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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas T. 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist (1929–2007)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Douglas Ross, see <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Ross_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Douglas Ross (disambiguation)">Douglas Ross (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Douglas Taylor Ross</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1929-12-21</span>)</span>December 21, 1929<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 31, 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-01-31)</span> (aged 77)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.Sc.</a>, 1951)<br /><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.Sc.</a>, 1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Automatically Programmed Tools (<a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis_and_design_technique" title="Structured analysis and design technique">structured analysis and design technique</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> Memorial Award<br />Distinguished Contributions Award, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Manufacturing_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Manufacturing Engineers">Society of Manufacturing Engineers</a><br />Honorary Engineer of the Year Award, San Fernando Valley Engineer's Council</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)<br /><a href="/wiki/SofTech" title="SofTech">SofTech</a>, Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Computational Techniques for Fourier Transformation </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1954)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Douglas Taylor</b> "<b>Doug</b>" <b>Ross</b> (21 December 1929 – 31 January 2007) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a> pioneer, and chairman of <a href="/wiki/SofTech" title="SofTech">SofTech</a>, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is most famous for originating the term CAD for <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>, and is considered to be the father of Automatically Programmed Tools (<a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> to drive <a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">numerical control</a> in manufacturing. His later work focused on a <a href="/wiki/Pseudophilosophy" title="Pseudophilosophy">pseudophilosophy</a> he developed and named Plex. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross was born in China, where his parents both worked as medical missionaries, and he then grew up in the United States in <a href="/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York" title="Canandaigua, New York">Canandaigua, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BG07_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG07-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> (B.Sc.) <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a> in 1951, and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> (M.Sc.) in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) in 1954. Afterward, he began but didn't finish his Ph.D., at MIT due to his pressing work as head of MIT's Computer Applications Group.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, he participated in the MIT <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Whirlwind I</a> computer project. In 1969, Ross founded <a href="/wiki/SofTech" title="SofTech">SofTech</a>, Inc., which began as an early supplier of custom <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> (DoD) for the languages <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>. Ross lectured at <a href="/wiki/MIT_Electrical_Engineering_and_Computer_Science_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department">MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department</a> and was chairman emeritus. He retired at Softech, having served as the company's president from 1969 to 1975, when he became chairman of the board of directors. </p><p>Among his many honors are the <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> Memorial Award</i> from the Numerical Control Society, in 1975, and the Distinguished Contributions Award from the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Manufacturing_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Manufacturing Engineers">Society of Manufacturing Engineers</a> in 1980, and Honorary Engineer of the Year Award from the San Fernando Valley Engineer's Council, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science named after him the Douglas T. Ross Career Development Associate Professor of Software Development. The D.T.Ross Medal Award of the Berliner Kreis Scientific Forum for Product Development of the WiGeP Academic Society of Product Development Berliner Kreis & WGMK was named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross contributed to the MIT <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Whirlwind I</a> computer project, which was the first to display <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> text and graphics. Many consider him to be the father of <i>Automatically Programmed Tools</i> (<a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a>), the language that drives numerical control in manufacturing. Also he originated the term CAD for <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIT_Whirlwind_project">MIT Whirlwind project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: MIT Whirlwind project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross came to MIT in the fall of 1951<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a teaching assistant in the mathematics department. His wife, Pat, was a "<a href="/wiki/Computer_(job_description)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer (job description)">computer</a> banging away on a <a href="/wiki/Marchant_calculator" class="mw-redirect" title="Marchant calculator">Marchant calculator</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> before it officially took over the <a href="/wiki/Whirlwind_I" title="Whirlwind I">Whirlwind I</a> computer. Her group used the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Brown" title="Gordon S. Brown">Servomechanisms Labs</a> analog correlation computer, built by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener" title="Norbert Wiener">Norbert Wiener</a>. It had <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-disk_integrator" title="Ball-and-disk integrator">ball-and-disk integrators</a> and arms used to hand trace strip chart curves of radar noise data. When the machine was in use, variables in equations were represented by rotations in its shafts. These were connected with mechanical pens which plot an accurate curve worked out by the shafts continuous movement. Interpreted correctly, this curve gave a graphic solution to the problem. This initiated Ross's entry to the Servo Lab with a summer job in June 1952 in the field of airborne <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control system</a> evaluation and <a href="/wiki/Spectral_density#Power_spectral_density" title="Spectral density">power density spectra</a> analyses. </p><p>The first programming language Ross designed was one in which the <i>computer</i> was a group of people, six or eight part-time students. It was suggested that Ross could use Whirlwind in his work. Whirlwind at that time had exactly one <a href="/wiki/Kilobyte" title="Kilobyte">kilobyte</a> (k, 1024 <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">words</a>) of <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> memory. He taught himself to program it in the summer of 1952. His masters thesis related to Computational Techniques for Fourier Transformation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automatically_Programmed_Tool">Automatically Programmed Tool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Automatically Programmed Tool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He worked on numerous projects around the Whirlwind secret room of the Cape Cod System <a href="/wiki/SAGE_air_defense_system" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE air defense system">SAGE air defense system</a> and at the Eglin Air Force Base <a href="/wiki/ERA_1103" class="mw-redirect" title="ERA 1103">ERA 1103</a>. Around 1954, Ross wrote the first hand-drawn graphics input program to a computer. He stated it was "One of the few programs that I ever wrote that worked the first time"<sup id="cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_89_Proceedings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIGGRAPH_89_Proceedings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Air Force was interested in continuing beyond MIT's <i>Numerical Control Projects</i> objective of standardizing the numerical control of <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>. </p><p>Starting in 1956, MIT had a contract for a new program in numerical control, this time emphasizing automatic programming for three-dimensional parts to be produced by 3- and 5-axis machine tools. Ross stated his work with radar vector handling led naturally to his defining tool paths as space curves rather than points in APT II, and allowed him to conceptualize their realization in a machine tool's rectilinear framework. The Servo Lab received Air Force sponsorship for numerical control hardware, software, and adaptive control, followed by computer-aided design, computer graphics hardware and software, and <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> and software technology, from 1951. This continued for almost 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 the last of Ross's original three research assistants, Sam Matsa,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left for IBM to develop AUTOPROMT, a three-dimensional APT derivative, and later (1967) co-founded, with Andy Van Dam, the ACM <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SICGRAPH</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/APT_(programming_language)" title="APT (programming language)">APT</a> project largely finished in February 1959. It had the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a>, and thus was released into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_CBI_OH065_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_CBI_OH065-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legacy of this work can be found in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steptools.com/docs/stepnc_api/AptStepMaker.html">next generation NC</a> programs of the 21st century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-aided_design">Computer-aided design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Computer-aided design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the conclusion of APT I, Ross and John Francis Reintjes were interviewed for MIT science reporter television by Robert S. Woodbury. There was considerable public interest in the increasing sophistication of numerically controlled machine tools. The interview is illustrative of Ross's long stated belief in the graphics potential of the computer. He showed the audience a photograph of a vector sweep image from a display scope in the form of a Disney cartoon character coupled in a coordinate space with a canonical <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next few years would see the completing of APT's influential Arithmetic Elements and then the broad collaboration pioneered in the APT project was repeated in building the computer-aided design system named <i>Automated Engineering Design</i> (AED). Ross sometimes called it informally <i>The Art of Engineering Design</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> Extended for Design</i>. </p><p>Early industry practitioners of computer aided drafting and manufacturing visited MIT in formal exchanges of the developing technologies. Ross organized many standards making conferences for the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (BEMA, renamed <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Industry_Council" title="Information Technology Industry Council">Information Technology Industry Council</a>), solidifying his place as a touchstone in any future history of CAD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next decade brought a refining of his philosophy of system design.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Industrial_and_Applied_Mathematics" title="Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics">Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics</a> (SIAM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIT's_electrical_engineering_and_computer_science"><span id="MIT.27s_electrical_engineering_and_computer_science"></span>MIT's electrical engineering and computer science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MIT's electrical engineering and computer science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was involved with developing <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standards</a> in programming and informatics, as an early active participant in the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a> (IFIP). He was a member of <a href="/wiki/IFIP_Working_Group_2.1" title="IFIP Working Group 2.1">IFIP Working Group 2.1</a> on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which <a href="/wiki/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Specification (technical standard)">specified</a>, maintains, and supports the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a> and <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Ross taught what he suggested was the world's first software engineering course at MIT. He participated in the foundational NATO Software Engineering Conference in Garmisch, Germany, 7–11 October 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many MIT project users built their systems on AED.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post Assembly revisions of <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wright_Forrester" title="Jay Wright Forrester">Jay Wright Forrester</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">Dynamo</a> feedback-modeling, System Dynamics simulation language were written in AED-0, Ross's extended version of ALGOL 60 and used into the 1980s. </p><p>Ross wrote the only <i><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></i> compiler known to have existed, with the AED-0 system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SofTech's work on airborne and other instrumentation systems involved building software development tools. By the late 70's microprocessors like the 8086 were starting to be used for these embedded systems. The University of California at San Diego Pascal System (UCSD p-System, see <a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a>) was developed in 1978 to provide students with a common <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to use on various machines like the PDP-11 minicomputer. Versions of p-System were freely exchanged between interested users. The p-System was brought to Ross's attention by a developer at their San Diego branch [who had an <a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a> computer]. Ross visited UCSD and was smitten by a college operation building a system he recognized as kindred to his AED efforts. SofTech licensed the p-System and established a Microsystems subsidiary in 1979. SofTech's compiling, dynamic loading, and linking tools helped make the p-System a powerful development environment. UCSD p-System was used on <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a>, <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a> based machines. Ross later bought the PDP-11 based <a href="/wiki/Terak_8510/a" title="Terak 8510/a">Terak 8510/a</a> "graphics workhorse" computer of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Bowles" title="Kenneth Bowles">Ken Bowles</a> which now resides in the Computer History Museum collections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structured_analysis_and_design_technique">Structured analysis and design technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structured analysis and design technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SADT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SADT.svg/240px-SADT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SADT.svg/360px-SADT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SADT.svg/480px-SADT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>SADT basis element.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis_and_design_technique" title="Structured analysis and design technique">structured analysis and design technique</a> (SADT), Ross was an early developer of <a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">structured analysis</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s, along with other contributors from <a href="/wiki/SofTech" title="SofTech">SofTech</a>, Inc., Ross helped develop SADT into the <a href="/wiki/IDEF0" title="IDEF0">IDEF0</a> method for the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Computer-Aided_Manufacturing" title="Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing">Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing</a> (ICAM) program's <a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a> suite of analysis and design methods.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) IDEF0 Working Group which produced the IEEE <i>Icam DEFinition for Function Modeling</i> (<a href="/wiki/IDEF0" title="IDEF0">IDEF0</a>) standard<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1998. The IEEE IDEF0 standard superseded FIPS PUB 183,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was retired in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plex">Plex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross' Structured Analysis grew out of his "philosophy of problem-solving", which he named Plex in the late 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FSPED_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSPED-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in Ross's life, this became something of an obsession. In the 1980s, he minimized his role at SofTech to concentrate on developing Plex<sup id="cite_ref-FSPED_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSPED-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Pseudophilosophy" title="Pseudophilosophy">pseudophilosophy</a> touching on epistemology, ontology, and philosophy of science.<sup id="cite_ref-plex-tract_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plex-tract-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross wrote a wealth of material on Plex,<sup id="cite_ref-FSPED_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSPED-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivering lectures at conferences and holding an abortive seminar at MIT in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-plex-tract_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plex-tract-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was unable to find the audience he believed Plex deserved, and by the late 1980s he considered it an "intolerable burden of responsibility"<sup id="cite_ref-FSPED_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSPED-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be its sole proponent and prophet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">Semi-Automatic Ground Environment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross wrote dozens of articles and some reports.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A selection: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss1961" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366532.366554">"Computer-aided design"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>4</b> (5): 235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366532.366554">10.1145/366532.366554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1266004">1266004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Computer-aided+design&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F366532.366554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1266004%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F366532.366554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1961" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1961). "A generalized technique for symbol manipulation and numerical calculation". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 147–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F366199.366256">10.1145/366199.366256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17097487">17097487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=A+generalized+technique+for+symbol+manipulation+and+numerical+calculation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=147-150&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F366199.366256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17097487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossWard1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas Taylor; Ward, John Erwin (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/755/FR-0351-19563962.pdf?sequence=1">"Investigations in computer-aided design for numerically controlled production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Investigations+in+computer-aided+design+for+numerically+controlled+production&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Taylor&rft.au=Ward%2C+John+Erwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F755%2FFR-0351-19563962.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossJohnsonPorterAckley1968" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T.; Johnson, Walter L.; Porter, James H.; Ackley, Stephanie I. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F364175.364185">"Automatic generation of efficient lexical processors using finite state techniques"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>11</b> (12): 805–813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F364175.364185">10.1145/364175.364185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17253809">17253809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Automatic+generation+of+efficient+lexical+processors+using+finite+state+techniques&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=805-813&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F364175.364185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17253809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Walter+L.&rft.au=Porter%2C+James+H.&rft.au=Ackley%2C+Stephanie+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F364175.364185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossGoodenoughIrvine1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T.; Goodenough, John B.; Irvine, C. A. (1975). "Software engineering: process, principles, and goals". <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>8</b> (5): 17–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FC-M.1975.218952">10.1109/C-M.1975.218952</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206566975">206566975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=Software+engineering%3A+process%2C+principles%2C+and+goals&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FC-M.1975.218952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206566975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft.au=Goodenough%2C+John+B.&rft.au=Irvine%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossSchoman1976" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T.; Schoman, Kenneth E. Jr. (1976). "Structured Analysis for Requirements Definition". <i>ICSE</i>: 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICSE&rft.atitle=Structured+Analysis+for+Requirements+Definition&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft.au=Schoman%2C+Kenneth+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Toward Foundations for the Understanding of Type". <i>Conference on Data: Abstraction, Definition and Structure</i>: 63–65. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conference+on+Data%3A+Abstraction%2C+Definition+and+Structure&rft.atitle=Toward+Foundations+for+the+Understanding+of+Type&rft.pages=63-65&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossSchoman1977" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T.; Schoman, Kenneth E. Jr. (1977). "Structured Analysis for Requirements Definition". <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 6–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSE.1977.229899">10.1109/TSE.1977.229899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2407903">2407903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Structured+Analysis+for+Requirements+Definition&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-15&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTSE.1977.229899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2407903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft.au=Schoman%2C+Kenneth+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1977" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.txstate.edu/~rp31/papersSP/structuredAnalysisRoss.pdf">"Structured Analysis (SA): A Language for Communicating Ideas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 16–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSE.1977.229900">10.1109/TSE.1977.229900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17126376">17126376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Structured+Analysis+%28SA%29%3A+A+Language+for+Communicating+Ideas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-34&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTSE.1977.229900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17126376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.txstate.edu%2F~rp31%2FpapersSP%2FstructuredAnalysisRoss.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (August 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F960118.808374">"Origins of the APT Language for Automatically Programmed Tools"</a>. <i>ACM SIGPLAN Notices</i>. <b>13</b> (8): 61–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F960118.808374">10.1145/960118.808374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17069101">17069101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+APT+Language+for+Automatically+Programmed+Tools&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=61-99&rft.date=1978-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F960118.808374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17069101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F960118.808374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1980" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1980). "Removing the limitations of natural language (with the principles behind the RSA language)". In Freeman, H.; Lewis, P.M. (eds.). <i>Software Engineering</i>. Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Removing+the+limitations+of+natural+language+%28with+the+principles+behind+the+RSA+language%29&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1985). "Applications and Extensions of SADT". <i>IEEE Computer</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 25–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMC.1985.1662862">10.1109/MC.1985.1662862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8174103">8174103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer&rft.atitle=Applications+and+Extensions+of+SADT&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=25-34&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMC.1985.1662862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8174103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1988" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1988). "Foreword to David Marca and Clement McGowan, SADT Structured Analysis and Design Technique". McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+David+Marca+and+Clement+McGowan%2C+SADT+Structured+Analysis+and+Design+Technique&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1989). "The NATO Conferences from the Perspective of an Active Software Engineer". <i>International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE)</i>: 101–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering+%28ICSE%29&rft.atitle=The+NATO+Conferences+from+the+Perspective+of+an+Active+Software+Engineer&rft.pages=101-102&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorspool2007" class="citation book cs1">Horspool, Nigel (2007). "Douglas T. Ross (1929–2007)". <i>Source Software: Practice & Experience archive</i>. Vol. 37. p. 691.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Douglas+T.+Ross+%281929%E2%80%932007%29&rft.btitle=Source+Software%3A+Practice+%26+Experience+archive&rft.pages=691&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Horspool&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BG07-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BG07_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquard2007" class="citation news cs1">Marquard, Bryan (Globe staff) (February 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/obituaries/articles/2007/02/10/doug_ross_77_developed_important_computer_language/">"Doug Ross, 77; developed important computer language"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Doug+Ross%2C+77%3B+developed+important+computer+language&rft.date=2007-02-10&rft.aulast=Marquard&rft.aufirst=Bryan+%28Globe+staff%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fobituaries%2Farticles%2F2007%2F02%2F10%2Fdoug_ross_77_developed_important_computer_language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIT_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/projects/studentaut/DR%20HK%20Bio.htm">"Douglas T. Ross – Chairman Emeritus, Ret., SofTech, Inc.; Lecturer, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT"</a>. <i>Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. January 8, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Science+%26+Artificial+Intelligence+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Douglas+T.+Ross+%E2%80%93+Chairman+Emeritus%2C+Ret.%2C+SofTech%2C+Inc.%3B+Lecturer%2C+Electrical+Engineering+and+Computer+Science%2C+MIT&rft.date=2000-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.csail.mit.edu%2Fmac%2Fprojects%2Fstudentaut%2FDR%2520HK%2520Bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702956"><i>Doug Ross, A Personal View of the Personal Work Station: Some Firsts in the Fifties</i></a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>. Association for Computing Machinery Video Presentation. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doug+Ross%2C+A+Personal+View+of+the+Personal+Work+Station%3A+Some+Firsts+in+the+Fifties&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery+Video+Presentation&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Fcatalog%2F102702956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIGGRAPH_89_Proceedings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIGGRAPH_89_Proceedings_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1989" class="citation cs2">Ross, Doug (1989), <i>Retrospectives 1: The early years in computer graphics</i>, SIGGRAPH 89 Proceedings, pp. 27–28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F77276.77279">10.1145/77276.77279</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1653345">1653345</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retrospectives+1%3A+The+early+years+in+computer+graphics&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=SIGGRAPH+89+Proceedings&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F77276.77279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1653345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Origins of the APT Language for Automatically Programmed Tools". <i>ACM SIGPLAN Notices</i>. <b>13</b> (8). August 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+APT+Language+for+Automatically+Programmed+Tools&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1978-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1958" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, Douglas T. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/mit/whirlwind/apt/APT_Reports_Jan58.pdf">"Papers on automatic programming for numerically controlled machine tools"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MIT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Papers+on+automatic+programming+for+numerically+controlled+machine+tools&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fpdf%2Fmit%2Fwhirlwind%2Fapt%2FAPT_Reports_Jan58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siggraph.org/about/history/">"ACM SIGGRAPH: History of the Organization"</a>. <i>ACM SIGGRAPH</i>. The Association for Computing Machinery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGGRAPH&rft.atitle=ACM+SIGGRAPH%3A+History+of+the+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siggraph.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachover1998" class="citation journal cs1">Machover, Carl (February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101810/http://www.siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v32n1/columns/machover.html">"CG Pioneers"</a>. <b>32</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v32n1/columns/machover.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CG+Pioneers&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1998-02&rft.aulast=Machover&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siggraph.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletter%2Fv32n1%2Fcolumns%2Fmachover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_CBI_OH065-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ross_CBI_OH065_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1984" class="citation cs2">Ross, Doug (21 February 1984), <i>oral history oh065</i>, babbage inst, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F107610">11299/107610</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=oral+history+oh065&rft.pub=babbage+inst&rft.date=1984-02-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F107610&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas T. Ross. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_mitwhirlwie1GeneralDescriptionoftheAPTSystem1959_5339230">APT System Volume 1 General Description of the APT System</a></i>, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Ross CBI oral history <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/107611">http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/107611</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ob9NV8mmm20"><i>MIT Science Reporter: "Automatically Programmed Tools"</i></a>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/ob9NV8mmm20">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MIT+Science+Reporter%3A+%22Automatically+Programmed+Tools%22&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dob9NV8mmm20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Douglas T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.designworldonline.com.s3.amazonaws.com/CADhistory/8436-TM-4.pdf">"Computer-Aided Design: A Statement of Objectives MIT USAF 8436-TM-4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer-Aided+Design%3A+A+Statement+of+Objectives+MIT+USAF+8436-TM-4&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.designworldonline.com.s3.amazonaws.com%2FCADhistory%2F8436-TM-4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStotz1963" class="citation web cs1">Stotz, Robert H. (March 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.designworldonline.com.s3.amazonaws.com/CADhistory/Stotz%203D%201063.pdf">"Specialized Computer Equipment for Generation and Display of Three Dimensional Curvilinear"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialized+Computer+Equipment+for+Generation+and+Display+of+Three+Dimensional+Curvilinear&rft.pub=Electronic+Systems+Laboratory%2C+Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1963-03&rft.aulast=Stotz&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.designworldonline.com.s3.amazonaws.com%2FCADhistory%2FStotz%25203D%25201063.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> Work done on IBM 709 and TX-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Douglas T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408011447/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/296998.pdf">"Algorithmic Theory of Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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In Floyd, Christiane; Zulligho, Heinz; Budde, Reinhard; Keil-Slawik, Reinhard (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swa.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/files/veroeffentlichungen/sdrcbook.pdf"><i>Software Development and Reality Construction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 60–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Scientific+Practice+to+Epistemological+Discovery&rft.btitle=Software+Development+and+Reality+Construction&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=60-70&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1991-08&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswa.informatik.uni-hamburg.de%2Ffiles%2Fveroeffentlichungen%2Fsdrcbook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span> A personal note 2.5.3 (page 64).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeuringMeertensGuttmann2016" class="citation web cs1">Jeuring, Johan; <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Meertens, Lambert</a>; Guttmann, Walter (2016-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifipwg21wiki.cs.kuleuven.be/IFIP21/Profile">"Profile of IFIP Working Group 2.1"</a>. <i>Foswiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Dijkstra%27s+Crisis%3A+The+End+of+Algol+and+Beginning+of+Software+Engineering%2C+1968-72&rft.date=2010-08&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomandmaria.com%2Ftom%2FWriting%2FDijkstrasCrisis_LeidenDRAFT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaurRandellMcClure1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Naur, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a>; McClure, Robert M., eds. (January 1969). "5.3.2. 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T.; Ward, J. E. (1 December 1959 – 3 May 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/755/FR-0351-19563962.pdf.txt;jsessionid=3469E7BE3780EDAF65F833757A012AF4?sequence=2.Shannon">"Investigations in Computer-Aided Design for Numerically Controlled Production: Final Technical Report"</a>. Electronic Systems Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(October 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626171225/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0296998">"An Algorithmic Theory of Language (AB26.2.2)"</a>. <i>Defense Technical Information Center</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=AD0296998">the original</a> on June 26, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+Technical+Information+Center&rft.atitle=An+Algorithmic+Theory+of+Language+%28AB26.2.2%29&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1966-10&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Douglas+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FAD%3DAD0296998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ross, D. T. (August 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/1139498.1139500">"AB26.2.2 Features Essential for a Workable ALGOL X"</a>. <i>ACM SIGPLAN Notices: ALGOL Bulletin</i>. <b>26</b> (2). ACM Digital Library Association for Computing Machinery: 1–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1139498.1139500">10.1145/1139498.1139500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38156680">38156680</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGPLAN+Notices%3A+ALGOL+Bulletin&rft.atitle=AB26.2.2+Features+Essential+for+a+Workable+ALGOL+X&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-49&rft.date=1967-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1139498.1139500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38156680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1145%2F1139498.1139500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1962–2007" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Ross, Douglas T. 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Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+history+interview+with+John+Brackett+and+Doug+Ross&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute%2C+University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=2004-05-07&rft.aulast=Brackett&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ross%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F107151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcaMcGowan1988" class="citation book cs1">Marca, David; McGowan, Clement (1988). <i>SADT: Structured Analysis and Design Technique</i>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0704-0235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0704-0235-5"><bdi>978-0-0704-0235-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SADT%3A+Structured+Analysis+and+Design+Technique&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-0704-0235-5&rft.aulast=Marca&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Clement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Function Modeling Manual (IDEF0) (Report). Materials Laboratory, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. June 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Integrated+Computer-Aided+Manufacturing+%28ICAM%29+Function+Modeling+Manual+%28IDEF0%29&rft.pub=Materials+Laboratory%2C+Air+Force+Wright+Aeronautical+Laboratories%2C+Air+Force+Systems+Command%2C+Wright-Patterson+Air+Force+Base&rft.date=1981-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">IEEE 1320.1-1998. IEEE Standard for Functional Modeling Language: Syntax and Semantics for IDEF0 (Report). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE). 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=IEEE+1320.1-1998.+IEEE+Standard+for+Functional+Modeling+Language%3A+Syntax+and+Semantics+for+IDEF0&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers+%28IEEE%29&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">FIPS PUB 183 Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=FIPS+PUB+183+Integration+Definition+for+Function+Modeling+%28IDEF0%29&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FSPED-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FSPED_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSPED_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSPED_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FSPED_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas T. Ross (1988). "From Scientific Practice to Epistemological Discovery". In: <i>Software Development and Reality Construction</i>. Springer-Verlag, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plex-tract-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plex-tract_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plex-tract_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas T. Ross (1977, revised 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/projects/studentaut/The%20Plex%20Tract.htm">"The Plex Tract"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/r/Ross:Douglas_T=.html">"Douglas T. Ross"</a>. <i>DBLP Computer Science Bibliography</i>. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz Center for Informatics GmbH; and University of Trier<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DBLP+Computer+Science+Bibliography&rft.atitle=Douglas+T.+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdblp.uni-trier.de%2Fpers%2Fr%2FRoss%3ADouglas_T%3D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+T.+Ross" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_T._Ross&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Douglas_T._Ross" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Douglas T. Ross">Douglas T. Ross</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Three oral history interviews with Douglas T. Ross, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107610">21 February 1984</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107611">1 November 1989</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/107151">7 May 2004</a>.</li> <li>Oral history Siggraph <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101810/http://www.siggraph.org/publications/newsletter/v32n1/columns/machover.html">Sam Matsa</a></li> <li>Douglas T. Ross papers, MC 414. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libraries.mit.edu/archives/">Institute Archives and Special Collections</a>, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> programming</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical<br />standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_ALGOL" title="ABC ALGOL">ABC ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGO" title="ALGO">ALGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68C" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68RS" title="ALGOL 68RS">ALGOL 68RS</a> (<a href="/wiki/ELLA_(programming_language)" title="ELLA (programming language)">ELLA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68S" title="ALGOL 68S">ALGOL 68S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_N" title="ALGOL N">ALGOL N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#ALGOL" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORAL" title="CORAL">CORAL</a> 66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_ALGOL_30" title="Dartmouth ALGOL 30">Dartmouth ALGOL 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL" title="Elliott ALGOL">Elliott ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language</a> (ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (<a href="/wiki/NEWP" title="NEWP">NEWP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLACC" title="FLACC">FLACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMP_(programming_language)" title="IMP (programming language)">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">Kidsgrove</a> Algol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(programming_language)" title="Mary (programming language)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NELIAC" title="NELIAC">NELIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL/2" title="RTL/2">RTL/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS-algol" title="PS-algol">PS-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> <li>Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (<a href="/wiki/SMALL" title="SMALL">SMALL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> ALGOL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">Formalisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jensen%27s_device" title="Jensen's device">Jensen's device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_grammar" title="Van Wijngaarden grammar">Van Wijngaarden grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional<br />associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a> Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">BSI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification</a> (EASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a> (IFIP) <a href="/wiki/IFIP_Working_Group_2.1" title="IFIP Working Group 2.1">IFIP Working Group 2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Mathematik_und_Mechanik" title="Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik">Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a> (GAMM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> (RRE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bottenbruch" title="Hermann Bottenbruch">Hermann Bottenbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Klaus Samelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Joseph Henry Wegstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Arden" title="Bruce Arden">Bruce Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Galler" title="Bernard Galler">Bernard Galler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Backus^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Carl_Backhouse" title="Roland Carl Backhouse">Roland Carl Backhouse</a></li> <li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne" title="Stephen R. Bourne">Stephen R. Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ershov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Ershov">Andrey Ershov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li>Julien Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gries" title="David Gries">David Gries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hehner" title="Eric Hehner">Eric Hehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Jensen" title="Jørn Jensen">Jørn Jensen</a></li> <li>Katz^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Maibaum" title="Tom Maibaum">Tom Maibaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Morgan_(computer_scientist)" title="Carroll Morgan (computer scientist)">Carroll Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nivat" title="Maurice Nivat">Maurice Nivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._L._Peck" title="John E. L. Peck">John E. L. Peck</a></li> <li>Perlis^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a></li> <li>Rutishauser^</li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_T._Schwartz" title="Jacob T. Schwartz">Jacob T. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_Sharir" title="Micha Sharir">Micha Sharir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiiti_Wada" title="Eiiti Wada">Eiiti Wada</a></li> <li>Wegstein^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Mike Woodger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">Susan G. Bond</a></li> <li>Bourne^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dewar" title="Robert Dewar">Robert Dewar</a></li> <li>Dijkstra^</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Goos" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Goos">Gerhard Goos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guy" title="Michael Guy">Michael Guy</a></li> <li>Hoare^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H._A._Koster" title="Cornelis H. A. Koster">Cornelis H. A. Koster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. Lindsey">Charles H. Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Mailloux" title="Barry J. Mailloux">Barry J. Mailloux</a></li> <li>McCarthy^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a></li> <li>Naur^</li> <li>Peck^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_der_Poel" title="Willem van der Poel">Willem van der Poel</a></li> <li>Randell^</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Douglas T. Ross</a></li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sintzoff" title="Michel Sintzoff">Michel Sintzoff</a></li> <li>van Wijngaarden^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li>Woodger^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Philip Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Yoneda" title="Nobuo Yoneda">Nobuo Yoneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">John Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Morrison" title="Ron Morrison">Ron Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn" title="Peter O'Hearn">Peter O'Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" title="John C. Reynolds">John C. Reynolds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_Bulletin" title="ALGOL Bulletin">ALGOL Bulletin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58#ALGOL_58's_influence_on_ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68 to other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ALGOL_68_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++">ALGOL 68 to C++</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above</b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Algol_programming_language_family" title="Category:Algol programming language family">Category: ALGOL</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ALGOL_60" title="Category:ALGOL 60">Category: ALGOL 60</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pascal_programming_language_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Template:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Template talk:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pascal_programming_language_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pascal programming language family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pascal_programming_language_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal programming language</a> family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Script" title="Pascal Script">Pascal Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascal" title="Clascal">Clascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Pascal" title="Concurrent Pascal">Concurrent Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_(programming_language)" title="Joyce (programming language)">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperPascal" title="SuperPascal">SuperPascal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niklaus_Wirth,_UrGU_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/90px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/135px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Niklaus_Wirth%2C_UrGU_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compilers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Delphi_(software)" title="History of Delphi (software)">history</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#Compilers_and_interpreters" title="Pascal (programming language)">VSI Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_Pascal" title="IP Pascal">IP Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Pascal" title="GNU Pascal">GNU Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo51" title="Turbo51">Turbo51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pic_Micro_Pascal" title="Pic Micro Pascal">Pic Micro Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Compiler_Kit" title="Amsterdam Compiler Kit">ACK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pascal" title="Apple Pascal">Apple Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Microsoft Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCSD_Pascal" title="UCSD Pascal">UCSD Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRT_Pascal" title="JRT Pascal">JRT Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal/MT%2B" title="Pascal/MT+">Pascal/MT+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">CLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Component_Library" title="Free Component Library">FCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireMonkey" title="FireMonkey">FireMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Component_Library" title="Lazarus Component Library">LCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Windows_Library" title="Object Windows Library">Object Windows Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWire_(library)" title="OpenWire (library)">OpenWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal_Runtime_Library" title="Free Pascal Runtime Library">RTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Vision" title="Turbo Vision">Turbo Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">Microcomputer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparisons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_C" title="Comparison of Pascal and C">Pascal and C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Pascal_and_Delphi" title="Comparison of Pascal and Delphi">Pascal and Delphi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming#Genericity_in_Pascal" title="Generic programming">Genericity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Related to</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a> (1958)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-2" title="Modula-2">Modula-2</a> (1977)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> (1983)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(programming_language)" title="Oberon (programming language)">Oberon</a> (1986)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a> (1988)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oberon-2" title="Oberon-2">Oberon-2</a> (1991)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Component_Pascal" title="Component Pascal">Component Pascal</a> (1991)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5302019#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table 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