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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Italian opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baroque_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Baroque era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Gluck's reforms and Mozart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bel_canto,_Verdi_and_verismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bel_canto,_Verdi_and_verismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Bel canto, Verdi and verismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bel_canto,_Verdi_and_verismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-language_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-language_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>German-language opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-language_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>French opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English-language_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-language_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>English-language opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-language_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russian opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Czech opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_national_operas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_national_operas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Other national operas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_national_operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary,_recent,_and_modernist_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary,_recent,_and_modernist_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary,_recent,_and_modernist_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Other trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_musicals_back_towards_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_musicals_back_towards_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>From musicals back towards opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_musicals_back_towards_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acoustic_enhancement_in_opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_enhancement_in_opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Acoustic enhancement in opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_enhancement_in_opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operatic_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operatic_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operatic voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operatic_voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operatic voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operatic_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocal_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vocal classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use_of_voice_parts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use_of_voice_parts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Historical use of voice parts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_use_of_voice_parts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_singers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_singers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Famous singers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_singers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_role_of_the_orchestra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_role_of_the_orchestra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Changing role of the orchestra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_role_of_the_orchestra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_translation_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_translation_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language and translation issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_translation_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television,_cinema_and_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television,_cinema_and_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Television, cinema and the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television,_cinema_and_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">138 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C4%ABwpleg" title="Glīwpleg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Glīwpleg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="أوبرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গীতিনাট্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গীতিনাট্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Опэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hoarigan" title="C'hoarigan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hoarigan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дуури – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дуури" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92pera" title="Òpera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òpera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooper" title="Ooper – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ooper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Όπερα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όπερα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opero" title="Opero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Opero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اپرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra" title="Opéra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opéra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceoldr%C3%A1ma" title="Ceoldráma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceoldráma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiaulldramey" title="Kiaulldramey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kiaulldramey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra" title="Opra – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Opra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" title="歌劇 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="歌劇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC" title="오페라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오페라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Օպերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95)" title="ओपेरा (गीतिनाटक) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओपेरा (गीतिनाटक)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opero" title="Opero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Opero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(musica)" title="Opera (musica) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Opera (musica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Оперæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оперæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אופרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0" title="ಒಪೇರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಪೇರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ოპერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Опера (музыка) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Опера (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_(lamizik)" title="Opéra (lamizik) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Opéra (lamizik)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(muz%C3%AEk)" title="Opera (muzîk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Opera (muzîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodrama_(musica)" title="Melodrama (musica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Melodrama (musica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouperu" title="Ouperu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ouperu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(sz%C3%ADnm%C5%B1)" title="Opera (színmű) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Opera (színmű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1" title="ഓപ്പറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ऑपेरा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑपेरा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ოპერა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოპერა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوبرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Дуурь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дуурь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="အော်ပရာဇာတ်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်ပရာဇာတ်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(muziek)" title="Opera (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opera (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="ओपेरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओपेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9" title="オペラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オペラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A8ra" title="Opèra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Opèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਓਪੇਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਪੇਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپیرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوپیرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apra" title="Apra – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Apra" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra" title="Opéra – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Opéra" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93pera" title="Ópera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ópera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%83" title="Operă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taki_aranway" title="Taki aranway – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Taki aranway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantanti_l%C3%ACrici" title="Cantanti lìrici – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cantanti lìrici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="ඔපෙරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔපෙරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BD%DA%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="سنگيت ناٽڪ (اوپيرا) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنگيت ناٽڪ (اوپيرا)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uopera" title="Uopera – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uopera" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئۆپێرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooppera" title="Ooppera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ooppera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆப்பெரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆப்பெரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="ఒపెరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒపెరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="อุปรากร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปรากร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Опера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Опера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="اوپرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوپرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper" title="Oper – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oper" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop" title="Lop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A5" title="Operå – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Operå" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="歌剧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="歌剧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="אפערע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפערע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" title="歌劇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歌劇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera" title="Opera – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Opera" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uopera" title="Uopera – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Uopera" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E5%89%A7" title="歌剧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歌剧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art form combining sung text and musical score in a theatrical setting</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Western art form. For the web browser, see <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera (web browser)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Opera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Opera (disambiguation)">Opera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_opera" title="Horse opera">Horse opera</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg/450px-Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-Macbeth_applause_at_Savonlinna_Opera_festival_in_2007_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth_(Verdi)" title="Macbeth (Verdi)">Macbeth</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival" title="Savonlinna Opera Festival">Savonlinna Opera Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Olaf%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Olaf's Castle">St. Olaf's Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna" title="Savonlinna">Savonlinna</a>, Finland, in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Opera</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#European_theatre" title="History of theatre">Western theatre</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> is a fundamental component and dramatic roles are taken by <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singers</a>. Such a "work" (the literal translation of the Italian word "opera") is typically a collaboration between a <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporates a number of the <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">scenery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costume</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>. The performance is typically given in an <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>, accompanied by an <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a> or smaller <a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">musical ensemble</a>, which since the early 19th century has been led by a <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> is closely related to opera, the two are considered to be distinct from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opera is a key part of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture#Music" title="Western culture">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, and Italian tradition in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally understood as an entirely sung piece, in contrast to a play with songs, opera has come to include <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera_genres" title="Category:Opera genres">numerous genres</a>, including some that include spoken dialogue such as <i><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></i>. In traditional <a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">number opera</a>, singers employ two styles of singing: <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>, a speech-inflected style,<sup id="cite_ref-Apel,_p._718_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apel,_p._718-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and self-contained <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>. The 19th century saw the rise of the continuous <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">music drama</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg/300px-Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg/450px-Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg/600px-Teatro_alla_Scala_interior_Milan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10375" data-file-height="4388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> of Milan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture,_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/300px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/450px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg/600px-Paris_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_Garnier" title="Palais Garnier">Palais Garnier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Op%C3%A9ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Opéra">Paris Opéra</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg/300px-Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg/450px-Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg/600px-Berlin_-_Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5368" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Opera originated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> at the end of the 16th century (with <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s mostly <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i>, produced in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in 1598) especially from works by <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i>, and soon spread through the rest of Europe: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe (except France), attracting foreign composers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a> was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> reacted against its artificiality with his "reform" operas in the 1760s. The most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic operas</a>, especially <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i> (<i>Le nozze di Figaro</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a></i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a></i> (<i>The Abduction from the Seraglio</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i> (<i>Die Zauberflöte</i>), landmarks in the German tradition. </p><p>The first third of the 19th century saw the high point of the <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a> style, with <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Vincenzo Bellini</a> all creating signature works of that style. It also saw the advent of <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a> typified by the works of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Daniel Auber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>'s introduction of German <a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantische Oper</a> (German Romantic Opera). The mid-to-late 19th century was a golden age of opera, led and dominated by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> in Germany. The popularity of opera continued through the <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> era in Italy and contemporary <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a> through to <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> in the early 20th century. During the 19th century, parallel operatic traditions emerged in central and eastern Europe, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The 20th century saw many experiments with modern styles, such as <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>), <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">minimalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>). With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recording technology</a>, singers such as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a> became known to much wider audiences that went beyond the circle of opera fans. Since the invention of radio and television, operas were also performed on (and written for) these media. Beginning in 2006, a number of major opera houses began to present live <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> transmissions of their performances in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theatre">cinemas</a> all over the world. Since 2009, complete performances can be downloaded and are <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">live streamed</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operatic_terminology">Operatic terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operatic terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouffes_parisiens_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bouffes_parisiens_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Bouffes_parisiens_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bouffes_parisiens_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-Bouffes_parisiens_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Bouffes_parisiens_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Audience at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Bouffes-Parisiens" title="Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens">Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens</a>, the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>; caricature of 1860 by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Bayard" title="Émile Bayard">Émile Bayard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The words of an opera are known as the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> (meaning "small book"). Some composers, notably Wagner, have written their own libretti; others have worked in close collaboration with their librettists, e.g. Mozart with <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>. Traditional opera, often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">number opera</a>", consists of two modes of singing: <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a>, the plot-driving passages sung in a style designed to imitate and emphasize the inflections of speech,<sup id="cite_ref-Apel,_p._718_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apel,_p._718-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> (an "air" or formal song) in which the characters express their emotions in a more structured melodic style. Vocal duets, trios and other ensembles often occur, and choruses are used to comment on the action. In some forms of opera, such as <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">singspiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">semi-opera</a>, the recitative is mostly replaced by spoken dialogue. Melodic or semi-melodic passages occurring in the midst of, or instead of, recitative, are also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">arioso</a>. The terminology of the various kinds of operatic voices is described in detail <a href="#Operatic_voices">below</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During both the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical periods</a>, recitative could appear in two basic forms, each of which was accompanied by a different instrumental ensemble: <i>secco</i> (dry) recitative, sung with a free rhythm dictated by the accent of the words, accompanied only by <i><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a></i>, which was usually a <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a> and a cello; or <i>accompagnato</i> (also known as <i>strumentato</i>) in which the orchestra provided accompaniment. Over the 18th century, arias were increasingly accompanied by the orchestra. By the 19th century, <i>accompagnato</i> had gained the upper hand, the orchestra played a much bigger role, and Wagner revolutionized opera by abolishing almost all distinction between aria and recitative in his quest for what Wagner termed "endless melody". Subsequent composers have tended to follow <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>'s example, though some, such as Stravinsky in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></i> have bucked the trend. The changing role of the orchestra in opera is described in more detail <a href="#Changing_role_of_the_orchestra">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_opera" title="History of opera">History of opera</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Origins of opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Claudio_Monteverdi" title="List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi">List of operas by Claudio Monteverdi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/170px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/255px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg/340px-Claudio_Monteverdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian word <i>opera</i> means "work", both in the sense of the labour done and the result produced. The Italian word derives from the Latin word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opera#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:opera">opera</a></i>, a singular noun meaning "work" and also the plural of the noun <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:opus">opus</a></i>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the Italian word was first used in the sense "composition in which poetry, dance, and music are combined" in 1639; the first recorded English usage in this sense dates to 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dafne" title="Dafne">Dafne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a> was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today. It was written around 1597, largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a> who gathered as the "<a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Camerata de' Bardi</a>". Significantly, <i>Dafne</i> was an attempt to revive the classical <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Greek drama</a>, part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. The members of the Camerata considered that the "chorus" parts of Greek dramas were originally sung, and possibly even the entire text of all roles; opera was thus conceived as a way of "restoring" this situation. <i>Dafne</i>, however, is lost. A later work by Peri, <i><a href="/wiki/Euridice_(Peri)" title="Euridice (Peri)">Euridice</a></i>, dating from 1600, is the first opera score to have survived until the present day. However, the honour of being the first opera still to be regularly performed goes to <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i>, composed for the court of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> in 1607.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mantua court of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzagas</a>, employers of Monteverdi, played a significant role in the origin of opera employing not only court singers of the <a href="/wiki/Concerto_delle_donne" title="Concerto delle donne">concerto delle donne</a> (till 1598), but also one of the first actual "opera singers", <a href="/wiki/Madama_Europa" title="Madama Europa">Madama Europa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_opera">Italian opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italian opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroque_era"><span class="anchor" id="Baroque_opera"></span>Baroque era</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Baroque era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vivaldi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/170px-Vivaldi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/255px-Vivaldi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vivaldi.jpg/340px-Vivaldi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>, in 1723</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceskystage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ceskystage.jpg/220px-Ceskystage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ceskystage.jpg/330px-Ceskystage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ceskystage.jpg/440px-Ceskystage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Private baroque theatre in <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_Krumlov" title="Český Krumlov">Český Krumlov</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannini,_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/220px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/330px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png/440px-Pannini%2C_Giovanni_Paolo_-_Musical_F%C3%AAte_-_1747.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Argentina" title="Teatro Argentina">Teatro Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Panini" title="Giovanni Paolo Panini">Panini</a>, 1747, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Opera did not remain confined to court audiences for long. In 1637, the idea of a "season" (often during the <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a>) of publicly attended operas supported by ticket sales emerged in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Monteverdi had moved to the city from Mantua and composed his last operas, <i><a href="/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria" title="Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria">Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27incoronazione_di_Poppea" title="L'incoronazione di Poppea">L'incoronazione di Poppea</a></i>, for the Venetian theatre in the 1640s. His most important follower <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a> helped spread opera throughout Italy. In these early Baroque operas, broad comedy was blended with tragic elements in a mix that jarred some educated sensibilities, sparking the first of opera's many reform movements, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Arcadian_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadian academy">Arcadian Academy</a>, which came to be associated with the poet <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a> helped crystallize the genre of <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a>, which became the leading form of Italian opera until the end of the 18th century. Once the Metastasian ideal had been firmly established, comedy in Baroque-era opera was reserved for what came to be called <a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">opera buffa</a>. Before such elements were forced out of opera seria, many libretti had featured a separately unfolding comic plot as sort of an "opera-within-an-opera". One reason for this was an attempt to attract members of the growing merchant class, newly wealthy, but still not as cultured as the nobility, to the public <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera houses</a>. These separate plots were almost immediately resurrected in a separately developing tradition that partly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a>, a long-flourishing improvisatory stage tradition of Italy. Just as intermedi had once been performed in between the acts of stage plays, operas in the new comic genre of <a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo"><i>intermezzi</i></a>, which developed largely in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the 1710s and 1720s, were initially staged during the intermissions of opera seria. They became so popular, however, that they were soon being offered as separate productions. </p><p>Opera seria was elevated in tone and highly stylised in form, usually consisting of <i>secco</i> recitative interspersed with long <i>da capo</i> arias. These afforded great opportunity for virtuosic singing and during the golden age of <i>opera seria</i> the singer really became the star. The role of the hero was usually written for the high-pitched male <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> voice, which was produced by <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> of the singer before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, which prevented a boy's <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> from being transformed at puberty. Castrati such as <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>, as well as female <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">sopranos</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Faustina_Bordoni" title="Faustina Bordoni">Faustina Bordoni</a>, became in great demand throughout Europe as <i>opera seria</i> ruled the stage in every country except France. Farinelli was one of the most famous singers of the 18th century. Italian opera set the Baroque standard. Italian libretti were the norm, even when a German composer like <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> found himself composing the likes of <i><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)" title="Rinaldo (opera)">Rinaldo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare" title="Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a></i> for London audiences. Italian <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretti</a> remained dominant in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">classical period</a> as well, for example in the operas of <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a>, who wrote in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> near the century's close. Leading Italian-born composers of opera seria include <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Nicola Porpora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._1–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._1–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart"><span id="Gluck.27s_reforms_and_Mozart"></span>Gluck's reforms and Mozart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gluck's reforms and Mozart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overt%C3%BCre.ogg" title="File:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Don Giovanni - Overtüre.ogg">Mozart K. 527</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="409" data-mwtitle="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overtüre.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overt%C3%BCre.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overt%C3%BCre.ogg/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_-_Don_Giovanni_-_Overt%C3%BCre.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Overture to <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> (1787)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_(lightened_and_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg/255px-Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Gluck%27s_Orph%C3%A9e_-_title_page_illustration_%28lightened_and_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Illustration for the score of the original Vienna version of <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Opera seria had its weaknesses and critics. The taste for embellishment on behalf of the superbly trained singers, and the use of spectacle as a replacement for dramatic purity and unity drew attacks. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Algarotti" title="Francesco Algarotti">Francesco Algarotti</a>'s <i>Essay on the Opera</i> (1755) proved to be an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a>'s reforms. He advocated that <i>opera seria</i> had to return to basics and that all the various elements—music (both instrumental and vocal), <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, and staging—must be subservient to the overriding drama. In 1765 <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Grimm" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Grimm">Melchior Grimm</a> published "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Poème lyrique</i></span>", an influential article for the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a> and opera <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several composers of the period, including <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Jommelli" title="Niccolò Jommelli">Niccolò Jommelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Traetta" title="Tommaso Traetta">Tommaso Traetta</a>, attempted to put these ideals into practice. The first to succeed however, was Gluck. <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a> strove to achieve a "beautiful simplicity". This is evident in his first reform opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice" title="Orfeo ed Euridice">Orfeo ed Euridice</a></i>, where his non-virtuosic vocal melodies are supported by simple harmonies and a richer orchestra presence throughout. </p><p>Gluck's reforms have had resonance throughout operatic history. Weber, Mozart, and Wagner, in particular, were influenced by his ideals. Mozart, in many ways Gluck's successor, combined a superb sense of drama, harmony, melody, and counterpoint to write a series of comic operas with libretti by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Le_nozze_di_Figaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Le nozze di Figaro">Le nozze di Figaro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte" title="Così fan tutte">Così fan tutte</a></i>, which remain among the most-loved, popular and well-known operas. But Mozart's contribution to <i>opera seria</i> was more mixed; by his time it was dying away, and in spite of such fine works as <i><a href="/wiki/Idomeneo" title="Idomeneo">Idomeneo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_clemenza_di_Tito" title="La clemenza di Tito">La clemenza di Tito</a></i>, he would not succeed in bringing the art form back to life again.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bel_canto,_Verdi_and_verismo"><span id="Bel_canto.2C_Verdi_and_verismo"></span>Bel canto, Verdi and verismo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bel canto, Verdi and verismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/170px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/255px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg/340px-Giuseppe_Verdi_by_Giovanni_Boldini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1234" /></a><figcaption>Giuseppe Verdi, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boldini" title="Giovanni Boldini">Giovanni Boldini</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a> opera movement flourished in the early 19th century and is exemplified by the operas of <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a> and many others. Literally "beautiful singing", <i>bel canto</i> opera derives from the Italian stylistic singing school of the same name. Bel canto lines are typically florid and intricate, requiring supreme agility and pitch control. Examples of famous operas in the bel canto style include Rossini's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville" title="The Barber of Seville">Il barbiere di Siviglia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cenerentola" title="La Cenerentola">La Cenerentola</a></i>, as well as Bellini's <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_sonnambula" title="La sonnambula">La sonnambula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/I_puritani" title="I puritani">I puritani</a></i> and Donizetti's <i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27elisir_d%27amore" title="L'elisir d'amore">L'elisir d'amore</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Pasquale" title="Don Pasquale">Don Pasquale</a></i>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg" title="File:La Donna E Mobile Rigoletto.ogg">La donna è mobile</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="130" data-mwtitle="La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg/La_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Donna_E_Mobile_Rigoletto.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> sings "<a href="/wiki/La_donna_%C3%A8_mobile" title="La donna è mobile">La donna è mobile</a>", from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i> (1908)</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Pagliaccio_non_son.ogg" title="File:No Pagliaccio non son.ogg">No Pagliaccio non-son</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="200" data-mwtitle="No_Pagliaccio_non_son.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/No_Pagliaccio_non_son.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/No_Pagliaccio_non_son.ogg/No_Pagliaccio_non_son.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Aria from <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Ruggero Leoncavallo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a></i>. Performed by Enrico Caruso</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Following the bel canto era, a more direct, forceful style was rapidly popularized by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, beginning with his biblical opera <i><a href="/wiki/Nabucco" title="Nabucco">Nabucco</a></i>. This opera, and the ones that would follow in Verdi's career, revolutionized Italian opera, changing it from merely a display of vocal fireworks, with Rossini's and Donizetti's works, to dramatic story-telling. Verdi's operas resonated with the growing spirit of <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> in the post-<a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> era, and he quickly became an icon of the patriotic movement for a unified Italy. In the early 1850s, Verdi produced his three most popular operas: <i><a href="/wiki/Rigoletto" title="Rigoletto">Rigoletto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/La_traviata" title="La traviata">La traviata</a></i>. The first of these, <i>Rigoletto</i>, proved the most daring and revolutionary. In it, Verdi blurs the distinction between the aria and recitative as it never before was, leading the opera to be "an unending string of duets". <i>La traviata</i> was also novel. It tells the story of courtesan, and it includes elements of <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> or "realistic" opera,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because rather than featuring great kings and figures from literature, it focuses on the tragedies of ordinary life and society. After these, he continued to develop his style, composing perhaps the greatest French <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i>, and ending his career with two <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare-inspired</a> works, <i><a href="/wiki/Otello" title="Otello">Otello</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i>, which reveal how far Italian opera had grown in sophistication since the early 19th century. These final two works showed Verdi at his most masterfully orchestrated, and are both incredibly influential, and modern. In <i>Falstaff</i>, Verdi sets the pre-eminent standard for the form and style that would dominate opera throughout the twentieth century. Rather than long, suspended melodies, <i>Falstaff</i> contains many little motifs and mottos, that, rather than being expanded upon, are introduced and subsequently dropped, only to be brought up again later. These motifs never are expanded upon, and just as the audience expects a character to launch into a long melody, a new character speaks, introducing a new phrase. This fashion of opera directed opera from Verdi, onward, exercising tremendous influence on his successors <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Verdi, the sentimental "realistic" melodrama of <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> appeared in Italy. This was a style introduced by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Mascagni" title="Pietro Mascagni">Pietro Mascagni</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana" title="Cavalleria rusticana">Cavalleria rusticana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Ruggero Leoncavallo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pagliacci" title="Pagliacci">Pagliacci</a></i> that came to dominate the world's opera stages with such popular works as <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a></i>. Later Italian composers, such as <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a>, have experimented with <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-language_opera">German-language opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German-language opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">Opera in German</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif/lossless-page1-290px-Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif/lossless-page1-435px-Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif/lossless-page1-580px-Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel_Die_Sternenhalle_der_K%C3%B6nigin_der_Nacht_B%C3%BChnenbild_Zauberfl%C3%B6te_Mozart.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2031" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The Queen of the Night in an 1815 production of Mozart's <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Zauberflöte">Die Zauberflöte</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first German opera was <i><a href="/wiki/Dafne_(Opitz-Sch%C3%BCtz)" title="Dafne (Opitz-Schütz)">Dafne</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a> in 1627, but the music score has not survived. Italian opera held a great sway over German-speaking countries until the late 18th century. Nevertheless, native forms would develop in spite of this influence. In 1644, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Theophil_Staden" title="Sigmund Theophil Staden">Sigmund Staden</a> produced the first <i><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Seelewig" title="Seelewig">Seelewig</a></i>, a popular form of German-language opera in which singing alternates with spoken dialogue. In the late 17th century and early 18th century, the Theater am Gänsemarkt in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> presented German operas by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser" title="Reinhard Keiser">Keiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>. Yet most of the major German composers of the time, including Handel himself, as well as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun" title="Carl Heinrich Graun">Graun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>, chose to write most of their operas in foreign languages, especially Italian. In contrast to Italian opera, which was generally composed for the aristocratic class, German opera was generally composed for the masses and tended to feature simple folk-like melodies, and it was not until the arrival of Mozart that German opera was able to match its Italian counterpart in musical sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theatre company of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Seyler" title="Abel Seyler">Abel Seyler</a> pioneered serious German-language opera in the 1770s, marking a break with the previous simpler musical entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardWagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/170px-RichardWagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/255px-RichardWagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/340px-RichardWagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>Richard Wagner</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <i>Singspiele</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail" title="Die Entführung aus dem Serail">Die Entführung aus dem Serail</a></i> (1782) and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Zauberflöte">Die Zauberflöte</a></i> (1791) were an important breakthrough in achieving international recognition for German opera. The tradition was developed in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> with his <i><a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a></i> (1805), inspired by the climate of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> established <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romantic</a> opera in opposition to the dominance of Italian <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a>. His <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a></i> (1821) shows his genius for creating a supernatural atmosphere. Other opera composers of the time include <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lortzing" title="Albert Lortzing">Lortzing</a>, but the most significant figure was undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg/200px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg/300px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg/400px-Siegfried_and_the_Twilight_of_the_Gods_p_180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption>Brünnhilde throws herself on Siegfried's funeral pyre in Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Wagner was one of the most revolutionary and controversial composers in musical history. Starting under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a>, he gradually evolved a new concept of opera as a <i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i> (a "complete work of art"), a fusion of music, poetry and painting. He greatly increased the role and power of the orchestra, creating scores with a complex web of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>, recurring <a href="/wiki/Theme_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (music)">themes</a> often associated with the characters and concepts of the drama, of which prototypes can be heard in his earlier operas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a></i>; and he was prepared to violate accepted musical conventions, such as <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a>, in his quest for greater expressivity. In his mature music dramas, <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>, he abolished the distinction between aria and recitative in favour of a seamless flow of "endless melody". Wagner also brought a new philosophical dimension to opera in his works, which were usually based on stories from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arthurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian">Arthurian</a> legend. Finally, Wagner built <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">his own opera house</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a> with part of the patronage from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a>, exclusively dedicated to performing his own works in the style he wanted. </p><p>Opera would never be the same after Wagner and for many composers his legacy proved a heavy burden. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> accepted Wagnerian ideas but took them in wholly new directions, along with incorporating the new form introduced by Verdi. He first won fame with the scandalous <i><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a></i> and the dark tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_(opera)" title="Elektra (opera)">Elektra</a></i>, in which tonality was pushed to the limits. Then Strauss changed tack in his greatest success, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier" title="Der Rosenkavalier">Der Rosenkavalier</a></i>, where Mozart and Viennese <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a> became as important an influence as Wagner. Strauss continued to produce a highly varied body of operatic works, often with libretti by the poet <a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a>. Other composers who made individual contributions to German opera in the early 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Wolfgang_Korngold" title="Erich Wolfgang Korngold">Erich Korngold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schreker" title="Franz Schreker">Franz Schreker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and the Italian-born <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>. The operatic innovations of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and his successors are discussed in the section on <a href="#Modernism">modernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 19th century, the Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">Johann Strauss II</a>, an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>-language <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>, composed several German-language operettas, the most famous of which was <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Fledermaus" title="Die Fledermaus">Die Fledermaus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, rather than copying the style of Offenbach, the operettas of Strauss II had distinctly <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> flavor to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_opera">French opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg/300px-Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg/450px-Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg/600px-Armide_Lully_by_Saint-Aubin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>A performance of Lully's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Armide_(Lully)" title="Armide (Lully)">Armide</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Salle_du_Palais-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Salle du Palais-Royal">Salle du Palais-Royal</a> in 1761</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasquale_Amato,_Georges_Bizet,_Chanson_du_tor%C3%A9ador,_Carmen.ogg" title="File:Pasquale Amato, Georges Bizet, Chanson du toréador, Carmen.ogg"><i>Carmen</i>: Chanson du toréador</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="209" data-mwtitle="Pasquale_Amato,_Georges_Bizet,_Chanson_du_toréador,_Carmen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Pasquale_Amato%2C_Georges_Bizet%2C_Chanson_du_tor%C3%A9ador%2C_Carmen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/Pasquale_Amato%2C_Georges_Bizet%2C_Chanson_du_tor%C3%A9ador%2C_Carmen.ogg/Pasquale_Amato%2C_Georges_Bizet%2C_Chanson_du_tor%C3%A9ador%2C_Carmen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APasquale_Amato%2C_Georges_Bizet%2C_Chanson_du_tor%C3%A9ador%2C_Carmen.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Amato" title="Pasquale Amato">Pasquale Amato</a>'s 1911 rendition of the Toréador's song from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i> (1875).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In rivalry with imported Italian opera productions, a separate French tradition was founded by the Italian-born French composer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a> at the court of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a>. Despite his foreign birthplace, Lully established an <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie Royale de Musique">Academy of Music</a> and monopolised French opera from 1672. Starting with <i><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_et_Hermione" title="Cadmus et Hermione">Cadmus et Hermione</a></i>, Lully and his librettist <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Quinault" title="Philippe Quinault">Quinault</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">tragédie en musique</a></i>, a form in which dance music and choral writing were particularly prominent. Lully's operas also show a concern for expressive <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> which matched the contours of the French language. In the 18th century, Lully's most important successor was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a>, who composed five <i>tragédies en musique</i> as well as numerous works in other genres such as <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">opéra-ballet</a></i>, all notable for their rich orchestration and harmonic daring. Despite the popularity of Italian <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a> throughout much of Europe during the Baroque period, Italian opera never gained much of a foothold in France, where its own national operatic tradition was more popular instead.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Rameau's death, the Bohemian-Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Gluck" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluck">Gluck</a> was persuaded to produce six operas for the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian stage</a> in the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They show the influence of Rameau, but simplified and with greater focus on the drama. At the same time, by the middle of the 18th century another genre was gaining popularity in France: <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">opéra comique</a></i>. This was the equivalent of the German <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">singspiel</a>, where arias alternated with spoken dialogue. Notable examples in this style were produced by <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Alexandre_Monsigny" title="Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny">Monsigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">Philidor</a> and, above all, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9try" title="André Grétry">Grétry</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic</a> period, composers such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Étienne Méhul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Gaspare Spontini</a>, who were followers of Gluck, brought a new seriousness to the genre, which had never been wholly "comic" in any case. Another phenomenon of this period was the 'propaganda opera' celebrating revolutionary successes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">Gossec's</a> <i>Le triomphe de la République</i> (1793). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/170px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/255px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg/340px-Salzburger_Festspiele_2012_-_Carmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Ko%C5%BEen%C3%A1" title="Magdalena Kožená">Magdalena Kožená</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kaufmann" title="Jonas Kaufmann">Jonas Kaufmann</a> in a scene from <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a> 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1820s, Gluckian influence in France had given way to a taste for Italian <a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">bel canto</a>, especially after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Rossini's <i><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Tell" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Tell">Guillaume Tell</a></i> helped found the new genre of <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>, a form whose most famous exponent was another foreigner, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>. Meyerbeer's works, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Huguenots" title="Les Huguenots">Les Huguenots</a></i>, emphasised virtuoso singing and extraordinary stage effects. Lighter <i>opéra comique</i> also enjoyed tremendous success in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%AFeldieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Boïeldieu">Boïeldieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a>. In this climate, the operas of the French-born composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a> struggled to gain a hearing. Berlioz's epic masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Troyens" title="Les Troyens">Les Troyens</a></i>, the culmination of the Gluckian tradition, was not given a full performance for almost a hundred years. </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a> created <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> with witty and cynical works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Orph%C3%A9e_aux_enfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphée aux enfers">Orphée aux enfers</a></i>, as well as the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Contes d'Hoffmann">Les Contes d'Hoffmann</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a> scored a massive success with <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a></i>, which, once audiences learned to accept its blend of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and realism, became the most popular of all opéra comiques. <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Léo Delibes</a> all composed works which are still part of the standard repertory, examples being Massenet's <i><a href="/wiki/Manon" title="Manon">Manon</a></i>, Saint-Saëns' <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)" title="Samson and Delilah (opera)">Samson et Dalila</a></i> and Delibes' <i><a href="/wiki/Lakm%C3%A9" title="Lakmé">Lakmé</a></i>. Their operas formed another genre, the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">opéra lyrique</i></span>, combined <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">opéra comique</i></span> and grand opera. It is less grandiose than grand opera, but without the spoken dialogue of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">opèra comique</i></span>. At the same time, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was felt as a challenge to the French tradition. Many French critics angrily rejected Wagner's music dramas while many French composers closely imitated them with variable success. Perhaps the most interesting response came from <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>. As in Wagner's works, the orchestra plays a leading role in Debussy's unique opera <i><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a></i> (1902) and there are no real arias, only recitative. But the drama is understated, enigmatic and completely un-Wagnerian. </p><p>Other notable 20th-century names include <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Dukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Roussel" title="Albert Roussel">Roussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Francis Poulenc</a> is one of the very few post-war composers of any nationality whose operas (which include <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_of_the_Carmelites" title="Dialogues of the Carmelites">Dialogues des Carmélites</a></i>) have gained a foothold in the international repertory. <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>'s lengthy sacred drama <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Saint François d'Assise">Saint François d'Assise</a></i> (1983) has also attracted widespread attention.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English-language_opera">English-language opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: English-language opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opera_in_English" title="Opera in English">Opera in English</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Purcell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/170px-Henry_Purcell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/255px-Henry_Purcell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Henry_Purcell.jpg/340px-Henry_Purcell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Stay,_Prince_and_hear.ogg" title="File:Stay, Prince and hear.ogg">Stay, Prince and hear</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="46" data-mwtitle="Stay,_Prince_and_hear.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg/Stay%2C_Prince_and_hear.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Scene from Purcell's <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i>. The witches' messenger, in the form of Mercury himself, attempts to convince Aeneas to leave Carthage.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>In England, opera's antecedent was the 17th-century <i>jig</i>. This was an afterpiece that came at the end of a play. It was frequently <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libellous</a> and scandalous and consisted in the main of dialogue set to music arranged from popular tunes. In this respect, jigs anticipate the ballad operas of the 18th century. At the same time, the French <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> was gaining a firm hold at the English Court, with even more lavish splendour and highly realistic scenery than had been seen before. <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> became the quintessential designer of these productions, and this style was to dominate the English stage for three centuries. These masques contained songs and dances. In <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>'s <i>Lovers Made Men</i> (1617), "the whole masque was sung after the Italian manner, stilo recitativo".<sup id="cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvanhoeSite-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach of the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">English Commonwealth</a> closed theatres and halted any developments that may have led to the establishment of English opera. However, in 1656, the <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_Rhodes" title="The Siege of Rhodes">The Siege of Rhodes</a></i>. Since his theatre was not licensed to produce drama, he asked several of the leading composers (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawes" title="Henry Lawes">Lawes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooke_(composer)" title="Henry Cooke (composer)">Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Locke_(composer)" title="Matthew Locke (composer)">Locke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Coleman_(composer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Coleman (composer) (page does not exist)">Coleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Hudson_(composer)" title="George Hudson (composer)">Hudson</a>) to set sections of it to music. This success was followed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cruelty_of_the_Spaniards_in_Peru" title="The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru">The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru</a></i> (1658) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sir_Francis_Drake" title="The History of Sir Francis Drake">The History of Sir Francis Drake</a></i> (1659). These pieces were encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> because they were critical of Spain. With the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a>, foreign (especially French) musicians were welcomed back. In 1673, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Shadwell" title="Thomas Shadwell">Thomas Shadwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(Locke)" title="Psyche (Locke)">Psyche</a></i>, patterned on the 1671 'comédie-ballet' of the same name produced by <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">William Davenant</a> produced <i>The Tempest</i> in the same year, which was the first musical adaption of a <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> play (composed by Locke and Johnson).<sup id="cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvanhoeSite-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1683, <a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">John Blow</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(opera)" title="Venus and Adonis (opera)">Venus and Adonis</a></i>, often thought of as the first true English-language opera. </p><p>Blow's immediate successor was the better known <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>. Despite the success of his masterwork <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i> (1689), in which the action is furthered by the use of Italian-style recitative, much of Purcell's best work was not involved in the composing of typical opera, but instead, he usually worked within the constraints of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">semi-opera</a> format, where isolated scenes and masques are contained within the structure of a spoken play, such as <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> in Purcell's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fairy-Queen" title="The Fairy-Queen">The Fairy-Queen</a></i> (1692) and Beaumont and Fletcher in <i>The Prophetess</i> (1690) and <i>Bonduca</i> (1696). The main characters of the play tend not to be involved in the musical scenes, which means that Purcell was rarely able to develop his characters through song. Despite these hindrances, his aim (and that of his collaborator <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>) was to establish serious opera in England, but these hopes ended with Purcell's early death at the age of 36. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png/170px-Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png/255px-Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Thomas_Augustine_Arne.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following Purcell, the popularity of opera in England dwindled for several decades. A revived interest in opera occurred in the 1730s which is largely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a>, both for his own compositions and for alerting Handel to the commercial possibilities of large-scale works in English. Arne was the first English composer to experiment with Italian-style all-sung comic opera, with his greatest success being <i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_and_Sally" title="Thomas and Sally">Thomas and Sally</a></i> in 1760. His opera <i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_(opera)" title="Artaxerxes (opera)">Artaxerxes</a></i> (1762) was the first attempt to set a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a> in English and was a huge success, holding the stage until the 1830s. Although Arne imitated many elements of Italian opera, he was perhaps the only English composer at that time who was able to move beyond the Italian influences and create his own unique and distinctly English voice. His modernized ballad opera, <i>Love in a Village</i> (1762), began a vogue for pastiche opera that lasted well into the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burney" title="Charles Burney">Charles Burney</a> wrote that Arne introduced "a light, airy, original, and pleasing melody, wholly different from that of Purcell or Handel, whom all English composers had either pillaged or imitated". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg/170px-Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg/255px-Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg/340px-Mikado_02_-_Weir_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3619" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mikado" title="The Mikado">The Mikado</a></i> (Lithograph)</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides Arne, the other dominating force in English opera at this time was <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a>, whose <i>opera serias</i> filled the London operatic stages for decades and influenced most home-grown composers, like <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lampe" title="John Frederick Lampe">John Frederick Lampe</a>, who wrote using Italian models. This situation continued throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, including in the work of <a href="/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe" title="Michael William Balfe">Michael William Balfe</a>, and the operas of the great Italian composers, as well as those of Mozart, Beethoven, and Meyerbeer, continued to dominate the musical stage in England. </p><p>The only exceptions were <a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">ballad operas</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a></i> (1728), musical <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">burlesques</a>, European <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operettas</a>, and late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light opera">light operas</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy operas</a> of <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>, all of which types of musical entertainments frequently spoofed operatic conventions; these genres contributed significantly to the emergence of the separate but closely related art of <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> in the late 19th century. Sullivan wrote only one grand opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> (following the efforts of a number of young English composers beginning about 1876),<sup id="cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IvanhoeSite-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he claimed that even his light operas constituted part of a school of "English" opera, intended to supplant the French operettas (usually performed in bad translations) that had dominated the London stage from the mid-19th century into the 1870s. London's <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i> agreed, describing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="The Yeomen of the Guard">The Yeomen of the Guard</a></i> as "a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sullivan produced a few light operas in the 1890s that were of a more serious nature than those in the G&S series, including <i><a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall_(opera)" title="Haddon Hall (opera)">Haddon Hall</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Stone" title="The Beauty Stone">The Beauty Stone</a></i>, but <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> (which ran for 155 consecutive performances, using alternating casts—a record until Broadway's <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i>) survives as his only <a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">grand opera</a>. </p><p>In the 20th century, English opera began to assert more independence, with works of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, who in a series of works that remain in standard repertory today, revealed an excellent flair for the dramatic and superb musicality. More recently <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Sir Harrison Birtwistle</a> has emerged as one of Britain's most significant contemporary composers from his first opera <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy_(opera)" title="Punch and Judy (opera)">Punch and Judy</a></i> to his most recent critical success in <a href="/wiki/The_Minotaur_(opera)" title="The Minotaur (opera)">The Minotaur</a>. In the first decade of the 21st century, the librettist of an early Birtwistle opera, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, has been focusing on composing operas, including <i><a href="/wiki/Facing_Goya" title="Facing Goya">Facing Goya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Boy:_Dada" title="Man and Boy: Dada">Man and Boy: Dada</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Counts" title="Love Counts">Love Counts</a></i>. Today composers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s" title="Thomas Adès">Thomas Adès</a> continue to export English opera abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in the 20th century, American composers like <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Treemonisha" title="Treemonisha">Treemonisha</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Moore" title="Douglas Moore">Douglas Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Floyd" title="Carlisle Floyd">Carlisle Floyd</a> began to contribute English-language operas infused with touches of popular musical styles. They were followed by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Beach" title="Einstein on the Beach">Einstein on the Beach</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Corigliano" title="John Corigliano">John Corigliano</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_of_Versailles" title="The Ghosts of Versailles">The Ghosts of Versailles</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moran_(composer)" title="Robert Moran (composer)">Robert Moran</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Previn" title="André Previn">André Previn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Heggie" title="Jake Heggie">Jake Heggie</a>. Many contemporary 21st century opera composers have emerged such as <a href="/wiki/Missy_Mazzoli" title="Missy Mazzoli">Missy Mazzoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Puts" title="Kevin Puts">Kevin Puts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cipullo" title="Tom Cipullo">Tom Cipullo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ruo" title="Huang Ruo">Huang Ruo</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_T._Little" title="David T. Little">David T. Little</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Blanchard" title="Terence Blanchard">Terence Blanchard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Higdon" title="Jennifer Higdon">Jennifer Higdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Picker" title="Tobias Picker">Tobias Picker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ching" title="Michael Ching">Michael Ching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Davis_(composer)" title="Anthony Davis (composer)">Anthony Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Ian_Gordon" title="Ricky Ian Gordon">Ricky Ian Gordon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_opera">Russian opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg/220px-Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg/330px-Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Feodor_Chaliapin_as_Ivan_Susanin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Susanin" title="Ivan Susanin">Ivan Susanin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Life_for_the_Tsar" title="A Life for the Tsar">A Life for the Tsar</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Opera was brought to Russia in the 1730s by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian operatic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troupe" class="extiw" title="wikt:troupe">troupes</a> and soon it became an important part of entertainment for the Russian Imperial Court and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. Many foreign composers such as <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Baldassare Galuppi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Giovanni Paisiello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sarti" title="Giuseppe Sarti">Giuseppe Sarti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Domenico Cimarosa</a> (as well as various others) were invited to Russia to compose new operas, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. Simultaneously some domestic musicians of Ukrainian origin like <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Berezovsky" title="Maxim Berezovsky">Maxim Berezovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Bortniansky" title="Dmitry Bortniansky">Dmitry Bortniansky</a> were sent abroad to learn to write operas. The first opera written in Russian was <i><a href="/wiki/Tsefal_i_Prokris" title="Tsefal i Prokris">Tsefal i Prokris</a></i> by the Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Araja" title="Francesco Araja">Francesco Araja</a> (1755). The development of Russian-language opera was supported by the Russian composers <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Pashkevich" title="Vasily Pashkevich">Vasily Pashkevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevstigney_Fomin" title="Yevstigney Fomin">Yevstigney Fomin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Verstovsky" title="Alexey Verstovsky">Alexey Verstovsky</a>. </p><p>However, the real birth of <a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a> came with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Mikhail Glinka</a> and his two great operas <i><a href="/wiki/A_Life_for_the_Tsar" title="A Life for the Tsar">A Life for the Tsar</a></i> (1836) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruslan_and_Lyudmila_(opera)" title="Ruslan and Lyudmila (opera)">Ruslan and Lyudmila</a></i> (1842). After him, during the 19th century in Russia, there were written such operatic masterpieces as <i><a href="/wiki/Rusalka_(Dargomyzhsky)" title="Rusalka (Dargomyzhsky)">Rusalka</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Guest_(Dargomyzhsky)" title="The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)">The Stone Guest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dargomyzhsky" title="Alexander Dargomyzhsky">Alexander Dargomyzhsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Khovanshchina" title="Khovanshchina">Khovanshchina</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Igor" title="Prince Igor">Prince Igor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Alexander Borodin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Onegin_(opera)" title="Eugene Onegin (opera)">Eugene Onegin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Spades_(opera)" title="The Queen of Spades (opera)">The Queen of Spades</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Tchaikovsky</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Maiden" title="The Snow Maiden">The Snow Maiden</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(opera)" title="Sadko (opera)">Sadko</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov</a>. These developments mirrored the growth of Russian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> across the artistic spectrum, as part of the more general <a href="/wiki/Slavophilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophilism">Slavophilism</a> movement. </p><p>In the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a> of Russian opera were developed by many composers including <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Sergei Rachmaninoff</a> in his works <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miserly_Knight" title="The Miserly Knight">The Miserly Knight</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Francesca_da_Rimini_(Rachmaninoff)" title="Francesca da Rimini (Rachmaninoff)">Francesca da Rimini</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(opera)" title="The Nightingale (opera)">Le Rossignol</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mavra" title="Mavra">Mavra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)">Oedipus rex</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gambler_(Prokofiev)" title="The Gambler (Prokofiev)">The Gambler</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_for_Three_Oranges" title="The Love for Three Oranges">The Love for Three Oranges</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fiery_Angel_(opera)" title="The Fiery Angel (opera)">The Fiery Angel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Betrothal_in_a_Monastery" title="Betrothal in a Monastery">Betrothal in a Monastery</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(opera)" title="War and Peace (opera)">War and Peace</a></i>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(opera)" title="The Nose (opera)">The Nose</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_Mtsensk_(opera)" title="Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)">Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Denisov" title="Edison Denisov">Edison Denisov</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%A9cume_des_jours_(opera)" title="L'écume des jours (opera)">L'écume des jours</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schnittke" title="Alfred Schnittke">Alfred Schnittke</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_with_an_Idiot" title="Life with an Idiot">Life with an Idiot</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_von_D._Johann_Fausten_(opera)" title="Historia von D. Johann Fausten (opera)">Historia von D. Johann Fausten</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_opera">Czech opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Czech opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Czech composers also developed a thriving national opera movement of their own in the 19th century, starting with <a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Bedřich Smetana</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="List of operas by Bedřich Smetana">eight operas</a> including the internationally popular <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a></i>. Smetana's eight operas created the bedrock of the Czech opera repertory, but of these only <i>The Bartered Bride</i> is performed regularly outside the composer's homeland. After reaching Vienna in 1892 and London in 1895 it rapidly became part of the repertory of every major opera company worldwide. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_(1917).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png/170px-Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png/255px-Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png/340px-Le%C3%B3%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%281917%29.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a> in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Antonín Dvořák</a>'s nine operas, except his first, have librettos in Czech and were intended to convey the Czech national spirit, as were some of his choral works. By far the most successful of the operas is <i><a href="/wiki/Rusalka_(opera)" title="Rusalka (opera)">Rusalka</a></i> which contains the well-known aria "Měsíčku na nebi hlubokém" ("Song to the Moon"); it is played on contemporary opera stages frequently outside the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. This is attributable to their uneven invention and libretti, and perhaps also their staging requirements – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jacobin" title="The Jacobin">The Jacobin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Armida_(Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k)" title="Armida (Dvořák)">Armida</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanda_(opera)" title="Vanda (opera)">Vanda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dimitrij_(opera)" title="Dimitrij (opera)">Dimitrij</a></i> need stages large enough to portray invading armies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG/220px-Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG/330px-Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG/440px-Prodana_Nevesta_Cover_1919.JPG 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1233" /></a><figcaption>Score of Smetana's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride" title="The Bartered Bride">The Bartered Bride</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a> gained international recognition in the 20th century for his innovative works. His later, mature works incorporate his earlier studies of national folk music in a modern, highly original synthesis, first evident in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%AFfa" title="Jenůfa">Jenůfa</a></i>, which was premiered in 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>. The success of <i>Jenůfa</i> (often called the "<a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravian</a> national opera") at <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in 1916 gave Janáček access to the world's great opera stages. Janáček's later works are his most celebrated. They include operas such as <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1%C5%A5a_Kabanov%C3%A1" title="Káťa Kabanová">Káťa Kabanová</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cunning_Little_Vixen" title="The Cunning Little Vixen">The Cunning Little Vixen</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Sinfonietta_(Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek)" title="Sinfonietta (Janáček)">Sinfonietta</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_Mass" title="Glagolitic Mass">Glagolitic Mass</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_national_operas">Other national operas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other national operas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain also produced its own distinctive form of opera, known as <a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">zarzuela</a>, which had two separate flowerings: one from the mid-17th century through the mid-18th century, and another beginning around 1850. During the late 18th century up until the mid-19th century, Italian opera was immensely popular in Spain, supplanting the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">native form</a>. </p><p>In Russian Eastern Europe, several national operas began to emerge. Ukrainian opera was developed by <a href="/wiki/Semen_Hulak-Artemovsky" title="Semen Hulak-Artemovsky">Semen Hulak-Artemovsky</a> (1813–1873) whose most famous work <i><a href="/wiki/Zaporozhets_za_Dunayem" title="Zaporozhets za Dunayem">Zaporozhets za Dunayem</a></i> (A Cossack Beyond the Danube) is regularly performed around the world. Other Ukrainian opera composers include <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Mykola Lysenko</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Taras_Bulba_(opera)" title="Taras Bulba (opera)">Taras Bulba</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Natalka_Poltavka_(opera)" title="Natalka Poltavka (opera)">Natalka Poltavka</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Heorhiy_Maiboroda" title="Heorhiy Maiboroda">Heorhiy Maiboroda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yuliy_Meitus" title="Yuliy Meitus">Yuliy Meitus</a>. At the turn of the century, a distinct national opera movement also began to emerge in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> under the leadership <a href="/wiki/Zacharia_Paliashvili" title="Zacharia Paliashvili">Zacharia Paliashvili</a>, who fused local <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk songs</a> and stories with 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> classical themes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg/150px-Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg/225px-Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg/300px-Erkel_Ferenc_Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Alajos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Ferenc Erkel</a>, the father of Hungarian opera</figcaption></figure> <p>The key figure of Hungarian national opera in the 19th century was <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Ferenc Erkel</a>, whose works mostly dealt with historical themes. Among his most often performed operas are <i><a href="/wiki/Hunyadi_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_(opera)" title="Hunyadi László (opera)">Hunyadi László</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nk_b%C3%A1n" title="Bánk bán">Bánk bán</a></i>. The most famous modern Hungarian opera is <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Bluebeard%27s_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Bluebeard's Castle">Duke Bluebeard's Castle</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Stanisław Moniuszko</a>'s opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Manor" title="The Haunted Manor">Straszny Dwór</a></i> (in English <i>The Haunted Manor</i>) (1861–64) represents a nineteenth-century peak of <a href="/wiki/Polish_opera" title="Polish opera">Polish national opera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyrrell1994246_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyrrell1994246-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, other operas created by Polish composers included <i><a href="/wiki/King_Roger" title="King Roger">King Roger</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Rex" title="Ubu Rex">Ubu Rex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a>. </p><p>The first known opera from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) was <i><a href="/wiki/Arshak_II_(opera)" title="Arshak II (opera)">Arshak II</a></i>, which was an <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> opera composed by an ethnic Armenian composer <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Chukhajian" title="Tigran Chukhajian">Tigran Chukhajian</a> in 1868 and partially performed in 1873. It was fully staged in 1945 in Armenia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg/310px-Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg/465px-Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Leyli_and_Majnun_opera_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Scene from <a href="/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyovs</a> <i>"<a href="/wiki/Leyli_and_Majnun_(opera)" title="Leyli and Majnun (opera)">Leyli and Majnun</a>"</i> opera, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_State_Academic_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater" title="Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater">Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater</a> (1934)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first years of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> saw the emergence of new national operas, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Koro%C4%9Flu_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koroğlu (opera)">Koroğlu</a></i> (1937) by the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Uzeyir_Hajibeyov" title="Uzeyir Hajibeyov">Uzeyir Hajibeyov</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz</a> opera, <i>Ai-Churek</i>, premiered in Moscow at the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> on 26 May 1939, during Kyrgyz Art Decade. It was composed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vlasov" title="Vladimir Vlasov">Vladimir Vlasov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdylas_Maldybaev" title="Abdylas Maldybaev">Abdylas Maldybaev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Fere" title="Vladimir Fere">Vladimir Fere</a>. The libretto was written by Joomart Bokonbaev, Jusup Turusbekov, and Kybanychbek Malikov. The opera is based on the Kyrgyz heroic epic <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, opera gained more attention after the introduction of Western classical music in the late 19th century. However, it took until mid 20th century for Iranian composers to start experiencing with the field, especially as the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Roudaki_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Roudaki Hall">Roudaki Hall</a> in 1967, made possible staging of a large variety of works for stage. Perhaps, the most famous Iranian opera is <a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab_(opera)" title="Rostam and Sohrab (opera)">Rostam and Sohrab</a> by <a href="/wiki/Loris_Tjeknavorian" title="Loris Tjeknavorian">Loris Tjeknavorian</a> premiered not until the early 2000s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_contemporary_classical_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese contemporary classical opera">Chinese contemporary classical opera</a>, a Chinese language form of Western style opera that is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese opera">traditional Chinese opera</a>, has had operas dating back to <i><a href="/wiki/The_White-Haired_Girl" title="The White-Haired Girl">The White-Haired Girl</a></i> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America, opera started as a result of European colonisation. The first opera ever written in the Americas was 1701's <i><a href="/wiki/La_p%C3%BArpura_de_la_rosa" title="La púrpura de la rosa">La púrpura de la rosa</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco</a>, a Peruvian composer born in Spain; a decade later, 1711's <i><a href="/wiki/Partenope_(Zumaya)" title="Partenope (Zumaya)">Partenope</a></i>, by the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">Manuel de Zumaya</a>, was the first opera written from a composer born in Latin America (music now lost). The first Brazilian opera for a libretto in Portuguese was <i>A Noite de São João</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Elias_%C3%81lvares_Lobo" title="Elias Álvares Lobo">Elias Álvares Lobo</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a> is generally regarded as the most outstanding Brazilian composer, having a relative success in Italy with its Brazilian-themed operas with Italian librettos, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">Il Guarany</a></i>. Opera in Argentina developed in the 20th century after the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Col%C3%B3n" title="Teatro Colón">Teatro Colón</a> in Buenos Aires—with the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(opera)" title="Aurora (opera)">Aurora</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Panizza" title="Ettore Panizza">Ettore Panizza</a>, being heavily influenced by the Italian tradition, due to immigration. Other important composers from Argentina include <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Boero" title="Felipe Boero">Felipe Boero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ginastera" title="Alberto Ginastera">Alberto Ginastera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary,_recent,_and_modernist_trends"><span id="Contemporary.2C_recent.2C_and_modernist_trends"></span>Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modernism">Modernism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the most obvious stylistic manifestation of modernism in opera is the development of <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a>. The move away from traditional tonality in opera had begun with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a>. Composers such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Giacomo Puccini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> pushed Wagnerian harmony further with a more extreme use of chromaticism and greater use of dissonance. Another aspect of modernist opera is the shift away from long, suspended melodies, to short quick mottos, as first illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Falstaff_(opera)" title="Falstaff (opera)">Falstaff</a></i>. Composers such as Strauss, Britten, Shostakovich and Stravinsky adopted and expanded upon this style. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/170px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/255px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg/340px-Schiele_-_Bildnis_des_Komponisten_Arnold_Sch%C3%B6nberg._1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Arnold Schoenberg in 1917; portrait by <a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Operatic modernism truly began in the operas of two Viennese composers, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>, both composers and advocates of atonality and its later development (as worked out by Schoenberg), <a href="/wiki/Dodecaphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecaphony">dodecaphony</a>. Schoenberg's early musico-dramatic works, <i><a href="/wiki/Erwartung" title="Erwartung">Erwartung</a></i> (1909, premiered in 1924) and <i><a href="/wiki/Die_gl%C3%BCckliche_Hand" title="Die glückliche Hand">Die glückliche Hand</a></i> display heavy use of chromatic harmony and dissonance in general. Schoenberg also occasionally used <a href="/wiki/Sprechstimme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprechstimme">Sprechstimme</a>. </p><p>The two operas of Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg, <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i> (1925) and <i><a href="/wiki/Lulu_(opera)" title="Lulu (opera)">Lulu</a></i> (incomplete at his death in 1935) share many of the same characteristics as described above, though Berg combined his highly personal interpretation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique with melodic passages of a more traditionally tonal nature (quite Mahlerian in character) which perhaps partially explains why his operas have remained in standard repertory, despite their controversial music and plots. Schoenberg's theories have influenced (either directly or indirectly) significant numbers of opera composers ever since, even if they themselves did not compose using his techniques. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg/170px-Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg/255px-Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg/340px-Igor_Stravinsky_Essays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Stravinsky in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Composers thus influenced include the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a>, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> also makes use of atonality, though his style is generally described as <a href="/wiki/Minimalist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist music">minimalist</a>, usually thought of as another 20th-century development.)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, operatic modernism's use of atonality also sparked a backlash in the form of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)" title="Neoclassicism (music)">neoclassicism</a>. An early leader of this movement was <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Ferruccio Busoni</a>, who in 1913 wrote the libretto for his neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">number opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Arlecchino_(opera)" title="Arlecchino (opera)">Arlecchino</a></i> (first performed in 1917).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also among the vanguard was the Russian <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a>. After composing music for the <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a>-produced ballets <i><a href="/wiki/Petrushka_(ballet)" title="Petrushka (ballet)">Petrushka</a></i> (1911) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a></i> (1913), Stravinsky turned to neoclassicism, a development culminating in his opera-oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_rex_(opera)" title="Oedipus rex (opera)">Oedipus rex</a></i> (1927). Stravinsky had already turned away from the modernist trends of his early ballets to produce small-scale works that do not fully qualify as opera, yet certainly contain many operatic elements, including <i><a href="/wiki/Renard_(Stravinsky)" title="Renard (Stravinsky)">Renard</a></i> (1916: "a burlesque in song and dance") and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire_du_soldat" title="L'Histoire du soldat">The Soldier's Tale</a></i> (1918: "to be read, played, and danced"; in both cases the descriptions and instructions are those of the composer). In the latter, the actors declaim portions of speech to a specified rhythm over instrumental accompaniment, peculiarly similar to the older German genre of <i><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a></i>. Well after his Rimsky-Korsakov-inspired works <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightingale_(opera)" title="The Nightingale (opera)">The Nightingale</a></i> (1914), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mavra" title="Mavra">Mavra</a></i> (1922), Stravinsky continued to ignore <a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">serialist technique</a> and eventually wrote a full-fledged 18th-century-style <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> number opera <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress" title="The Rake's Progress">The Rake's Progress</a></i> (1951). His resistance to serialism (an attitude he reversed following Schoenberg's death) proved to be an inspiration for many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> other composers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_trends">Other trends</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common trend throughout the 20th century, in both opera and general orchestral repertoire, is the use of smaller orchestras as a cost-cutting measure; the grand Romantic-era orchestras with huge string sections, multiple harps, extra horns, and exotic percussion instruments were no longer feasible. As government and private patronage of the arts decreased throughout the 20th century, new works were often commissioned and performed with smaller budgets, very often resulting in chamber-sized works, and short, one-act operas. Many of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>'s operas are scored for as few as 13 instrumentalists; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Adamo" title="Mark Adamo">Mark Adamo</a>'s two-act realization of <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Women_(opera)" title="Little Women (opera)">Little Women</a></i> is scored for 18 instrumentalists. </p><p>Another feature of late 20th-century opera is the emergence of contemporary historical operas, in contrast to the tradition of basing operas on more distant history, the re-telling of contemporary fictional stories or plays, or on myth or legend. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Klinghoffer" title="The Death of Klinghoffer">The Death of Klinghoffer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Atomic" title="Doctor Atomic">Doctor Atomic</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man_Walking_(opera)" title="Dead Man Walking (opera)">Dead Man Walking</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jake_Heggie" title="Jake Heggie">Jake Heggie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Nicole" title="Anna Nicole">Anna Nicole</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark-Anthony_Turnage" title="Mark-Anthony Turnage">Mark-Anthony Turnage</a>, and <i>Waiting for Miss Monroe</i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Robin_de_Raaff" title="Robin de Raaff">Robin de Raaff</a> exemplify the dramatisation onstage of events in recent living memory, where characters portrayed in the opera were alive at the time of the premiere performance. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> in the US (often known as the Met) reported in 2011 that the average age of its audience was 60.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many opera companies attempted to attract a younger audience to halt the larger trend of greying audiences for <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> since the last decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts resulted in lowering the average age of the Met's audience to 58 in 2018, the average age at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera" title="Berlin State Opera">Berlin State Opera</a> was reported as 54, and <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Paris Opera</a> reported an average age of 48.<sup id="cite_ref-age2018_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> critic <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Anthony Tommasini</a> has suggested that "companies inordinately beholden to standard repertory" are not reaching younger, more curious audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smaller companies in the US have a more fragile existence, and they usually depend on a "patchwork quilt" of support from state and local governments, local businesses, and fundraisers. Nevertheless, some smaller companies have found ways of drawing new audiences. In addition to radio and television broadcasts of opera performances, which have had some success in gaining new audiences, broadcasts of live performances to movie theatres have shown the potential to reach new audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_musicals_back_towards_opera">From musicals back towards opera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: From musicals back towards opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1930s, some <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a> began to be written with a more operatic structure. These works include complex polyphonic ensembles and reflect musical developments of their times. <i><a href="/wiki/Porgy_and_Bess" title="Porgy and Bess">Porgy and Bess</a></i> (1935), influenced by jazz styles, and <i><a href="/wiki/Candide_(operetta)" title="Candide (operetta)">Candide</a></i> (1956), with its sweeping, lyrical passages and farcical parodies of opera, both opened on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> but became accepted as part of the opera repertory. Popular musicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story" title="West Side Story">West Side Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Brigadoon" title="Brigadoon">Brigadoon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sweeney_Todd:_The_Demon_Barber_of_Fleet_Street" title="Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street">Sweeney Todd</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Passion_(musical)" title="Passion (musical)">Passion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Evita_(musical)" title="Evita (musical)">Evita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_in_the_Piazza_(musical)" title="The Light in the Piazza (musical)">The Light in the Piazza</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)" title="The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical)">The Phantom of the Opera</a></i> and others tell dramatic stories through complex music and in the 2010s they are sometimes seen in opera houses.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Happy_Fella" title="The Most Happy Fella">The Most Happy Fella</a></i> (1952) is quasi-operatic and has been revived by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Opera" title="New York City Opera">New York City Opera</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">rock-influenced musicals</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Who%27s_Tommy" title="The Who's Tommy">Tommy</a></i> (1969) and <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(musical)" title="Les Misérables (musical)">Les Misérables</a></i> (1980), <i><a href="/wiki/Rent_(musical)" title="Rent (musical)">Rent</a></i> (1996), <i><a href="/wiki/Spring_Awakening_(musical)" title="Spring Awakening (musical)">Spring Awakening</a></i> (2006), and <i><a href="/wiki/Natasha,_Pierre_%26_The_Great_Comet_of_1812" title="Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812">Natasha, Pierre & The Great Comet of 1812</a></i> (2012) employ various operatic conventions, such as <a href="/wiki/Through-composed_music" title="Through-composed music">through composition</a>, recitative instead of dialogue, and <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_enhancement_in_opera">Acoustic enhancement in opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Acoustic enhancement in opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subtle type of sound electronic reinforcement called <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_enhancement" title="Acoustic enhancement">acoustic enhancement</a> is used in some modern concert halls and theatres where operas are performed. Although none of the major opera houses "...use traditional, Broadway-style sound reinforcement, in which most if not all singers are equipped with radio microphones mixed to a series of unsightly loudspeakers scattered throughout the theatre", many use a <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound reinforcement system</a> for acoustic enhancement and for subtle boosting of offstage voices, child singers, onstage dialogue, and sound effects (e.g., church bells in <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i> or thunder effects in Wagnerian operas).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operatic_voices">Operatic voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Operatic voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operatic vocal technique evolved, in a time before electronic amplification, to allow singers to produce enough volume to be heard over an orchestra, without the instrumentalists having to substantially compromise their volume. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocal_classifications">Vocal classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vocal classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singers and the roles they play are classified by <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">voice type</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">agility, power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> of their voices. Male singers can be classified by <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">baritenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a>, and female singers as <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>. (Men sometimes sing in the "female" vocal ranges, in which case they are termed <a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">sopranist</a> or countertenor. The countertenor is commonly encountered in opera, sometimes singing parts written for <a href="/wiki/Castrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrati">castrati</a>—men neutered at a young age specifically to give them a higher singing range.) Singers are then further classified by size—for instance, a soprano can be described as a lyric soprano, <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">soubrette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">spinto</a>, or dramatic soprano. These terms, although not fully describing a singing voice, associate the singer's voice with the roles most suitable to the singer's vocal characteristics. </p><p>Yet another sub-classification can be made according to acting skills or requirements, for example the <i><a href="/wiki/Basso_buffo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basso buffo">basso buffo</a></i> who often must be a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Patter_song" title="Patter song">patter</a> as well as a comic actor. This is carried out in detail in the <i><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></i> system of German speaking countries, where historically opera and spoken <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> were often put on by the same <a href="/wiki/Repertory" class="mw-redirect" title="Repertory">repertory</a> company. </p><p>A particular singer's voice may change drastically over his or her lifetime, rarely reaching vocal maturity until the third decade, and sometimes not until middle age. Two French voice types, <i>premiere dugazon</i> and <i>deuxieme dugazon</i>, were named after successive stages in the career of <a href="/wiki/Louise-Rosalie_Lefebvre" title="Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre">Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre</a> (Mme. Dugazon). Other terms originating in the star casting system of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera#See_also" title="Paris Opera">Parisian theatres</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/Jean-Blaise_Martin" title="Jean-Blaise Martin">baryton-martin</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" title="Cornélie Falcon">falcon</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_use_of_voice_parts">Historical use of voice parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical use of voice parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>The following is only intended as a brief overview. For the main articles, see <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a></i>.</dd></dl> <p>The soprano voice has typically been used as the voice of choice for the female protagonist of the opera since the latter half of the 18th century. Earlier, it was common for that part to be sung by any female voice, or even a <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a>. The current emphasis on a wide vocal range was primarily an invention of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a>. Before that, the vocal virtuosity, not range, was the priority, with soprano parts rarely extending above a high <a href="/wiki/A_(musical_note)" title="A (musical note)">A</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>, for example, only wrote one role extending to a high <a href="/wiki/C_(musical_note)" title="C (musical note)">C</a>), though the castrato <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a> was alleged to possess a top <a href="/wiki/D_(musical_note)" title="D (musical note)">D</a> (his lower range was also extraordinary, extending to tenor C). The mezzo-soprano, a term of comparatively recent origin, also has a large repertoire, ranging from the female lead in Purcell's <i>Dido and Aeneas</i> to such heavyweight roles as Brangäne in Wagner's <i>Tristan und Isolde</i> (these are both roles sometimes sung by sopranos; there is quite a lot of movement between these two voice-types). For the true contralto, the range of parts is more limited, which has given rise to the insider joke that contraltos only sing "witches, bitches, and <a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">britches</a>" roles. In recent years many of the "trouser roles" from the Baroque era, originally written for women, and those originally sung by castrati, have been reassigned to countertenors. </p><p>The tenor voice, from the Classical era onwards, has traditionally been assigned the role of male protagonist. Many of the most challenging tenor roles in the repertory were written during the <i>bel canto</i> era, such as <a href="/wiki/Donizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s sequence of 9 Cs above middle C during <i><a href="/wiki/La_fille_du_r%C3%A9giment" title="La fille du régiment">La fille du régiment</a></i>. With Wagner came an emphasis on vocal heft for his protagonist roles, with this vocal category described as <i>Heldentenor</i>; this heroic voice had its more Italianate counterpart in such roles as Calaf in Puccini's <i>Turandot</i>. Basses have a long history in opera, having been used in <i>opera seria</i> in supporting roles, and sometimes for comic relief (as well as providing a contrast to the preponderance of high voices in this genre). The bass repertoire is wide and varied, stretching from the comedy of Leporello in <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni" title="Don Giovanni">Don Giovanni</a></i> to the nobility of Wotan in <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Wagner's <i>Ring Cycle</i></a>, to the conflicted King Phillip of Verdi's <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i>. In between the bass and the tenor is the baritone, which also varies in weight from say, Guglielmo in Mozart's <i>Così fan tutte</i> to Posa in Verdi's <i>Don Carlos</i>; the actual designation "baritone" was not standard until the mid-19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_singers">Famous singers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Famous singers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg/170px-Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg/255px-Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg/340px-Senesino_portrait_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>The castrato <a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1720</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Early performances of opera were too infrequent for singers to make a living exclusively from the style, but with the birth of commercial opera in the mid-17th century, professional performers began to emerge. The role of the male hero was usually entrusted to a <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a>, and by the 18th century, when Italian opera was performed throughout Europe, leading castrati who possessed extraordinary vocal virtuosity, such as <a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>, became international stars. The career of the first major female star (or <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">prima donna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anna_Renzi" title="Anna Renzi">Anna Renzi</a>, dates to the mid-17th century. In the 18th century, a number of Italian sopranos gained international renown and often engaged in fierce rivalry, as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Faustina_Bordoni" title="Faustina Bordoni">Faustina Bordoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Cuzzoni" title="Francesca Cuzzoni">Francesca Cuzzoni</a>, who started a fistfight with one another during a performance of a Handel opera. The French disliked castrati, preferring their male heroes to be sung by an <a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">haute-contre</a> (a high tenor), of which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Legros" title="Joseph Legros">Joseph Legros</a> (1739–1793) was a leading example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._11_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._11-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though opera patronage has decreased in the last century in favor of other arts and media (such as musicals, cinema, radio, television and recordings), mass media and the advent of recording have supported the popularity of many famous singers including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Netrebko" title="Anna Netrebko">Anna Netrebko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelita_Galli-Curci" title="Amelita Galli-Curci">Amelita Galli-Curci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Del_Monaco" title="Mario Del Monaco">Mario Del Monaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ris%C3%AB_Stevens" title="Risë Stevens">Risë Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Kraus" title="Alfredo Kraus">Alfredo Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Corelli" title="Franco Corelli">Franco Corelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Caball%C3%A9" title="Montserrat Caballé">Montserrat Caballé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Nilsson" title="Birgit Nilsson">Birgit Nilsson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle" title="Rosa Ponselle">Rosa Ponselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Gigli" title="Beniamino Gigli">Beniamino Gigli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jussi_Bj%C3%B6rling" title="Jussi Björling">Jussi Björling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Bartoli" title="Cecilia Bartoli">Cecilia Bartoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Obraztsova" title="Elena Obraztsova">Elena Obraztsova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Fleming" title="Renée Fleming">Renée Fleming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galina_Vishnevskaya" title="Galina Vishnevskaya">Galina Vishnevskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Terfel" title="Bryn Terfel">Bryn Terfel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky" title="Dmitri Hvorostovsky">Dmitri Hvorostovsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Tenors" title="The Three Tenors">The Three Tenors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changing_role_of_the_orchestra">Changing role of the orchestra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Changing role of the orchestra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1700s, Italian operas used a small <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a>, but it rarely played to accompany the singers. Opera solos during this period were accompanied by the <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> group, which consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, "plucked instruments" such as <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and a bass instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The string orchestra typically only played when the singer was not singing, such as during a singer's "...entrances and exits, between vocal numbers, [or] for [accompanying] dancing". Another role for the orchestra during this period was playing an orchestral <a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a> to mark the end of a singer's solo.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 1700s, some composers began to use the string orchestra to mark certain aria or recitatives "...as special"; by 1720, most arias were accompanied by an orchestra. Opera composers such as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Sarro" title="Domenico Sarro">Domenico Sarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Leonardo Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Pergolesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giambattista Pergolesi">Giambattista Pergolesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Leo" title="Leonardo Leo">Leonardo Leo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a> added new instruments to the opera orchestra and gave the instruments new roles. They added wind instruments to the strings and used orchestral instruments to play instrumental solos, as a way to mark certain arias as special.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Spitzer_2009_pp._112-139-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg/290px-Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg/435px-Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg/580px-Orchestra_Pit_in_the_Opera_and_Ballet_Theater_in_Minsk_12_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Opera orchestra, <a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Belarus" title="National Opera and Ballet of Belarus">National Opera and Ballet of Belarus</a> (2014)</figcaption></figure> <p>The orchestra has also provided an instrumental <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overture</a> before the singers come onstage since the 1600s. <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Euridice_(Peri)" title="Euridice (Peri)">Euridice</a></i> opens with a brief instrumental <a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">ritornello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Orfeo" title="L'Orfeo">L'Orfeo</a></i> (1607) opens with a <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccata</a>, in this case a fanfare for muted <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>. The <a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">French overture</a> as found in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>'s operas<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consist of a slow introduction in a marked "dotted rhythm", followed by a lively movement in <a href="/wiki/Fugato" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugato">fugato</a> style. The overture was frequently followed by a series of dance tunes before the curtain rose. This overture style was also used in English opera, most notably in <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dido_and_Aeneas" title="Dido and Aeneas">Dido and Aeneas</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a> also uses the French overture form in some of his Italian operas such as <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare" title="Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, a distinct form called "overture" arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_2001_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses three generally <a href="/wiki/Homophony" title="Homophony">homophonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>: fast–slow–fast. The opening movement was normally in duple metre and in a major key; the slow movement in earlier examples was short, and could be in a contrasting key; the concluding movement was dance-like, most often with rhythms of the <a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a>, and returned to the key of the opening section. As the form evolved, the first movement may incorporate fanfare-like elements and took on the pattern of so-called "sonatina form" (<a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> without a development section), and the slow section became more extended and lyrical.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher_2001_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher_2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italian opera after about 1800, the "overture" became known as the <i>sinfonia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FISH_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FISH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher also notes the term <i>Sinfonia avanti l'opera</i> (literally, the "symphony before the opera") was "an early term for a sinfonia used to begin an opera, that is, as an overture as opposed to one serving to begin a later section of the work".<sup id="cite_ref-FISH_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FISH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 19th-century opera, in some operas, the overture, <i>Vorspiel</i>, <i>Einleitung</i>, Introduction, or whatever else it may be called, was the portion of the music which takes place before the curtain rises; a specific, rigid form was no longer required for the overture. </p><p>The role of the orchestra in accompanying the singers changed over the 19th century, as the Classical style transitioned to the Romantic era. In general, orchestras got bigger, new instruments were added, such as additional percussion instruments (e.g., bass drum, cymbals, snare drum, etc.). The <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a> of orchestra parts also developed over the 19th century. In Wagnerian operas, the forefronting of the orchestra went beyond the overture. In Wagnerian operas such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Ring Cycle</a></i>, the orchestra often played the recurrent musical themes or <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>, a role which gave a prominence to the orchestra which "...elevated its status to that of a <a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">prima donna</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wagner's operas were scored with unprecedented scope and complexity, adding more <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a> and huge ensemble sizes: indeed, his score to <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></i> calls for six <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a>. In Wagner and the work of subsequent composers, such as Benjamin Britten, the orchestra "often communicates facts about the story that exceed the levels of awareness of the characters therein. As a result, critics began to regard the orchestra as performing a role analogous to that of a literary narrator."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the role of the orchestra and other instrumental ensembles changed over the history of opera, so did the role of leading the musicians. In the Baroque era, the musicians were usually directed by the harpsichord player, although the French composer Lully is known to have conducted with a long staff. In the 1800s, during the Classical period, the first violinist, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Concertmaster" title="Concertmaster">concertmaster</a>, would lead the orchestra while sitting. Over time, some directors began to stand up and use hand and arm gestures to lead the performers. Eventually this role of <a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">music director</a> became termed the <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a>, and a podium was used to make it easier for all the musicians to see him or her. By the time Wagnerian operas were introduced, the complexity of the works and the huge orchestras used to play them gave the conductor an increasingly important role. Modern opera conductors have a challenging role: they have to direct both the orchestra in the <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_pit" title="Orchestra pit">orchestra pit</a> and the singers on stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_and_translation_issues">Language and translation issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Language and translation issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the days of Handel and Mozart, many composers have favored Italian as the language for the libretto of their operas. From the Bel Canto era to Verdi, composers would sometimes supervise versions of their operas in both Italian and French. Because of this, operas such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos" title="Don Carlos">Don Carlos</a></i> are today deemed canonical in both their French and Italian versions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the mid-1950s, it was acceptable to produce operas in translations even if these had not been authorized by the composer or the original librettists. For example, opera houses in Italy routinely staged Wagner in Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War II, opera scholarship improved, artists refocused on the original versions, and translations fell out of favor. Knowledge of European languages, especially Italian, French, and German, is today an important part of the training for professional singers. "The biggest chunk of operatic training is in linguistics and musicianship", explains mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Dolora_Zajick" title="Dolora Zajick">Dolora Zajick</a>. "[I have to understand] not only what I'm singing, but what everyone else is singing. I sing Italian, Czech, Russian, French, German, English."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, supertitles (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">surtitles</a>) began to appear. Although supertitles were first almost universally condemned as a distraction,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today many opera houses provide either supertitles, generally projected above the theatre's <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> arch, or individual seat screens where spectators can choose from more than one language. TV broadcasts typically include subtitles even if intended for an audience who knows the language well (for example, a <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> broadcast of an Italian opera). These subtitles target not only the hard of hearing but the audience generally, since a sung discourse is much harder to understand than a spoken one—even in the ears of native speakers. Subtitles in one or more languages have become standard in opera broadcasts, simulcasts, and DVD editions. </p><p>Today, operas are only rarely performed in translation. Exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Opera_Theatre_of_Saint_Louis" title="Opera Theatre of Saint Louis">Opera Theatre of Saint Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Theater_of_Pittsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Theater of Pittsburgh">Opera Theater of Pittsburgh</a>, and Opera South East,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which favor English translations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another exception are opera productions intended for a young audience, such as Humperdinck's <i><a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_(opera)" title="Hansel and Gretel (opera)">Hansel and Gretel</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some productions of Mozart's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Flute" title="The Magic Flute">The Magic Flute</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outside the US, and especially in Europe, most opera houses receive public subsidies from taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Milan, Italy, 60% of La Scala's annual budget of €115 million is from ticket sales and private donations, with the remaining 40% coming from public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, La Scala received 25% of Italy's total state subsidy of €464 million for the performing arts.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a> provides funds to <a href="/wiki/Opera_North" title="Opera North">Opera North</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_National_Opera" title="English National Opera">English National Opera</a>. Between 2012 and 2015, these four opera companies along with the <a href="/wiki/English_National_Ballet" title="English National Ballet">English National Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet" title="Birmingham Royal Ballet">Birmingham Royal Ballet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ballet" title="Northern Ballet">Northern Ballet</a> accounted for 22% of the funds in the Arts Council's national portfolio. During that period, the Council undertook an analysis of its funding for large-scale opera and ballet companies, setting recommendations and targets for the companies to meet prior to the 2015–2018 funding decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2015, concerns over English National Opera's business plan led to the Arts Council placing it "under special funding arrangements" in what <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> termed "the unprecedented step" of threatening to withdraw public funding if the council's concerns were not met by 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European public funding to opera has led to a disparity between the number of year-round opera houses in Europe and the United States. For example, "Germany has about 80 year-round opera houses [as of 2004], while the U.S., with more than three times the population, does not have any. Even the Met only has a seven-month season."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television,_cinema_and_the_Internet"><span id="Television.2C_cinema_and_the_Internet"></span>Television, cinema and the Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Television, cinema and the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A milestone for opera broadcasting in the U.S. was achieved on 24 December 1951, with the live broadcast of <i><a href="/wiki/Amahl_and_the_Night_Visitors" title="Amahl and the Night Visitors">Amahl and the Night Visitors</a></i>, an opera in one act by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Carlo_Menotti" title="Gian Carlo Menotti">Gian Carlo Menotti</a>. It was the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_operas" title="List of television operas">opera specifically composed for television</a> in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraphobit_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraphobit-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another milestone occurred in Italy in 1992 when <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i> was broadcast live from its original Roman settings and times of the day: the first act came from the 16th-century Church of Sant'Andrea della Valle at noon on Saturday; the 16th-century Palazzo Farnese was the setting for the second at 8:15 pm; and on Sunday at 6 am, the third act was broadcast from Castel Sant'Angelo. The production was transmitted via satellite to 105 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Connor_1_January_1993_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor_1_January_1993-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major opera companies have begun presenting their performances in local cinemas throughout the United States and many other countries. The Metropolitan Opera began a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_Live_in_HD" title="Metropolitan Opera Live in HD">series</a> of live <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> transmissions to cinemas around the world in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Met performances were shown in over 424 theaters in 350 U.S. cities. <i><a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a></i> went out to 671 screens worldwide. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera" title="San Francisco Opera">San Francisco Opera</a> began prerecorded video transmissions in March 2008. As of June 2008, approximately 125 theaters in 117 U.S. cities carry the showings. The HD video opera transmissions are presented via the same <a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">HD digital cinema projectors</a> used for major <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood films</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European opera houses and <a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">festivals</a> including <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Opera" title="The Royal Opera">The Royal Opera</a> in London, <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> in Milan, the <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Festival" title="Salzburg Festival">Salzburg Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Fenice" title="La Fenice">La Fenice</a> in Venice, and the <a href="/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino" title="Maggio Musicale Fiorentino">Maggio Musicale</a> in Florence have also transmitted their productions to theaters in cities around the world since 2006, including 90 cities in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of the Internet has also affected the way in which audiences consume opera. In 2009 the British <a href="/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival_Opera" title="Glyndebourne Festival Opera">Glyndebourne Festival Opera</a> offered for the first time an online digital video download of its complete 2007 production of <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i>. In the 2013 season, the festival <a href="/wiki/Livestreaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Livestreaming">streamed</a> all six of its productions online.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, the first <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a> opera was premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Savonlinna_Opera_Festival" title="Savonlinna Opera Festival">Savonlinna Opera Festival</a>. Titled <i>Free Will</i>, it was created by members of the Internet group Opera By You. Its 400 members from 43 countries wrote the libretto, composed the music, and designed the sets and costumes using the <a href="/wiki/Wreckamovie" title="Wreckamovie">Wreckamovie</a> web platform. Savonlinna Opera Festival provided professional soloists, an 80-member choir, a symphony orchestra, and the stage machinery. It was performed live at the festival and streamed live on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Performing_arts" title="Category:Performing arts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:antiquewhite;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">Acrobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_circus_skills" title="List of circus skills">Circus skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">Street performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Performing_arts" title="Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Performing_arts" title="Template talk:Performing arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Performing_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Performing arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas" title="Lists of operas">Lists of operas</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas#General" title="Lists of operas">general list</a> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas#By_theme" title="Lists of operas">theme</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas#By_country" title="Lists of operas">country</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas#By_medium" title="Lists of operas">medium</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas#By_venue" title="Lists of operas">venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_literature_featuring_opera" title="List of fictional literature featuring opera">List of fictional literature featuring opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_management" title="Opera management">Opera management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">Radio opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_list_of_operatic_sopranos" title="Chronological list of operatic sopranos">Chronological list of operatic sopranos</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Boito" title="Arrigo Boito">Arrigo Boito</a> are notable creators who combined both roles.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some definitions of opera: "dramatic performance or composition of which music is an essential part, branch of art concerned with this" (<i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Concise Oxford English Dictionary">Concise Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>); "any dramatic work that can be sung (or at times declaimed or spoken) in a place for performance, set to original music for singers (usually in costume) and instrumentalists" (<a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a>, <i>Viking Opera Guide</i>); "musical work for the stage with singing characters, originated in early years of 17th century" (<i><a href="/wiki/Pears%27_Cyclopaedia" title="Pears' Cyclopaedia">Pears' Cyclopaedia</a></i>, 1983 ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparable art forms from various other parts of the world, many of them ancient in origin, are also sometimes called "opera" by analogy, usually prefaced with an adjective indicating the region (for example, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>). These independent traditions are not derivative of Western opera but are rather distinct forms of <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a>. Opera is also not the only type of Western musical theatre: in the ancient world, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek drama</a> featured singing and instrumental accompaniment; and in modern times, other forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a> have appeared.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apel,_p._718-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apel,_p._718_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apel,_p._718_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 718</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General information in this section comes from the relevant articles in <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">P. Scholes</a> (10th ed., 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed., s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/131729">opera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703160240/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=B71705BA9B459C198925F9A0A1B60D6D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F131729">Archived</a> 3 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 1; articles on Peri and Monteverdi in <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Pendle, <i>Women and Music</i>, 2001, p. 65: "From 1587–1600 a Jewish singer cited only as Madama Europa was in the pay of the Duke of Mantua,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._1–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1994ch._1–3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/musdico/Grimm/167991">"Melchior baron de Grimm"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407194934/http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/musdico/Grimm/167991">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+Larousse+en+ligne&rft.atitle=Melchior+baron+de+Grimm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.fr%2Fencyclopedie%2Fmusdico%2FGrimm%2F167991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1995" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Downing A (15 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zct2C3-jaAC&pg=PA148"><i>Music and the Origins of Language: Theories from the French Enlightenment</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47307-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47307-1"><bdi>978-0-521-47307-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+Origins+of+Language%3A+Theories+from+the+French+Enlightenment&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995-06-15&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47307-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Downing+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zct2C3-jaAC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyer2000" class="citation book cs1">Heyer, John Hajdu (7 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgrFMhZy3aAC&pg=PA248"><i>Lully Studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62183-0"><bdi>978-0-521-62183-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lully+Studies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62183-0&rft.aulast=Heyer&rft.aufirst=John+Hajdu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgrFMhZy3aAC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippman1992" class="citation book cs1">Lippman, Edward A. (26 November 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqdTxG3jUNMC&pg=PA171"><i>A History of Western Musical Aesthetics</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7951-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7951-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-7951-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Musical+Aesthetics&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1992-11-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7951-3&rft.aulast=Lippman&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqdTxG3jUNMC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118183917/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/music/research/proj/esf/pos/sem1.aspx">"King's College London – Seminar 1"</a>. <i>www.kcl.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/music/research/proj/esf/pos/sem1.aspx">the original</a> on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kcl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=King%27s+College+London+%E2%80%93+Seminar+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fartshums%2Fdepts%2Fmusic%2Fresearch%2Fproj%2Fesf%2Fpos%2Fsem1.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Man and Music: the Classical Era</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Neal_Zaslaw" title="Neal Zaslaw">Neal Zaslaw</a> (Macmillan, 1989); entries on Gluck and Mozart in <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1968" class="citation thesis cs1">Morgan, Ann Shands (August 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc663775/"><i>Elements of Verismo in Selected Operas of Giuseppe Verdi</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a> thesis). Denton, Texas: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Elements+of+Verismo+in+Selected+Operas+of+Giuseppe+Verdi&rft.inst=University+of+North+Texas+Libraries&rft.date=1968-08&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ann+Shands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc663775%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardstrauss.at/strauss-and-wagner.html">"Strauss and Wagner – Various articles – Richard Strauss"</a>. <i>www.richardstrauss.at</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160714141903/http://www.richardstrauss.at/strauss-and-wagner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.richardstrauss.at&rft.atitle=Strauss+and+Wagner+%E2%80%93+Various+articles+%E2%80%93+Richard+Strauss&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardstrauss.at%2Fstrauss-and-wagner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 5, 8,9; <i>Viking Opera Guide</i> entry on Verdi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Man and Music: the Classical Era</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Neal_Zaslaw" title="Neal Zaslaw">Neal Zaslaw</a> (Macmillan, 1989), pp. 242–247, 258–260; <a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, pp. 58–63, 98–103. Articles on Hasse, Graun and Hiller in <i>Viking Opera Guide</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francien Markx, <i>E. T. A. Hoffmann, Cosmopolitanism, and the Struggle for German Opera</i>, p. 32, BRILL, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004309578" title="Special:BookSources/9004309578">9004309578</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bauman" title="Thomas Bauman">Thomas Bauman</a>, "New directions: the Seyler Company" (pp. 91–131), in <i>North German Opera in the Age of Goethe</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General outline for this section from <a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, chapters 1–3, 6, 8 and 9, and <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>; more specific references from the individual composer entries in <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenrick_(theatre_writer)" title="John Kenrick (theatre writer)">Kenrick, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicals101.com/operetta.htm">A History of The Musical: European Operetta 1850–1880</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505001616/http://musicals101.com/operetta.htm">Archived</a> 5 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Musicals101.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroutWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Jay_Grout" title="Donald Jay Grout">Grout, Donald Jay</a>; Williams, Hermine Weigel (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou"><i>A Short History of Opera</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofop0004grou/page/133">133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11958-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11958-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Opera&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11958-0&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=Donald+Jay&rft.au=Williams%2C+Hermine+Weigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofop0004grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesBrownLoppertDean2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hayes, Jeremy; Brown, Bruce Alan; Loppert, Max; Dean, Winton (2022). "Gluck, Christoph Willibald Ritter von". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O007318">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O007318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gluck%2C+Christoph+Willibald+Ritter+von&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O007318&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brown%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft.au=Loppert%2C+Max&rft.au=Dean%2C+Winton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General outline for this section from <a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, chapters 1–4, 8 and 9; and <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i> (10th ed., 1968); more specific references from the individual composer entries in <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IvanhoeSite-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IvanhoeSite_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webrarian.co.uk/ivanhoe/ivan01.html">From Webrarian.com's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927062651/http://www.webrarian.co.uk/ivanhoe/ivan01.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(opera)" title="Ivanhoe (opera)">Ivanhoe</a></i> site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Daily Telegraph</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s review of <i>Yeomen</i> stated, "The accompaniments... are delightful to hear, and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention. Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly. ...we have a genuine English opera, forerunner of many others, let us hope, and possibly significant of an advance towards a national lyric stage." (quoted at p. 312 in Allen, Reginald (1975). <i>The First Night Gilbert and Sullivan</i>. London: Chappell & Co. Ltd.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 1, 3, 9. <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i> articles on Blow, Purcell and Britten.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Taruskin,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Taruskin, Richard">Taruskin, Richard</a>: "Russia" in <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (London, 1992); <a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 7–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETyrrell1994246-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETyrrell1994246_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTyrrell1994">Tyrrell 1994</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abazov, Rafis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Sk7GeUe5oC&pg=PA145"><i>Culture and Customs of the Central Asian Republics</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703160248/https://books.google.com/books?id=y3Sk7GeUe5oC&pg=PA145">Archived</a> 3 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 144–145. Greenwood Publishing Group, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33656-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33656-3">0-313-33656-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgmen2012" class="citation book cs1">Igmen, Ali F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFnHjAn18sgC&pg=PA163"><i>Speaking Soviet with an Accent</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7809-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-7809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+Soviet+with+an+Accent&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7809-1&rft.aulast=Igmen&rft.aufirst=Ali+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFnHjAn18sgC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinChuaChaturvediMajundar2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rubin, Don; Chua, Soo Pong; Chaturvedi, Ravi; Majundar, Ramendu; Tanokura, Minoru, eds. (2001). "China". <i>World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre – Asia/Pacific</i>. Vol. 5. p. 111. <q>Western-style opera (also known as High Opera) exists alongside the many Beijing Opera groups. ... Operas of note by Chinese composers include <i><a href="/wiki/A_Girl_With_White_Hair" class="mw-redirect" title="A Girl With White Hair">A Girl With White Hair</a></i> written in the 1940s, <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Squad_in_Hong_Hu" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Squad in Hong Hu">Red Squad in Hong Hu</a></i> and <i>Jiang Jie</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Theatre+%E2%80%93+Asia%2FPacific&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zicheng Hong, <i>A History of Contemporary Chinese Literature</i>, 2007, p. 227: "Written in the early 1940s, for a long time <i><a href="/wiki/The_White-Haired_Girl" title="The White-Haired Girl">The White-Haired Girl</a></i> was considered a model of new western-style opera in China."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women</i>, vol. 2, p. 145, Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Sue Wiles (2003) "... of the PRC, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_L%C3%BCcheng" title="Zheng Lücheng">Zheng Lücheng</a> was active in his work as a composer; he wrote the music for the Western-style opera <i><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Gazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloud Gazing">Cloud Gazing</a></i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1998" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Derek B. (1998). "Orientalism and Musical Style". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>82</b> (2): 323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F82.2.309">10.1093/mq/82.2.309</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/742411">742411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Orientalism+and+Musical+Style&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=323&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F82.2.309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F742411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Derek+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/modern/minimalism-guide/">"Minimalist music: where to start"</a>. <i>Classic FM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213090903/https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/modern/minimalism-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Minimalist+music%3A+where+to+start&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fdiscover-music%2Fperiods-genres%2Fmodern%2Fminimalism-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Walton, "Neo-classical opera" in <a href="#CITEREFCooke2005">Cooke 2005</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker 1994</a>, ch. 8; <i>The Viking Opera Guide</i> articles on Schoenberg, Berg and Stravinsky; <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald_(music_critic)" title="Malcolm MacDonald (music critic)">Malcolm MacDonald</a>, <i>Schoenberg</i> (Dent, 1976); <a href="/wiki/Francis_Routh" title="Francis Routh">Francis Routh</a>, <i>Stravinsky</i> (Dent, 1975).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Loomis2012" class="citation news cs1">George Loomis (12 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/arts/13iht-loomis13.html">"A Dutch Take on a Cultural Icon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Dutch+Take+on+a+Cultural+Icon&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft.au=George+Loomis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F13%2Farts%2F13iht-loomis13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakin2011" class="citation news cs1">Wakin, Daniel J. (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204235718/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/met-backtracks-on-drop-in-average-audience-age/">"Met Backtracks on Drop in Average Audience Age"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 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Good"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130052518/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/06/arts/music/classical-music-opera-older-audiences.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510220401/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/dec/17/classicalmusicandopera1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sweeney+Todd%2C+Royal+Opera+House%2C+London&rft.date=2003-12-17&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2003%2Fdec%2F17%2Fclassicalmusicandopera1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarada2001" class="citation web cs1">Harada, Kai (1 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213112141/http://livedesignonline.com/mag/show_business_operas_dirty_little/">"Opera's Dirty Little Secret"</a>. <i>Live Design</i>. 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(2009). Orchestra and voice in eighteenth-century Italian opera. In: Anthony R. DelDonna and Pierpaolo Polzonetti (eds.) <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Opera</a>. pp. 112–139. [Online]. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waterman, George Gow, and James R. Anthony. 2001. "French Overture". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2012" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Donald (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8fHja-D-FvsC"><i>Handel</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973736-9"><bdi>978-0-19-973736-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703160249/https://books.google.com/books?id=8fHja-D-FvsC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Italian Overture." <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, second edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">John Tyrrell</a>. London: Macmillan Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FISH-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FISH_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FISH_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, Stephen C. 1998. "Sinfonia". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, four volumes, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a>. 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Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253049971" title="Special:BookSources/9780253049971"><bdi>9780253049971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storytelling+in+Opera+and+Musical+Theater&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780253049971&rft.aulast=Penner&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Acha, Rafael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seenandheard-international.com/2013/09/don-carlos-in-french/">"Don Carlo or Don Carlos? In Italian or in French?"</a> (Seen and Heard International, 24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021060937/http://seenandheard-international.com/2013/09/don-carlos-in-french/">Archived</a> 21 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyndon_Terracini2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Terracini" title="Lyndon Terracini">Lyndon Terracini</a> (11 April 2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/whose-language-is-opera-the-audiences-or-the-composers/news-story/b8b5ea7dfc230f1eda72a2eb329d1daa">"Whose language is opera: the audience's or the composer's?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231023641/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/whose-language-is-opera-the-audiences-or-the-composers/news-story/b8b5ea7dfc230f1eda72a2eb329d1daa">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Whose+language+is+opera%3A+the+audience%27s+or+the+composer%27s%3F&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft.au=Lyndon+Terracini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Farts%2Fwhose-language-is-opera-the-audiences-or-the-composers%2Fnews-story%2Fb8b5ea7dfc230f1eda72a2eb329d1daa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2014/03/19/291410969/dolora-zajick-singing-is-connected-to-the-body">"For Opera Powerhouse Dolora Zajick, 'Singing Is Connected To The Body<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> (Fresh Air, NPR, 19 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426184336/http://www.npr.org/blogs/deceptivecadence/2014/03/19/291410969/dolora-zajick-singing-is-connected-to-the-body">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/arts/music/06tomm.html">"So That's What the Fat Lady Sang"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318070654/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/arts/music/06tomm.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>The New York Times</i>, 6 July 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operasoutheast.org.uk/all-past-productions.html">"Opera South East's past productions back to 1980... OSE has always sung its operatic productions in English, fully staged and with orchestra (the acclaimed Sussex Concert Orchestra)."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318160249/http://www.operasoutheast.org.uk/all-past-productions.html">Archived</a> 18 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Opera South East website's history of ProAm past productions)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/arts/music-opera-in-translation-refuses-to-give-up-the-ghost.html">"Opera in Translation Refuses to Give Up the Ghost"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707134255/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/arts/music-opera-in-translation-refuses-to-give-up-the-ghost.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>The New York Times</i>, 25 May 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddins" class="citation web cs1">Eddins, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/album/humperdinck-hansel-and-gretel-mw0001866247">"Humperdinck's <i>Hansel & Gretel</i>: A Review"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417013000/http://www.allmusic.com/album/humperdinck-hansel-and-gretel-mw0001866247">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Humperdinck%27s+Hansel+%26+Gretel%3A+A+Review&rft.pub=AllMusic&rft.aulast=Eddins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fhumperdinck-hansel-and-gretel-mw0001866247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/04/arts/music/04magi.html">"A Mini-<i>Magic Flute</i>? Mozart Would Approve"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606202004/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/04/arts/music/04magi.html">Archived</a> 6 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 4 July 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907172508/https://www.economist.com/special-report/2001/08/16/hands-in-their-pockets">"Special report: Hands in their pockets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 16 August 2001. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/special-report/2001/08/16/hands-in-their-pockets">the original</a></span> on 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+Hands+in+their+pockets&rft.date=2001-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fspecial-report%2F2001%2F08%2F16%2Fhands-in-their-pockets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2010" class="citation news cs1">Owen, Richard (26 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712014302/https://www.the-tls.co.uk/">"Is it curtains for Italy's opera houses?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/stage/opera/article7136329.ece">the original</a> on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Is+it+curtains+for+Italy%27s+opera+houses%3F&rft.date=2010-05-26&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fstage%2Fopera%2Farticle7136329.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilley2005" class="citation news cs1">Willey, David (27 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4381128.stm">"Italy facing opera funding crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912080536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4381128.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Italy+facing+opera+funding+crisis&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft.aulast=Willey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4381128.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323121819/http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/funding/our-investment-2015-18/national-portfolio/opera-and-ballet-statement/">"Arts Council England's analysis of its investment in large-scale opera and ballet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a></i>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artscouncil.org.uk/funding/our-investment-2015-18/national-portfolio/opera-and-ballet-statement/">the original</a> on 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arts+Council+England&rft.atitle=Arts+Council+England%27s+analysis+of+its+investment+in+large-scale+opera+and+ballet&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artscouncil.org.uk%2Ffunding%2Four-investment-2015-18%2Fnational-portfolio%2Fopera-and-ballet-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clark, Nick (15 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/news/english-national-operas-public-funding-may-be-withdrawn-10042767.html">"English National Opera's public funding may be withdrawn"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829184605/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/news/english-national-operas-public-funding-may-be-withdrawn-10042767.html">Archived</a> 29 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2004" class="citation web cs1">Osborne, William (11 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osborne-conant.org/arts_funding.htm">"Marketplace of Ideas: But First, The Bill A Personal Commentary on American and European Cultural Funding"</a>. William Osborne and Abbie Conant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025005538/http://www.osborne-conant.org/arts_funding.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marketplace+of+Ideas%3A+But+First%2C+The+Bill+A+Personal+Commentary+on+American+and+European+Cultural+Funding&rft.pub=William+Osborne+and+Abbie+Conant&rft.date=2004-03-11&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osborne-conant.org%2Farts_funding.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraphobit-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraphobit_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215024223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/news/2007/02/02/db0201.xml">Obituary: Gian Carlo Menotti</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 2 February 2007. Accessed 11 December 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor_1_January_1993-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor_1_January_1993_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor1993" class="citation news cs1">O'Connor, John J. (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/news/tv-weekend-a-tosca-performed-on-actual-location.html?scp=2&sq=tosca%20in%20the%20settings%20and%20at%20the%20times&st=cse">"A <i>Tosca</i> performed on actual location"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825005107/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/news/tv-weekend-a-tosca-performed-on-actual-location.html?scp=2&sq=tosca%20in%20the%20settings%20and%20at%20the%20times&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tosca+performed+on+actual+location&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F01%2Fnews%2Ftv-weekend-a-tosca-performed-on-actual-location.html%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Dtosca%2520in%2520the%2520settings%2520and%2520at%2520the%2520times%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metopera.org/hdlive">Metropolitan Opera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105233902/http://www.metopera.org/hdlive">Archived</a> 5 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> high-definition live broadcast page</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101109064153/http://www.thebiggerpicture.us/opera/">"The Bigger Picture"</a>. Thebiggerpicture.us. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebiggerpicture.us/opera">the original</a> on 9 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bigger+Picture&rft.pub=Thebiggerpicture.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebiggerpicture.us%2Fopera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.emergingpictures.com">Emerging Pictures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630062054/http://opera.emergingpictures.com/">Archived</a> 30 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Where to See Opera at the Movies", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, 21–22 June 2008, sidebar p. W10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a> (26 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicfm.com/composers/wagner/news/glyndebourne-announces-downloadable-opera/#k4oDKFadPL9Jyl05.97">"Download Glyndebourne"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160026/http://www.classicfm.com/composers/wagner/news/glyndebourne-announces-downloadable-opera/#k4oDKFadPL9Jyl05.97">Archived</a> 23 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhinegold Publishing (28 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/access-all-arias-glyndebourne-2013/">"With new pricing and more streaming the Glyndebourne Festival is making its shows available to an ever wider audience"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624070412/http://www.rhinegold.co.uk/access-all-arias-glyndebourne-2013/">Archived</a> 24 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 May 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partii, Heidi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwUcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">"Supporting Collaboration in Changing Cultural Landscapes"</a>, pp. 208–209 in Margaret S Barrett (ed.) <i>Collaborative Creative Thought and Practice in Music</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4724-1584-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4724-1584-1">1-4724-1584-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApel1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willi_Apel" title="Willi Apel">Apel, Willi</a>, ed. (1969). <i>Harvard Dictionary of Music</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-37501-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-37501-7"><bdi>0-674-37501-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-674-37501-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Mervyn (2005). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78009-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78009-8"><bdi>0-521-78009-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Twentieth-Century+Opera&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-78009-8&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Mervyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span> See also Google Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fovWU9Prkj0C&pg=PA108">partial preview</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a>, ed. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_x7e1/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera</i></a></span>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816282-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816282-0"><bdi>0-19-816282-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Opera&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-816282-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate0000unse_x7e1%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTyrrell1994" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a>. "7. Russian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian Opera to 1900". In <a href="#CITEREFParker1994">Parker (1994)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (1992), 5,448 pages, is the best, and by far the largest, general reference in the English language. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73432-7">0-333-73432-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5">1-56159-228-5</a></li> <li><i>The Viking Opera Guide</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Amanda Holden</a> (1994), 1,328 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81292-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81292-7">0-670-81292-7</a></li> <li><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Opera</i>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Warrack" title="John Warrack">John Warrack</a> and Ewan West (1992), 782 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869164-5">0-19-869164-5</a></li> <li><i>Opera, the Rough Guide</i>, by Matthew Boyden et al. (1997), 672 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-138-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-138-5">1-85828-138-5</a></li> <li><i>Opera: A Concise History</i>, by Leslie Orrey and <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Milnes" title="Rodney Milnes">Rodney Milnes</a>, World of Art, <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Abbate" title="Carolyn Abbate">Abbate, Carolyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Parker" title="Roger Parker">Parker, Roger</a> (2012). <i>A History of Opera</i>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05721-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Opera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05721-8&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft.au=Parker%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Louis_DiGaetani" class="mw-redirect" title="John Louis DiGaetani">DiGaetani, John Louis</a>: <i>An Invitation to the Opera</i>, Anchor Books, 1986/91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26339-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26339-2">0-385-26339-2</a>.</li> <li>Dorschel, Andreas, 'The Paradox of Opera', <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Quarterly" title="The Cambridge Quarterly">The Cambridge Quarterly</a></i> 30 (2001), no. 4, pp. 283–306. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0008-199X">0008-199X</a> (print). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1471-6836">1471-6836</a> (electronic). Discusses the aesthetics of opera.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutherland_Edwards" title="Henry Sutherland Edwards">Edwards, Henry Sutherland</a> (1862). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/40164">History of the Opera, from its Origin in Italy to the Present Time</a></i>. London: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">Wm. H. Allen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/42029956">42029956</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silke_Leopold" title="Silke Leopold">Silke Leopold</a>, "The Idea of National Opera, c. 1800", <i>United and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Tim Blanning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Hagen Schulze</a> (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 19–34.</li> <li>MacMurray, Jessica M. and Allison Brewster Franzetti: <i>The Book of 101 Opera Librettos: Complete Original Language Texts with English Translations</i>, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884822-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884822-79-7">978-1-884822-79-7</a></li> <li>Howard Mayer Brown, "Opera", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. 2001. Oxford University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holland_Rous" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Holland Rous">Rous, Samuel Holland</a> (1919). <i>The Victrola Book of the Opera. Stories of The Operas with Illustrations...</i>. Camden, New Jersey: Victor Talking Machine Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/victrolabookofo00rous#page/n5/mode/2up">View</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>Simon, Henry W.: <i>A Treasury of Grand Opera</i>, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1946.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/opera-music">"Opera"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weinstock" title="Herbert Weinstock">Herbert Weinstock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Russano_Hanning" title="Barbara Russano Hanning">Barbara Russano Hanning</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Valls, María Antonia (1989). <i>Hitos de la Música Universal y Retratos de sus Grandes Protagonistas</i>. (Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Willi_Glasauer" title="Willi Glasauer">Willi Glasauer</a>). Barcelona: Círculo de Lectores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitos+de+la+M%C3%BAsica+Universal+y+Retratos+de+sus+Grandes+Protagonistas&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Lectores&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Valls&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Opera">Opera</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.operabase.com/home/en">Comprehensive opera performances database</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operabase" title="Operabase">Operabase</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opera-inside.com/">Opera-Inside</a>, opera and aria guides, biographies, history</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stageagent.com/browse/showtype/opera">StageAgent – synopses and character descriptions for most major operas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409075517/http://www.opera-opera.com.au/plotind.htm">What's it about? – Opera plot summaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operamusique.googlepages.com/">Vocabulaire de l'Opéra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090228114542/http://operamusique.googlepages.com/">Archived</a> 28 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/main.html">OperaGlass, a resource at Stanford University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicopera.com">HistoricOpera – historic operatic images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824111943/http://www.american.com/archive/2007/july-august-magazine-contents/america2019s-opera-boom">"America's Opera Boom"</a> By Jonathan Leaf, <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a></i>, July/August 2007 Issue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028053729/http://www.opera-opera.com.au/archives.htm">"<i>Opera~Opera</i> article archives"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/o/opera/">"A History of Opera"</a>. <i>Theatre and Performance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatre+and+Performance&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fpage%2Fo%2Fopera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opera_topics" title="Template:Opera topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opera_topics" title="Template talk:Opera topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opera_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opera topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opera622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and<br />national traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_opera" title="History of opera">History of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_opera" title="Origins of opera">Origins of opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_opera" title="Albanian opera">Albanian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_opera" title="Armenian opera">Armenian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan" title="Opera in Azerbaijan"> Azerbaijani opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_opera_in_Chinese" title="Western opera in Chinese">Western opera in Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_English" title="Opera in English">Opera in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_German" title="Opera in German">Opera in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_opera" title="Hungarian opera">Hungarian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Latin_America" title="Opera in Latin America">Opera in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_opera" title="Polish opera">Polish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Russian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_opera" title="Spanish opera">Spanish opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Ukraine" title="Opera in Ukraine">Opera in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Venezuela" title="Opera in Venezuela">Opera in Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">Aria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria_di_sorbetto" title="Aria di sorbetto">Aria di sorbetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arioso" title="Arioso">Arioso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaletta" title="Cabaletta">Cabaletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_aria" title="Catalogue aria">Catalogue aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">Da capo aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insertion_aria" title="Insertion aria">Insertion aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_aria" title="Rage aria">Rage aria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadenza" title="Cadenza">Cadenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavatina" title="Cavatina">Cavatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scene" title="Mad scene">Mad scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">Overture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_overture" title="French overture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_overture" title="Italian overture">Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">Recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritornello" title="Ritornello">Ritornello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B2" title="Rondò">Rondò</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azione_teatrale" title="Azione teatrale">Azione teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_opera" title="Chamber opera">Chamber opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">Comic opera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudevilles" title="Comédie en vaudevilles">Comédie en vaudevilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_m%C3%AAl%C3%A9e_d%27ariettes" title="Comédie mêlée d'ariettes">Comédie mêlée d'ariettes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_opera" title="Savoy opera">Savoy opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">Singspiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spieloper" title="Spieloper">Spieloper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzuela" title="Zarzuela">Zarzuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_giocoso" title="Dramma giocoso">Dramma giocoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramma_per_musica" title="Dramma per musica">Dramma per musica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsa" title="Farsa">Farsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festa_teatrale" title="Festa teatrale">Festa teatrale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Grand opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literaturoper" title="Literaturoper">Literaturoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Azerbaijan#Mugham_opera" title="Opera in Azerbaijan">Mugham opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodramma" title="Melodramma">Melodramma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">Monodrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duodrama" title="Duodrama">Duodrama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_opera" title="Number opera">Number opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">Opéra-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_f%C3%A9erie" title="Opéra féerie">Opéra féerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatic_pop" title="Operatic pop">Operatic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_semiseria" title="Opera semiseria">Opera semiseria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">Opera seria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasticcio" title="Pasticcio">Pasticcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale_h%C3%A9ro%C3%AFque" title="Pastorale héroïque">Pastorale héroïque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posse_mit_Gesang" title="Posse mit Gesang">Posse mit Gesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_opera" title="Radio opera">Radio opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regieoper" title="Regieoper">Regieoper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_opera" title="Rescue opera">Rescue opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantische Oper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainete" title="Sainete">Sainete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-opera" title="Semi-opera">Semi-opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trag%C3%A9die_en_musique" title="Tragédie en musique">Tragédie en musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeitoper" title="Zeitoper">Zeitoper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choirmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">Ballet dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">Dramaturge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impresario" title="Impresario">Impresario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_management" title="Opera management">Opera manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenic_design" title="Scenic design">Set designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume_design" title="Costume design">Costume designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresser_(theatre)" title="Dresser (theatre)">Dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_technician" title="Lighting technician">Lighting technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_(opera)" title="Banda (opera)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_scenic_artist" title="Charge scenic artist">Charge scenic artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">Extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_crew" title="Fly crew">Fly crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_orchestra" title="Pit orchestra">Pit orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_donna" title="Prima donna">Prima donna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompter_(opera)" title="Prompter (opera)">Prompter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Property designer">Property designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_construction" title="Set construction">Set constructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_dresser" title="Set dresser">Set dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagehand" title="Stagehand">Stagehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_management" title="Stage management">Stage manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">Supernumerary actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprimario" title="Comprimario">Supporting role singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_technician" title="Theatrical technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_design" title="Video design">Video designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_supervisor" title="Wardrobe supervisor">Wardrobe supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">Breeches role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing concepts<br />and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bel_canto" title="Bel canto">Bel canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabile" title="Cantabile">Cantabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fioritura" title="Fioritura">Fioritura</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenienze" class="mw-redirect" title="Convenienze">Convenienze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">Coup de glotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsettone" title="Falsettone">Falsettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messa_di_voce" title="Messa di voce">Messa di voce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">Portamento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squillo" title="Squillo">Squillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Opera-related_lists" title="Category:Opera-related lists">List articles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_operas" title="Lists of operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_operas" title="List of Argentine operas">Argentine operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Christmas operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">Historical opera characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_operas" title="List of prominent operas">Prominent operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Azerbaijani_opera_singers" title="List of Azerbaijani opera singers"> Azerbaijani opera singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_opera_composers" title="List of major opera composers">Major opera composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_operas" title="List of Mexican operas">Mexican operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_operas" title="List of North Korean operas">North Korean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_opera_companies" title="Lists of opera companies">Opera companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_directors" title="List of opera directors">Opera directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_festivals" title="List of opera festivals">Opera festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_genres" title="List of opera genres">Opera genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_houses" title="List of opera houses">Opera houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_opera_librettists" title="List of opera librettists">Opera librettists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_composer" title="List of operas by composer">Operas by composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_set_in_the_Crusades" title="List of operas set in the Crusades">Operas set in the Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operetta_composers" title="List of operetta composers">Operetta composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Orphean_operas" title="List of Orphean operas">Orphean operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_operas" title="List of radio operas">Radio operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_operas" title="List of television operas">Television operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_title" title="List of operas by title">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zarzuela_composers" title="List of zarzuela composers">Zarzuela composers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_performance" title="Concert performance">Concert version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_house_opera" title="Country house opera">Country house opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing_in_music_and_opera" title="Cross-dressing in music and opera">Cross-dressing in music and opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">Opera house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_hat" title="Opera hat">Opera hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">Opera cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_glove" title="Evening glove">Opera gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_glasses" title="Opera glasses">Opera glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_enhancement" title="Orchestral enhancement">Orchestral enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regietheater" title="Regietheater">Regietheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitzprobe" title="Sitzprobe">Sitzprobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagione" title="Stagione">Stagione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtitles" title="Surtitles">Surtitles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_opera" title="Outline of opera">Outline of opera</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Opera" title="Category:Opera">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Opera" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Opera">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2002" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Opéra"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119367643">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564452">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="opera"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123748&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="opery"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123760&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548587605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\O\P\Opera">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera&oldid=1270763085">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera&oldid=1270763085</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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