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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1903–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1903–1918 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1903–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_works,_1879–1892" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works,_1879–1892"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early works, 1879–1892 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works,_1879–1892-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_works,_1893–1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_works,_1893–1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle works, 1893–1905 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_works,_1893–1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_works,_1906–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_works,_1906–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Late works, 1906–1917 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_works,_1906–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Style </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Style-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Style subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debussy_and_Impressionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debussy_and_Impressionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Debussy and Impressionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debussy_and_Impressionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_idiom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_idiom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Musical idiom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_idiom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Musical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Literary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_later_composers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_later_composers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Influence on later composers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_later_composers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes, references and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Claude Debussy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كلود ديبوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلود ديبوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klod_Deb%C3%BCssi" title="Klod Debüssi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klod Debüssi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%96" title="Клод Дэбюсі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клод Дэбюсі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клод Дебюси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Κλωντ Ντεμπυσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλωντ Ντεμπυσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلود دبوسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلود دبوسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%93%9C%EB%B7%94%EC%8B%9C" title="클로드 드뷔시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클로드 드뷔시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A4_%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Կլոդ Դեբյուսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոդ Դեբյուսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99" title="קלוד דביסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלוד דביסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კლოდ დებიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლოდ დებიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius_Debussy" title="Claudius Debussy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Claudius Debussy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klods_Debis%C4%AB" title="Klods Debisī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klods Debisī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебиси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клод Дебиси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ക്ലോഡ് ഡെബ്യുസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോഡ് ഡെബ്യുസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كلود ديبوسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلود ديبوسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلود دبوسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کلود دبوسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="クロード・ドビュッシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロード・ドビュッシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Дебюсси, Клод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дебюсси, Клод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%A1%D0%B4%D1%8A_%D0%94%D1%94%D0%B1%D1%B7%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клѡдъ Дєбѷсси – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Клѡдъ Дєбѷсси" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلۆد دیبوسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلۆد دیبوسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебиси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клод Дебиси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="โกลด เดอบูว์ซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกลด เดอบูว์ซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Клод Дебюсси – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Клод Дебюсси" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96" title="Клод Дебюссі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клод Дебюссі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلاؤ دیبوسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلاؤ دیبوسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Claude Debussy" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French classical composer (1862–1918)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Debussy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Debussy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Debussy (disambiguation)">Debussy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders photograph of middle-aged, white, dark-haired, bearded man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/220px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/330px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/440px-Claude_Debussy_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Debussy <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900 by Atelier <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a></div></figcaption></figure> (Achille) Claude Debussy<a href="#cite_note-7">[n 1]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[aʃil klod dəbysi]</a>; 22 August 1862 – 25 March 1918) was a French composer. He is sometimes seen as the first <a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionist</a> composer, although he vigorously rejected the term. He was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Born to a family of modest means and little cultural involvement, Debussy showed enough musical talent to be admitted at the age of ten to France's leading music college, the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>. He originally studied the piano, but found his vocation in innovative composition, despite the disapproval of the Conservatoire's conservative professors. He took many years to develop his mature style, and was nearly 40 when he achieved international fame in 1902 with the only opera he completed, <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a>. Debussy's orchestral works include <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes</a> (1897–1899) and <a href="/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre" title="Images pour orchestre">Images</a> (1905–1912). His music was to a considerable extent a reaction against <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> and the German musical tradition. He regarded the classical <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> as obsolete and sought an alternative in his "symphonic sketches", <a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a> (1903–1905). His piano works include sets of 24 <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes</a> and 12 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)" title="Études (Debussy)">Études</a>. Throughout his career he wrote <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lodie" title="Mélodie">mélodies</a> based on a wide variety of poetry, including his own. He was greatly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolist</a> poetic movement of the later 19th century. A small number of works, including the early <a href="/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue" title="La Damoiselle élue">La Damoiselle élue</a> and the late <a href="/wiki/Le_Martyre_de_saint_S%C3%A9bastien" title="Le Martyre de saint Sébastien">Le Martyre de saint Sébastien</a> have important parts for chorus. In his final years, he focused on chamber music, completing three of <a href="/wiki/Six_sonatas_for_various_instruments" title="Six sonatas for various instruments">six planned sonatas for different combinations of instruments</a>. With early influences including Russian and Far Eastern music and works by <a href="/wiki/Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin">Chopin</a>, Debussy developed his own style of harmony and orchestral colouring, derided – and unsuccessfully resisted – by much of the musical establishment of the day. His works have strongly influenced a wide range of composers including <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Béla Bartók</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a>, and the jazz pianist and composer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a>. Debussy died from <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">cancer</a> at his home in Paris at the age of 55 after a composing career of a little more than 30 years. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old postcard showing French street scene in a not very upmarket area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg/170px-Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg/255px-Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg/340px-Maison_natale_de_Debussy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Rue au Pain, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, street of <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Claude-Debussy" title="Musée Claude-Debussy">Debussy's birthplace</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Debussy was born on 22 August 1862 in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seine-et-Oise" title="Seine-et-Oise">Seine-et-Oise</a>, on the north-west fringes of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[n 2]</a> He was the eldest of the five children of Manuel-Achille Debussy and his wife, Victorine, née Manoury. Debussy senior ran a china shop and his wife was a seamstress.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> The shop was unsuccessful, and closed in 1864; the family moved to Paris, first living with Victorine's mother, in <a href="/wiki/Clichy,_Hauts-de-Seine" title="Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine">Clichy</a>, and, from 1868, in their own apartment in the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Honor%C3%A9" title="Rue Saint-Honoré">Rue Saint-Honoré</a>. Manuel worked in a printing factory.<a href="#cite_note-fy-12">[10]</a> In 1870, to escape the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">siege of Paris</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, Debussy's pregnant mother took him and his sister Adèle to their paternal aunt's home in <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, where they remained until the following year. During his stay in Cannes, the seven-year-old Debussy had his first piano lessons; his aunt paid for him to study with an Italian musician, Jean Cerutti.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> Manuel Debussy remained in Paris and joined the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Commune</a>; after its defeat by French government troops in 1871 he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment, of which he only served one year. His fellow Communard prisoners included his friend Charles de Sivry, a musician.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> Sivry's mother, Antoinette Mauté de Fleurville, gave piano lessons, and at his instigation the young Debussy became one of her pupils.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[n 3]</a> Debussy's talents soon became evident, and in 1872, aged ten, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_de_Paris" title="Conservatoire de Paris">Conservatoire de Paris</a>, where he remained a student for the next eleven years. He first joined the piano class of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Marmontel" title="Antoine François Marmontel">Antoine François Marmontel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> and studied <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge" title="Solfège">solfège</a> with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lavignac" title="Albert Lavignac">Albert Lavignac</a> and, later, composition with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guiraud" title="Ernest Guiraud">Ernest Guiraud</a>, harmony with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durand" title="Émile Durand">Émile Durand</a>, and organ with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prod'homme-18">[15]</a> The course included music history and theory studies with <a href="/wiki/Louis-Albert_Bourgault-Ducoudray" title="Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray">Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray</a>, but it is not certain that Debussy, who was apt to skip classes, actually attended these.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> At the Conservatoire, Debussy initially made good progress. Marmontel said of him, "A charming child, a truly artistic temperament; much can be expected of him".<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Another teacher was less impressed: Émile Durand wrote in a report, "Debussy would be an excellent pupil if he were less sketchy and less cavalier." A year later he described Debussy as "desperately careless".<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> In July 1874 Debussy received the award of deuxième accessit<a href="#cite_note-23">[n 4]</a> for his performance as soloist in the first movement of <a href="/wiki/Piano_Concerto_No._2_(Chopin)" title="Piano Concerto No. 2 (Chopin)">Chopin's Second Piano Concerto</a> at the Conservatoire's annual competition. He was a fine pianist and an outstanding <a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">sight reader</a>, who could have had a professional career had he wished,<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> but he was only intermittently diligent in his studies.<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> He advanced to premier accessit in 1875 and second prize in 1877, but failed at the competitions in 1878 and 1879. These failures made him ineligible to continue in the Conservatoire's piano classes, but he remained a student for harmony, solfège and, later, composition.<a href="#cite_note-fy-12">[10]</a> With Marmontel's help Debussy secured a summer vacation job in 1879 as resident pianist at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a>, where he rapidly acquired a taste for luxury that was to remain with him all his life.<a href="#cite_note-fy-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> His first compositions date from this period, two settings of poems by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a>: "Ballade à la lune" and "Madrid, princesse des Espagnes".<a href="#cite_note-fy-12">[10]</a> The following year he secured a job as pianist in the household of <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_von_Meck" title="Nadezhda von Meck">Nadezhda von Meck</a>, the patroness of <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> He travelled with her family for the summers of 1880 to 1882, staying at various places in France, Switzerland and Italy, as well as at her home in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> He composed his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Debussy)" title="Piano Trio (Debussy)">Piano Trio in G major</a> for von Meck's ensemble, and made a transcription for piano duet of three dances from Tchaikovsky's <a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fy-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[n 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prix_de_Rome">Prix de Rome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prix de Rome">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulder, semi-profile of young man with dark hair, combed forward into a fringe; he has a small beard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg/170px-Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg/255px-Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg/340px-Debussy-by-Baschet-1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Debussy by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Baschet" title="Marcel Baschet">Marcel Baschet</a>, 1884</figcaption></figure> At the end of 1880 Debussy, while continuing his studies at the Conservatoire, was engaged as accompanist for Marie Moreau-Sainti's singing class; he took this role for four years.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> Among the members of the class was Marie Vasnier; Debussy was greatly taken with her, and she inspired him to compose: he wrote 27 songs dedicated to her during their seven-year relationship.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> She was the wife of Henri Vasnier, a prominent civil servant, and much younger than her husband. She soon became Debussy's lover as well as his muse. Whether Vasnier was content to tolerate his wife's affair with the young student or was simply unaware of it is not clear, but he and Debussy remained on excellent terms, and he continued to encourage the composer in his career.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> At the Conservatoire, Debussy incurred the disapproval of the faculty, particularly his composition teacher, Guiraud, for his failure to follow the orthodox rules of composition then prevailing.<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[n 6]</a> Nevertheless, in 1884 Debussy won France's most prestigious musical award, the <a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Rome" title="Prix de Rome">Prix de Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> <a href="/wiki/L%27enfant_prodigue" title="L'enfant prodigue">L'enfant prodigue</a>. The Prix carried with it a residence at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_in_Rome" title="French Academy in Rome">French Academy in Rome</a>, to further the winner's studies. Debussy was there from January 1885 to March 1887, with three or possibly four absences of several weeks when he returned to France, chiefly to see Marie Vasnier.<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-6">[6]</a> Initially Debussy found the artistic atmosphere of the Villa Medici stifling, the company boorish, the food bad, and the accommodation "abominable".<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> Neither did he delight in Italian opera, as he found the operas of <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> not to his taste. He was much more impressed by the music of the 16th-century composers <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Lassus</a>, which he heard at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dell%27Anima" title="Santa Maria dell'Anima">Santa Maria dell'Anima</a>: "The only church music I will accept".<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-6">[6]</a> He was often depressed and unable to compose, but he was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, who visited the students and played for them.<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-6">[6]</a> In June 1885, Debussy wrote of his desire to follow his own way, saying, "I am sure the Institute would not approve, for, naturally it regards the path which it ordains as the only right one. But there is no help for it! I am too enamoured of my freedom, too fond of my own ideas!"<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> Debussy finally composed four pieces that were submitted to the Academy: the symphonic ode Zuleima (based on a text by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>); the orchestral piece Printemps; the cantata <a href="/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue" title="La Damoiselle élue">La Damoiselle élue</a> (1887–1888), the first piece in which the stylistic features of his later music began to emerge; and the Fantaisie for piano and orchestra, which was heavily based on Franck's music and was eventually withdrawn by Debussy. The Academy chided him for writing music that was "bizarre, incomprehensible and unperformable".<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> Although Debussy's works showed the influence of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, the latter concluded, "He is an enigma".<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> During his years in Rome Debussy composed – not for the Academy – most of his <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Verlaine</a> cycle, <a href="/wiki/Ariettes_oubli%C3%A9es" title="Ariettes oubliées">Ariettes oubliées</a>, which made little impact at the time but was successfully republished in 1903 after the composer had become well known.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Paris,_1887">Return to Paris, 1887</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Return to Paris, 1887">edit</a>]</div> A week after his return to Paris in 1887, Debussy heard the first act of Wagner's <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Concerts_Lamoureux" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerts Lamoureux">Concerts Lamoureux</a>, and judged it "decidedly the finest thing I know".<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-6">[6]</a> In 1888 and 1889 he went to the annual festivals of Wagner's operas at <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth</a>. He responded positively to Wagner's sensuousness, mastery of form, and striking harmonies,<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> and was briefly influenced by them,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> but, unlike some other French composers of his generation, he concluded that there was no future in attempting to adopt and develop Wagner's style.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> He commented in 1903 that Wagner was "a beautiful sunset that was mistaken for a dawn".<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="large group of musicians in Javanese costume, with percussion instruments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Gamelanorkest_TMnr_60043216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Gamelan orchestra, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1889</figcaption></figure> In 1889, at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1889)" title="Exposition Universelle (1889)">Paris Exposition Universelle</a>, Debussy first heard <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> music. The gamelan scales, melodies, rhythms, and ensemble textures appealed to him, and echoes of them are heard in "Pagodes" in his piano suite <a href="/wiki/Estampes" title="Estampes">Estampes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> He also attended two concerts of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s music, conducted by the composer.<a href="#cite_note-timeline3-47">[41]</a> This too made an impression on him, and its harmonic freedom and non-Teutonic tone colours influenced his own developing musical style.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[n 7]</a> Marie Vasnier ended her liaison with Debussy soon after his final return from Rome, although they remained on good enough terms for him to dedicate to her one more song, "Mandoline", in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> Later in 1890 Debussy met <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a>, who proved a kindred spirit in his experimental approach to composition. Both were <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemians</a>, enjoying the same café society and struggling to survive financially.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> In the same year Debussy began a relationship with Gabrielle (Gaby) Dupont, a tailor's daughter from <a href="/wiki/Lisieux" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a>; in July 1893 they began living together.<a href="#cite_note-timeline3-47">[41]</a> Debussy continued to compose songs, piano pieces and other works, some of which were publicly performed, but his music made only a modest impact, although his fellow composers recognised his potential by electing him to the committee of the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_de_Musique" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Nationale de Musique">Société Nationale de Musique</a> in 1893.<a href="#cite_note-timeline3-47">[41]</a> His <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)" title="String Quartet (Debussy)">String Quartet</a> was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Ysa%C3%BFe_Quartet_(1886)" title="Ysaÿe Quartet (1886)">Ysaÿe string quartet</a> at the Société Nationale in the same year. In May 1893 Debussy attended a theatrical event that was of key importance to his later career – the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelléas et Mélisande">Pelléas et Mélisande</a>, which he immediately determined to turn into an opera.<a href="#cite_note-timeline3-47">[41]</a> He travelled to Maeterlinck's home in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> in November to secure his consent to an operatic adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-timeline3-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1894–1902:_Pelléas_et_Mélisande">1894–1902: Pelléas et Mélisande</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1894–1902: Pelléas et Mélisande">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="young woman in full-length frock and top coat leaning on a tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg/170px-Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg/255px-Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg/340px-Lilly_Debussy_en_pied_devant_un_saule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Lilly Debussy in 1902</figcaption></figure> In February 1894 Debussy completed the first draft of Act I of his <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">operatic version</a> of Pelléas et Mélisande, and for most of the year worked to complete the work.<a href="#cite_note-timeline4-53">[46]</a> While still living with Dupont, he had an affair with the singer Thérèse Roger, and in 1894 he announced their engagement. His behaviour was widely condemned; anonymous letters circulated denouncing his treatment of both women, as well as his financial irresponsibility and debts.<a href="#cite_note-timeline4-53">[46]</a> The engagement was broken off, and several of Debussy's friends and supporters disowned him, including <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Ernest Chausson</a>, hitherto one of his strongest supporters.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> In terms of musical recognition, Debussy made a step forward in December 1894, when the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a>'s poem, was premiered at a concert of the Société Nationale.<a href="#cite_note-timeline4-53">[46]</a> The following year he completed the first draft of Pelléas and began efforts to get it staged. In May 1898 he made his first contacts with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Messager" title="André Messager">André Messager</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Carr%C3%A9" title="Albert Carré">Albert Carré</a>, respectively the musical director and general manager of the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a>, Paris, about presenting the opera.<a href="#cite_note-timeline4-53">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg/170px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg/255px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg/340px-Georges_Rochegrosse_-_Poster_for_the_pr%C3%A8miere_of_Claude_Debussy_and_Maurice_Maeterlinck%27s_Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6784" data-file-height="9344" /></a><figcaption>Poster by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Rochegrosse" title="Georges Rochegrosse">Georges Rochegrosse</a> for the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902).</figcaption></figure> Debussy abandoned Dupont for her friend Marie-Rosalie Texier, known as "Lilly", whom he married in October 1899, after threatening suicide if she refused him.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> She was affectionate, practical, straightforward, and well liked by Debussy's friends and associates,<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> but he became increasingly irritated by her intellectual limitations and lack of musical sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-Orledge-57">[50]</a> The marriage lasted barely five years.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> From around 1900 Debussy's music became a focus and inspiration for an informal group of innovative young artists, poets, critics, and musicians who began meeting in Paris. They called themselves <a href="/wiki/Les_Apaches" title="Les Apaches">Les Apaches</a> – roughly "The Hooligans" – to represent their status as "artistic outcasts".<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> The membership was fluid, but at various times included <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vi%C3%B1es" title="Ricardo Viñes">Ricardo Viñes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[n 8]</a> In the same year the first two of Debussy's three orchestral <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes</a> were first performed. Although they did not make any great impact with the public they were well reviewed by musicians including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bruneau" title="Alfred Bruneau">Alfred Bruneau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Pierre de Bréville">Pierre de Bréville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[55]</a> The complete set was given the following year.<a href="#cite_note-timeline4-53">[46]</a> Like many other composers of the time, Debussy supplemented his income by teaching and writing.<a href="#cite_note-67">[n 9]</a> For most of 1901 he had a sideline as music critic of <a href="/wiki/La_Revue_Blanche" title="La Revue Blanche">La Revue Blanche</a>, adopting the pen name "Monsieur Croche". He expressed trenchant views on composers ("I hate sentimentality – his name is <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>"), institutions (on the Paris Opéra: "A stranger would take it for a railway station, and, once inside, would mistake it for a Turkish bath"), conductors ("<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch" title="Arthur Nikisch">Nikisch</a> is a unique virtuoso, so much so that his virtuosity seems to make him forget the claims of good taste"), musical politics ("The English actually think that a musician can manage an opera house successfully!"), and audiences ("their almost drugged expression of boredom, indifference and even stupidity").<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> He later collected his criticisms with a view to their publication as a book; it was published after his death as Monsieur Croche, Antidilettante.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> In January 1902 rehearsals began at the Opéra-Comique for the opening of Pelléas et Mélisande. For three months, Debussy attended rehearsals practically every day. In February there was conflict between Maeterlinck on the one hand and Debussy, Messager and Carré on the other about the casting of Mélisande. Maeterlinck wanted his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Georgette_Leblanc" title="Georgette Leblanc">Georgette Leblanc</a>, to sing the role, and was incensed when she was passed over in favour of the Scottish soprano <a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Mary Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hcs-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[n 10]</a> The opera opened on 30 April 1902, and although the first-night audience was divided between admirers and sceptics, the work quickly became a success.<a href="#cite_note-hcs-70">[61]</a> It made Debussy a well-known name in France and abroad; <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> commented that the opera had "provoked more discussion than any work of modern times, excepting, of course, those of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>".<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> The Apaches, led by Ravel (who attended every one of the 14 performances in the first run), were loud in their support; the conservative faculty of the Conservatoire tried in vain to stop its students from seeing the opera.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> The vocal score was published in early May, and the full orchestral score in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1903–1918">1903–1918</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1903–1918">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing of profile head of youngish woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg/170px-Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg/255px-Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg/340px-Emma_Debussy_after_L%C3%A9on_Bonnat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Emma Bardac (later Emma Debussy) in 1903</figcaption></figure> In 1903 there was public recognition of Debussy's stature when he was appointed a Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> but his social standing suffered a great blow when another turn in his private life caused a scandal the following year. One of his pupils was <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Bardac" title="Raoul Bardac">Raoul Bardac</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bardac" title="Emma Bardac">Emma</a> and her husband, Parisian banker Sigismond Bardac. Raoul introduced his teacher to his mother, to whom Debussy quickly became greatly attracted. She was sophisticated, a brilliant conversationalist, an accomplished singer, and relaxed about marital fidelity, having been the mistress and muse of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a> a few years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> After despatching Lilly to her parental home at Bichain in <a href="/wiki/Villeneuve-la-Guyard" title="Villeneuve-la-Guyard">Villeneuve-la-Guyard</a> on 15 July 1904, Debussy took Emma away, staying incognito in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Pourville" class="mw-redirect" title="Pourville">Pourville</a> in Normandy.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> He wrote to his wife on 11 August from <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>, telling her that their marriage was over, but still making no mention of Bardac. When he returned to Paris he set up home on his own, taking a flat in a different <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> On 14 October, five days before their fifth wedding anniversary, Lilly Debussy attempted suicide, shooting herself in the chest with a revolver;<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[n 11]</a> she survived, although the bullet remained lodged in her <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> for the rest of her life.<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> The ensuing scandal caused Bardac's family to disown her, and Debussy lost many good friends including Dukas and Messager.<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> His relations with Ravel, never close, were exacerbated when the latter joined other former friends of Debussy in contributing to a fund to support the deserted Lilly.<a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a> The Bardacs divorced in May 1905.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> Finding the hostility in Paris intolerable, Debussy and Emma (now pregnant) went to England. They stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel,_Eastbourne" title="Grand Hotel, Eastbourne">Grand Hotel, Eastbourne</a> in July and August, where Debussy corrected the proofs of his symphonic sketches <a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a>, celebrating his divorce on 2 August.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> After a brief visit to London, the couple returned to Paris in September, buying a house in a courtyard development off the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne (now <a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a>), Debussy's home for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debussy%27s_house,_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="exterior of large Parisian house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg/170px-Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg/255px-Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg/340px-Debussy%27s_house%2C_Sq._de_l%27av._Foch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1641" /></a><figcaption>Debussy's last home, now 23 Square de l'Avenue Foch, Paris<a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> In October 1905 La mer, Debussy's most substantial orchestral work, was premiered in Paris by the <a href="/wiki/Orchestre_Lamoureux" title="Orchestre Lamoureux">Orchestre Lamoureux</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chevillard" title="Camille Chevillard">Camille Chevillard</a>;<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> the reception was mixed. Some praised the work, but <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lalo" title="Pierre Lalo">Pierre Lalo</a>, critic of <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a>, hitherto an admirer of Debussy, wrote, "I do not hear, I do not see, I do not smell the sea".<a href="#cite_note-lalo-85">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[n 12]</a> In the same month the composer's only child was born at their home.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> Claude-Emma, affectionately known as "Chouchou", was a musical inspiration to the composer (she was the dedicatee of his <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Corner" title="Children's Corner">Children's Corner</a> suite). She outlived her father by scarcely a year, succumbing to the <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> epidemic of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-timeline7-88">[76]</a> Mary Garden said, "I honestly don't know if Debussy ever loved anybody really. He loved his music – and perhaps himself. I think he was wrapped up in his genius",<a href="#cite_note-Garden-89">[77]</a> but biographers are agreed that whatever his relations with lovers and friends, Debussy was devoted to his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[80]</a> Debussy and Emma Bardac eventually married in 1908, their troubled union enduring for the rest of his life. The following year began well, when at Fauré's invitation, Debussy became a member of the governing council of the Conservatoire.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> His success in London was consolidated in April 1909, when he conducted Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune and the Nocturnes at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Hall" title="Queen's Hall">Queen's Hall</a>;<a href="#cite_note-93">[81]</a> in May he was present at the first London production of Pelléas et Mélisande, at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a>. In the same year, Debussy was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>, from which he was to die nine years later.<a href="#cite_note-timeline5-58">[51]</a> Debussy's works began to feature increasingly in concert programmes at home and overseas. In 1910 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> conducted the Nocturnes and Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune in New York in successive months.<a href="#cite_note-timeline6-94">[82]</a> In the same year, visiting Budapest, Debussy commented that his works were better known there than in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> In 1912 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Sergei Diaghilev</a> commissioned a new ballet score, <a href="/wiki/Jeux" title="Jeux">Jeux</a>. That, and the three <a href="/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre" title="Images pour orchestre">Images</a>, premiered the following year, were the composer's last orchestral works.<a href="#cite_note-timeline6-94">[82]</a> Jeux was unfortunate in its timing: two weeks after the premiere, in March 1913, Diaghilev presented the first performance of Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a>, a sensational event that monopolised discussion in musical circles, and effectively sidelined Jeux along with Fauré's <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9n%C3%A9lope" title="Pénélope">Pénélope</a>, which had opened a week before.<a href="#cite_note-95">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg/170px-Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg/255px-Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg/340px-Claude_Debussy_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3026" data-file-height="3913" /></a><figcaption>Debussy in 1908</figcaption></figure> In 1915 Debussy underwent one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Colostomy" title="Colostomy">colostomy</a> operations. It achieved only a temporary respite, and occasioned him considerable frustration ("There are mornings when the effort of dressing seems like one of the twelve labours of Hercules").<a href="#cite_note-96">[84]</a> He also had a fierce enemy at this period in the form of <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>, who in a letter to Fauré condemned Debussy's <a href="/wiki/En_blanc_et_noir" title="En blanc et noir">En blanc et noir</a>: "It's incredible, and the door of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut</a> [de France] must at all costs be barred against a man capable of such atrocities". Saint-Saëns had been a member of the Institut since 1881: Debussy never became one.<a href="#cite_note-97">[85]</a> His health continued to decline; he gave his final concert on 14 September 1917 and became bedridden in early 1918.<a href="#cite_note-timeline7-88">[76]</a> Debussy died of colon cancer on 25 March 1918 at his home. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> was still raging and Paris was under German <a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">aerial and artillery bombardment</a>. The military situation did not permit the honour of a public funeral with ceremonious graveside orations. The funeral procession made its way through deserted streets to a temporary grave at <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Gun" title="Paris Gun">German guns</a> bombarded the city. Debussy's body was reinterred the following year in the small <a href="/wiki/Passy_Cemetery" title="Passy Cemetery">Passy Cemetery</a> sequestered behind the <a href="/wiki/Trocad%C3%A9ro,_Paris" title="Trocadéro, Paris">Trocadéro</a>, fulfilling his wish to rest "among the trees and the birds"; his wife and daughter are buried with him.<a href="#cite_note-98">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Claude_Debussy" title="List of compositions by Claude Debussy">List of compositions by Claude Debussy</a></div> In a survey of Debussy's oeuvre shortly after the composer's death, the critic <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a> wrote, "It would be hardly too much to say that Debussy spent a third of his life in the discovery of himself, a third in the free and happy realisation of himself, and the final third in the partial, painful loss of himself".<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> Later commentators have rated some of the late works more highly than Newman and other contemporaries did, but much of the music for which Debussy is best known is from the middle years of his career.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> The analyst David Cox wrote in 1974 that Debussy, admiring Wagner's attempts to combine all the creative arts, "created a new, instinctive, dreamlike world of music, lyrical and pantheistic, contemplative and objective – a kind of art, in fact, which seemed to reach out into all aspects of experience".<a href="#cite_note-100">[88]</a> In 1988 the composer and scholar <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Mellers" title="Wilfrid Mellers">Wilfrid Mellers</a> wrote of Debussy: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Because of, rather than in spite of, his preoccupation with chords in themselves, he deprived music of the sense of harmonic progression, broke down three centuries' dominance of harmonic tonality, and showed how the melodic conceptions of tonality typical of primitive folk-music and of medieval music might be relevant to the twentieth century<a href="#cite_note-101">[89]</a></blockquote> Debussy did not give his works <a href="/wiki/Opus_number" title="Opus number">opus numbers</a>, apart from his String Quartet, Op. 10 in G minor (also the only work where the composer's title included a <a href="/wiki/Key_(music)" title="Key (music)">key</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[90]</a> His works were catalogued and indexed by the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure" title="François Lesure">François Lesure</a> in 1977 (revised in 2003)<a href="#cite_note-103">[91]</a> and their <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Claude_Debussy_by_Lesure_number" class="mw-redirect" title="List of compositions by Claude Debussy by Lesure number">Lesure number</a> ("L" followed by a number) is sometimes used as a suffix to their title in concert programmes and recordings. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_works,_1879–1892">Early works, 1879–1892</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early works, 1879–1892">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Clair_de_lune_(Claude_Debussy)_Suite_bergamasque.ogg" title="File:Clair de lune (Claude Debussy) Suite bergamasque.ogg">Clair de Lune (5:04)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="305" data-mwtitle="Clair_de_lune_(Claude_Debussy)_Suite_bergamasque.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Clair_de_lune_%28Claude_Debussy%29_Suite_bergamasque.ogg/Clair_de_lune_%28Claude_Debussy%29_Suite_bergamasque.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Clair_de_lune_%28Claude_Debussy%29_Suite_bergamasque.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Composed in 1890, performed by Laurens Goedhart in 2011</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_-_Premi%C3%A8re_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" title="File:Claude Debussy - Première Arabesque - Patrizia Prati.ogg">Première Arabesque (4:53)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="293" data-mwtitle="Claude_Debussy_-_Première_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Claude_Debussy_-_Premi%C3%A8re_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg/Claude_Debussy_-_Premi%C3%A8re_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Claude_Debussy_-_Premi%C3%A8re_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Debussy_-_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" title="File:Claude Debussy - Deuxième Arabesque - Patrizia Prati.ogg">Deuxième Arabesque (4:00)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="241" data-mwtitle="Claude_Debussy_-_Deuxième_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Claude_Debussy_-_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg/Claude_Debussy_-_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Claude_Debussy_-_Deuxi%C3%A8me_Arabesque_-_Patrizia_Prati.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Both <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(classical_music)" title="Arabesque (classical music)">arabesques</a> performed in 2016 by Patrizia Prati</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Debussy's musical development was slow, and as a student he was adept enough to produce for his teachers at the Conservatoire works that would conform to their conservative precepts. His friend <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jean-Aubry" title="Georges Jean-Aubry">Georges Jean-Aubry</a> commented that Debussy "admirably imitated Massenet's melodic turns of phrase" in the cantata <a href="/wiki/L%27enfant_prodigue" title="L'enfant prodigue">L'enfant prodigue</a> (1884) which won him the Prix de Rome.<a href="#cite_note-mq-104">[92]</a> A more characteristically Debussian work from his early years is <a href="/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue" title="La Damoiselle élue">La Damoiselle élue</a>, recasting the traditional form for <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and cantatas, using a chamber orchestra and a small body of choral tone and using new or long-neglected scales and harmonies.<a href="#cite_note-mq-104">[92]</a> His early <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lodie" title="Mélodie">mélodies</a>, inspired by Marie Vasnier, are more virtuosic in character than his later works in the genre, with extensive wordless <a href="/wiki/Vocalise" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalise">vocalise</a>; from the <a href="/wiki/Ariettes_oubli%C3%A9es" title="Ariettes oubliées">Ariettes oubliées</a> (1885–1887) onwards he developed a more restrained style. He wrote his own poems for the Proses lyriques (1892–1893) but, in the view of the musical scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Orledge" title="Robert Orledge">Robert Orledge</a>, "his literary talents were not on a par with his musical imagination".<a href="#cite_note-ro-105">[93]</a> The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Gabriel_Prod%27homme" title="Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme">Jacques-Gabriel Prod'homme</a> wrote that, together with La Demoiselle élue, the Ariettes oubliées and the <a href="/wiki/Cinq_po%C3%A8mes_de_Charles_Baudelaire" title="Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire">Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire</a> (1889) show "the new, strange way which the young musician will hereafter follow".<a href="#cite_note-Prod'homme-18">[15]</a> Newman concurred: "There is a good deal of Wagner, especially of Tristan, in the idiom. But the work as a whole is distinctive, and the first in which we get a hint of the Debussy we were to know later – the lover of vague outlines, of half-lights, of mysterious <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonances and dissonances</a> of colour, the apostle of languor, the exclusivist in thought and in style."<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> During the next few years Debussy developed his personal style, without, at this stage, breaking sharply away from French musical traditions. Much of his music from this period is on a small scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Two_Arabesques" title="Two Arabesques">Two Arabesques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valse_romantique" title="Valse romantique">Valse romantique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suite_bergamasque" title="Suite bergamasque">Suite bergamasque</a>, and the first set of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_galantes_(Debussy)" title="Fêtes galantes (Debussy)">Fêtes galantes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> Newman remarked that, like <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a>, the Debussy of this period appears as a liberator from Germanic styles of composition – offering instead "an exquisite, pellucid style" capable of conveying "not only gaiety and whimsicality but emotion of a deeper sort".<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> In a 2004 study, Mark DeVoto comments that Debussy's early works are harmonically no more adventurous than existing music by Fauré;<a href="#cite_note-106">[94]</a> in a 2007 book about the piano works, Margery Halford observes that Two Arabesques (1888–1891) and "Rêverie" (1890) have "the fluidity and warmth of Debussy's later style" but are not harmonically innovative. Halford cites the popular <a href="/wiki/Debussy%27s_Claire_de_Lune" class="mw-redirect" title="Debussy's Claire de Lune">"Clair de Lune"</a> (1890), the third of the four movements of Suite Bergamasque, as a transitional work pointing towards the composer's mature style.<a href="#cite_note-h12-107">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_works,_1893–1905">Middle works, 1893–1905</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle works, 1893–1905">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="drawing in the style of a bas-relief showing two dancers, one as a young woman, one as a faun in semi-human form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg/170px-Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg/255px-Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg/340px-Comoedia_illustr%C3%A9_L%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">L'après-midi d'un faune</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure> Musicians from Debussy's time onwards have regarded <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a> (1894) as his first orchestral masterpiece.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> Newman considered it "completely original in idea, absolutely personal in style, and logical and coherent from first to last, without a superfluous bar or even a superfluous note";<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Pierre Boulez</a> observed, "Modern music was awakened by Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune".<a href="#cite_note-109">[97]</a> Most of the major works for which Debussy is best known were written between the mid-1890s and the mid-1900s.<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> They include the <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)" title="String Quartet (Debussy)">String Quartet</a> (1893), <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1893–1902), the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes for Orchestra</a> (1899) and <a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a> (1903–1905).<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> The suite <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_piano" title="Pour le piano">Pour le piano</a> (1894–1901) is, in Halford's view, one of the first examples of the mature Debussy as a composer for the piano: "a major landmark ... and an enlargement of the use of piano sonorities".<a href="#cite_note-h12-107">[95]</a> In the String Quartet (1893), the gamelan sonorities Debussy had heard four years earlier are recalled in the <a href="/wiki/Pizzicato" title="Pizzicato">pizzicatos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-beat" title="Cross-beat">cross-rhythms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ro-105">[93]</a> Debussy's biographer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lockspeiser" title="Edward Lockspeiser">Edward Lockspeiser</a> comments that this movement shows the composer's rejection of "the traditional dictum that string instruments should be predominantly lyrical".<a href="#cite_note-110">[98]</a> The work influenced Ravel, whose own <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Ravel)" title="String Quartet (Ravel)">String Quartet</a>, written ten years later, has noticeably Debussian features.<a href="#cite_note-n52-111">[99]</a> The academic and journalist Stephen Walsh calls Pelléas et Mélisande (begun 1893, staged 1902) "a key work for the 20th century".<a href="#cite_note-sw-112">[100]</a> The composer <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a> was fascinated by its "extraordinary harmonic qualities and ... transparent instrumental texture".<a href="#cite_note-sw-112">[100]</a> The opera is composed in what <a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Alan Blyth</a> describes as a sustained and heightened <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> style, with "sensuous, intimate" vocal lines.<a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> It influenced composers as different as <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sw-112">[100]</a> Orledge describes the Nocturnes as exceptionally varied in texture, "ranging from the Musorgskian start of 'Nuages', through the approaching brass band procession in 'Fêtes', to the wordless female chorus in 'Sirènes'". Orledge considers the last a pre-echo of the marine textures of La mer. <a href="/wiki/Estampes" title="Estampes">Estampes</a> for piano (1903) gives impressions of exotic locations, with further echoes of the gamelan in its <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentatonic">pentatonic</a> structures.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> Debussy believed that since Beethoven, the traditional symphonic form had become formulaic, repetitive and obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-d49-114">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[n 13]</a> The three-part, cyclic <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_D_minor_(Franck)" title="Symphony in D minor (Franck)">symphony by César Franck</a> (1888) was more to his liking, and its influence can be found in La mer (1905); this uses a quasi-symphonic form, its three sections making up a giant <a href="/wiki/Sonata-form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonata-form">sonata-form</a> movement with, as Orledge observes, a cyclic theme, in the manner of Franck.<a href="#cite_note-ro-105">[93]</a> The central "Jeux de vagues" section has the function of a symphonic <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development section</a> leading into the final "Dialogue du vent et de la mer", "a powerful essay in orchestral colour and sonority" (Orledge) which reworks themes from the first movement.<a href="#cite_note-ro-105">[93]</a> The reviews were sharply divided. Some critics thought the treatment less subtle and less mysterious than his previous works, and even a step backward; others praised its "power and charm", its "extraordinary verve and brilliant fantasy", and its strong colours and definite lines.<a href="#cite_note-116">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_works,_1906–1917">Late works, 1906–1917</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late works, 1906–1917">edit</a>]</div> Of the later orchestral works, <a href="/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre" title="Images pour orchestre">Images</a> (1905–1912) is better known than <a href="/wiki/Jeux" title="Jeux">Jeux</a> (1913).<a href="#cite_note-jp-117">[104]</a> The former follows the tripartite form established in the Nocturnes and La mer, but differs in employing traditional British and French folk tunes, and in making the central movement, "Ibéria", far longer than the outer ones, and subdividing it into three parts, all inspired by scenes from Spanish life. Although considering Images "the pinnacle of Debussy's achievement as a composer for orchestra", Trezise notes a contrary view that the accolade belongs to the ballet score Jeux.<a href="#cite_note-t250-118">[105]</a> The latter failed as a ballet because of what Jann Pasler describes as a banal scenario, and the score was neglected for some years. Recent analysts have found it a link between traditional continuity and thematic growth within a score and the desire to create discontinuity in a way mirrored in later 20th century music.<a href="#cite_note-jp-117">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[106]</a> In this piece, Debussy abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole-tone">whole-tone</a> scale he had often favoured previously in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Octatonic_scale" title="Octatonic scale">octatonic scale</a> with what the Debussy scholar <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure" title="François Lesure">François Lesure</a> describes as its tonal ambiguities.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header">Pieces from first book of Préludes (1909–1910)</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Girl_with_the_Flaxen_Hair.ogg" title="File:The Girl with the Flaxen Hair.ogg">La fille aux cheveux de lin</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="147" data-mwtitle="The_Girl_with_the_Flaxen_Hair.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/The_Girl_with_the_Flaxen_Hair.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/The_Girl_with_the_Flaxen_Hair.ogg/The_Girl_with_the_Flaxen_Hair.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by Mike Ambrose</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie_-_Claude_Debussy_-_performed_by_Ivan_Ilic.ogg" title="File:La Cathédrale engloutie - Claude Debussy - performed by Ivan Ilic.ogg">La cathédrale engloutie</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="325" data-mwtitle="La_Cathédrale_engloutie_-_Claude_Debussy_-_performed_by_Ivan_Ilic.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/La_Cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie_-_Claude_Debussy_-_performed_by_Ivan_Ilic.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/La_Cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie_-_Claude_Debussy_-_performed_by_Ivan_Ilic.ogg/La_Cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie_-_Claude_Debussy_-_performed_by_Ivan_Ilic.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Performed by Ivan Ilic</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Among the late piano works are two books of <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes</a> (1909–10, 1911–13), short pieces that depict a wide range of subjects. Lesure comments that they range from the frolics of minstrels at Eastbourne in 1905 and the American acrobat "General Lavine" "to dead leaves and the sounds and scents of the evening air".<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/En_blanc_et_noir" title="En blanc et noir">En blanc et noir</a> (In white and black, 1915), a three-movement work for two pianos, is a predominantly sombre piece, reflecting the war and national danger.<a href="#cite_note-120">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)" title="Études (Debussy)">Études</a> (1915) for piano have divided opinion. Writing soon after Debussy's death, Newman found them laboured – "a strange last chapter in a great artist's life";<a href="#cite_note-en-99">[87]</a> Lesure, writing eighty years later, rates them among Debussy's greatest late works: "Behind a pedagogic exterior, these 12 pieces explore abstract intervals, or – in the last five – the sonorities and timbres peculiar to the piano."<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> In 1914 Debussy started work on a planned set of <a href="/wiki/Six_sonatas_for_various_instruments" title="Six sonatas for various instruments">six sonatas for various instruments</a>. His fatal illness prevented him from completing the set, but those <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Debussy)" title="Cello Sonata (Debussy)">for cello and piano</a> (1915), flute, viola and harp (1915), and violin and piano (1917 – his last completed work) are all concise, three-movement pieces, more <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> in nature than some of his other late works.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Le_Martyre_de_saint_S%C3%A9bastien" title="Le Martyre de saint Sébastien">Le Martyre de saint Sébastien</a> (1911), originally a five-act musical play to a text by <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> that took nearly five hours in performance, was not a success, and the music is now more often heard in a concert (or studio) adaptation with narrator, or as an orchestral suite of "Fragments symphoniques". Debussy enlisted the help of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Caplet" title="André Caplet">André Caplet</a> in orchestrating and arranging the score.<a href="#cite_note-121">[108]</a> Two late stage works, the ballets <a href="/wiki/Khamma_(ballet)" title="Khamma (ballet)">Khamma</a> (1912) and <a href="/wiki/La_bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_joujoux" title="La boîte à joujoux">La boîte à joujoux</a> (1913), were left with the orchestration incomplete, and were completed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koechlin" title="Charles Koechlin">Charles Koechlin</a> and Caplet, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debussy_and_Impressionism">Debussy and Impressionism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Debussy and Impressionism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impression-soleil-levant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="painting of a sunrise over a seascape" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Impression-soleil-levant.jpg/220px-Impression-soleil-levant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Impression-soleil-levant.jpg/330px-Impression-soleil-levant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Impression-soleil-levant.jpg/440px-Impression-soleil-levant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Impression,_Sunrise" title="Impression, Sunrise">Impression, soleil levant</a> (1872), from which "Impressionism" takes its name</figcaption></figure> The application of the term "Impressionist" to Debussy and the music he influenced has been much debated, both during his lifetime and since. The analyst <a href="/wiki/Richard_Langham_Smith" title="Richard Langham Smith">Richard Langham Smith</a> writes that Impressionism was originally a term coined to describe a <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">style of late 19th-century French painting</a>, typically scenes suffused with reflected light in which the emphasis is on the overall impression rather than outline or clarity of detail, as in works by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-rls-122">[109]</a> Langham Smith writes that the term became transferred to the compositions of Debussy and others which were "concerned with the representation of landscape or natural phenomena, particularly the water and light imagery dear to Impressionists, through subtle textures suffused with instrumental colour".<a href="#cite_note-rls-122">[109]</a> Among painters, Debussy particularly admired <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>, but also drew inspiration from <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">Whistler</a>. With the latter in mind the composer wrote to the violinist <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Eugène Ysaÿe</a> in 1894 describing the orchestral Nocturnes as "an experiment in the different combinations that can be obtained from one colour – what a study in grey would be in painting."<a href="#cite_note-123">[110]</a> Debussy strongly objected to the use of the word "Impressionism" for his (or anybody else's) music,<a href="#cite_note-125">[n 14]</a> but it has continually been attached to him since the assessors at the Conservatoire first applied it, opprobriously, to his early work Printemps.<a href="#cite_note-126">[112]</a> Langham Smith comments that Debussy wrote many piano pieces with titles evocative of nature – "Reflets dans l'eau" (1905), "Les Sons et les parfums tournent dans l'air du soir" (1910) and "Brouillards" (1913)<a href="#cite_note-127">[n 15]</a> – and suggests that the Impressionist painters' use of brush-strokes and dots is paralleled in the music of Debussy.<a href="#cite_note-rls-122">[109]</a> Although Debussy said that anyone using the term (whether about painting or music) was an imbecile,<a href="#cite_note-128">[113]</a> some Debussy scholars have taken a less absolutist line. Lockspeiser calls La mer "the greatest example of an orchestral Impressionist work",<a href="#cite_note-s109-129">[114]</a> and more recently in The Cambridge Companion to Debussy Nigel Simeone comments, "It does not seem unduly far-fetched to see a parallel in Monet's seascapes".<a href="#cite_note-s109-129">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[n 16]</a> In this context may be placed Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> eulogy to Nature, in a 1911 interview with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Malherbe" title="Henry Malherbe">Henry Malherbe</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have made mysterious Nature my religion ... When I gaze at a sunset sky and spend hours contemplating its marvellous ever-changing beauty, an extraordinary emotion overwhelms me. Nature in all its vastness is truthfully reflected in my sincere though feeble soul. Around me are the trees stretching up their branches to the skies, the perfumed flowers gladdening the meadow, the gentle grass-carpeted earth, ... and my hands unconsciously assume an attitude of adoration.<a href="#cite_note-131">[115]</a></blockquote> In contrast to the "impressionistic" characterisation of Debussy's music, several writers have suggested that he structured at least some of his music on rigorous mathematical lines.<a href="#cite_note-132">[116]</a> In 1983 the pianist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Roy_Howat" title="Roy Howat">Roy Howat</a> published a book contending that certain of Debussy's works are proportioned using mathematical models, even while using an apparent classical structure such as <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a>. Howat suggests that some of Debussy's pieces can be divided into sections that reflect the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">golden ratio</a>, which is approximated by ratios of consecutive numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_sequence" title="Fibonacci sequence">Fibonacci sequence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[117]</a> Simon Trezise, in his 1994 book Debussy: La Mer, finds the intrinsic evidence "remarkable", with the caveat that no written or reported evidence suggests that Debussy deliberately sought such proportions.<a href="#cite_note-134">[118]</a> Lesure takes a similar view, endorsing Howat's conclusions while not taking a view on Debussy's conscious intentions.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_idiom">Musical idiom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Musical idiom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="musical score showing a sequence of 22 different chords, each with 3, 4 or 5 notes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png/220px-Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png/330px-Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png/440px-Debussy%27s_chords_for_Guiraud.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Improvised chord sequences played by Debussy for Guiraud<a href="#cite_note-135">[119]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav/Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav/Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Chords_from_dialogue_with_Ernest_Guiraud.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Chords from dialogue with Ernest Guiraud</figcaption></figure>Debussy wrote "We must agree that the beauty of a work of art will always remain a mystery [...] we can never be absolutely sure 'how it's made.' We must at all costs preserve this magic which is peculiar to music and to which music, by its nature, is of all the arts the most receptive."<a href="#cite_note-n198010-136">[120]</a> Nevertheless, there are many indicators of the sources and elements of Debussy's idiom. Writing in 1958, the critic <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Reti" title="Rudolph Reti">Rudolph Reti</a> summarised six features of Debussy's music, which he asserted "established a new concept of tonality in European music": the frequent use of lengthy <a href="/wiki/Pedal_point" title="Pedal point">pedal points</a> – "not merely bass pedals in the actual sense of the term, but sustained 'pedals' in any voice"; glittering passages and webs of figurations which distract from occasional absence of tonality; frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel chord">parallel chords</a> which are "in essence not harmonies at all, but rather 'chordal melodies', enriched unisons", described by some writers as non-functional harmonies; bitonality, or at least <a href="/wiki/Bitonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitonal">bitonal</a> chords; use of the <a href="/wiki/Whole-tone_scale" title="Whole-tone scale">whole-tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic scales</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Unprepared_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprepared modulation">unprepared modulations</a>, "without any harmonic bridge". Reti concludes that Debussy's achievement was the synthesis of monophonic based "melodic tonality" with harmonies, albeit different from those of "harmonic tonality".<a href="#cite_note-137">[121]</a> In 1889, Debussy held conversations with his former teacher Guiraud, which included exploration of harmonic possibilities at the piano. The discussion, and Debussy's chordal keyboard improvisations, were noted by a younger pupil of Guiraud, Maurice Emmanuel.<a href="#cite_note-Nichols1980-138">[122]</a> The chord sequences played by Debussy include some of the elements identified by Reti. They may also indicate the influence on Debussy of <a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a>'s 1887 <a href="/wiki/Sarabandes_(Satie)" title="Sarabandes (Satie)">Trois Sarabandes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[123]</a> A further improvisation by Debussy during this conversation included a sequence of whole tone harmonies which may have been inspired by the music of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a> which was becoming known in Paris at this time.<a href="#cite_note-140">[124]</a> During the conversation, Debussy told Guiraud, "There is no theory. You have only to listen. Pleasure is the law!" – although he also conceded, "I feel free because I have been through the mill, and I don't write in the <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugal</a> style because I know it."<a href="#cite_note-Nichols1980-138">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical">Musical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Musical">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Chabrier, Moussorgsky, Palestrina, voilà ce que j'aime" – they are what I love. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Debussy in 1893<a href="#cite_note-141">[125]</a></cite> </div> Among French predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Chabrier" title="Emmanuel Chabrier">Chabrier</a> was an important influence on Debussy (as he was on Ravel and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc</a>);<a href="#cite_note-142">[126]</a> Howat has written that Chabrier's piano music such as "Sous-bois" and "Mauresque" in the <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ces_pittoresques" title="Pièces pittoresques">Pièces pittoresques</a> explored new sound-worlds of which Debussy made effective use 30 years later.<a href="#cite_note-143">[127]</a> Lesure finds traces of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a> in some of Debussy's early songs, and remarks that it may have been from the Russians – <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a> – that Debussy acquired his taste for "ancient and oriental modes and for vivid colorations, and a certain disdain for academic rules".<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> Lesure also considers that Mussorgsky's opera <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov_(opera)" title="Boris Godunov (opera)">Boris Godunov</a> directly influenced Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> In the music of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a>, Debussy found what he called "a perfect whiteness", and he felt that although Palestrina's musical forms had a "strict manner", they were more to his taste than the rigid rules prevailing among 19th-century French composers and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-j146-144">[128]</a> He drew inspiration from what he called Palestrina's "harmony created by melody", finding an <a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">arabesque</a>-like quality in the melodic lines.<a href="#cite_note-145">[129]</a> Debussy opined that <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> was "the greatest of them all, for through the piano he discovered everything";<a href="#cite_note-146">[130]</a> he professed his "respectful gratitude" for Chopin's piano music.<a href="#cite_note-w261-147">[131]</a> He was torn between dedicating his own Études to Chopin or to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a>, whom he also admired as a model of form, seeing himself as heir to their mastery of the genre.<a href="#cite_note-w261-147">[131]</a> Howat cautions against the assumption that Debussy's Ballade (1891) and Nocturne (1892) are influenced by Chopin – in Howat's view they owe more to Debussy's early Russian models<a href="#cite_note-148">[132]</a> – but Chopin's influence is found in other early works such as the Two arabesques (1889–1891).<a href="#cite_note-149">[133]</a> In 1914 the publisher <a href="/wiki/Durand_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durand (publisher)">A. Durand & fils</a> began publishing scholarly new editions of the works of major composers, and Debussy undertook the supervision of the editing of Chopin's music.<a href="#cite_note-timeline6-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[n 17]</a> Although Debussy was in no doubt of Wagner's stature, he was only briefly influenced by him in his compositions, after La damoiselle élue and the Cinq poèmes de Baudelaire (both begun in 1887). According to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lou%C3%BFs" title="Pierre Louÿs">Pierre Louÿs</a>, Debussy "did not see 'what anyone can do beyond Tristan'," although he admitted that it was sometimes difficult to avoid "the ghost of old <a href="/wiki/Parsifal#Act_I" title="Parsifal">Klingsor</a>, alias Richard Wagner, appearing at the turning of a bar".<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> After Debussy's short Wagnerian phase, he started to become interested in non-Western music and its unfamiliar approaches to composition.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> The piano piece <a href="/wiki/Golliwogg%27s_Cakewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Golliwogg's Cakewalk">Golliwogg's Cakewalk</a>, from the 1908 suite <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Corner" title="Children's Corner">Children's Corner</a>, contains a parody of music from the introduction to Tristan, in which, in the opinion of the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kramer_(musicologist)" title="Lawrence Kramer (musicologist)">Lawrence Kramer</a>, Debussy escapes the shadow of the older composer and "smilingly relativizes Wagner into insignificance".<a href="#cite_note-152">[135]</a> A contemporary influence was Erik Satie, according to Nichols Debussy's "most faithful friend" amongst French musicians.<a href="#cite_note-153">[136]</a> Debussy's orchestration in 1896 of Satie's <a href="/wiki/Gymnop%C3%A9dies" title="Gymnopédies">Gymnopédies</a> (which had been written in 1887) "put their composer on the map" according to the musicologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a>, and the Sarabande from Debussy's Pour le piano (1901) "shows that [Debussy] knew Satie's <a href="/wiki/Sarabandes_(Satie)" title="Sarabandes (Satie)">Trois Sarabandes</a> at a time when only a personal friend of the composer could have known them." (They were not published until 1911).<a href="#cite_note-154">[137]</a> Debussy's interest in the popular music of his time is evidenced not only by the Golliwogg's Cakewalk and other piano pieces featuring <a href="/wiki/Rag-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Rag-time">rag-time</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Nigar" title="The Little Nigar">The Little Nigar</a> (Debussy's spelling) (1909), but by the slow <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> <a href="/wiki/La_plus_que_lente" title="La plus que lente">La plus que lente</a> (The more than slow), based on the style of the gipsy violinist at a Paris hotel (to whom he gave the manuscript of the piece).<a href="#cite_note-ra-29">[25]</a> In addition to the composers who influenced his own compositions, Debussy held strong views about several others. He was for the most part enthusiastic about <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[138]</a> and Stravinsky, respectful of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and was in awe of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, whom he called the "good God of music" (le Bon Dieu de la musique).<a href="#cite_note-w173-156">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[n 18]</a> His relationship to Beethoven was complex; he was said to refer to him as le vieux sourd ('the old deaf one')<a href="#cite_note-158">[140]</a> and asked one young pupil not to play Beethoven's music for "it is like somebody dancing on my grave;"<a href="#cite_note-159">[141]</a> but he believed that Beethoven had profound things to say, yet did not know how to say them, "because he was imprisoned in a web of incessant restatement and of German aggressiveness."<a href="#cite_note-160">[142]</a> He was not in sympathy with <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, the latter being described as a "facile and elegant notary".<a href="#cite_note-161">[143]</a> With the advent of the First World War, Debussy became ardently patriotic in his musical opinions. Writing to Stravinsky, he asked "How could we not have foreseen that these men were plotting the destruction of our art, just as they had planned the destruction of our country?"<a href="#cite_note-162">[144]</a> In 1915 he complained that "since <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a> we have had no purely French tradition [...] We tolerated overblown orchestras, tortuous forms [...] we were about to give the seal of approval to even more suspect naturalizations when the sound of gunfire put a sudden stop to it all." Taruskin writes that some have seen this as a reference to the composers <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, both born Jewish. In 1912 Debussy had remarked to his publisher of the opera <a href="/wiki/Ariane_et_Barbe-bleue" title="Ariane et Barbe-bleue">Ariane et Barbe-bleue</a> by the (also Jewish) composer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dukas" title="Paul Dukas">Paul Dukas</a>, "You're right, [it] is a masterpiece – but it's not a masterpiece of French music."<a href="#cite_note-163">[145]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> argued in a review of Taruskin's work that Debussy was instead implying "that [Dukas's] opera was too Wagnerian, too German, to fit his ideal of French style", citing Georges Liébert, one of the editors of Debussy's collected correspondence, as an authority, saying that Debussy was not antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-164">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary">Literary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="19th century watercolour of the Dickens character Samuel Pickwick: a short, portly bald man of mature years, wineglass in hand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg/170px-Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg/255px-Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg/340px-Pickwick_by_Kyd_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_S._Pickwick_Esq._P.P.M.P.C." title="Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.">S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.</a></figcaption></figure>Despite his lack of formal schooling, Debussy read widely and found inspiration in literature. Lesure writes, "The development of <a href="/wiki/Free_verse" title="Free verse">free verse</a> in poetry and the disappearance of the subject or model in painting influenced him to think about issues of musical form."<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> Debussy was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolist</a> poets. These writers, who included Verlaine, Mallarmé, Maeterlinck and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a>, reacted against the realism, naturalism, objectivity and formal conservatism that prevailed in the 1870s. They favoured poetry using suggestion rather than direct statement; the literary scholar Chris Baldrick writes that they evoked "subjective moods through the use of private symbols, while avoiding the description of external reality or the expression of opinion".<a href="#cite_note-165">[147]</a> Debussy was much in sympathy with the Symbolists' desire to bring poetry closer to music, became friendly with several leading exponents, and set many Symbolist works throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-166">[148]</a> Debussy's literary inspirations were mostly French, but he did not overlook foreign writers. As well as Maeterlinck for Pelléas et Mélisande, he drew on <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a> for two of his Préludes for piano – La Danse de Puck (Book 1, 1910) and <a href="/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_S._Pickwick_Esq._P.P.M.P.C." title="Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.">Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.</a> (Book 2, 1913). He set <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Blessed_Damozel" title="The Blessed Damozel">The Blessed Damozel</a> in his early cantata, La Damoiselle élue (1888). He wrote incidental music for <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a> and planned an opera based on <a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a>, but abandoned that once he turned his attention to setting Maeterlinck's play. In 1890 he began work on an orchestral piece inspired by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_House_of_Usher" title="The Fall of the House of Usher">The Fall of the House of Usher</a> and later sketched the libretto for an opera, <a href="/wiki/La_chute_de_la_maison_Usher_(opera)" title="La chute de la maison Usher (opera)">La chute de la maison Usher</a>. Another project inspired by Poe – an operatic version of <a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_the_Belfry" title="The Devil in the Belfry">The Devil in the Belfry</a> did not progress beyond sketches.<a href="#cite_note-167">[149]</a> French writers whose words he set include <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bourget" title="Paul Bourget">Paul Bourget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_de_Banville" title="Théodore de Banville">Théodore de Banville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leconte_de_Lisle" title="Leconte de Lisle">Leconte de Lisle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">François Villon</a>, and Mallarmé – the last of whom also provided Debussy with the inspiration for one of his most popular orchestral pieces, Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_later_composers">Influence on later composers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence on later composers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="two white men, one bearded, middle-aged, standing, one younger, seated, in a book-lined room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG/220px-Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG/330px-Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG/440px-Debussy_Stravinsky_1910.PNG 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Debussy with Igor Stravinsky: photograph by Erik Satie, June 1910, taken at Debussy's home in the Avenue du Bois de Boulogne</figcaption></figure>Debussy is widely regarded as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-odm-168">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)" title="Roger Nichols (musical scholar)">Roger Nichols</a> writes that "if one omits Schoenberg [...] a list of 20th-century composers influenced by Debussy is practically a list of 20th-century composers <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tout_court" class="extiw" title="wikt:tout court">tout court</a>."<a href="#cite_note-n198010-136">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a> first encountered Debussy's music in 1907 and later said that "Debussy's great service to music was to reawaken among all musicians an awareness of harmony and its possibilities".<a href="#cite_note-171">[153]</a> Not only Debussy's use of whole-tone scales, but also his style of word-setting in Pelléas et Mélisande, were the subject of study by <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a> while he was writing his 1921 opera <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1%C5%A5a_Kabanov%C3%A1" title="Káťa Kabanová">Káťa Kabanová</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> was more ambivalent about Debussy's music (he thought Pelléas "a terrible bore ... in spite of many wonderful pages")<a href="#cite_note-173">[155]</a> but the two composers knew each other and Stravinsky's <a href="/wiki/Symphonies_of_Wind_Instruments" title="Symphonies of Wind Instruments">Symphonies of Wind Instruments</a> (1920) was written as a memorial for Debussy.<a href="#cite_note-174">[156]</a> In the aftermath of the First World War, the young French composers of <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a> reacted against what they saw as the poetic, mystical quality of Debussy's music in favour of something more hard-edged. Their sympathiser and self-appointed spokesman <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> wrote in 1918: "Enough of nuages, waves, aquariums, ondines and nocturnal perfumes," pointedly alluding to the titles of pieces by Debussy.<a href="#cite_note-175">[157]</a> Later generations of French composers had a much more positive relationship with his music. <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Messiaen</a> was given a score of Pelléas et Mélisande as a boy and said that it was "a revelation, love at first sight" and "probably the most decisive influence I have been subject to".<a href="#cite_note-176">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a> also discovered Debussy's music at a young age and said that it gave him his first sense of what modernity in music could mean.<a href="#cite_note-177">[159]</a> Among contemporary composers <a href="/wiki/George_Benjamin_(composer)" title="George Benjamin (composer)">George Benjamin</a> has described Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune as "the definition of perfection";<a href="#cite_note-178">[160]</a> he has conducted Pelléas et Mélisande<a href="#cite_note-179">[161]</a> and the critic Rupert Christiansen detects the influence of the work in Benjamin's opera <a href="/wiki/Written_on_Skin" title="Written on Skin">Written on Skin</a> (2012).<a href="#cite_note-180">[162]</a> Others have made orchestrations of some of the piano and vocal works, including <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>'s version of four of the Baudelaire songs (Le Livre de Baudelaire, 1994), <a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Robin Holloway</a>'s of En blanc et noir (2002), and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthews" title="Colin Matthews">Colin Matthews</a>'s of both books of Préludes (2001–2006).<a href="#cite_note-181">[163]</a> The pianist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hough" title="Stephen Hough">Stephen Hough</a> believes that Debussy's influence also extends to jazz and suggests that <a href="/wiki/Reflets_dans_l%27eau" title="Reflets dans l'eau">Reflets dans l'eau</a> can be heard in the harmonies of <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[n 19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recordings">Recordings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recordings">edit</a>]</div> In 1904, Debussy played the piano accompaniment for Mary Garden in recordings for the Compagnie française du Gramophone of four of his songs: three mélodies from the Verlaine cycle Ariettes oubliées – "Il pleure dans mon coeur", "L'ombre des arbres" and "Green" – and "Mes longs cheveux", from Act III of Pelléas et Mélisande.<a href="#cite_note-185">[166]</a> He made a set of <a href="/wiki/Piano_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano rolls">piano rolls</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Welte-Mignon" title="Welte-Mignon">Welte-Mignon</a> company in 1913. They contain fourteen of his pieces: "D'un cahier d'esquisses", "La plus que lente", "La soirée dans Grenade", all six movements of Children's Corner, and five of the Preludes: "Danseuses de Delphes", "Le vent dans la plaine", "La cathédrale engloutie", "La danse de Puck" and "Minstrels". The 1904 and 1913 sets have been transferred to compact disc.<a href="#cite_note-186">[167]</a> Contemporaries of Debussy who made recordings of his music included the pianists <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vi%C3%B1es" title="Ricardo Viñes">Ricardo Viñes</a> (in "Poissons d'or" from Images and "La soirée dans Grenade" from Estampes); <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Cortot" title="Alfred Cortot">Alfred Cortot</a> (numerous solo pieces as well as the Violin Sonata with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Thibaud" title="Jacques Thibaud">Jacques Thibaud</a> and the Chansons de Bilitis with <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Teyte" title="Maggie Teyte">Maggie Teyte</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Long" title="Marguerite Long">Marguerite Long</a> ("Jardins sous la pluie" and "Arabesques"). Singers in Debussy's mélodies or excerpts from Pelléas et Mélisande included <a href="/wiki/Jane_Bathori" title="Jane Bathori">Jane Bathori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Croiza" title="Claire Croiza">Claire Croiza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Panz%C3%A9ra" title="Charles Panzéra">Charles Panzéra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninon_Vallin" title="Ninon Vallin">Ninon Vallin</a>; and among the conductors in the major orchestral works were <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet" title="Ernest Ansermet">Ernest Ansermet</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-%C3%89mile_Inghelbrecht" title="Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht">Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Monteux" title="Pierre Monteux">Pierre Monteux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Toscanini" title="Arturo Toscanini">Arturo Toscanini</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Petite_Suite_(Debussy)" title="Petite Suite (Debussy)">Petite Suite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%BCsser" title="Henri Büsser">Henri Büsser</a>, who had prepared the orchestration for Debussy. Many of these early recordings have been reissued on CD.<a href="#cite_note-187">[168]</a> In more recent times Debussy's output has been extensively recorded. In 2018, to mark the centenary of the composer's death, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Classics" title="Warner Classics">Warner Classics</a>, with contributions from other companies, issued a 33-CD set that is claimed to include all the music Debussy wrote.<a href="#cite_note-188">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Debussy was addressed by various permutations of his names during the course of his life. His name was officially registered at the <a href="/wiki/Mairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairie">mairie</a> on the day of his birth as "Achille Claude".<a href="#cite_note-lc-1">[1]</a> Many authorities hyphenate "Achille-Claude".<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> As a little boy he was addressed as "Claude"; his baptismal certificate (he was not baptised until July 1864) is in the name of "Claude-Achille";<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> as a youth he was known as "Achille"; at the beginning of his career he sought to make his name more impressive by calling himself "Claude-Achille" (and sometimes rendering his surname as "de Bussy").<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He signed himself as "Claude-Achille" between December 1889 and 4 June 1892, after which he permanently adopted the shorter "Claude".<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Debussy's birthplace is now a museum dedicated to him. In addition to displays depicting his life and work, the building contains a small auditorium in which an annual season of concerts is given.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Biographers of Debussy, including Edward Lockspeiser, Stephen Walsh and Eric Frederick Jensen, comment that although Antoinette Mauté de Fleurville was a woman of some affectations, with the assumed manner of a grande dame, she was a fine teacher. She claimed to have studied with <a href="/wiki/Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopin">Chopin</a>, and although many of Debussy's biographers have been sceptical about this, her artistic prowess was vouched for not only by Debussy, but by her son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> That is, fourth prize, after the premier accessit, the runner-up (second prix) and the winner (premier prix).<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> In September 1880 von Meck sent the manuscript of Debussy's Danse bohémienne for Tchaikovsky's perusal; a month later Tchaikovsky wrote back, mildly complimenting the work but remarking on its slightness and brevity. Debussy did not publish it, and the manuscript remained in the von Meck family and was not published until 1932.<a href="#cite_note-ra-29">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The director of the Conservatoire, <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Thomas" title="Ambroise Thomas">Ambroise Thomas</a>, was a deeply conservative musician, as were most of his faculty. It was not until <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Gabriel Fauré</a> became director in 1905 that modern music such as Debussy's or even Wagner's was accepted within the Conservatoire.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Debussy's regard for Rimsky-Korsakov's music was not reciprocated. After hearing Estampes a decade later, Rimsky wrote in his diary, "Poor and skimpy to the nth degree; there is no technique; even less imagination. The impudent decadent – he ignores all music that has gone before him, and ... thinks he has discovered America."<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Other members were the composers <a href="/wiki/Florent_Schmitt" title="Florent Schmitt">Florent Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Delage" title="Maurice Delage">Maurice Delage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ladmirault" title="Paul Ladmirault">Paul Ladmirault</a>, the poets <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on-Paul_Fargue" title="Léon-Paul Fargue">Léon-Paul Fargue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Klingsor" title="Tristan Klingsor">Tristan Klingsor</a>, the painter <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sordes" title="Paul Sordes">Paul Sordes</a> and the critic <a href="/wiki/Michel-Dimitri_Calvocoressi" title="Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi">Michel Calvocoressi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Saint-Saëns, Franck, Massenet, Fauré and Ravel were all known as teachers,<a href="#cite_note-Prod'homme-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[56]</a> and Fauré, Messager and Dukas were regular music critics for Parisian journals.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mary Garden was Messager's mistress at the time, but as far as is known she was chosen for wholly musical and dramatic reasons. She is described in the <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a> as "a supreme singing-actress, with uncommonly vivid powers of characterization ... and a rare subtlety of colour and phrasing."<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> A fictionalised and melodramatic dramatisation of the affair, La femme nue, played in Paris in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> A myth grew up that Lilly Debussy shot herself in the Place de la Concorde, rather than at home. That version of events is not corroborated by Debussy scholars such as Marcel Dietschy, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)" title="Roger Nichols (musical scholar)">Roger Nichols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Orledge" title="Robert Orledge">Robert Orledge</a> and Nigel Simeone;<a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> and no mention of the Place de la Concorde appeared in even the most sensational press coverage at the time.<a href="#cite_note-j85-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> Another inaccurate report of the case, in <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> in early January 1905, stated that Lilly had made a second attempt at suicide.<a href="#cite_note-j85-78">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Lalo objected to what he felt was the artificiality of the piece: "a reproduction of nature; a wonderfully refined, ingenious and carefully composed reproduction, but a reproduction none the less".<a href="#cite_note-lalo-85">[74]</a> Another Parisian critic, Louis Schneider, wrote, "The audience seemed rather disappointed: they expected the ocean, something big, something colossal, but they were served instead with some agitated water in a saucer."<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> He described the symphonies of Schumann and Mendelssohn as "respectful repetition"<a href="#cite_note-d49-114">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> In a letter of 1908 he wrote: "I am trying to do 'something different' – an effect of reality ... what the imbeciles call 'impressionism', a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by the critics, since they do not hesitate to apply it to [J.M.W.] <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>, the finest creator of mysterious effects in all the world of art."<a href="#cite_note-124">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Respectively, Reflections in the Water, Sounds and Perfumes Swirl in the Evening Air, and Mists.<a href="#cite_note-rls-122">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roy_Howat" title="Roy Howat">Roy Howat</a> writes that Debussy, like Fauré "often juxtaposes the same basic material in different modes or with a strategically shifted bass" which, Howat suggests, is "arguably his most literal approach to true Impressionist technique, the equivalent of Monet's fixed object (be it cathedral or haystack) illuminated from different angles".<a href="#cite_note-grove-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Debussy examined some existing editions, and chose to base his on that of <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Friedman" title="Ignaz Friedman">Ignaz Friedman</a>. He wrote to Durand: "In Friedmann's [sic] preface (Breitkopf Edition, which is quite superior to the Peters), Chopin's influence on Wagner is indicated for the first time".<a href="#cite_note-150">[134]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> He remarked to a colleague that if Wagner, Mozart and Beethoven could come to his door and ask him to play Pelléas to them, he would gladly do so, but if it were Bach, he would be too in awe to dare.<a href="#cite_note-w173-156">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a>, other jazz musicians influenced by Debussy include <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McCoy_Tyner" title="McCoy Tyner">McCoy Tyner</a>, according to an article in Jazz Education in Research and Practice.<a href="#cite_note-183">[165]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lc-1"><a href="#cite_ref-lc_1-0">^</a> Lesure and Cain, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_2-23">x</a> Lesure & Howat, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Lesure, p. 4; Fulcher, p. 101; Lockspeiser, p. 235; and Nichols (1998), p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Lesure, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Lockspeiser, p. 6; Jensen, p. 4; and Lesure, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_6-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debussy.fr/encd/bio/bio2_83-87.php">"Prix de Rome"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016090958/http://www.debussy.fr/encd/bio/bio2_83-87.php">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Centre de documentation Claude Debussy, Bibliothèque nationale de France, retrieved 16 March 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Lockspeiser, p. 6; and Trezise (2003), p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/506/maison-natale-claude-debussy.htm">Maison Natale Claude-Debussy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614165926/https://www.saintgermainenlaye.fr/506/maison-natale-claude-debussy.htm">Archived</a> 14 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Saint Germain en Laye municipal website, retrieved 12 June 2018 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Jensen, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-fy-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fy_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fy_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fy_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fy_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fy_12-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debussy.fr/encd/bio/bio1_62-82.php">"Formative Years"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926042121/http://www.debussy.fr/encd/bio/bio1_62-82.php">Archived</a> 26 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Centre de documentation Claude Debussy, Bibliothèque nationale de France, retrieved 18 April 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Lockspeiser, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Jensen, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Lockspeiser, pp. 20–21; Walsh (2003), Chapter 1; and Jensen, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Lockspeiser, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Prod'homme-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prod'homme_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prod'homme_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prod'homme_18-2">c</a> Prod'homme, J. 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Château-Gontier: Éditions Aedam Musicae. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-919046-34-8"><bdi>978-2-919046-34-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entretiens+de+Pierre+Boulez%2C+1983%E2%80%932013%2C+recueillis+par+Bruno+Serrou+%28in+French%29&rft.place=Ch%C3%A2teau-Gontier&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Aedam+Musicae&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-919046-34-8&rft.aulast=Boulez&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHiAPGOM7_EC">Debussy Redux: The Impact of his Music on Popular Culture</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35716-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35716-8"><bdi>978-0-253-35716-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+Redux%3A+The+Impact+of+his+Music+on+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35716-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHiAPGOM7_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1998" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Mervyn (1998). "The East in the West: Evocations of the Gamelan in Western Music". In Bellman, Jonathan (ed.). The Exotic in Western Music. Boston: Northeastern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-319-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55553-319-9"><bdi>978-1-55553-319-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+East+in+the+West%3A+Evocations+of+the+Gamelan+in+Western+Music&rft.btitle=The+Exotic+in+Western+Music&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Northeastern+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55553-319-9&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Mervyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1974" class="citation book cs1">Cox, David (1974). Debussy Orchestral Music. London: BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-12678-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-12678-2"><bdi>978-0-563-12678-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+Orchestral+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-563-12678-2&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebussy1962" class="citation book cs1">Debussy, Claude (1962) [1927]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/threeclassicsina00debu#page/n7/mode/2up">Monsieur Croche the Dilettante Hater</a>. New York: Dover. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/613848806">613848806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monsieur+Croche+the+Dilettante+Hater&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F613848806&rft.aulast=Debussy&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthreeclassicsina00debu%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebussy1987" class="citation book cs1">Debussy, Claude (1987). Lesure, François; Nichols, Roger (eds.). Debussy Letters. Translated by Nichols, Roger. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-19429-8"><bdi>978-0-674-19429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+Letters&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-674-19429-8&rft.aulast=Debussy&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVoto2003" class="citation book cs1">DeVoto, Mark (2003). "The Debussy sound: colour, texture, gesture". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Debussy+sound%3A+colour%2C+texture%2C+gesture&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=DeVoto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVoto2004" class="citation book cs1">DeVoto, Mark (2004). Debussy and the Veil of Tonality. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-090-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57647-090-9"><bdi>978-1-57647-090-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+and+the+Veil+of+Tonality&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57647-090-9&rft.aulast=DeVoto&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDietschy1990" class="citation book cs1">Dietschy, Marcel (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofclaude00diet">A Portrait of Claude Debussy</a>. Translated by Ashbrook, William; Cobb, Margaret. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-315469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portrait+of+Claude+Debussy&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-315469-8&rft.aulast=Dietschy&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofclaude00diet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellon2003" class="citation book cs1">Donnellon, Déirdre (2003). "Debussy as musician and critic". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy+as+musician+and+critic&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=Donnellon&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A9irdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumesnil1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dumesnil" title="Maurice Dumesnil">Dumesnil, Maurice</a> (1979) [1940]. Claude Debussy, Master of Dreams. Westport: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-20775-4"><bdi>978-0-313-20775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy%2C+Master+of+Dreams&rft.place=Westport&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-313-20775-4&rft.aulast=Dumesnil&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2009" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Allan (2009). Ignaz Friedman: Romantic Master Pianist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25-335310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25-335310-8"><bdi>978-0-25-335310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ignaz+Friedman%3A+Romantic+Master+Pianist&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-25-335310-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulcher2001" class="citation book cs1">Fulcher, Jane (2001). Debussy and his World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3195-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3195-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-3195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+and+his+World&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3195-1&rft.aulast=Fulcher&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardenBiancolli1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Garden" title="Mary Garden">Garden, Mary</a>; Biancolli, Louis Leopold (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marygardensstory00gard">Mary Garden's Story</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001487250">1001487250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Garden%27s+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001487250&rft.aulast=Garden&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Biancolli%2C+Louis+Leopold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarygardensstory00gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorlinski2009" class="citation book cs1">Gorlinski, Gini, ed. (2009). The 100 Most Influential Musicians of All Time. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-006-8"><bdi>978-1-61530-006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Musicians+of+All+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-006-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalford2006" class="citation book cs1">Halford, Margery (2006). Debussy: An Introduction to his Piano Music. Van Nuys: Alfred. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-3876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7390-3876-5"><bdi>978-0-7390-3876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%3A+An+Introduction+to+his+Piano+Music&rft.place=Van+Nuys&rft.pub=Alfred&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7390-3876-5&rft.aulast=Halford&rft.aufirst=Margery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hartmann" title="Arthur Hartmann">Hartmann, Arthur</a> (2003). Claude Debussy as I knew him. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-104-7"><bdi>978-1-58046-104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy+as+I+knew+him&rft.place=Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-104-7&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Holloway" title="Robin Holloway">Holloway, Robin</a> (1979). Debussy and Wagner. London: Eulenburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903873-25-3"><bdi>978-0-903873-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+and+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eulenburg&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-903873-25-3&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2010" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Paul (2010). Debussy. London and New York: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-433-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-433-3"><bdi>978-0-85712-433-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-85712-433-3&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowat1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Howat" title="Roy Howat">Howat, Roy</a> (1983). Debussy in Proportion: A Musical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31145-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31145-8"><bdi>978-0-521-31145-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+in+Proportion%3A+A+Musical+Analysis&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31145-8&rft.aulast=Howat&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowat2011" class="citation book cs1">Howat, Roy (2011). "Russian imprints in Debussy's piano music". In Antokoletz, Elliott; Wheeldon, Marianne (eds.). Rethinking Debussy. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+imprints+in+Debussy%27s+piano+music&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Debussy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975563-9&rft.aulast=Howat&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2014" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Eric Frederick (2014). Debussy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973005-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973005-6&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Eric+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Johnson_(musician)" title="Graham Johnson (musician)">Johnson, Graham</a> (2002). A French Song Companion. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973005-6"><bdi>978-0-19-973005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+French+Song+Companion&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973005-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1979" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. Barrie (1979). Debussy. Milton Keynes: Open University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-05451-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-05451-0"><bdi>978-0-335-05451-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy&rft.place=Milton+Keynes&rft.pub=Open+University&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-335-05451-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+Barrie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesure2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure" title="François Lesure">Lesure, François</a> (2019) [translation of 2003 French ed.]. Claude Debussy: A Critical Biography. Translated by Rolf, Marie. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-580-46903-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-580-46903-6"><bdi>978-1-580-46903-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy%3A+A+Critical+Biography&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-580-46903-6&rft.aulast=Lesure&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesureHowat2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lesure, François; Howat, Roy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.07353">"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy%2C+%28Achille-%29Claude&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Lesure&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Howat%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.07353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesureCain1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lesure, François; <a href="/wiki/Julien_Cain" title="Julien Cain">Cain, Julien</a> (1962). Claude Debussy, 1862–1918: Exposition organisée pour commémorer le centenaire de sa naissance (in French). Bordeaux: Ville de Bordeaux. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557859304">557859304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy%2C+1862%E2%80%931918%3A+Exposition+organis%C3%A9e+pour+comm%C3%A9morer+le+centenaire+de+sa+naissance&rft.place=Bordeaux&rft.pub=Ville+de+Bordeaux&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F557859304&rft.aulast=Lesure&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Cain%2C+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockspeiser1978" class="citation book cs1">Lockspeiser, Edward (1978) [1962]. Debussy: His Life and Mind (Second ed.). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22054-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22054-5"><bdi>978-0-521-22054-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%3A+His+Life+and+Mind&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22054-5&rft.aulast=Lockspeiser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuliffe2014" class="citation book cs1">McAuliffe, Mary (2014). Twilight of the Belle Epoque. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2163-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-2163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Belle+Epoque&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MA&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2163-5&rft.aulast=McAuliffe&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellers1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Mellers" title="Wilfrid Mellers">Mellers, Wilfrid</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manhismusic0000harm">Romanticism and the Twentieth Century</a>. London: Barrie & Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-2050-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-2050-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-2050-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanticism+and+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-2050-5&rft.aulast=Mellers&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanhismusic0000harm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore_Whiting1999" class="citation book cs1">Moore Whiting, Stephen (1999). Satie the Bohemian: From Cabaret to Concert Hall. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-816458-6"><bdi>978-0-19-816458-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satie+the+Bohemian%3A+From+Cabaret+to+Concert+Hall&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-816458-6&rft.aulast=Moore+Whiting&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreux1953" class="citation book cs1">Moreux, Serge (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belabartok0000more">Béla Bartók</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/G._S._Fraser" class="mw-redirect" title="G. S. Fraser">Fraser, G. 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Gabriel Fauré: A Musical Life. <a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)" title="Roger Nichols (musical scholar)">Roger Nichols</a> (trans). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-123524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-123524-2"><bdi>978-0-52-123524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Faur%C3%A9%3A+A+Musical+Life&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-52-123524-2&rft.aulast=Nectoux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)" title="Roger Nichols (musical scholar)">Nichols, Roger</a> (1980). "Debussy, (Achille-)Claude". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy%2C+%28Achille-%29Claude&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)" title="Roger Nichols (musical scholar)">Nichols, Roger</a> (1992). Debussy Remembered. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-15357-2"><bdi>978-0-571-15357-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy+Remembered&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-571-15357-2&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1998" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Roger (1998). The Life of Debussy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57887-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57887-5"><bdi>978-0-521-57887-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57887-5&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2011" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Roger (2011) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mauriceravel00roge">Ravel</a>. New Haven, CN and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10882-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10882-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravel&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CN+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10882-8&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmauriceravel00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arbie_Orenstein" title="Arbie Orenstein">Orenstein, Arbie</a> (1991) [1975]. Ravel: Man and Musician. Mineola, US: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26633-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26633-6"><bdi>978-0-486-26633-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ravel%3A+Man+and+Musician&rft.place=Mineola%2C+US&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26633-6&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Arbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrledge2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Orledge" title="Robert Orledge">Orledge, Robert</a> (2003). "Debussy the Man". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy+the+Man&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=Orledge&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parris" title="Matthew Parris">Parris, Matthew</a> (2008). Scorn. London: Little. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904435-98-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904435-98-3"><bdi>978-1-904435-98-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorn&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904435-98-3&rft.aulast=Parris&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1999" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Keith (1999). Four Musical Minimalists. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48250-9"><bdi>978-0-521-48250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Musical+Minimalists&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48250-9&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulenc1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Poulenc" title="Francis Poulenc">Poulenc, Francis</a> (1978). Audel, Stéphane (ed.). My Friends and Myself. Translated by Harding, James. London: Dennis Dobson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-234-77251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-234-77251-5"><bdi>978-0-234-77251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Friends+and+Myself&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dennis+Dobson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-234-77251-5&rft.aulast=Poulenc&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReti1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Reti" title="Rudolph Reti">Reti, Rudolph</a> (1958). Tonality–Atonality–Pantonality: A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music. London: Rockliffe. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470370109">470370109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonality%E2%80%93Atonality%E2%80%93Pantonality%3A+A+Study+of+Some+Trends+in+Twentieth+Century+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rockliffe&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470370109&rft.aulast=Reti&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf2011" class="citation book cs1">Rolf, Marie (2011). "Debussy's Rites of Spring". In Antokoletz, Elliott; Wheeldon, Marianne (eds.). Rethinking Debussy. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy%27s+Rites+of+Spring&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Debussy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975563-9&rft.aulast=Rolf&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (2012). Freedom and the Arts. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04752-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04752-5"><bdi>978-0-674-04752-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+the+Arts&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04752-5&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise" title="The Rest Is Noise">The Rest Is Noise</a>. London: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6"><bdi>978-1-84115-475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-475-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackville-WestShawe-Taylor1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sackville-West" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Sackville-West">Sackville-West, Edward</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Shawe-Taylor_(music_critic)" title="Desmond Shawe-Taylor (music critic)">Shawe-Taylor, Desmond</a> (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500373060">500373060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Record+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500373060&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Shawe-Taylor%2C+Desmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel1976" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Claude (1976). Conversations with Olivier Messiaen. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Aprahamian" title="Felix Aprahamian">Aprahamian, Felix</a>. London: Stainer and Bell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85249-308-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85249-308-3"><bdi>978-0-85249-308-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversations+with+Olivier+Messiaen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stainer+and+Bell&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85249-308-3&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Robert_Schmitz" title="E. Robert Schmitz">Schmitz, E. Robert</a> (1966) [1950]. The Piano Works of Claude Debussy. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17275-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-17275-0"><bdi>978-0-486-17275-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano+Works+of+Claude+Debussy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-486-17275-0&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=E.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Schonberg, Harold C.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpianists00scho">The Great Pianists</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64200-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64200-6"><bdi>978-0-671-64200-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Pianists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-671-64200-6&rft.aulast=Schonberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpianists00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiepmann1998" class="citation book cs1">Siepmann, Jeremy (1998). The Piano. Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-9976-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-9976-9"><bdi>978-0-7935-9976-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piano&rft.place=Wisconsin&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corp.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7935-9976-9&rft.aulast=Siepmann&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeone2000" class="citation book cs1">Simeone, Nigel (2000). Paris – A Musical Gazetteer. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08053-7"><bdi>978-0-300-08053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+%E2%80%93+A+Musical+Gazetteer&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08053-7&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeone2007" class="citation book cs1">Simeone, Nigel (2007). "Debussy and Expression". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65243-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65243-8"><bdi>978-0-521-65243-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy+and+Expression&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65243-8&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimeone2008" class="citation book cs1">Simeone, Nigel (2008). "France and the Mediterranean". In Cooke, Mervyn (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78009-4"><bdi>978-0-521-78009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Twentieth-Century+Opera&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78009-4&rft.aulast=Simeone&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (1996). Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29348-9"><bdi>978-0-520-29348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stravinsky+and+the+Russian+Traditions&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29348-9&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2010" class="citation book cs1">Taruskin, Richard (2010). Music in the Early Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538484-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538484-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538484-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538484-0&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1940" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Oscar (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/debussymanartist0000thom">Debussy, Man and Artist</a>. New York: Tudor Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/636471036">636471036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%2C+Man+and+Artist&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tudor+Publishing&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F636471036&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdebussymanartist0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimbrell2003" class="citation book cs1">Timbrell, Charles (2003). "Debussy in Performance". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Debussy+in+Performance&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=Timbrell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrezise1994" class="citation book cs1">Trezise, Simon (1994). Debussy: La mer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44656-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44656-3"><bdi>978-0-521-44656-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%3A+La+mer&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44656-3&rft.aulast=Trezise&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrezise2003" class="citation book cs1">Trezise, Simon (2003). "Introduction & Debussy's 'rhythmicised time'". In Trezise, Simon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00trez_0">The Cambridge Companion to Debussy</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65478-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65478-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+%26+Debussy%27s+%27rhythmicised+time%27&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Debussy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65478-4&rft.aulast=Trezise&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00trez_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallas1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Vallas" title="Léon Vallas">Vallas, Léon</a> (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claudedebussyhis0000vall">Claude Debussy: His Life and Works</a>. Translated by O'Brien, Maire; O'Brien, Grace. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458329645">458329645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy%3A+His+Life+and+Works&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458329645&rft.aulast=Vallas&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaudedebussyhis0000vall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1997" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Stephen (1997). "Claude Debussy". In Holden, Amanda (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operaguidepengui00nich">The Penguin Opera Guide</a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051385-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051385-1"><bdi>978-0-14-051385-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Claude+Debussy&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Opera+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051385-1&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperaguidepengui00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2018" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Stephen (2018). Debussy: A Painter in Sound. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-33016-4"><bdi>978-0-571-33016-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%3A+A+Painter+in+Sound&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-571-33016-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (2001). Whistler: A Biography. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80971-2"><bdi>978-0-306-80971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80971-2&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenk1976" class="citation book cs1">Wenk, Arthur (1976). Claude Debussy and the Poets. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02827-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02827-2"><bdi>978-0-520-02827-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claude+Debussy+and+the+Poets&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02827-2&rft.aulast=Wenk&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeldon2009" class="citation book cs1">Wheeldon, Marianne (2009). Debussy's Late Style. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35239-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%27s+Late+Style&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35239-2&rft.aulast=Wheeldon&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeldon2011" class="citation book cs1">Wheeldon, Marianne (2011). "Tombeau de Claude Debussy". In Antokoletz, Elliott; Wheeldon, Marianne (eds.). Rethinking Debussy. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975563-9"><bdi>978-0-19-975563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tombeau+de+Claude+Debussy&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Debussy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975563-9&rft.aulast=Wheeldon&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeldon2017" class="citation book cs1">Wheeldon, Marianne (2017). Debussy's Legacy and the Construction of Reputation. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063122-2"><bdi>978-0-19-063122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%27s+Legacy+and+the+Construction+of+Reputation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063122-2&rft.aulast=Wheeldon&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Debussy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Debussy,_Claude" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Debussy, Claude">Free scores by Claude Debussy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Claude_Debussy" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Claude Debussy">Free scores by Claude Debussy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/debussy">"Discovering Debussy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Debussy&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fdebussy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClaude+Debussy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seine-saintgermain.fr/fr/fiche/797419/un-musee-a-la-gloire-du-celebre-compositeur-claude-debussy/">Website of Debussy museum, St. Germain-en-Laye</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Claude Debussy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Claude_Debussy" title="List of compositions by Claude Debussy">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigue_et_Chim%C3%A8ne" title="Rodrigue et Chimène">Rodrigue et Chimène</a> (1890–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1893–1902) <a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_discography" title="Pelléas et Mélisande discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/12px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/18px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/24px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_diable_dans_le_beffroi" title="Le diable dans le beffroi">Le diable dans le beffroi</a> (1902–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_chute_de_la_maison_Usher_(opera)" title="La chute de la maison Usher (opera)">La chute de la maison Usher</a> (1908–1917)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Ballet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamma_(ballet)" title="Khamma (ballet)">Khamma</a> (1911–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux" title="Jeux">Jeux</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_joujoux" title="La boîte à joujoux">La boîte à joujoux</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Orchestral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a> (1903–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre" title="Images pour orchestre">Images</a> (1905–1912)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="With_a_soloist" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With a soloist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27enfant_prodigue" title="L'enfant prodigue">L'enfant prodigue</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantaisie_for_piano_and_orchestra_(Debussy)" title="Fantaisie for piano and orchestra (Debussy)">Fantaisie for piano and orchestra</a> (1889–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_rhapsodie" title="Première rhapsodie">Première rhapsodie</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsodie_for_saxophone_and_orchestra" title="Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra">Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra</a> (1901-1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Chamber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Debussy)" title="Piano Trio (Debussy)">Piano Trio</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)" title="String Quartet (Debussy)">String Quartet</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_for_Harp_and_String_Orchestra" title="Dances for Harp and String Orchestra">Dances for Harp and String Orchestra</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrinx_(Debussy)" title="Syrinx (Debussy)">Syrinx for flute</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_sonatas_for_various_instruments" title="Six sonatas for various instruments">Six sonatas for various instruments</a> (1915–1917): <a href="/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Debussy)" title="Cello Sonata (Debussy)">Cello Sonata</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Piano</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Solo" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Arabesques" title="Two Arabesques">Two Arabesques</a> (1888, 1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valse_romantique" title="Valse romantique">Valse romantique</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_bergamasque" title="Suite bergamasque">Suite bergamasque</a> (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_piano" title="Pour le piano">Pour le piano</a> suite (1894–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estampes" title="Estampes">Estampes</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masques_(Debussy)" title="Masques (Debussy)">Masques</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27isle_joyeuse" title="L'isle joyeuse">L'isle joyeuse</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Images_(composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Images (composition)">Images</a>, Set 1 (1905) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reflets_dans_l%27eau" title="Reflets dans l'eau">Reflets dans l'eau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Corner" title="Children's Corner">Children's Corner</a> (1906–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Nigar" title="The Little Nigar">The Little Nigar</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes</a>, Book 1 (1909–1910) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voiles" title="Voiles">Voiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_pas_sur_la_neige" title="Des pas sur la neige">Des pas sur la neige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ce_qu%27a_vu_le_vent_d%27ouest" title="Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest">Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_fille_aux_cheveux_de_lin" title="La fille aux cheveux de lin">La fille aux cheveux de lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_s%C3%A9r%C3%A9nade_interrompue" title="La sérénade interrompue">La sérénade interrompue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie" title="La cathédrale engloutie">La cathédrale engloutie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_plus_que_lente" title="La plus que lente">La plus que lente</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes</a>, Book 2 (1912–1913) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brouillards" title="Brouillards">Brouillards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_S._Pickwick_Esq._P.P.M.P.C." title="Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.">Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)" title="Études (Debussy)">Études</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Four_hands_or_two_pianos" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four hands or two pianos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petite_Suite_(Debussy)" title="Petite Suite (Debussy)">Petite suite</a> (1886–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_%C3%A9pigraphes_antiques" title="Six épigraphes antiques">Six épigraphes antiques</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_blanc_et_noir" title="En blanc et noir">En blanc et noir</a> (1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beau_soir" title="Beau soir">Beau soir</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariettes_oubli%C3%A9es" title="Ariettes oubliées">Ariettes oubliées</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinq_po%C3%A8mes_de_Charles_Baudelaire" title="Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire">Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire</a> (1887–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_galantes_(Debussy)" title="Fêtes galantes (Debussy)">Fêtes galantes</a> (1891–1904)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Other vocal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue" title="La Damoiselle élue">La Damoiselle élue</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois_Chansons_(Debussy)" title="Trois Chansons (Debussy)">Trois Chansons</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Martyre_de_saint_S%C3%A9bastien" title="Le Martyre de saint Sébastien">Le Martyre de saint Sébastien</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Bardac" title="Emma Bardac">Emma Bardac</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Claude-Debussy" title="Musée Claude-Debussy">Musée Claude-Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Impressionism in music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debussy_quadrangle" title="Debussy quadrangle">Debussy quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debussy_(crater)" title="Debussy (crater)">crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debussy_Heights" title="Debussy Heights">Debussy Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Claude_Debussy" title="Category:Claude Debussy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Impressionist_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Impressionist_music" title="Template:Impressionist music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Impressionist_music" title="Template talk:Impressionist music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Impressionist_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Impressionist music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Impressionist_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist music">Impressionist music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Claude Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(composer)" title="John Ireland (composer)">John Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Piern%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Pierné">Gabriel Pierné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)"><img alt="Reproduction of Hokusai's Wave from the cover of the 1905 edition of La Mer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg/80px-Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg/120px-Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg/160px-Debussy_-_La_Mer_-_The_great_wave_of_Kanaga_from_Hokusai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="786" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytonality" title="Polytonality">Bitonal chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_harmony" title="Parallel harmony">Parallel chords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">Pentatonic scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)#Phrase_modulation" title="Modulation (music)">Unprepared modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">Whole tone scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cydalise_et_le_Ch%C3%A8vre-pied" title="Cydalise et le Chèvre-pied">Cydalise et le Chèvre-pied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27eau_(Ravel)" title="Jeux d'eau (Ravel)">Jeux d'eau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27isle_joyeuse" title="L'isle joyeuse">L'isle joyeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)" title="La mer (Debussy)">La mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)" title="Nocturnes (Debussy)">Nocturnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune" title="Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune">Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)" title="Préludes (Debussy)">Préludes</a> (Debussy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modernism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modernism" title="Template talk:Modernism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modernism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modernism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_music" title="Expressionist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Literary arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bely" title="Andrei Bely">Bely</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Broch</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Flaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Madox_Ford" title="Ford Madox Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Koestler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Mansfield" title="Katherine Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">Dos Passos</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Platonov</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Svevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">Poetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Akhmatova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldington" title="Richard Aldington">Aldington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">Auden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Cendrars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Lorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Lowell" title="Amy Lowell">Lowell (Amy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Lowell (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">In Search of Lost Time</a> (1913–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Metamorphosis" title="The Metamorphosis">The Metamorphosis</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Mountain" title="The Magic Mountain">The Magic Mountain</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Dalloway" title="Mrs Dalloway">Mrs Dalloway</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">The Master and Margarita</a> (1928–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_and_the_Fury" title="The Sound and the Fury">The Sound and the Fury</a> (1929)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthus" title="Balthus">Balthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Boccioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Brâncuși</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Braque" title="Georges Braque">Braque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Calder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Cézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Chirico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Claudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Dalí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Degas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Kooning" title="Willem de Kooning">Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Delaunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Demuth" title="Charles Demuth">Demuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Doesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Duchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Dufy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ensor" title="James Ensor">Ensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Goncharova" title="Natalia Goncharova">Goncharova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gris" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_H%C3%B6ch" title="Hannah Höch">Höch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Kokoschka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_L%C3%A9ger" title="Fernand Léger">Léger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte" title="René Magritte">Magritte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Malevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet" title="Édouard Manet">Manet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Matisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Metzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Mondrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Nolde" title="Emil Nolde">Nolde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Picabia" title="Francis Picabia">Picabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Pissarro" title="Camille Pissarro">Pissarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Ray" title="Man Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilon_Redon" title="Odilon Redon">Redon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Rodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rousseau" title="Henri Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Schiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Seurat" title="Georges Seurat">Seurat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Signac" title="Paul Signac">Signac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sisley" title="Alfred Sisley">Sisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Soutine">Soutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz" title="Alfred Stieglitz">Stieglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Toulouse-Lautrec" title="Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec">Toulouse-Lautrec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Vuillard" title="Édouard Vuillard">Vuillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Akerman" title="Chantal Akerman">Akerman</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Antonioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex_Avery" title="Tex Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Bergman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Bresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel" title="Luis Buñuel">Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Carn%C3%A9" title="Marcel Carné">Carné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Cocteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dassin" title="Jules Dassin">Dassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Deren" title="Maya Deren">Deren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dovzhenko" title="Alexander Dovzhenko">Dovzhenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Theodor_Dreyer" title="Carl Theodor Dreyer">Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Epstein" title="Jean Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Fassbinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Fellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Flaherty" title="Robert J. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fuller" title="Samuel Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Gance" title="Abel Gance">Gance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Godard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hubley" title="John Hubley">Hubley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Keaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kuleshov" title="Lev Kuleshov">Kuleshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Minnelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu" title="Yasujirō Ozu">Ozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Pudovkin" title="Vsevolod Pudovkin">Pudovkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Ray (Nicholas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray (Satyajit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Resnais" title="Alain Resnais">Resnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Renoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Rossellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Sirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m" title="Victor Sjöström">Sjöström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka" title="Jiří Trnka">Trnka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">Truffaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziga_Vertov" title="Dziga Vertov">Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vigo" title="Jean Vigo">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Wiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood" title="Ed Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Breuer" title="Marcel Breuer">Breuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bunshaft" title="Gordon Bunshaft">Bunshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Gropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Guimard" title="Hector Guimard">Guimard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Hundertwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnson" title="Philip Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Kahn" title="Louis Kahn">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Mendelsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Luigi_Nervi" title="Pier Luigi Nervi">Nervi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neutra" title="Richard Neutra">Neutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Niemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld" title="Gerrit Rietveld">Rietveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eero_Saarinen" title="Eero Saarinen">Saarinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Tatlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte" title="A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte">A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Victoire_(C%C3%A9zanne)" title="Mont Sainte-Victoire (Cézanne)">Mont Sainte-Victoir</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Night" title="The Starry Night">The Starry Night</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Demoiselles_d%27Avignon" title="Les Demoiselles d'Avignon">Les Demoiselles d'Avignon</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_(Matisse)" title="Dance (Matisse)">The Dance</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_Descending_a_Staircase,_No._2" title="Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2">Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Square" title="Black Square">Black Square</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_M%C3%A9canique" title="Ballet Mécanique">Ballet Mécanique</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou" title="Un Chien Andalou">Un Chien Andalou</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Savoye" title="Villa Savoye">Villa Savoye</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallingwater" title="Fallingwater">Fallingwater</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshes_of_the_Afternoon" title="Meshes of the Afternoon">Meshes of the Afternoon</a> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Antheil" title="George Antheil">Antheil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k" title="Béla Bartók">Bartók</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger" title="Nadia Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boulez" title="Pierre Boulez">Boulez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Copland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Debussy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Dutilleux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Falla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_Feldman" title="Morton Feldman">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_G%C3%B3recki" title="Henryk Górecki">Górecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Honegger" title="Arthur Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Janáček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti" title="György Ligeti">Ligeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski" title="Witold Lutosławski">Lutosławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_Milhaud" title="Darius Milhaud">Milhaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono" title="Luigi Nono">Nono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Russolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Satie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Schaeffer" title="Pierre Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Stockhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski" title="Karol Szymanowski">Szymanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Varèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Webern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Weill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modernist_theatre" title="Modernist theatre">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Anouilh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Jarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">O'Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ignacy_Witkiewicz" title="Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz">Witkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Balanchine" title="George Balanchine">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev" title="Sergei Diaghilev">Diaghilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Fokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loie_Fuller" title="Loie Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Laban" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Laban">Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9onide_Massine" title="Léonide Massine">Massine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaslav_Nijinsky" title="Vaslav Nijinsky">Nijinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Shawn" title="Ted Shawn">Shawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sokolow" title="Anna Sokolow">Sokolow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_St._Denis" title="Ruth St. Denis">St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Tamiris" title="Helen Tamiris">Tamiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grete_Wiesenthal" title="Grete Wiesenthal">Wiesenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Strauss)" title="Don Juan (Strauss)">Don Juan</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubu_Roi" title="Ubu Roi">Ubu Roi</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)" title="Pelléas et Mélisande (opera)">Pelléas et Mélisande</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(opera)" title="Salome (opera)">Salome</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_of_a_Faun_(Nijinsky)" title="Afternoon of a Faun (Nijinsky)">Afternoon of a Faun</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring" title="The Rite of Spring">The Rite of Spring</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_modernism" title="American modernism">American modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group" title="Bloomsbury Group">Bloomsbury Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">Degenerate art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art" title="Fourth dimension in art">Fourth dimension in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_literature" title="Fourth dimension in literature">Fourth dimension in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor School of Modern Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanshinkan_Modernism" title="Hanshinkan Modernism">Hanshinkan Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_modernism" title="High modernism">High modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Hippie modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_in_music" title="Impressionism in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism_(literature)" title="Impressionism (literature)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style" title="International Style">International Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernity" title="Late modernity">Late modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_artists" title="List of avant-garde artists">List of avant-garde artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modernist_poets" title="List of modernist poets">List of modernist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalism" title="Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-primitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-primitivism">Neo-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodernism" title="Metamodernism">Metamodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernism" title="Remodernism">Remodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Postmodernism" title="Template:Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Modernism" title="Category:Modernism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Claude Debussy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy" class="extiw" title="q:Claude Debussy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Claude_Debussy" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Claude Debussy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" 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Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121190614">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6219636">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45701/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgV6gV87FMBkMJcdWCcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118524186">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79132137">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13893072d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13893072d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00437533">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV057468">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35034487">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990001672&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX993492">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/142605">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1569285">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068442734">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079353">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810587894005606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/136884">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260232705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000186294">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521521306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14650902">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02201910?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335877">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/be50643c-0377-4968-b48c-47e06b2e2a3b">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102597">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/d0081">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/806965">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118524186.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118524186">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026816105">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65z2zxg">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bz64xm">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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