklore. The local products are represented by a non-profit organization, Streekproducten Provincie Antwerpen vzw.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restaurants_and_cuisine">Restaurants and cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Restaurants and cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian cuisine</a></div> <p>Antwerp has grown into the culinary capital of Flanders and Belgium. It has no fewer than eleven restaurants with at least one <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">MICHELIN</a> star. Zilte by Viki Geunes located in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_aan_de_Stroom" title="Museum aan de Stroom">MAS museum</a> even received the ultimate award of three stars.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Choir_Games">World Choir Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: World Choir Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city of Antwerp was co-host for the 2021 <a href="/wiki/World_Choir_Games" title="World Choir Games">World Choir Games</a> together with the city of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organised by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkultur_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkultur Foundation (page does not exist)">Interkultur Foundation</a>, the World Choir Games is the biggest choral competition and festival in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_to_Seafarers">Missions to Seafarers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Missions to Seafarers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Christian missions to seafarers are based in Antwerp. These include the <a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Seafarers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission to Seafarers">Mission to Seafarers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_Society" title="Sailors' Society">British & International Sailors' Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Seamen%27s_Mission" title="Finnish Seamen's Mission">Finnish Seamen's Mission</a>, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Church_Abroad" title="Norwegian Church Abroad">Sjømannskirken</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostleship_of_the_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostleship of the Sea">Apostleship of the Sea</a>. They provide cultural and social activities as well as religious services. The iconic Italiëlei premises have been closed down and all activities have been moved to the Antwerp Harbour Hotel on Noorderlaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_olympics_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1920_olympics_poster.jpg/140px-1920_olympics_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1920_olympics_poster.jpg/210px-1920_olympics_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/1920_olympics_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Official poster of the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> in Antwerp</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp held the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a>, which were the first games after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and also the only ones to be held in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-sports-reference_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sports-reference-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerp hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="World Artistic Gymnastics Championships">World Artistic Gymnastics Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2013 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships" title="2023 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships">2023</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sportpaleis" title="Sportpaleis">Sportpaleis</a>. Annually Antwerp hosts the <a href="/wiki/European_Open_(tennis)" title="European Open (tennis)">European Open</a> ATP Tour 250 tennis tournament that takes place in <a href="/wiki/Sportpaleis" title="Sportpaleis">Antwerp's Sport Palace</a>. It was introduced for the <a href="/wiki/2016_ATP_World_Tour" title="2016 ATP World Tour">2016 ATP World Tour</a>. Another annually event is the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_10_Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp 10 Miles">Antwerp 10 miles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Marathon" title="Antwerp Marathon">Antwerp marathon</a>. </p><p>For the year 2013, Antwerp was awarded the title of European Capital of Sport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antwerp is home of two professional football clubs being, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C." title="Royal Antwerp F.C.">Royal Antwerp F.C.</a>, currently playing in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_First_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian First Division">Belgian First Division</a>, founded in 1880 and is known as 'The Great Old' for being the first club registered to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Football_Association" title="Royal Belgian Football Association">Royal Belgian Football Association</a> in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the club's history, Royal Antwerp have won five <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League" title="Belgian Pro League">Belgian league titles</a> as well as four <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Cup" title="Belgian Cup">Belgian Cups.</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Antwerp_F.C." title="Royal Antwerp F.C.">Antwerp F.C</a>. is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Pioneers" title="Club of Pioneers">Club of Pioneers</a>. Another club in the city is <a href="/wiki/K_Beerschot_VA" title="K Beerschot VA">K Beerschot VA</a>, founded in 1899 by former Royal Antwerp players. They play at the <a href="/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Antwerp)" title="Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp)">Olympisch Stadion</a>, the main venue of the 1920 Olympics. Between these two football teams there has always been a big rivalry. When the two play against each other the stadiums are packed and the passioned fans give a great display of their passion, but this has also led to fights, hooliganism and vandalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Giants" title="Antwerp Giants">Antwerp Giants</a> play in the <a href="/wiki/BNXT_League" title="BNXT League">BNXT league</a>, the league is the first tier in both the Dutch and Belgian system. Their home ground is the <a href="/wiki/Lotto_Arena" title="Lotto Arena">Lotto Arena</a>. Antwerp has won the Belgian championship once, in 2000. The team has also won five Belgian Cups, in 2000, 2007, 2019, 2020 and 2023. </p><p>The city's <a href="/wiki/Groenplaats" title="Groenplaats">Groenplaats</a> hosted the official 2022 <a href="/wiki/FIBA_3x3_World_Cup" title="FIBA 3x3 World Cup">FIBA 3x3 World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FIBA,_January_2021_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIBA,_January_2021-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG/220px-Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG/330px-Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG/440px-Universiteit_Antwerpen_Stadcampus_from_Preciosa_reading_room_of_the_library.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antwerp has a university and several colleges. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a> (<i>Universiteit Antwerpen</i>) was established in 2003, following the merger of the RUCA, UFSIA and UIA institutes. Their roots go back to 1852. The university has approximately 23,000 registered students, making it the third-largest university in Flanders, as well as 1,800 foreign students. It has 7 faculties, spread over four campus locations in the city centre and in the south of the city. The university is part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Universities_for_the_Future_of_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Universities for the Future of Europe (page does not exist)">Young Universities for the Future of Europe</a> (YUFE) and <a href="/wiki/Young_European_Research_Universities_Network" title="Young European Research Universities Network">Young European Research Universities Network</a> (YERUN). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a> has a presence in Antwerp too. </p><p>The city has several colleges, including <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Management_School" title="Antwerp Management School">Antwerp Management School</a> (AMS), the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Maritime_Academy" title="Antwerp Maritime Academy">Antwerp Maritime Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Karel_de_Grote_University_of_Applied_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Karel de Grote University of Applied Sciences and Arts">Karel de Grote Hogeschool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artesis_Plantijn_University_College_of_Antwerp" title="Artesis Plantijn University College of Antwerp">AP Hogeschool Antwerpen</a>. AP Hogeschool has about 15,000 students and 1,600 staff, and the Karel de Grote Hogeschool has about 13,500 students and 1,300 staff. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belgium" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium">List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Antwerp" title="Special:EditPage/Antwerp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following places are twinned with or are <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">sister cities</a> to Antwerp: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain, 1997</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, 1996</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes</a>, Morocco, 2000</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, Israel, 1995</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a>, Germany, 1998</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, France, 1958</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, France, 1954</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, Germany, 1963</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, the Netherlands, 1940</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, 1984</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_ports">Sister ports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sister ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Nagoya" title="Port of Nagoya">Port of Nagoya</a>, Japan, 1988</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <p>Within the context of development cooperation, Antwerp is also linked to </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname"><img alt="Suriname" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paramaribo" title="Paramaribo">Paramaribo</a>, Suriname</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Notable_people_from_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable people from Antwerp">Notable people from Antwerp</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Book_Fair" title="Antwerp Book Fair">Antwerp Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Diamond_Trade_Fair" title="Antwerp Diamond Trade Fair">Antwerp Diamond Trade Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Water_Works" title="Antwerp Water Works">Antwerp Water Works</a> (AWW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Antwerp" title="Fortifications of Antwerp">Fortifications of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Antwerp" title="List of mayors of Antwerp">List of mayors of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_European_Union" title="List of urban areas in the European Union">List of urban areas in the European Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_in_Belgium" title="Metropolitan areas in Belgium">whose metropolitan area</a> comprises the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">City of Brussels</a> itself plus 18 independent municipal entities, counts over 1,700,000 inhabitants, but these communities are counted separately by the <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Belgium" title="Statistics Belgium">Belgian Statistics Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was founded before stocks and shares existed, so was not strictly a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number includes Belgian nationals who either previously were foreign nationals themselves or at least one of their parents was a foreign national.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Countries included within this are: <ul><li>Germany;</li> <li>France;</li> <li>Luxembourg;</li> <li>the Netherlands;</li> <li>the United Kingdom;</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Countries included within this are: <ul><li>Germany;</li> <li>France;</li> <li>Luxembourg;</li> <li>the Netherlands;</li> <li>the United Kingdom;</li></ul> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BelMun2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BelMun2014_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On January 1st 2023. Statistics of the Federal Public Service of the Interior: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/fr/pop/statistiques/population-bevolking-20230101.pdf">https://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/fr/pop/statistiques/population-bevolking-20230101.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823165540/https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/themas/bevolking/loop-van-de-bevolking">Archived</a> 23 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/bevolking/structuur/woonplaats/groot/">"Statbel the Belgian statistics office"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516082938/https://statbel.fgov.be/nl/statistieken/cijfers/bevolking/structuur/woonplaats/groot/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statbel+the+Belgian+statistics+office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fnl%2Fstatistieken%2Fcijfers%2Fbevolking%2Fstructuur%2Fwoonplaats%2Fgroot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelMetr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BelMetr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029020131/http://www.statbel.fgov.be/pub/d0/p009n014_nl.pdf">"De Belgische Stadsgewesten 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Statistics Belgium</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statbel.fgov.be/pub/d0/p009n014_nl.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Belgium&rft.atitle=De+Belgische+Stadsgewesten+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statbel.fgov.be%2Fpub%2Fd0%2Fp009n014_nl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span> Definitions of metropolitan areas in Belgium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portofantwerp.com/sites/portofantwerp/files/Annual%20Report%202014_EN.pdf">"Annual Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Port of Antwerp. 2014. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202072649/http://www.portofantwerp.com/sites/portofantwerp/files/Annual%20Report%202014_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2014&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Port+of+Antwerp&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portofantwerp.com%2Fsites%2Fportofantwerp%2Ffiles%2FAnnual%2520Report%25202014_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/news/antwerp-europe%E2%80%99s-second-largest-port">"Antwerp is Europe's second largest port"</a>. 9 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225502/https://www.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com/invest/en/news/antwerp-europe%E2%80%99s-second-largest-port">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+is+Europe%27s+second+largest+port&rft.date=2016-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flandersinvestmentandtrade.com%2Finvest%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fantwerp-europe%25E2%2580%2599s-second-largest-port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">"The World According to GaWC 2020"</a>. <i>GaWC - Research Network</i>. Globalization and World Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GaWC+-+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+World+According+to+GaWC+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2020t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-31-fi-3623-story.html">"Antwerp Bourse—World's Oldest—Closes"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 31 December 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225507/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-31-fi-3623-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Antwerp+Bourse%E2%80%94World%27s+Oldest%E2%80%94Closes&rft.date=1997-12-31&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-dec-31-fi-3623-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barcroft.tv/antwerp-stock-exchange-building-belgium-europe-brussels">"A look inside one of the world's oldest stock exchange buildings"</a>. Barcroft TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128163442/http://www.barcroft.tv/antwerp-stock-exchange-building-belgium-europe-brussels">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+inside+one+of+the+world%27s+oldest+stock+exchange+buildings&rft.pub=Barcroft+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barcroft.tv%2Fantwerp-stock-exchange-building-belgium-europe-brussels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geert Cole; Leanne Logan, Belgium & Luxembourg p.218 Lonely Planet Publishing (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-237-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-237-2">1-74104-237-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversiteitspraktijk.be/artikels/waarom-is-antwerpen-een-majority-minoritystad">"Waarom is Antwerpen een majority-minoritystad?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225445/https://www.diversiteitspraktijk.be/artikels/waarom-is-antwerpen-een-majority-minoritystad">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waarom+is+Antwerpen+een+majority-minoritystad%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversiteitspraktijk.be%2Fartikels%2Fwaarom-is-antwerpen-een-majority-minoritystad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belgiumview.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belgiumview.com_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belgiumview.com_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belgiumview.com/belgiumview/tl1/view0000599.php4">Brabo Antwerpen 1 (centrum) / Antwerpen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171118/http://www.belgiumview.com/belgiumview/tl1/view0000599.php4">Archived</a> 4 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulger1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boulger, Demetrius Charles (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antwerp (city)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antwerp_(city)">"Antwerp (city)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 02 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 155–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antwerp+%28city%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=155-156&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Boulger&rft.aufirst=Demetrius+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Antverpia">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605134819/https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Antverpia">Archived</a> 5 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> German Wiktionary. Retrieved 5 June 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avbg.be/kroniek_Antwerpen_0-1200">"Kroniek Antwerpen"</a>. <i>AVBG</i> (in Dutch). Antwerp Society for Architectural History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107231653/http://www.avbg.be/kroniek_Antwerpen_0-1200">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AVBG&rft.atitle=Kroniek+Antwerpen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avbg.be%2Fkroniek_Antwerpen_0-1200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-placenames-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-placenames_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom1997" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (1 August 1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl00room/page/32"><i>Placenames of the World</i></a></span>. McFarland & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl00room/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0172-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0172-9"><bdi>0-7864-0172-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997-08-01&rft.isbn=0-7864-0172-9&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacenamesofworl00room%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antwerp-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antwerp_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antwerp_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-21476/Antwerp">"Antwerp"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225455/https://www.britannica.com/place/Antwerp-Belgium">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gva.be/cnt/aid607049/naam-antwerpen-heeft-keltische-oorsprong">"Naam Antwerpen heeft keltische oorsprong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gazet_van_Antwerpen" title="Gazet van Antwerpen">Gazet van Antwerpen</a></i> (in Dutch). 13 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128123445/https://www.gva.be/cnt/aid607049/naam-antwerpen-heeft-keltische-oorsprong">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazet+van+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=Naam+Antwerpen+heeft+keltische+oorsprong&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gva.be%2Fcnt%2Faid607049%2Fnaam-antwerpen-heeft-keltische-oorsprong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span> For the relevant passage in the <i>Vita Eligii</i>, see the <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">Monumenta Germaniae Historica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_4/index.htm#page/700/mode/1up">on the Digital MGH (page 700)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604014718/https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_rer_merov_4/index.htm#page/700/mode/1up">Archived</a> 4 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 4 June 2020 <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> has published <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/eligius.asp">an English translation of the <i>Vita Eligii</i> by Jo Ann McNamara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225509/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/eligius.asp">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 18 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Legenden en Mythen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.figy.be/legenden/Antwerpen_Brabo.htm">Legende van Brabo en de reus Antigoon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201213033/http://www.figy.be/legenden/Antwerpen_Brabo.htm">Archived</a> 1 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/5428/het-steen/">"Het Steen, Antwerp, Belgium - SpottingHistory.com"</a>. <i>www.spottinghistory.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128191335/https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/5428/het-steen/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spottinghistory.com&rft.atitle=Het+Steen%2C+Antwerp%2C+Belgium+-+SpottingHistory.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spottinghistory.com%2Fview%2F5428%2Fhet-steen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagenMarie1994" class="citation book cs1">Hagen, Rainer; Marie, Rose (1994). <i>Bruegel: The Complete Paintings</i>. Germany: Taschen. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5991-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8228-5991-9"><bdi>978-3-8228-5991-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruegel%3A+The+Complete+Paintings&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-8228-5991-9&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft.au=Marie%2C+Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gay and R.K. Webb, <i>Modern Europe to 1815</i> (1973), p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Monaghan, <i>Renaissance, Reformation and the Age of Discovery, 1450–1700</i> (Heinemann, 2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald J. Harreld, "Atlantic Sugar and Antwerp's Trade with Germany in the Sixteenth Century," <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Early_Modern_History" title="Journal of Early Modern History">Journal of Early Modern History</a></i>, 2003, Vol. 7 Issue 1/2, pp 148–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuthwaite1966" class="citation journal cs1">Outhwaite, R. B. (1966). "The Trials of Foreign Borrowing: The English Crown and the Antwerp Money Market in the Mid-Sixteenth Century". <i>The Economic History Review</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 289–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2592253">10.2307/2592253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2592253">2592253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Trials+of+Foreign+Borrowing%3A+The+English+Crown+and+the+Antwerp+Money+Market+in+the+Mid-Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-305&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2592253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2592253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Outhwaite&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Braudel 1985 p. 143.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world_and_its_people-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world_and_its_people_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world_and_its_people_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunton1896" class="citation book cs1">Dunton, Larkin (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop01duntgoog"><i>The World and Its People</i></a>. Silver, Burdett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop01duntgoog/page/n169">163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Its+People&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dunton&rft.aufirst=Larkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldanditspeop01duntgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden_age-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden_age_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden_age_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luc-Normand Tellier (2009). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC&pg=PA308">Urban world history: an economic and geographical perspective</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225616/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Urban_World_History/cXuCjDbxC1YC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA308&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>". PUQ. p.308. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7605-1588-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-7605-1588-5">2-7605-1588-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugg2012" class="citation book cs1">Sugg, Richard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqagh4PLTxQC&pg=PT198"><i>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: the History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136577369" title="Special:BookSources/9781136577369"><bdi>9781136577369</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225558/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqagh4PLTxQC&pg=PT198">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mummies%2C+Cannibals+and+Vampires%3A+the+History+of+Corpse+Medicine+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+Victorians&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136577369&rft.aulast=Sugg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djqagh4PLTxQC%26pg%3DPT198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsidore_SingerCyrus_Adler1916" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler, eds. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47o5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA658">"Antwerp"</a>. <i>Archived copy</i>. <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. pp. 658–660. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225552/https://books.google.com/books?id=47o5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA658">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=658-660&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47o5AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay and Webb, <i>Modern Europe to 1815</i> (1973), p. 210-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1977" class="citation book cs1">Boxer, C. R. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx4OAAAAQAAJ&q=Antwerp+surrender+Protestant&pg=PA18"><i>The Dutch Seaborne Empire, 1600-1800</i></a>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-131051-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-131051-6"><bdi>978-0-09-131051-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Seaborne+Empire%2C+1600-1800&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-09-131051-6&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFx4OAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DAntwerp%2Bsurrender%2BProtestant%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world_and_its_people2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-world_and_its_people2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunton1896" class="citation book cs1">Dunton, Larkin (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog"><i>The World and Its People</i></a>. Silver, Burdett. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog/page/n172">164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Its+People&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Silver%2C+Burdett&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dunton&rft.aufirst=Larkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldanditspeop05duntgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Pelle, Kimberley D (2008). Findling, John E (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of World's Fairs and Expositions</i>. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3416-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-3416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World%27s+Fairs+and+Expositions&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3416-9&rft.aulast=Pelle&rft.aufirst=Kimberley+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Ryckewaert, <i><a href="/wiki/Planning_Perspectives" title="Planning Perspectives">Planning Perspectives</a></i>, July 2010, Vol. 25 Issue 3, pp 303–322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Javier Gimeno Martínez, "Selling Avant-garde: How Antwerp Became a Fashion Capital (1990–2002)," <i><a href="/wiki/Urban_Studies_(journal)" title="Urban Studies (journal)">Urban Studies</a></i> November 2007, Vol. 44 Issue 1３, pp 2449–2464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ceuninck2009" class="citation book cs1">De Ceuninck, Koenraad (2009). <i>De gemeentelijke fusies van 1976. Een mijlpaal voor de lokale besturen in België</i>. Die keure, Brugge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+gemeentelijke+fusies+van+1976.+Een+mijlpaal+voor+de+lokale+besturen+in+Belgi%C3%AB&rft.pub=Die+keure%2C+Brugge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=De+Ceuninck&rft.aufirst=Koenraad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/the-underpass">"The Underpass"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033023/https://visit.antwerpen.be/the-underpass">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=The+Underpass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Fthe-underpass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/middelheim-museum-en">"Middelheim Museum"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413222915/https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/middelheim-museum-en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=Middelheim+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Finfo%2Fmiddelheim-museum-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/a-walk-around-hobokense-polder">"A walk around Hobokense Polder"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413222913/https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/a-walk-around-hobokense-polder">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=A+walk+around+Hobokense+Polder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Finfo%2Fa-walk-around-hobokense-polder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meteo.be/resources/climatology/climateCity/pdf/climate_INS11002_9120_nl.pdf">"Luchttemperatuur en neerslag Referentieperiode: 1991-2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Meteorological Institute">Royal Meteorological Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030100/https://www.meteo.be/resources/climatology/climateCity/pdf/climate_INS11002_9120_nl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luchttemperatuur+en+neerslag+Referentieperiode%3A+1991-2020&rft.pub=Royal+Meteorological+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteo.be%2Fresources%2Fclimatology%2FclimateCity%2Fpdf%2Fclimate_INS11002_9120_nl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/belgio/antwerpen-deurne/">"Temperature estreme in Antwerpen"</a> (in Italian). Temperature estreme in Toscoma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030104/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/belgio/antwerpen-deurne/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperature+estreme+in+Antwerpen&rft.pub=Temperature+estreme+in+Toscoma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Feuropa%2Fbelgio%2Fantwerpen-deurne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507100209/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_002.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1300–1399"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_002.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1300%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510113511/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_003.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1400–1499"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_003.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1400%E2%80%931499&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_003.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a> <i>The Perspective of the World</i>, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strecker-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strecker_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strecker_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502104212/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_004.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1500–1599"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_004.htm">the original</a> on 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1500%E2%80%931599&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoornaert1961" class="citation book cs1">Coornaert, Émile (1961). <i>Les Français et le commerce international à Anvers : fin du XVe, XVIe siècle</i>. Paris: Marcel Rivière et cie. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Fran%C3%A7ais+et+le+commerce+international+%C3%A0+Anvers+%3A+fin+du+XVe%2C+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Marcel+Rivi%C3%A8re+et+cie&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Coornaert&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoumansCraeybeckx1947" class="citation book cs1">Boumans, R; Craeybeckx, J (1947). <i>Het bevolkingscijfer van Antwerpen in het derde kwart der XVIe eeuw</i>. T.G. pp. 394–405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+bevolkingscijfer+van+Antwerpen+in+het+derde+kwart+der+XVIe+eeuw&rft.pages=394-405&rft.pub=T.G.&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Boumans&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Craeybeckx%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Houtte1961" class="citation journal cs1">van Houtte, J. A. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1961_num_16_2_420705">"Anvers aux XVe et XVIe siècles : expansion et apogée"</a>. <i>Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 249. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109233915/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/ahess_0395-2649_1961_num_16_2_420705">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+%C3%89conomies%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s%2C+Civilisations&rft.atitle=Anvers+aux+XVe+et+XVIe+si%C3%A8cles+%3A+expansion+et+apog%C3%A9e&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=van+Houtte&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fahess_0395-2649_1961_num_16_2_420705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Description of the French Fury matter, see <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent#Declaration_of_Independence" title="William the Silent">chapter 'Declaration of independence' in article 'William the Silent'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080507083302/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_005.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1600–1699"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_005.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1600%E2%80%931699&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804093815/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_006.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1700–1799"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_006.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1700%E2%80%931799&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_006.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222154536/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_007.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1800–1899"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_007.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1800%E2%80%931899&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107091927/http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_008.htm">"Antwerp timeline 1900–1999"</a>. Strecker.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecker.be/2004/kroniek/kroniek-a_008.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerp+timeline+1900%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Strecker.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecker.be%2F2004%2Fkroniek%2Fkroniek-a_008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/469-Migratieachtergrond/">"Wachtregister asiel 2012-2021"</a>. <i>npdata.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001034810/http://www.npdata.be/BuG/469-Migratieachtergrond/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npdata.be&rft.atitle=Wachtregister+asiel+2012-2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npdata.be%2FBuG%2F469-Migratieachtergrond%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuteur:_Dajo_Hermans" class="citation web cs1">Auteur: Dajo Hermans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=GEL2M0RO6">"56 procent van Antwerpse kinderen is allochtoon – Het Nieuwsblad"</a>. Nieuwsblad.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626065454/http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=GEL2M0RO6">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=56+procent+van+Antwerpse+kinderen+is+allochtoon+%E2%80%93+Het+Nieuwsblad&rft.pub=Nieuwsblad.be&rft.au=Auteur%3A+Dajo+Hermans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nieuwsblad.be%2Farticle%2Fdetail.aspx%3Farticleid%3DGEL2M0RO6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nl.express.live/antwerpen-in-2020-voor-55-allochtoon-exp-126467/">"Antwerpen in 2020 voor 55% allochtoon"</a> (in Dutch). Express.be. 17 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antwerpen+in+2020+voor+55%25+allochtoon&rft.pub=Express.be&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.express.live%2Fantwerpen-in-2020-voor-55-allochtoon-exp-126467%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/origin">"Origin | Statbel"</a>. <i>statbel.fgov.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218104221/https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/population/origin">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statbel.fgov.be&rft.atitle=Origin+%7C+Statbel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Fen%2Fthemes%2Fpopulation%2Forigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commisceo-global.com/component/easyblog/a-brief-introduction-to-jainism">"An Introduction to Jainism: History, Religion, Gods, Scriptures and Beliefs"</a>. Commisceo Global. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002133202/http://www.commisceo-global.com/component/easyblog/a-brief-introduction-to-jainism">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Jainism%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+Gods%2C+Scriptures+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Commisceo+Global&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commisceo-global.com%2Fcomponent%2Feasyblog%2Fa-brief-introduction-to-jainism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneels" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daneels, Door Gilbert Roox, foto's Wim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standaard.be/cnt/g17tci9b">"Diamant met curry"</a>. <i>De Standaard</i> (in Flemish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225631/http://www.standaard.be/cnt/g17tci9b">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Standaard&rft.atitle=Diamant+met+curry&rft.aulast=Daneels&rft.aufirst=Door+Gilbert+Roox%2C+foto%27s+Wim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standaard.be%2Fcnt%2Fg17tci9b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0tnSn_bVXAC&q=Inside+Knowledge%3A+Streetwise+in+Asia">Inside Knowledge: Streetwise in Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225604/https://books.google.it/books?id=h0tnSn_bVXAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=Inside%20Knowledge%3A%20Streetwise%20in%20Asia">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanneste2015" class="citation book cs1">Vanneste, Tijl (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOo5CgAAQBAJ&q=Global+Trade+and+Commercial+Networks:+Eighteenth-Century+Diamond+Merchants"><i>Global Trade and Commercial Networks: Eighteenth-Century Diamond Merchants</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317323372" title="Special:BookSources/9781317323372"><bdi>9781317323372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225637/https://books.google.com/books?id=pOo5CgAAQBAJ&q=Global+Trade+and+Commercial+Networks:+Eighteenth-Century+Diamond+Merchants">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Trade+and+Commercial+Networks%3A+Eighteenth-Century+Diamond+Merchants&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=9781317323372&rft.aulast=Vanneste&rft.aufirst=Tijl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOo5CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DGlobal%2BTrade%2Band%2BCommercial%2BNetworks%3A%2BEighteenth-Century%2BDiamond%2BMerchants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/indians-shine-antwerp-diamond-centre-polls-417275">Indians shine antwerp diamond centre polls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803131033/http://www.ibtimes.com/indians-shine-antwerp-diamond-centre-polls-417275">Archived</a> 3 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2_HP5x5pgC&q=Belgium+Real+Estate+Yearbook+2009&pg=PA18">Belgium Real Estate Yearbook 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404102916/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2_HP5x5pgC&q=Belgium+Real+Estate+Yearbook+2009&pg=PA18">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/23/diamond-gems-trade-antwerp-belgium">Recession takes the sparkle out of Antwerp's diamond quarter|World news</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603043140/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/23/diamond-gems-trade-antwerp-belgium">Archived</a> 3 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 2 June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baunatdiamonds.com/en/faq/facts-figures-antwerp-and-diamonds">"Antwerp and diamonds, the facts – Baunat Diamonds"</a>. <i>baunatdiamonds.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225616/https://www.bntdiamonds.com/en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baunatdiamonds.com&rft.atitle=Antwerp+and+diamonds%2C+the+facts+%E2%80%93+Baunat+Diamonds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baunatdiamonds.com%2Fen%2Ffaq%2Ffacts-figures-antwerp-and-diamonds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6CkCgAAQBAJ">The Global Diamond Industry: Economics and Development, Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201225616/https://books.google.it/books?id=o6CkCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 1 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p.3.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agbu.org/news-item/the-armenian-of-belgium-an-uninterrupted-presence-since-the-4th-century/">"The Armenian of Belgium: an Uninterrupted Presence Since the 4th Century"</a>. <i>AGBU – Armenian non-profit organization</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234553/https://agbu.org/news-item/the-armenian-of-belgium-an-uninterrupted-presence-since-the-4th-century/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AGBU+%E2%80%93+Armenian+non-profit+organization&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+of+Belgium%3A+an+Uninterrupted+Presence+Since+the+4th+Century&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagbu.org%2Fnews-item%2Fthe-armenian-of-belgium-an-uninterrupted-presence-since-the-4th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cciantwerp.com/industry/">https://www.cciantwerp.com/industry/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sustainableportofantwerp-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sustainableportofantwerp_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430023952/http://www.sustainableportofantwerp.com/en/content/people/wind-farm">"Wind farm | Sustainable Port of Antwerp"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainableportofantwerp.com/en/content/people/wind-farm">the original</a> on 30 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wind+farm+%26%23124%3B+Sustainable+Port+of+Antwerp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustainableportofantwerp.com%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fpeople%2Fwind-farm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT11512-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT11512_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Tagliabue2012" class="citation news cs1">John Tagliabue (5 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/europe/antwerps-diamond-industry-tries-to-keep-its-luster.html">"An Industry Struggles to Keep Its Luster"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006181846/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/06/world/europe/antwerps-diamond-industry-tries-to-keep-its-luster.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Industry+Struggles+to+Keep+Its+Luster&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.au=John+Tagliabue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fantwerps-diamond-industry-tries-to-keep-its-luster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessinantwerp.eu/sectors/diamond">"Diamond"</a>. <i>Business in Antwerp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425031154/https://businessinantwerp.eu/sectors/diamond">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+in+Antwerp&rft.atitle=Diamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessinantwerp.eu%2Fsectors%2Fdiamond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliabue2012" class="citation web cs1">Tagliabue, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2012/11/06/An-Industry-Struggles-to-Keep-Its-Luster/stories/201211060199">"An Industry Struggles to Keep Its Luster"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126234214/https://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2012/11/06/An-Industry-Struggles-to-Keep-Its-Luster/stories/201211060199">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=An+Industry+Struggles+to+Keep+Its+Luster&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tagliabue&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2012%2F11%2F06%2FAn-Industry-Struggles-to-Keep-Its-Luster%2Fstories%2F201211060199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awdc-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awdc_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626114400/https://www.awdc.be/en/industry">"The industry | Antwerp World Diamond Centre"</a>. awdc.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awdc.be/en/industry">the original</a> on 26 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+industry+%26%23124%3B+Antwerp+World+Diamond+Centre&rft.pub=awdc.be&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awdc.be%2Fen%2Findustry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmeester2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hofmeester, Karin (March 2013). "Shifting trajectories of diamond processing: from India to Europe and back, from the fifteenth century to the twentieth*". <i>Journal of Global History</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 25–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS174002281300003X">10.1017/S174002281300003X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1740-0228">1740-0228</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220685101">220685101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Shifting+trajectories+of+diamond+processing%3A+from+India+to+Europe+and+back%2C+from+the+fifteenth+century+to+the+twentieth%2A&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-49&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220685101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1740-0228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS174002281300003X&rft.aulast=Hofmeester&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefangeens.com-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stefangeens.com_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefangeens.com_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stefangeens.com/wsj.html">"WSJ: Indians Unseat Antwerp's Jews As the Biggest Diamond Traders"</a>. Stefangeens.com. 27 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927003110/http://www.stefangeens.com/wsj.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WSJ%3A+Indians+Unseat+Antwerp%27s+Jews+As+the+Biggest+Diamond+Traders&rft.pub=Stefangeens.com&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stefangeens.com%2Fwsj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons2006" class="citation news cs1">Simons, Marlise (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/world/europe/twilight-in-diamond-land-antwerps-loss-indias-gain.html">"Twilight in Diamond Land: Antwerp's Loss, India's Gain"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425031157/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/world/europe/twilight-in-diamond-land-antwerps-loss-indias-gain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Twilight+in+Diamond+Land%3A+Antwerp%27s+Loss%2C+India%27s+Gain&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Marlise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Ftwilight-in-diamond-land-antwerps-loss-indias-gain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rankin_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2022" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (20 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/20/belgium-trade-russian-diamonds-despite-moral-pressure">"Belgium's trade in Russian diamonds continues despite moral pressure"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124100948/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/20/belgium-trade-russian-diamonds-despite-moral-pressure">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+trade+in+Russian+diamonds+continues+despite+moral+pressure&rft.date=2022-11-20&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fnov%2F20%2Fbelgium-trade-russian-diamonds-despite-moral-pressure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/museum-plantin-moretus-en">"Museum Plantin-Moretus"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413223436/https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/museum-plantin-moretus-en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=Museum+Plantin-Moretus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Finfo%2Fmuseum-plantin-moretus-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1185/">"Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315153241/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1185/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Plantin-Moretus+House-Workshops-Museum+Complex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1185%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/m-hka-museum-of-contemporary-art-antwerp">"M HKA, Museum of Contemporary Art Antwerp"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413223433/https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/m-hka-museum-of-contemporary-art-antwerp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=M+HKA%2C+Museum+of+Contemporary+Art+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Finfo%2Fm-hka-museum-of-contemporary-art-antwerp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/mo-mu-fashion-museum-antwerp">"MoMu | Fashion Museum Antwerp"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413223435/https://visit.antwerpen.be/info/mo-mu-fashion-museum-antwerp">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=MoMu+%7C+Fashion+Museum+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Finfo%2Fmo-mu-fashion-museum-antwerp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Den-Bengel-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Den-Bengel_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denbengel.be/Jazz_New.html">"Verenigingen gevestigd in 'Den Bengel'. ANTWERPSE JAZZCLUB"</a>. <i>Cafe Den Bengel</i>. 27 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919053532/http://www.denbengel.be/Jazz_New.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cafe+Den+Bengel&rft.atitle=Verenigingen+gevestigd+in+%27Den+Bengel%27.+ANTWERPSE+JAZZCLUB&rft.date=2016-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denbengel.be%2FJazz_New.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linkerwoofer.be/">"Linkerwoofer 2018"</a>. <i>linkerwoofer.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074607/http://www.linkerwoofer.be/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linkerwoofer.be&rft.atitle=Linkerwoofer+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linkerwoofer.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitantwerpen.be/en/linkerwoofer-en">"Linkerwoofer"</a>. <i>visitantwerpen.be</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134618/https://www.visitantwerpen.be/en/linkerwoofer-en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitantwerpen.be&rft.atitle=Linkerwoofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitantwerpen.be%2Fen%2Flinkerwoofer-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stubru.be/agenda/linkerwoofer0">"stubru.be"</a>. <i>stubru.be</i> (in Dutch). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134709/https://stubru.be/agenda/linkerwoofer0">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stubru.be&rft.atitle=stubru.be&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstubru.be%2Fagenda%2Flinkerwoofer0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Martínez (2007). "Selling Avant-garde: How Antwerp Became a Fashion Capital (1990–2002)". <i>Urban Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (12): 2449. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007UrbSt..44.2449M">2007UrbSt..44.2449M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420980701540879">10.1080/00420980701540879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154858870">154858870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Studies&rft.atitle=Selling+Avant-garde%3A+How+Antwerp+Became+a+Fashion+Capital+%281990%E2%80%932002%29&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2449&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154858870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00420980701540879&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007UrbSt..44.2449M&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/fashion-shopping">"Fashion & shopping"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033555/https://visit.antwerpen.be/fashion-shopping">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=Fashion+%26+shopping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Ffashion-shopping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seef.be/ons-verhaal/">"Ons verhaal – Antwerpse Brouw Compagnie"</a> (in Dutch). 21 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173951/https://seef.be/ons-verhaal/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ons+verhaal+%E2%80%93+Antwerpse+Brouw+Compagnie&rft.date=2019-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseef.be%2Fons-verhaal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lakkerantwerp.be/">"Lakker Antwerps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410170213/https://www.lakkerantwerp.be/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakker+Antwerps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lakkerantwerp.be%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visit.antwerpen.be/food-drinks">"Food & drinks"</a>. <i>Visit Antwerpen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033607/https://visit.antwerpen.be/food-drinks">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Antwerpen&rft.atitle=Food+%26+drinks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisit.antwerpen.be%2Ffood-drinks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwerpconventionbureau.be/nl/upcoming/world-choir-games-2021/">"World Choir Games 2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410170728/https://antwerpconventionbureau.be/nl/upcoming/world-choir-games-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Choir+Games+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantwerpconventionbureau.be%2Fnl%2Fupcoming%2Fworld-choir-games-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sports-reference-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sports-reference_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418132504/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1920/CYC/mens-road-race-individual.html">"Cycling at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games: Men's Road Race, Individual"</a>. sports-reference.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1920/CYC/mens-road-race-individual.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cycling+at+the+1920+Antwerpen+Summer+Games%3A+Men%27s+Road+Race%2C+Individual&rft.pub=sports-reference.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sports-reference.com%2Folympics%2Fsummer%2F1920%2FCYC%2Fmens-road-race-individual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418132506/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1920/CYC/mens-road-race-team.html">Sports-reference.com 1920 Summer Olympics cycling team road race, team</a> Olympics at Sports-Reference.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703110239/http://www.rafc.be/eng/index2.html">"ROYAL ANTWERP FOOTBALL CLUB"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafc.be/eng/index2.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ROYAL+ANTWERP+FOOTBALL+CLUB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafc.be%2Feng%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIBA,_January_2021-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIBA,_January_2021_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiba.basketball/news/antwerp-to-host-fiba-3x3-world-cup-2022">Antwerp to host FIBA 3x3 World Cup 2022</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727170945/http://www.fiba.basketball/news/antwerp-to-host-fiba-3x3-world-cup-2022">Archived</a> 27 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a>, 18 January 2021. Accessed 30 April 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Antwerp#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Antwerp">Bibliography of the history of Antwerp</a></div> <ul><li>Blanchard, Ian. <i> The International Economy in the "Age of the Discoveries," 1470–1570: Antwerp and the English Merchants' World</i> (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009). 288 pp. in English</li> <li>Harreld, Donald J. "Trading Places," <i>Journal of Urban History</i> (2003) 29#6 pp 657–669</li> <li>Lindemann, Mary. <i>The Merchant Republics: Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg, 1648–1790</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2014) 356 pp.</li> <li>Limberger, Michael. <i>Sixteenth-Century Antwerp and its Rural Surroundings: Social and Economic Changes in the Hinterland of a Commercial Metropolis (ca. 1450–1570)</i> (Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2008). 284 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52725-3">978-2-503-52725-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakos2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Makos" title="Adam Makos">Makos, Adam</a> (2019). <i><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(Makos_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spearhead (Makos novel)">Spearhead</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. pp. 63, 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804176729" title="Special:BookSources/9780804176729"><bdi>9780804176729</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039460">2018039460</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL27342118M">27342118M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spearhead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=63%2C+69&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL27342118M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018039460&rft.isbn=9780804176729&rft.aulast=Makos&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.327.a.php">Stillwell, Richard, ed. <i>Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>, 1976: </a> "Antwerp Belgium"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_der_Wee" title="Herman Van der Wee">Van der Wee, Herman</a>. <i>The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy (14th–16th Centuries)</i> (The Hague, 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antwerp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antwerp">Antwerp</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antwerp#Q12892" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Antwerp">Antwerp</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antwerpen.be/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitantwerp.be/">Tourism Antwerp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experienceantwerp.be/nl/">Visit Antwerp</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Antwerp" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Antwerp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Antwerp</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reimerswaal_(municipality)" title="Reimerswaal (municipality)">Reimerswaal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NL</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">ZE</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woensdrecht" title="Woensdrecht">Woensdrecht</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NL</a>-<a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">NB</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stabroek" title="Stabroek">Stabroek</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapellen,_Belgium" title="Kapellen, Belgium">Kapellen</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Beveren" title="Beveren">Beveren</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">VOV</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Zwijndrecht,_Belgium" title="Zwijndrecht, Belgium">Zwijndrecht</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Antwerp</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Brasschaat" title="Brasschaat">Brasschaat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Schoten" title="Schoten">Schoten</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wijnegem" title="Wijnegem">Wijnegem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wommelgem" title="Wommelgem">Wommelgem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Borsbeek" title="Borsbeek">Borsbeek</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kruibeke" title="Kruibeke">Kruibeke</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Flanders" title="East Flanders">VOV</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemiksem" title="Hemiksem">Hemiksem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aartselaar" title="Aartselaar">Aartselaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edegem" title="Edegem">Edegem</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mortsel" title="Mortsel">Mortsel</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Populated_places_in_Antwerp" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populated_places_in_Antwerp" title="Template:Populated places in Antwerp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Populated_places_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Populated places in Antwerp (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populated_places_in_Antwerp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populated places in Antwerp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Populated_places_in_Antwerp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Populated places in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp" title="Districts of Antwerp">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(district)" title="Antwerp (district)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo" title="Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo">Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp" title="Hoboken, Antwerp">Hoboken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighbourhoods<br />and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berendrecht" title="Berendrecht">Berendrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Dam" title="Den Dam">Den Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district" title="Antwerp diamond district">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillo,_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillo, Antwerp">Lillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linkeroever" title="Linkeroever">Linkeroever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandvliet" title="Zandvliet">Zandvliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuid,_Antwerp" title="Zuid, Antwerp">Zuid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurenborg" title="Zurenborg">Zurenborg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_and_districts_of_Antwerp" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antwerp" title="Template:Antwerp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antwerp" title="Template talk:Antwerp"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antwerp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antwerp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_and_districts_of_Antwerp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp" title="Districts of Antwerp">districts of Antwerp</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Antwerp">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Culture in Antwerp">Culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Antwerp" title="Category:People from Antwerp">People</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Sport in Antwerp">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Education in Antwerp">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Antwerp" title="University of Antwerp">University of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Fran%C3%A7ais_International_d%27Anvers" title="Lycée Français International d'Anvers">Lycée Français International d'Anvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_School" title="Antwerp International School">Antwerp International School</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antwerpen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo of Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/50px-Antwerpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/75px-Antwerpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Antwerpen.svg/100px-Antwerpen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="227" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Antwerp" title="Category:Geography of Antwerp">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Districts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Antwerp" title="Districts of Antwerp">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_(district)" title="Antwerp (district)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berchem" title="Berchem">Berchem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo" title="Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo">Berendrecht-Zandvliet-Lillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgerhout" title="Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deurne,_Belgium" title="Deurne, Belgium">Deurne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_Antwerp" title="Hoboken, Antwerp">Hoboken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merksem" title="Merksem">Merksem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilrijk" title="Wilrijk">Wilrijk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Antwerp" title="Category:History of Antwerp">History of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Antwerp" title="Timeline of Antwerp">Timeline of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Antwerp" title="History of the Jews in Antwerp">History of the Jews in Antwerp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Transport in Antwerp">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_International_Airport" title="Antwerp International Airport">Antwerp International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Pre-metro" title="Antwerp Pre-metro">Antwerp Pre-metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Antwerp" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Antwerp">Antwerp tramway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roads_in_Antwerp" title="Category:Roads in Antwerp">Roads in Antwerp</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mainlinerailway_stations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Antwerp_(province)" title="Category:Railway stations in Antwerp (province)">Mainline<br />railway stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Berchem_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Berchem railway station">Antwerpen-Berchem railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Centraal_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Centraal railway station">Antwerpen-Centraal railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Luchtbal_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Luchtbal railway station">Antwerpen-Luchtbal railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Noorderdokken_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Noorderdokken railway station">Antwerpen-Noorderdokken railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Zuid_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Zuid railway station">Antwerpen-Zuid railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekeren_railway_station" title="Ekeren railway station">Ekeren railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellen_railway_station,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapellen railway station, Belgium">Kapellen railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Mariaburg_railway_station" title="Sint-Mariaburg railway station">Sint-Mariaburg railway station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antwerp" title="Category:Antwerp">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antwerp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antwerp">Commons</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Belgium" title="Portal:Belgium">Belgium Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in <span class="smallcaps">smallcaps</span>.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kołobrzeg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde <span style="font-size:85%;">(Darłowo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Szczecin)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp <span style="font-size:85%;">(Słupsk)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk"><span class="smallcaps">Danzig</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(Gdańsk)</span></span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau <span style="font-size:85%;">(Wrocław)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tartu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing <span style="font-size:85%;">(Elbląg)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kraków)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tallinn)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga <span style="font-size:85%;">(Rīga)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn <span style="font-size:85%;">(Toruń)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span><br /><span class="smallcaps"><i><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></i></span> <span class="nobold"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a><sup>2</sup><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Vitten</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> The kontor was moved to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Burgundian_Circle_(1512–1797)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burgundian_Circle" title="Template:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burgundian_Circle" title="Template talk:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian_Circle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian Circle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Holy_Roman_Empire&#124;link=Holy_Roman_Empire_Burgundian_Circle_(1512–1797)_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian Circle</a> (1512–1797) of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> of<br /><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration" title="Act of Abjuration">Seceded 1581</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Drenthe" title="County of Drenthe">Drenthe</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Frisia" title="Lordship of Frisia">Friesland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Groningen" title="Lordship of Groningen">Groningen</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veluwe_Quarter" title="Veluwe Quarter">Veluwe Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen_Quarter" title="Nijmegen Quarter">Nijmegen Quarter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zutphen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Zutphen County">Zutphen</a>) <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Overijssel" title="Lordship of Overijssel">Overijssel</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Utrecht" title="Lordship of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Zeeland" title="County of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Remained</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Artois" title="County of Artois">Artois</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Guelders" title="Upper Guelders">Upper Quarter</a>) <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg" title="Duchy of Limburg">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Luxemburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> <small>(since 1548)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Mechelen" title="Lordship of Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Namur" title="County of Namur">Namur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Burgundian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/120px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/180px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg/240px-Locator_Burgundian_Circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Besan%C3%A7on" title="Free Imperial City of Besançon">Besançon</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependent territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.3em 0 0.2em;"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">until 1648</a>;<span class="nowrap">   </span> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">until 1659</a>;<span class="nowrap">   </span><sup><small>3</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Nijmegen" title="Treaties of Nijmegen">until 1678</a>. Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle of Swabia">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian</a>, <b>Burgundian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_in_Antwerp_Province,_Flanders,_Belgium" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_in_Antwerp" title="Template:Municipalities in Antwerp"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_in_Antwerp" title="Template talk:Municipalities in Antwerp"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_in_Antwerp" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities in Antwerp"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_in_Antwerp_Province,_Flanders,_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Belgium" title="Municipalities of Belgium">Municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Province" title="Antwerp Province">Antwerp Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Region" title="Flemish Region">Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Antwerp" title="Arrondissement of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aartselaar" title="Aartselaar">Aartselaar</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boechout" title="Boechout">Boechout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom,_Belgium" title="Boom, Belgium">Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsbeek" title="Borsbeek">Borsbeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasschaat" title="Brasschaat">Brasschaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecht,_Belgium" title="Brecht, Belgium">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edegem" title="Edegem">Edegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essen,_Belgium" title="Essen, Belgium">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiksem" title="Hemiksem">Hemiksem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hove,_Belgium" title="Hove, Belgium">Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmthout" title="Kalmthout">Kalmthout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapellen,_Belgium" title="Kapellen, Belgium">Kapellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontich" title="Kontich">Kontich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lint,_Belgium" title="Lint, Belgium">Lint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malle" title="Malle">Malle</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mortsel" title="Mortsel">Mortsel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niel,_Belgium" title="Niel, Belgium">Niel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranst" title="Ranst">Ranst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumst" title="Rumst">Rumst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schelle" title="Schelle">Schelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schilde" title="Schilde">Schilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoten" title="Schoten">Schoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabroek" title="Stabroek">Stabroek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wijnegem" title="Wijnegem">Wijnegem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wommelgem" title="Wommelgem">Wommelgem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuustwezel" title="Wuustwezel">Wuustwezel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandhoven" title="Zandhoven">Zandhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoersel" title="Zoersel">Zoersel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwijndrecht,_Belgium" title="Zwijndrecht, Belgium">Zwijndrecht</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgieapen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Belgieapen.png/100px-Belgieapen.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Belgieapen.png/150px-Belgieapen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Belgieapen.png/200px-Belgieapen.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Mechelen" title="Arrondissement of Mechelen">Mechelen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlaar" title="Berlaar">Berlaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonheiden" title="Bonheiden">Bonheiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornem" title="Bornem">Bornem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel" title="Duffel">Duffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist-op-den-Berg" title="Heist-op-den-Berg">Heist-op-den-Berg</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lier</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijlen" title="Nijlen">Nijlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putte" title="Putte">Putte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puurs-Sint-Amands" title="Puurs-Sint-Amands">Puurs-Sint-Amands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint-Katelijne-Waver" title="Sint-Katelijne-Waver">Sint-Katelijne-Waver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willebroek" title="Willebroek">Willebroek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arrondissement_of_Turnhout" title="Arrondissement of Turnhout">Turnhout</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arendonk" title="Arendonk">Arendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarle-Hertog" title="Baarle-Hertog">Baarle-Hertog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balen" title="Balen">Balen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerse" title="Beerse">Beerse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessel" title="Dessel">Dessel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Geel" title="Geel">Geel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grobbendonk" title="Grobbendonk">Grobbendonk</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herentals" title="Herentals">Herentals</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenthout" title="Herenthout">Herenthout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herselt" title="Herselt">Herselt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hoogstraten" title="Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulshout" title="Hulshout">Hulshout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasterlee" title="Kasterlee">Kasterlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laakdal" title="Laakdal">Laakdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille,_Belgium" title="Lille, Belgium">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerhout" title="Meerhout">Meerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merksplas" title="Merksplas">Merksplas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mol,_Belgium" title="Mol, Belgium">Mol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olen,_Belgium" title="Olen, Belgium">Olen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud-Turnhout" title="Oud-Turnhout">Oud-Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravels" title="Ravels">Ravels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retie" title="Retie">Retie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijkevorsel" title="Rijkevorsel">Rijkevorsel</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turnhout" title="Turnhout">Turnhout</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorselaar" title="Vorselaar">Vorselaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosselaar" title="Vosselaar">Vosselaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerlo" title="Westerlo">Westerlo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Bold</b> indicates <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Belgium" title="City status in Belgium">cities</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Book_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Book_Capital" title="Template talk:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Book_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/80px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/160px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Capital of Sport (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European Capitals of Sport</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li>2013 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Youth_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Youth_Capital" title="Template:European Youth Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:European_Youth_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:European Youth Capital (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Youth_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Youth Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Youth_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Capital" title="European Youth Capital">European Youth Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2011 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a></li> <li>2025 <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a></li> <li>2026 <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic Summer Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Summer_Olympic_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities" title="List of Olympic Games host cities">host cities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1900_Summer_Olympics" title="1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics" title="1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1916_Summer_Olympics" title="1916 Summer Olympics">1916</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c1]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics" title="1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics" title="1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics" title="1940 Summer Olympics">1940</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1944_Summer_Olympics" title="1944 Summer Olympics">1944</a>:</b> <i>None</i><sup>[c2]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics" title="1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281984%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> Athens</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> London</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Tokyo<sup>[c3]</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Paris</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> Los Angeles</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a>:</b> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>[c1]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; <sup>[c2]</sup> Cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; <sup>[c3]</sup> Postponed to 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Venues_of_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_(Antwerp)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template:1920 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1920_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Template talk:1920 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1920_Summer_Olympic_venues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1920 Summer Olympic venues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Venues_of_the_1920_Summer_Olympics_(Antwerp)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Venues_of_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Venues of the 1920 Summer Olympics">Venues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Zoo" title="Antwerp Zoo">Antwerp Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Beerschot_THC" title="Royal Beerschot THC">Beerschot Tennis Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverloo_Camp" title="Beverloo Camp">Beverloo Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels%E2%80%93Scheldt_Maritime_Canal" title="Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal">Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(Amsterdam)" title="IJ (Amsterdam)">Buiten Y (Amsterdam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Palace" title="Egmont Palace">Gardens of the Egmont Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoogboom_Military_Camp" title="Hoogboom Military Camp">Hoogboom Military Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Ottenstadion" title="Jules Ottenstadion">Jules Ottenstadion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachtegalen_Park" title="Nachtegalen Park">Nachtegalen Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympisch_Stadion_(Antwerp)" title="Olympisch Stadion (Antwerp)">Olympisch Stadion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_Glace_d%27Anvers" title="Palais de Glace d'Anvers">Palais de Glace d'Anvers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marien_Stadium" title="Joseph Marien Stadium">Stade Joseph Marien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_Nautique_d%27Antwerp" title="Stade Nautique d'Antwerp">Stade Nautique d'Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Broodstraat" title="Stadion Broodstraat">Stadion Broodstraat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27Anvers_Zuremborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg">Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olympic_venues_in_cycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Olympic_venues_cycling" title="Template:Olympic venues cycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Olympic_venues_cycling" title="Template talk:Olympic venues cycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic_venues_cycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Olympic venues cycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olympic_venues_in_cycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_cycling" title="List of Olympic venues in cycling">Olympic venues in cycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics">1896</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon (city)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo_Phaliron_Velodrome" title="Neo Phaliron Velodrome">Neo Phaliron Velodrome</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cycling_(road)_pictogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg/50px-Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg/75px-Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg/100px-Cycling_%28road%29_pictogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics">1900</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Francis_Olympic_Field" title="Francis Olympic Field">Francis Olympic Field</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1912 Summer Olympics">1912</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liljeholmen" title="Liljeholmen">Liljeholmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1920 Summer Olympics">1920</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27Anvers_Zuremborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg">Vélodrome d'Anvers Zuremborg</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1924 Summer Olympics">1924</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stade_Yves-du-Manoir" title="Stade Yves-du-Manoir">Stade Yves-du-Manoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Vincennes" title="Vélodrome de Vincennes">Vélodrome de Vincennes</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1928_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1928 Summer Olympics">1928</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Amsterdam)" title="Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)">Olympic Stadium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_118" title="California State Route 118">Los Angeles Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_1" title="California State Route 1">Pacific Coast Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)" title="Rose Bowl (stadium)">Rose Bowl in Pasadena</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_232" title="California State Route 232">Vineyard Avenue</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1936_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics">1936</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/AVUS" title="AVUS">Avus Motor Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berliner_SV_1892" title="Berliner SV 1892">BSV 92 Field & Stadium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Herne_Hill_Velodrome" title="Herne Hill Velodrome">Herne Hill Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor Great Park</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1952 Summer Olympics">1952</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4pyl%C3%A4" title="Käpylä">Käpylä</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maunula" title="Maunula">Maunula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakila" title="Pakila">Pakila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Velodrome" title="Helsinki Velodrome">Velodrome</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1956 Summer Olympics">1956</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Broadmeadows,_Victoria" title="Broadmeadows, Victoria">Broadmeadows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Sports_%26_Entertainment_Precinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Sports & Entertainment Precinct">Velodrome</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics">1960</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Velodrome,_Rome" title="Olympic Velodrome, Rome">Olympic Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Cassia" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Flaminia" title="Via Flaminia">Via Flaminia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Cristoforo_Colombo" title="Via Cristoforo Colombo">Via Cristoforo Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_di_Grottarossa" title="Via di Grottarossa">Via di Grottarossa</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1964 Summer Olympics">1964</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hachi%C5%8Dji,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachiōji, Tokyo">Hachioji City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachioji_Velodrome" title="Hachioji Velodrome">Hachioji Velodrome</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1968 Summer Olympics">1968</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Melgar_Olympic_Velodrome" title="Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome">Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Circuit_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Circuit (Mexico City)">Satellite Circuit</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_96" title="Bundesautobahn 96">Bundesautobahn 96</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnwald,_Bavaria" title="Grünwald, Bavaria">Grünwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radstadion" title="Radstadion">Radstadion</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1976 Summer Olympics">1976</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal" title="Mount Royal">Mount Royal Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Biodome" title="Montreal Biodome">Olympic Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Autoroute_40" title="Quebec Autoroute 40">Quebec Autoroute 40</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1980 Summer Olympics">1980</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krylatskoye_Sports_Complex_Cycling_Circuit" title="Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit">Krylatskoye Sports Complex Cycling Circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krylatskoye_Sports_Complex_Velodrome" title="Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome">Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/M1_highway_(Russia)" title="M1 highway (Russia)">Moscow-Minsk Highway</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics">1984</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_91" title="California State Route 91">Artesia Freeway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Velodrome_(Carson,_California)" title="Olympic Velodrome (Carson, California)">Olympic Velodrome</a>, Streets of <a href="/wiki/Mission_Viejo,_California" title="Mission Viejo, California">Mission Viejo</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1988 Summer Olympics">1988</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Velodrome_(Seoul)" title="Olympic Velodrome (Seoul)">Olympic Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongillo_Road_Course" title="Tongillo Road Course">Tongillo Road Course</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1992 Summer Olympics">1992</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Autopista_C-33" title="Autopista C-33">A-17 highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circuit_de_Barcelona-Catalunya" title="Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya">Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sadurn%C3%AD_d%27Anoia" title="Sant Sadurní d'Anoia">Sant Sadurní Cycling Circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vel%C3%B2drom_d%27Horta" title="Velòdrom d'Horta">Velòdrom d'Horta</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996</a></dt> <dd>Cycling road course, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_International_Horse_Park" title="Georgia International Horse Park">Georgia International Horse Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain Park Archery Center and Velodrome</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics">2000</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Parklands" title="Centennial Parklands">Centennial Parklands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunc_Gray_Velodrome" title="Dunc Gray Velodrome">Dunc Gray Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Sydney_Parklands" title="Western Sydney Parklands">Western Sydney Parklands</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens_Olympic_Velodrome" title="Athens Olympic Velodrome">Athens Olympic Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotzia_Square" title="Kotzia Square">Kotzia Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parnitha_Olympic_Mountain_Bike_Venue" title="Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue">Parnitha Olympic Mountain Bike Venue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vouliagmeni_Olympic_Centre" title="Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre">Vouliagmeni Olympic Centre</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laoshan_Bicycle_Moto_Cross_(BMX)_Venue" title="Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue">Laoshan Bicycle Moto Cross (BMX) Venue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laoshan_Mountain_Bike_Course" title="Laoshan Mountain Bike Course">Laoshan Mountain Bike Course</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laoshan_Velodrome" title="Laoshan Velodrome">Laoshan Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Road_Cycling_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Road Cycling Course">Urban Road Cycling Course</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/London_Velopark" class="mw-redirect" title="London Velopark">BMX Circuit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh_Farm" title="Hadleigh Farm">Hadleigh Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Velopark" class="mw-redirect" title="London Velopark">London Velodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics">2016</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Copacabana" title="Fort Copacabana">Fort Copacabana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Bike_Centre" title="Mountain Bike Centre">Mountain Bike Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_BMX_Centre" title="Olympic BMX Centre">Olympic BMX Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontal_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" title="Pontal (Rio de Janeiro)">Pontal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Olympic_Velodrome" title="Rio Olympic Velodrome">Rio Olympic Velodrome</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Izu_Velodrome" title="Izu Velodrome">Izu Velodrome</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izu_MTB_Course&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izu MTB Course (page does not exist)">Izu MTB Course</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Speedway" title="Fuji Speedway">Fuji Speedway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ariake_Urban_Sports_Park" title="Ariake Urban Sports Park">Ariake Urban Sports Park</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Cycling at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lodrome_de_Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines">Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Champs-Élysées">Champs-Élysées</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colline_d%27%C3%89lancourt" title="Colline d'Élancourt">Colline d'Élancourt</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/2028_Summer_Olympics" title="2028 Summer Olympics">2028</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/VELO_Sports_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="VELO Sports Center">VELO Sports Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Convention_Center" title="Los Angeles Convention Center">Los Angeles Convention Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Park" title="Grand Park">Grand Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Long_Beach" title="Downtown Long Beach">Downtown Long Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Bonelli_Regional_Park" title="Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park">Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_Region" title="Sunshine Coast Region">Sunshine Coast Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Headland,_Queensland" title="Alexandra Headland, Queensland">Alexandra Headland, Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleeman_Centre_(Brisbane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeman Centre (Brisbane)">Sleeman Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Brisbane" title="Victoria Park, Brisbane">Victoria Park</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12892#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12892#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000406084399">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154177642">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204472/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRPP6XRVTWXxtb9XRFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4002364-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antwerp (Belgium)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018141">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862256k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862256k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36517742">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antverpy (Belgie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128669&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000628456&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=183175">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz10b8550fsr6r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/1896">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554815905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058528400906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c02ebe2f-ecf0-4671-9f09-d997c0effb9a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16069141?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026359251">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045069">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&oldid=1259632538">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&oldid=1259632538</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antwerp" title="Category:Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Antwerp_Province" title="Category:Municipalities of Antwerp Province">Municipalities of Antwerp Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Olympic_cycling_venues" title="Category:Olympic cycling venues">Olympic cycling venues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jewish_communities" title="Category:Orthodox Jewish communities">Orthodox Jewish communities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_in_Belgium" title="Category:Port cities and towns in Belgium">Port cities and towns in Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_of_the_North_Sea" title="Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea">Port cities and towns of the North Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_capitals_of_Flanders" title="Category:Provincial capitals of Flanders">Provincial capitals of Flanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" title="Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League">Trading posts of the Hanseatic League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venues_of_the_1920_Summer_Olympics" title="Category:Venues of the 1920 Summer Olympics">Venues of the 1920 Summer Olympics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)">Articles with Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:Articles with Latin-language sources (la)">Articles with Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2024">Articles with dead external links from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Flemish-language_sources_(nl-be)" title="Category:CS1 Flemish-language sources (nl-be)">CS1 Flemish-language sources (nl-be)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Dutch_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Dutch IPA">Pages with Dutch IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Germanic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Germanic languages">Articles with text in Germanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2016">Articles needing additional references from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 06:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antwerp&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-l4gx7","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_faf89aea3c366e055926627f22263fe945710fb0":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q12892","properties":{"stroke-width":0.8,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"Antwerp"}}],"_ebc456308bb9299aae15bd4b4d1e87eea852554b":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q12892","properties":{"stroke-width":0.8,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"Antwerp"}}],"_2e4a639e15f026b67a2ee747bf3c05ea04021a2f":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[4.3997222222222225,51.221111111111114],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"5E74F3","title":"Antwerp","marker-symbol":"city"}}],"_d25c12af5cbced64ede72ae4bc353e1f40cbd4a2":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026query=SELECT+%3Fid+++%28if%28BOUND%28%3Fidhexcolor%29%2C+concat%28%27%23%27%2C+str%28%3Fidhexcolor%29%29%2C+if%28BOUND%28%3Fhexcolor%29%2C+concat%28%27%23%27%2C+str%28%3Fhexcolor%29%29%2C+%27%2307c63e%27%29%29+as+%3Fstroke%29+++%28concat%28%27Line+length%3A+%27%2C+str%28%3Flength%29%2C+%27+km%27%29+as+%3Fdescription%29+++%28if%28BOUND%28%3Flink%29%2C+concat%28%27%5B%5B%27%2C+substr%28str%28%3Flink%29%2C31%2C500%29%2C+%27%7C%27%2C+%3FidLabel%2C+%27%5D%5D%27%29%2C+%3FidLabel%29+as+%3Ftitle%29+WHERE+%7B+++VALUES+%3Fsys+%7B+wd%3AQ777867++%7D+++%7B+++%3Fid+p%3AP5817%2Fps%3AP5817+wd%3AQ55654238%3B+++++++wdt%3AP16%2Fwdt%3AP361%2A+%3Fsys.+++%7D+++MINUS+%7B+++++VALUES+%3Frem+%7B+wd%3AQ548662+wd%3AQ55697304+%7D+++++%3Fid+wdt%3AP31%2Fwdt%3AP279%2A+%3Frem.+%7D+++OPTIONAL+%7B+%3Fid+wdt%3AP465+%3Fidhexcolor.+%7D+++OPTIONAL+%7B+%3Fid+wdt%3AP462%2Fwdt%3AP465+%3Fhexcolor.+%7D+++SERVICE+wikibase%3Alabel+%7B+++++bd%3AserviceParam+wikibase%3Alanguage+%27en%27+.+++++%3Fid+rdfs%3Alabel+%3FidLabel+.+++%7D+++OPTIONAL+%7B%3Flink+schema%3Aabout+%3Fid.+++%3Flink+schema%3AisPartOf+%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E+.+%7D+%7D+GROUP+BY+%3Fid+%3Flink+%3FidLabel+%3Flength+%3Fhexcolor+%3Fidhexcolor+","properties":{"stroke-width":3}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.071","walltime":"2.568","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26403,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":502337,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45161,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":437470,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2056.841 1 -total"," 22.41% 460.845 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.71% 405.484 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 17.66% 363.216 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.42% 317.076 19 Template:Navbox"," 10.74% 220.952 48 Template:Cite_web"," 9.24% 189.972 56 Template:Flag_icon"," 5.20% 107.047 1 Template:World_Book_Capital"," 4.76% 97.808 1 Template:Olympic_Summer_Games_Host_Cities"," 4.19% 86.099 2 Template:Native_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.988","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27764687,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xprvx","timestamp":"20241129203643","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antwerp","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antwerp","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12892","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12892","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-19T13:29:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T06:03:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/38\/Amberes%3B_vistas_MAS_2.jpg","headline":"municipality in the province of Antwerp, Belgium"}</script> </body> </html>