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<li id="toc-Early_episcopal_consecrations_without_papal_approval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_episcopal_consecrations_without_papal_approval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early episcopal consecrations without papal approval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_episcopal_consecrations_without_papal_approval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_departure_from_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_departure_from_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First departure from the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_departure_from_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Arnold_Harris_Mathew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_consecrations_by_Arnold_Harris_Mathew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Arnold_Harris_Mathew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Joseph_René_Vilatte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_consecrations_by_Joseph_René_Vilatte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Episcopal consecrations by Joseph René Vilatte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Joseph_René_Vilatte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_departures_from_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_departures_from_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_departures_from_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Czechoslovak Hussite Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Carlos_Duarte_Costa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_consecrations_by_Carlos_Duarte_Costa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Carlos_Duarte_Costa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Pierre_Martin_Ngo_Dinh_Thuc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_consecrations_by_Pierre_Martin_Ngo_Dinh_Thuc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Pierre_Martin_Ngo_Dinh_Thuc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Emmanuel_Milingo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopal_consecrations_by_Emmanuel_Milingo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopal_consecrations_by_Emmanuel_Milingo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeal_of_Independent_Catholicism_to_Catholic_and_Christian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal_of_Independent_Catholicism_to_Catholic_and_Christian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal_of_Independent_Catholicism_to_Catholic_and_Christian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Catholic_beliefs_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Catholic_beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independent Catholic beliefs and practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Catholic_beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autocephalous_nature_of_Independent_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocephalous_nature_of_Independent_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocephalous_nature_of_Independent_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_apostolic_succession_in_Independent_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_apostolic_succession_in_Independent_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance_of_apostolic_succession_in_Independent_Catholicism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_apostolic_succession_in_Independent_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conditional_consecrations_and_ordinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conditional_consecrations_and_ordinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conditional consecrations and ordinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conditional_consecrations_and_ordinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Catholic_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Catholic_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Independent Catholic clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Catholic_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Formation of clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Independent Catholicism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="كنائس كاثوليكية مستقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنائس كاثوليكية مستقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolicisme_independent" title="Catolicisme independent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catolicisme independent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolicismo_independiente" title="Catolicismo independiente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catolicismo independiente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glises_catholiques_ind%C3%A9pendantes" title="Églises catholiques indépendantes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Églises catholiques indépendantes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="독립 가톨릭교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독립 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%87" title="كاثوليكيه مستقله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاثوليكيه مستقله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="独立カトリック教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独立カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niezale%C5%BCny_katolicyzm" title="Niezależny katolicyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niezależny katolicyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolicismo_independente" title="Catolicismo independente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catolicismo independente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E" title="Католические церкви вне общения с Римско-католической церковью – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католические церкви вне общения с Римско-католической церковью" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Catholic_churches" title="Independent Catholic churches – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Independent Catholic churches" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisne_katoli%C4%8Dke_crkve" title="Nezavisne katoličke crkve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nezavisne katoličke crkve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberoende_episkopala_kyrkor" title="Oberoende episkopala kyrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oberoende episkopala kyrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Незалежний католицизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Незалежний католицизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159108#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Religious movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Independent_Catholic_denominations" title="List of Independent Catholic denominations">list of Independent Catholic denominations</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Independent Catholicism</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_sacramental_movement" title="Independent sacramental movement">independent sacramental movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> who <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Appeal_of_Independent_Catholicism_to_Catholic_and_Christian_tradition">self-identify as Catholic</a> (most often as <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> or as Independent Catholic) and form "micro-churches claiming <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">valid</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200486_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200486-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in spite of not being affiliated to the historic Catholic church, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis20186–7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis20186–7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Independent Catholic" derives from the fact that "these denominations affirm both their belonging to the Catholic tradition as well as their independence from <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to determine the number of jurisdictions, communities, clergy and members who make up Independent Catholicism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly since the movement "is growing and changing in every moment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20045_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20045-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some adherents choose Independent Catholicism as an alternative way to live and express their Catholic faith outside the Roman Catholic Church (with whose structures, beliefs and practices Independent Catholicism often closely aligns) while rejecting some traditional Catholic teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018197–99_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018197–99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent Catholicism may be considered part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Independent_Sacramental_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Sacramental Movement">independent sacramental movement</a>, in which clergy and laity of various faith traditions—including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> and various non-Catholic Christian churches—have separated themselves from the institutions with which they previously identified. Within this movement, various independent churches have sprung from the Eastern Orthodox Church, but the members of these <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_organization#Unrecognized_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church organization">independent Eastern Orthodox groups</a> most often self-identify as independent or autocephalous Orthodox and not as Independent Catholic. </p><p>Some Independent Catholic churches have joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Community_Churches" title="International Council of Community Churches">International Council of Community Churches</a>, a denomination based in <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Illinois" title="Frankfort, Illinois">Frankfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In doing so it gives them a place and voice in national and international Christian organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Churches_Uniting_in_Christ" title="Churches Uniting in Christ">Churches Uniting in Christ</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, membership of which is usually reserved to larger, longer-established church bodies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_episcopal_consecrations_without_papal_approval">Early episcopal consecrations without papal approval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early episcopal consecrations without papal approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consecration of bishops without the approval of the wider church or papal mandate appears to be an ancient phenomenon, which led to Canon VI of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>'s assertion that any potential sacramental validity of such consecrations is valueless without the church's endorsement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018206_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resurgence of the phenomenon in the modern era seems to have coincided with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> values. Beginning in 1724, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Marie_Varlet" title="Dominique Marie Varlet">Dominique Marie Varlet</a> (1678–1742), the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic</a> Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Baghdad" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad">Babylon</a>, consecrated four men successively as <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht" title="Old Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht">Archbishop of Utrecht</a> without <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> approval.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral chapter of Utrecht, which elected these men, had previously obtained an opinion from <a href="/wiki/Zeger_Bernhard_van_Espen" title="Zeger Bernhard van Espen">Zeger Bernhard van Espen</a> (1646–1728) and two other doctors of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven" title="Old University of Leuven">University of Louvain</a>, which said that the chapter had the right, in special circumstances, to elect its own archbishop and have him consecrated without the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, and that, in the case of necessity, one <a href="/wiki/Catholic_bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic bishop">bishop</a> alone might validly consecrate another. Nineteen doctors of the theological faculties at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheims" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheims">Rheims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> approved of this opinion. This consecration by Varlet caused a theological controversy and <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> within the Catholic Church, which now possessed bishops who were validly consecrated without the permission of the pope. This <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> marked the birth of the movement that would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> (a term coined in 1853 for the Catholics of <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>), and it marked the beginning of an era in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">validly</a>-consecrated bishops could claim <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> but were not subject to the rights and responsibilities of the Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_departure_from_the_Catholic_Church">First departure from the Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First departure from the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sharing of apostolic succession in the west outside the Catholic Church was largely confined to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Utrecht">Church of Utrecht</a> for over a century. After the (First) <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican Council</a> in 1870, many <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> Catholics rejected assertions of universal jurisdiction of the pope and the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, and their bishops, inspired by earlier acts in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, decided to leave the Roman Catholic Church to form their own churches, independent of Rome. Now independent of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, these bishops were sometimes referred to as autocephalous (or self-governing) bishops from within their circles or <i><a href="/wiki/Episcopi_vagantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopi vagantes">episcopi vaganti</a></i> (wandering bishops) from outside of their circles. These validly-consecrated bishops could claim apostolic succession, and they continued to share valid lines of apostolic succession with the <a href="/wiki/Priest_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest (Catholic)">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacon (Catholic Church)">deacons</a> they ordained. In 1889, they formally united as part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Utrecht Union of Churches</a> (UU).<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Arnold_Harris_Mathew">Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Episcopal consecrations by Arnold Harris Mathew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Mathew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arnold_Mathew.jpg/220px-Arnold_Mathew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Arnold_Mathew.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harris_Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Harris Mathew">Arnold Harris Mathew</a> (1852–1919)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, the movement that would become Independent Catholicism left <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a> when <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Harris_Mathew" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold Harris Mathew">Arnold Harris Mathew</a> (1852–1919), a former Catholic priest, was consecrated in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Gul" title="Gerardus Gul">Gerardus Gul</a> (1847–1920) of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands</a>. Mathew believed that <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholicism">Old Catholicism</a> might provide a home for disaffected <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> clergy who reacted to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII's</a> declaration that <a href="/wiki/Anglican_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican orders">Anglican orders</a> were null and void, and Gul incorrectly believed that Mathew had a significant following in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Two years later, in 1910, Mathew consecrated two priests to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopate">episcopate</a>, without clear reasons and without consulting the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_of_the_Netherlands#Old_Catholic_Archbishops_of_Utrecht" title="Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands">Archbishop of Utrecht</a>, and, in response to the ensuing protest, declared his autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathew later consecrated several other bishops who spread through <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Plummer writes that, as a result, "we begin to see the small, endlessly multiplying groups, with a high percentage of the membership in <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>, which came to characterize the independent movement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200419–20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200419–20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From a historical perspective, one of Mathew's most important consecrations was of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Samuel_Willoughby" title="Frederick Samuel Willoughby">Frederick Samuel Willoughby</a>, who in turn consecrated <a href="/wiki/James_Wedgwood" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wedgwood">James Wedgwood</a>, the co-founder in 1918 of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a>, an esoteric community closely aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> and allowing complete freedom of belief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Joseph_René_Vilatte"><span id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Joseph_Ren.C3.A9_Vilatte"></span>Episcopal consecrations by Joseph René Vilatte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Episcopal consecrations by Joseph René Vilatte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph René Vilatte">Joseph René Vilatte</a> (1854–1929),<sup id="cite_ref-Kemp_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> ordained by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Herzog" title="Eduard Herzog">Eduard Herzog</a> (1841–1924) of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is credited with being the first person to bring to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> the movement that would result in Independent Catholicism. In 1892, Vilatte traveled to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where he was consecrated, as Mar Timotheos, by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Francisco_Xavier_Alvares" title="Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares">Mar Julius I</a> (1836–1923) of the <a href="/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church" title="Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a>. In 1915, Vilatte founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Catholic_Church_(1915)" title="American Catholic Church (1915)">American Catholic Church</a> which still exists. During the following 28 years, Vilatte consecrated "a number of men who are the episcopal ancestors of an enormous variety of descendants" in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200429_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200429-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_departures_from_the_Catholic_Church">Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsequent departures from the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 20th century has seen a number of clergy and laity move into the Independent Catholic movement from the Roman Catholic Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Czechoslovak Hussite Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the largest departure from the Roman Church was the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a> (CHC), which organized on 8 January 1920, when several thousand priests and laypeople formed an independent church in response to their deep concerns over the Catholic Church's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church's first patriarch was <a href="/wiki/Karel_Farsk%C3%BD" title="Karel Farský">Karel Farský</a> (1880–1927), a modernist and former Catholic priest. The first bishops of the CHC were consecrated by priests through the laying on of hands. In 1931, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Charles_Winnaert" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis-Charles Winnaert">Louis-Charles Winnaert</a> (1880–1937), who was consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic</a> bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Wedgwood" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wedgwood">James Wedgwood</a> (1883–1951), consecrated two CHC bishops, <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Proch%C3%A1zka" class="extiw" title="cs:Gustav Adolf Procházka">Gustav Procházka</a> (1872–1942) and <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Rostislav_Stejskal" class="extiw" title="cs:Josef Rostislav Stejskal">Rostislav Stejskal</a> (1894–1946), thus sharing <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> with the CHC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CHC ordained its first <a href="/wiki/Woman_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman priest">woman priest</a> in 1947, and it consecrated its first <a href="/wiki/Female_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Female bishops">woman bishop</a> in 1999. According to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> census, 39,276 people at that time self-identified as members of the CHC.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Carlos_Duarte_Costa">Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Episcopal consecrations by Carlos Duarte Costa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Mons._Carlos_Duarte_Costa_y_Mons._Luis_Fernando_Castillo_Mendez_durante_la_consagraci%C3%B3n_episcopal_en_el_canal_de_Panam%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Roman Catholic bishop Carlos Duarte (left) at the episcopal consecration of Luis Fernando Castillo Mendez, at the Panama Canal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Duarte_Costa" title="Carlos Duarte Costa">Carlos Duarte Costa</a> (1888–1961) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> bishop in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> for twenty years before distancing himself, and being excommunicated by the Catholic Church over his opposition to its position on <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> liturgy, and accused the Catholic Church of <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis201969–78_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis201969–78-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Duarte Costa founded the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church">Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church</a> and began consecrating numerous bishops in the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>. He is known as "St. Charles of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, which had grown to 560,781 members by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Pierre_Martin_Ngo_Dinh_Thuc">Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Episcopal consecrations by Pierre Martin Ngo Dinh Thuc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1975 until his death in 1984, exiled Roman Catholic Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Th%E1%BB%A5c" title="Ngô Đình Thục">Ngô Đình Thục</a> (1897–1984) of <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, Vietnam, an older brother of <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, the first president of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, consecrated a number of bishops, first for the <a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a>, then for the <a href="/wiki/Sedevacantists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedevacantists">sedevacantists</a> of the Tridentine Latin Rite Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thục also consecrated individuals unaffiliated to either of these groups such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Laborie" title="Jean Laborie">Jean Laborie</a>. In 1999, pop star <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor" title="Sinéad O'Connor">Sinéad O'Connor</a> was ordained a priest by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(independent_bishop)" title="Michael Cox (independent bishop)">Michael Cox</a> of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church, whose lines of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> came through Thục. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episcopal_consecrations_by_Emmanuel_Milingo">Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Episcopal consecrations by Emmanuel Milingo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Milingo" title="Emmanuel Milingo">Emmanuel Milingo</a> served as Roman Catholic Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Lusaka,_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusaka, Zambia">Lusaka, Zambia</a> from 1969 to 1983. As such, he had lines of apostolic succession from the Roman Catholic Church and, after departing from the Catholic Church in 1983 over the issues of <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a>, he formed <a href="/wiki/Married_Priests_Now!" title="Married Priests Now!">Married Priests Now!</a> and consecrated four married priests as bishops: <a href="/wiki/George_A._Stallings,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Stallings, Jr.">George Stallings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imani_Temple_African-American_Catholic_Congregation" title="Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation">Imani Temple African-American Catholic Congregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Brennan" title="Peter Paul Brennan">Peter Paul Brennan</a> of the Old Catholic Confederation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeal_of_Independent_Catholicism_to_Catholic_and_Christian_tradition">Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appeal of Independent Catholicism to Catholic and Christian tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon encountering Independent Catholicism for the first time, the questions of many individuals "are often historical: 'Where did this come from? Who ordained you? Did you invent this?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200413_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200413-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Independent Catholics respond by emphasizing their tie to the larger <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a> of which they form part, the heritage they have received from larger, historic, mainstream churches, like the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, and their continuity of faith and ministry with those churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200415_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200415-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Christians of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a>, many see their efforts as "the seeds of a new kind of ministry that can adapt itself to the time and place of its exercise, the needs of the moment, and the people who are actually present in that particular place at that particular time. And yet is it so new? Is it not perhaps the very way that <a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">St. Paul</a> set about spreading the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> and building the Church?"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Independent Catholic communities look to the past, seeking to create communities according to models provided by the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> (e.g., home-based fellowships led by volunteer clergy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200477_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200477-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and restoring various practices of the primitive Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Catholic_beliefs_and_practices">Independent Catholic beliefs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Independent Catholic beliefs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtually all members of the Independent Catholic movement possess "a deep commitment to the catholic (in the broadest possible sense) sacramental tradition"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worship according to a prescribed <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a>, usually derived from a mainstream Christian rite (like the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>). Plummer suggests that "the most critical factor for independent sacramental identity is the single-minded focus on sacramental activity [and that] very few independent communities offer coffee hour, <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday School</a>, and the array of other social programs which have come to characterize many mainstream churches."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200491_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200491-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the liturgies of early Christian communities, the liturgies of Independent Catholic communities often vary widely, with each cleric or community making "its own choices of emphasis in terms of doctrine, liturgy, and other matters."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, Independent Catholic polity is often essentially congregational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the most part, Independent Catholic communities possess a sacramental and eucharistic spirituality, often mirroring the sacramental life and theology of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Most possess a mediatory <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> and an historic <a href="/wiki/Episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopate">episcopate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are often the only constants amid diversity that ranges from extreme <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">traditionalism</a> to radical experimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julie Byrne comments: "Independents vary widely, ranging from right to left in the political spectrum. On the right traditionalist churches practice versions of Catholicism more conservative than Rome. These include the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Michael">Mount St. Michael</a>'s community in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>, and actor <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family_(Agoura_Hills,_California)" title="Church of the Holy Family (Agoura Hills, California)">church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malibu,_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu, California</a>, which made headlines when he directed the movie, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_the_Christ" title="The Passion of the Christ">The Passion of the Christ</a></i> in 2004. On the left stand groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church_of_Antioch" title="Catholic Apostolic Church of Antioch">Church of Antioch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Catholic_Communion" title="Ecumenical Catholic Communion">Ecumenical Catholic Communion</a>, and the White-Robed Monks of St. Benedict."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> have remained constant, despite changing clergy, Independent Catholicism often possesses another model in which "the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> remains constant, while the church it serves and the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> it teaches are often in a state of flux. While some <a href="/wiki/Western_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christians">western Christians</a> may see this state of affairs as a distortion, it is nonetheless the centerpiece of the independent sacramental inheritance from the west."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plummer says: "Independent sacramental Christians have given a unique primacy to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a>, carrying the '<a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>' to an extent never before envisioned. In many such churches, most or all of the members are ordained, with ordination functioning more like [the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_confirmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of confirmation">sacrament of confirmation</a>], rather than a professional credential. For better or worse, there is great freedom to create new church structures, new forms for the sacraments, and new theologies, or at least a new synthesis of inherited elements."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Independent Catholic communities are small, are led by an unpaid clergy, and lack a stable schedule or location.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_&_3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_&_3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger Independent Catholic communities have often resulted from <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> within the Church or are often led by clergy who were formed by and formerly ministered to the Church; these communities often resemble mainstream churches with a larger population of laity and a small number of paid clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Independent Catholicism, freelance ministries meeting the needs of a small number of persons are far more common than large parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004113_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004113-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many Independent Catholic clergy and communities affirm the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, with or without the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">filioque</a></i> and with varying interpretations, they espouse a variety of doctrines and beliefs, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">neo-gnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">theosophical</a> beliefs allowing for "freedom in the interpretation of scriptures, creeds, and liturgies,"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the belief in no creed at all,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004101_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004101-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to extremely traditional orthodox Catholic positions. Plummer says: "The nature of the movement makes it virtually impossible for there to ever be a unified theology" among Independent Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004102_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the movement of Independent Catholicism, views vary widely on such issues as the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, issues of conscience, and other issues that are also controversial in other mainstream Catholic and Christian churches. Drawing from the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Christian">ecumenical Christian</a> tradition and other <a href="/wiki/Religious_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious traditions">religious traditions</a>, a growing number of Independent Catholic clergy and communities espouse a certain <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">universalism</a>, believing that God's loving embrace and forgiveness might be extended to all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470–71_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470–71-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes reaching beyond the bounds of the Christian tradition, some Independent Catholic clergy and communities feel greater liberty to incorporate into their lives and their worship a wide ranges of elements from other spiritual and religious traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200485_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200485-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plummer suggests the following categories for Independent Catholic communities: clergy who primarily celebrate alone, traditionalists with conservative theological commitments, churches maintaining traditional liturgy but with a different social or theological vision (e.g., full inclusion), groups with a particular focus on women's issues (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>) or the recovery of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Feminine">Divine Feminine</a> in worship, groups seeking liberal, non-dogmatic approaches to being church with little, if any, standards of dogmatic beliefs, and fellowships with an esoteric spirituality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200440_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200440-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of websites are devoted to Independent Catholic jurisdictions and communities, some of which "seem to exist primarily in cyberspace." Others have no web presence at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20044_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20044-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autocephalous_nature_of_Independent_Catholicism">Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Autocephalous nature of Independent Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent Catholic clergy do not fall under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Rather, the bishops of the Independent Catholic movement are <a href="/wiki/Autocephalous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocephalous">autocephalous</a> or self-governing. At present, there is no single unifying structure for the many clergy and laity who make up Independent Catholicism, and no reliable, centralized record-keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20047_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20047-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent Catholic communities are often small and extremely fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various directories of Independent Catholic clergy have been attempted through the years, much of the information is provided by subjects, often with little verification,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most such directories contain hardly more than the quickly-outdated contact information of individual clerics, with little information on jurisdictions, communities, apostolic succession, and forms of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20049_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20049-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_apostolic_succession_in_Independent_Catholicism">Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Importance of apostolic succession in Independent Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> (i.e., the ability of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> to trace spiritual ancestry through a purportedly unbroken line of bishops back to the original faith established by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>) has played an important role in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Donatist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist controversy">Donatist controversy</a> in the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The traditional Catholic position holds that a validly consecrated bishop shares apostolic succession with the bishops he consecrates and the priests and deacons he ordains regardless of any <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> he may have committed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theologians argue that this view is mechanical and reductionist, and that <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal consecration">episcopal consecration</a> is for service within a specific Christian community; in this view, consecration or ordination of an individual with no reference to a community is without effect. Independent Catholic clergy reject this view, arguing that bishops are consecrated and priests and deacons ordained for the service of others, whether of a defined community or jurisdiction, or of a more broadly defined group. Independent Catholics tend to share the view that, "whatever else we may disagree about, we all believe earnestly in apostolic succession!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many in the Independent Catholic movement who say they possess valid lines of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> received them from lines derived from Roman Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Duarte_Costa" title="Carlos Duarte Costa">Carlos Duarte Costa</a>, Roman Catholic Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ngo-Dinh-Thuc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo-Dinh-Thuc">Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc</a>, Old Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Vilatte" title="René Vilatte">René Vilatte</a> (who later reconciled with the Roman Catholic Church), Roman Catholic Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Milingo" title="Emmanuel Milingo">Emmanuel Milingo</a>, who are seen within the movement as having validly, even if illicitly, consecrated and ordained individuals outside the Roman Catholic Church. </p><p>While making no explicit statement about the validity or invalidity of consecrations and ordinations carried out in the Independent Catholic movement, the Roman Catholic Church suspended Roman Catholic Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ngo-Dinh-Thuc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngo-Dinh-Thuc">Pierre Martin Ngo Dihn Thuc</a>, who had purportedly excommunicated himself by his <i><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Latae sententiae">latae sententiae</a></i> act of consecrating other bishops and ordaining priests whom the Catholic Church will not recognize.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conditional_consecrations_and_ordinations">Conditional consecrations and ordinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conditional consecrations and ordinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conditional_sacrament" title="Conditional sacrament">Conditional consecrations and ordinations</a> complicate conversations on the historical origins of the Independent Catholic movement and its communities. Plummer writes: "Many independent bishops have been consecrated multiple times, in an effort to ensure sacramental validity and consolidate claims to the historic <a href="/wiki/Episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopate">episcopate</a>. Such consecrations, in which literally dozens of 'lineages' can be transmitted from one bishop to another, only increase the difficulty of accurately describing the ancestry of any given group."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He says that this "crossbreeding of ecclesiastical lineage" has reached such a point that most Independent Catholic clergy share most or all of their heritage in common, even if this shared heritage has not contributed in any way toward jurisdictional unity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004127_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004127-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Catholic_clergy">Independent Catholic clergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Independent Catholic clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent Catholicism comprises a wide variety of clergy, many of whom are "primarily <a href="/wiki/Ritually" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritually">ritually</a> focused"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possess "a particularly strong attachment to the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> aspect of being Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Independent Catholic clergy and their communities are "those who have felt themselves excluded from the mainstream liturgical churches due to gender, sexuality, race, culture, style of worship [...] or theology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plummer says that within the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Sacramental_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Sacramental Movement">Independent Sacramental Movement</a>, which includes Independent Catholicism, "<a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> is often open to a much larger percentage of the membership than in mainstream churches. Thus, those who want to become priests can generally do so. In the case of women and <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons</a>, there is a redemptive reversal in which those who were denied a public role in the church's sacramental life have assumed the previously forbidden place at the altar. Persons from ethnic or cultural minority groups who have been denied leadership positions, or who feel that their culture has been stifled, can work to more fully integrate their cultural identity and their faith [...]. Thus, we have those who have been excluded from the church's sacramental life, for whatever reasons, taking ownership of the liturgical traditions, and creatively innovating to form new communities.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466–68_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466–68-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of mainstream churches, Plummer says, such clergy "have often been accused of 'playing church.' Perhaps there is a grain of truth in that barb, as there is a touch of a playful attitude, when all these unlikely folks process into the church's sanctuary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent Catholic clergy have been described as "often very attached to their individual views of theology, liturgy, and other matters [...] and would rather belong to minuscule groups which more closely approximate their vision of Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042–3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042–3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plummer shares: "Many independent clergy, perhaps a majority, at least theoretically subscribe to fairly standard Catholic/<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> theology, with few distinctive beyond, for instance, the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>. Most spent many years within those mainstream jurisdictions [and now as independent Catholic clergy] they have often expended great energy in appearing 'real,' and 'just like' the larger liturgical churches, with only one or two adjustments."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Independent Catholic clergy are "essentially alone in their priestly practice"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exercise a primarily solitary vocation, with many of their family members and friends not even knowing of their clerical status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In line with <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' command to pray to God in secret<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the monastic tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> priests (e.g., Catholic <a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a>) praying alone but in mystical union with the entire church and interceding for the entire world, much of their worship is performed in private.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200492_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200492-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plummer suggests: "A growing number of clergy are comfortable with private celebration, when a community is not available, or if they have discerned that their vocation is largely a hidden one [...].Private celebration is often grounded in a deep conviction of the objective reality and efficacy of the sacraments. From such a perspective, even a mass said in one's living room unknown to any other soul, is still a radiant gift to the world, and a powerful prayer for those held in mind and heart. On a less exalted level, private masses for those without a community enforce one's priestly identity, which may be outwardly expressed in less obvious ways."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464–65_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464–65-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practically speaking, Plummer says, "viable independent communities are not always easily created, and these clergy would deprive themselves of the benefits of communion, and of the joining of themselves to Christ in his sacrifice, if they waited for the presence of others in order to approach the altar."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004114–115_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004114–115-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Often volunteering their time in ministry, many Independent Catholic bishops, priests and deacons are a "working clergy" who support themselves and their ministries with jobs outside their ministries. As such, many often struggle to integrate their secular jobs and "ordinary" lives with their vocations and ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004119_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004119-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_orders">Religious orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, which possesses a rich tradition of varied <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">religious orders</a>, Independent Catholicism also consists of a diversity of religious communities. Most often, these communities and their jurisdictions resemble their Catholic counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004117_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004117-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_clergy">Formation of clergy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Formation of clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apart from those members of the clergy who were formed within the <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> system of the Catholic Church or of a similar mainstream church, very few Independent Catholic clergy have received a formal theological education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent Catholic clergy "are not usually specialized professionals, but volunteers who hopefully know at least enough to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> for themselves and those around them. [...] Such radically different models of Christian <a href="/wiki/Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood">priesthood</a> raise questions of what sort of clergy training is needed, and offered within these communities."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004104–105_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004104–105-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plummer shares interviewee feedback suggesting that "the challenge of clergy training [...] was cited as the most important challenge facing the movement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Resources for the formation and education of Independent Catholic clergy and seminarians are sparse, many Independent Catholic seminarians lack the financial and personal resources to be full-time seminarians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many are not "willing to go to such lengths, and incur such debt [for a graduate degree], with no prospect of paid ministry."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004122_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004122-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, many Independent Catholic seminarians work full-time at secular jobs and do not have the leisure to pursue full-time studies. Independent Catholic clergy have established a number of seminaries, most featuring distance learning or mentoring programs that vary considerably in quality,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but very few of which grant legitimate degrees possess meaningful accreditation or could lead to a paycheck or a reasonably well-assured career path.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004120_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004120-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More common is the mentoring and training of candidates by bishops and priests who have few if any clear guidelines or expectations for ordinands and instead adjust training requirements to meet the needs of the ordinand's vocation. Plummer concludes: "Mentoring will likely continue to be the primary means of clergy training in the Independent Sacramental Movement, due in part to the extremely flexible, anarchic nature of the movement, which works against the creation of formalized seminary programs."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004125_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004125-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grace of God in the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> is often freely shared within Independent Catholicism, thus leading to such characterizations as that of the young and ministerially-unprepared teenager whom poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a> (b. 1935) says he once was: "A <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian</a> I came into the world in <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Crossing,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts">Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts</a>, and a Unitarian I shall leave it, notwithstanding my daily practice of certain <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> sacrifices, my twenty-year long pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual magic">ritual magic</a>, the fact that I am technically a <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, and the more resplendent fact that I awoke from a teenage binge one day to find myself consecrated bishop of the Primitive Restored Old Catholic Church of North America."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plummer concludes: "It is very difficult to know what to do about such untrained clergy. Some provide themselves the training they did not receive from their bishop, and serve admirably well, perhaps better than some of their formally educated peers. Others are walking disasters, spiraling into psychological distortions that injure themselves and others, or ignoring their ordained status altogether."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004106_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004106-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the writing (and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical books">liturgical books</a>) concerning the Independent Catholic movement are <a href="/wiki/Self-published" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-published">self-published</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043–4_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043–4-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are often directed by Independent Catholic clergy toward other Independent Catholic clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested by Plummer that sustained <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> reflection might eventually emerge from clergy and communities with greater theological formation or from larger and more stable communities that have survived into their second or third generation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Plummer, "as Independent clergy are most often volunteers with secular jobs, and little formal theological training, they lack both the time and the tools helpful to the development of a fully imagined theology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic literature on Independent Catholicism has historically been relatively sparse and often not sympathetic to the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20046_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20046-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic (term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_church" title="Continuing church">Continuing church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200486-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200486_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis20186–7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis20186–7_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarvis2018">Jarvis 2018</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Castagnaro" title="Mauro Castagnaro">Mauro Castagnaro</a>, (foreword) in <a href="#CITEREFJarvis2019">Jarvis 2019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20045-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20045_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018197–99-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018197–99_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarvis2018">Jarvis 2018</a>, pp. 197–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018206-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018206_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarvis2018">Jarvis 2018</a>, pp. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG243536">"Dominique Marie Varlet"</a>. <i>www.britishmuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Dominique+Marie+Varlet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fterm%2FBIOG243536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarlet1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Varlet, Dominique-Marie (1 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpwfAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP13"><i>Domestic Correspondence of Dominique-Marie Varlet: Bishop of Babylon 1678–1742</i></a> (in French). BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07671-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07671-6"><bdi>978-90-04-07671-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Correspondence+of+Dominique-Marie+Varlet%3A+Bishop+of+Babylon+1678%E2%80%931742&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07671-6&rft.aulast=Varlet&rft.aufirst=Dominique-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpwfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kemp_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp" class="citation web cs1">Kemp, Alan R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928173447/http://www.concentric.net/~cosmas/indcath.htm">"A Brief History of Independent Catholicism in North America"</a>. <i>concentric.net</i>. Ascension Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concentric.net/~Cosmas/indcath.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=concentric.net&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Independent+Catholicism+in+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concentric.net%2F~Cosmas%2Findcath.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moss, pp. 301–4. Peter F. Anson, <i>Bishops at Large</i>, pp. 180–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200419–20-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200419–20_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourcebook.oldcatholichistory.org/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=1&allpages=1&theme=Printer">Old Catholic SourceBook – General info</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2014">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200429-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200429_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200423_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224923/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/%24File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">"Úvodní stránka"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SLDB 2011</i>. Czso. 14 November 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SLDB+2011&rft.atitle=%C3%9Avodn%C3%AD+str%C3%A1nka&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fsldb2011%2Feng%2Fredakce.nsf%2Fi%2Ftab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions%2F%24File%2FPVCR072_ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis201969–78-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis201969–78_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarvis2019">Jarvis 2019</a>, pp. 69–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tabela 2103 – População residente, por situação do domicílio, sexo, grupos de idade e religião: Religião = Católica Apostólica Brasileira". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sidra.ibge.gov.br/">Censo Demográfico</a> 2010 (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, BR: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2010. Retrieved 2015-10-09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJarvis2018_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJarvis2018">Jarvis 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200413-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200413_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200415-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200415_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bain, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200477-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200477_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200437_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200491-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200491_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004128_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88V1CwAAQBAJ">Julie Byrne, <i>The Other Catholics: Remaking America's Largest Religion</i> (Columbia University Press 2016), p. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200425_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_&_3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20041_&_3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 1 & 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004112_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004113-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004113_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Liturgy of the Liberal Catholic Church, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004101-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004101_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004102-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004102_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470–71-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200470–71_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200485-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200485_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200440-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200440_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20044-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20044_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20047-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20047_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200414_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200410_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20049-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20049_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacra_Congregatio_pro_doctrina_Fidei1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sacra Congregatio pro doctrina Fidei (17 September 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf">"Decretum circa quasdam illegitimas ordinationes presbyterales et episcopales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Apostolicae Sedis</i> (in Latin). <b>68</b> (10) (published 31 October 1976): 623. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-5199">0001-5199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Apostolicae+Sedis&rft.atitle=Decretum+circa+quasdam+illegitimas+ordinationes+presbyterales+et+episcopales&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=623&rft.date=1976-09-17&rft.issn=0001-5199&rft.au=Sacra+Congregatio+pro+doctrina+Fidei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Faas%2Fdocuments%2FAAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span> English translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19760917_illegitimas-ordinationes_en.html">Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Decree concerning certain unlawful priestly and episcopal ordinations", 17 September 1976</a>. The statement was repeated in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19830312_poenae-canonicae_en.html">Notification of 12 March 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004127-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004127_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200467_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466–68-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200466–68_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 66–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042–3-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042–3_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200469_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20042_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 6:6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200492-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200492_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464–65-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer200464–65_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004114–115-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004114–115_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004119-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004119_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004117-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004117_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004104–105-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004104–105_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004105_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004122-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004122_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004120-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004120_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004125-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004125_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lumen.org/intros/intro37.html">http://www.lumen.org/intros/intro37.html</a>, as cited in <a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004106-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer2004106_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043–4-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20043–4_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlummer20046-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlummer20046_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlummer2004">Plummer 2004</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1985" class="citation book cs1">Bain, Alan (1985). <i>Bishops Irregular: An International Directory of Independent Bishops</i>. Bristol: A.M. Bain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-95102980-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-95102980-0"><bdi>0-95102980-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bishops+Irregular%3A+An+International+Directory+of+Independent+Bishops&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=A.M.+Bain&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-95102980-0&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2018" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jarvis_(author)" title="Edward Jarvis (author)">Jarvis, Edward</a> (2018), <i>God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB</i>, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-94782690-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-94782690-8"><bdi>978-1-94782690-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Land+%26+Freedom%3A+The+True+Story+of+ICAB&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-94782690-8&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2018b" class="citation cs2">——— (2018b), <i>Sede Vacante: The Life and Legacy of Archbishop Thuc</i>, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-94964302-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-94964302-2"><bdi>978-1-94964302-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sede+Vacante%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Archbishop+Thuc&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-94964302-2&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarvis2019" class="citation cs2">——— (2019), <i>Carlos Duarte Costa: Testament of a Socialist Bishop</i>, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-94964323-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-94964323-7"><bdi>978-1-94964323-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+Duarte+Costa%3A+Testament+of+a+Socialist+Bishop&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-94964323-7&rft.aulast=Jarvis&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2005" class="citation cs2">Moss, Claude Beaufort (2005) [1964], <i>The Old Catholic Movement: Its Origins and History</i> (2nd ed.), Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9764025-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9764025-9-9"><bdi>0-9764025-9-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Catholic+Movement%3A+Its+Origins+and+History&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9764025-9-9&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Claude+Beaufort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer2004" class="citation cs2">Plummer, John P. (2004), <i>The Many Paths of the Independent Sacramental Movement</i>, Berkeley CA: The Apocryphile Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9771461-2-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9771461-2-X"><bdi>0-9771461-2-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Paths+of+the+Independent+Sacramental+Movement&rft.place=Berkeley+CA&rft.pub=The+Apocryphile+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9771461-2-X&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Catholicism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2016" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Julie (24 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88V1CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Other Catholics: Remaking America's Largest Religion</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fbyrn16676">10.7312/byrn16676</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23154170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23154170-1"><bdi>978-0-23154170-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Catholics%3A+Remaking+America%27s+Largest+Religion&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fbyrn16676&rft.isbn=978-0-23154170-1&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88V1CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Catholicism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy 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title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading 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