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Ytriu - Wikipedia

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href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structură_atomică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structură_atomică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structură atomică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structură_atomică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietăți</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proprietăți subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_fizice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proprietăți fizice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_fizice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietăți_chimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietăți_chimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Proprietăți chimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proprietăți_chimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compuși" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compuși"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compuși</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compuși-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Răspândire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Răspândire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Răspândire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Răspândire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Producție</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Utilizare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilizare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Utilizare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilizare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Granați" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granați"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Granați</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granați-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potențiator_pentru_materiale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potențiator_pentru_materiale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Potențiator pentru materiale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potențiator_pentru_materiale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicină" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicină"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Medicină</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicină-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supraconductori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supraconductori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Supraconductori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supraconductori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolul_biologic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolul_biologic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rolul biologic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolul_biologic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Măsuri de protecție chimică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectură_suplimentară"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Lectură suplimentară</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectură_suplimentară-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ytriu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 139 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ይትሪየም – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ይትሪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إتريوم – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إتريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="إيطريوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيطريوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اتريوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتريوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriu" title="Itriu – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Itriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ttirium" title="İttirium – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İttirium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrium" title="Ittrium – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ittrium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ітрый – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ітрый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ітар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ітар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Итрий – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Итрий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यिट्रियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यिट्रियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইট্রিয়াম – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইট্রিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ཊི་རིམ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ཊི་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriom" title="Itriom – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Itriom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئیتیریۆم – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتیریۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriu" title="Ittriu – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ittriu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytriwm" title="Ytriwm – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ytriwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%84%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ύττριο – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύττριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctrium" title="Ütrium – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ütrium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایتریم – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایتریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ctrium" title="Ütrium – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ütrium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriam" title="Itriam – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Itriam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ઈટ્રીયમ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈટ્રીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איטריום – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इट्रियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इट्रियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrium" title="Ittrium – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ittrium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իտրիում – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտրիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitrio" title="Yitrio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yitrio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttr%C3%ADn" title="Yttrín – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yttrín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrio" title="Ittrio – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ittrio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="イットリウム – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イットリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtitri" title="jinmrtitri – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtitri" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="იტრიუმი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტრიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%96tr%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Ɩtrɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɩtrɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಟ್ರಿಯಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಟ್ರಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="이트륨 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이트륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Etriy%C3%BBm" title="Îtriyûm – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îtriyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytriom" title="Ytriom – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ytriom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrio" title="Ittrio – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ittrio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Itrio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itris" title="Itris – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Itris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrijs" title="Itrijs – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itrijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Иттри – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иттри" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итриум – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Итриум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="യിട്രിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യിട്രിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Иттри – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иттри" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="इट्रियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इट्रियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အိတ်တြီယမ် – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိတ်တြီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrii" title="Ittrii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ittrii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଇଟ୍ରିଅମ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଟ୍ରିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਇਟਰੀਅਮ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਟਰੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itr" title="Itr – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Itr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytrio" title="Ytrio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ytrio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایتریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایتریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ايتريوم – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايتريوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtrio" title="Ítrio – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ítrio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyu" title="Itriyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Itriyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriu" title="Itriu – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Itriu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="यितृयम – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यितृयम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ctriu" title="Ìtriu – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìtriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriu" title="Ittriu – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ittriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrijum" title="Itrijum – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Itrijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytrium" title="Ytrium – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ytrium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrij" title="Itrij – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Itrij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyaam" title="Itriyaam – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Itriyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriumi" title="Itriumi – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Itriumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Итријум – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Итријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Itrium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ytri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இற்றியம் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இற்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="యిట్రియం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యిట్రియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="อิตเทรียม – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิตเทรียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itriyo" title="Itriyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Itriyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0triyum" title="İtriyum – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtriyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Иттрий – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иттрий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئىتترىي – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتترىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ітрій – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ітрій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="یٹریئم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یٹریئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittriy" title="Ittriy – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ittriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ittrii" title="Ittrii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ittrii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytri" title="Ytri – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ytri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itryo" title="Itryo – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Иттриум – calmucă" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Иттриум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmucă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="איטריום – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטריום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%94" title="釔 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釔" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yttrium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%94" title="釔 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmYambi" title="UmYambi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmYambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Ytriu" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Ytriu" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;oldid=16355411" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&amp;page=Ytriu&amp;id=16355411&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYtriu"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYtriu"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Ytriu"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Ytriu&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yttrium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q941" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" 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Apăsați aici pentru mai multe informații." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet stiinteexacte" style="background-color:#ffc0c0">Ytriu </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/200px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/300px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/400px-Yttrium_sublimed_dendritic_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4952" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span><br />Ytriu </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" style="background:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">stronțiu</a> ← <b>Ytriu</b> → <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">zirconiu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Sc</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="3"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" align="center" style="border-collapse:separate;width:248px;background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="border:none;width:7px;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td colspan="14" rowspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;">&#160; </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="border:none;text-align:center;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size:10pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;">&#160;<br />39</td> <td style="font-size:16pt;border:none;padding:0;line-height:1em;background-color:transparent;"><b>Y</b></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none;padding:0;background-color:transparent;"> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)"><span style="float: left; width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td> <td style="padding:0;width:7px;height:9px;border:none;background-color:#a0ffa0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="float: left; 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width: 7px; height: 9px; font-size: 9px; line-height: 9px; word-spacing: 3px; cursor: pointer;">&#160;</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><b>Y</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="valign:middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="padding-top:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Tabelul complet</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor_(extins)" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor (extins)">Tabelul extins</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații generale </th></tr> <tr> <td width="60%"><a href="/wiki/Lista_elementelor_chimice_dup%C4%83_nume" title="Lista elementelor chimice după nume">Nume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabelul_periodic_al_elementelor" title="Tabelul periodic al elementelor">Simbol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">Număr</a> </td> <td width="40%">Ytriu, Y, 39 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_chimic%C4%83" title="Serie chimică">Serie chimică</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metal_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Metal de tranziție">metale de tranziție</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grupele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupele tabelului periodic">Grupă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perioadele_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioadele tabelului periodic">Perioadă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blocurile_tabelului_periodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocurile tabelului periodic">Bloc</a> </td> <td>3, 5, d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Densitate" title="Densitate">Densitate</a> </td> <td>4472 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram_pe_metru_cub" title="Kilogram pe metru cub">kg/m³</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Culoare" title="Culoare">Culoare</a> </td> <td>alb argintiu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_CAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Număr CAS">Număr CAS</a> </td> <td>7440-65-5 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_EINECS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr EINECS — pagină inexistentă">Număr EINECS</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți atomice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">Masă atomică</a> </td> <td>88,90584(2) <a href="/wiki/Unitate_atomic%C4%83_de_mas%C4%83" title="Unitate atomică de masă">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Rază atomică</a> </td> <td>180 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_de_covalen%C8%9B%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Rază de covalență">Rază de covalență</a> </td> <td>162 <a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_van_der_Waals" title="Rază van der Waals">Rază van der Waals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picometru" title="Picometru">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică">Configurație electronică</a> </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 4d<sup>1</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electroni</a> pe <a href="/wiki/Nivel_de_energie" title="Nivel de energie">nivelul de energie</a> </td> <td>2, 8, 18, 9, 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_oxidare" title="Număr de oxidare">Număr de oxidare</a> </td> <td><b>3</b>, 2, 1 (un oxid bazic ușor) </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">Oxid</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Structur%C4%83_cristalin%C4%83" title="Structură cristalină">Structură cristalină</a> </td> <td>hexagonală de pachete apropiate </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Proprietăți fizice </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Fază ordinară</a> </td> <td>solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> </td> <td>1526 °C, 1799&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> </td> <td>​2730 °C, 3203&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_fuziune&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de fuziune — pagină inexistentă">Energie de fuziune</a> </td> <td>11,42 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energie_de_evaporare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Energie de evaporare — pagină inexistentă">Energie de evaporare</a> </td> <td>363 <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temperatur%C4%83_critic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Temperatură critică — pagină inexistentă">Temperatură critică</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presiune_critic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presiune critică — pagină inexistentă">Presiune critică</a> </td> <td>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal (unitate)">Pa</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">Volum molar</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_cub_pe_kmol&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru cub pe kmol — pagină inexistentă">m³/kmol</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Viteza_sunetului" title="Viteza sunetului">Viteza sunetului</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metru_pe_secund%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Metru pe secundă — pagină inexistentă">m/s</a> la 20 <a href="/wiki/Grad_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td>Forță <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetică</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Informații diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">Electronegativitate</a> <small>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Scara_lui_Pauling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scara lui Pauling — pagină inexistentă">Pauling</a>)</small> </td> <td>1,22 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joule_pe_kilogram-kelvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joule pe kilogram-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">J/(kg·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_electric%C4%83" title="Conductivitate electrică">Conductivitate electrică</a> </td> <td>1.8 ⋅ 10<sup><small>6</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unitate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens (unitate)">S</a>/m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conductivitate_termic%C4%83" title="Conductivitate termică">Conductivitate termică</a> </td> <td>17,2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Watt_pe_metru-kelvin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Watt pe metru-kelvin — pagină inexistentă">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>Prima <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 2-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_2}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 3-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_3}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 4-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_4}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 5-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_5}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 6-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_6}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 7-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_7}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 8-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_8}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 9-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td>{{{potențial_de_ionizare_9}}} <a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr class="hiddenStructure"> <td>A 10-a <a href="/wiki/Energie_de_ionizare" title="Energie de ionizare">energie de ionizare</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joule_pe_mol" title="Joule pe mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px; margin-top:none; margin-left:none; margin-right:none;">Cei mai stabili izotopi </th></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="padding:0px"> <table width="100%" rules="all" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Simbol</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Abunden%C8%9B%C4%83_natural%C4%83" title="Abundență naturală">AN</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Perioad%C4%83_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" title="Perioadă de înjumătățire">T<small>1/2</small></a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Mod_de_dezintegrare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod de dezintegrare">MD</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Energie_de_dezintegrare" title="Energie de dezintegrare">Ed</a></td> <td valign="middle" rowspan="2"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produsul_dezintegr%C4%83rii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produsul dezintegrării — pagină inexistentă">PD</a></td></tr> <tr style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">MeV</a></td></tr> <tr><td><sup>87</sup>Y</td><td>ris</td><td>3,35 zile</td><td>ε <br /> γ</td><td>- <br /> 0,48; 0,38D</td><td>-<br /><sup>87</sup>Sr</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>88</sup>Y</td><td>ris</td><td>106,6 zile</td><td>ε <br /> γ</td><td>- <br /> 0,83; 1,89</td><td>-<br /><sup>88</sup>Sr</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>89</sup>Y</td><td>100%</td><td colspan="4">stabil cu 50 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a></td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>90</sup>Y</td><td>ris</td><td>2,67 zile</td><td>β− <br /> γ</td><td>- <br /> 2,28; 2,18</td><td><sup>90</sup>Zr<br />-</td> </tr> <tr><td><sup>91</sup>Y</td><td>ris</td><td>58,5</td><td>β− <br /> γ</td><td>- <br /> 1,54; 1,20</td><td><sup>91</sup>Zr<br />-</td> </tr> </tbody></table></td><td> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffc0c0; text-align: center; padding: 3px; line-height: 15px;">Precauții </th></tr> <tr style="display:none;"> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-top: 2px #ffc0c0 solid; font-size: 80%;"><i>Unitățile <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_interna%C8%9Bional_de_unit%C4%83%C8%9Bi" title="Sistemul internațional de unități">SI</a> și condiții de temperatură și presiune normale dacă nu s-a specificat altfel.</i> </td></tr> <tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #FFFFFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">text</a></span>&#160;<span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Element_chimic" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ytriul</b> este un <a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">element chimic</a> notat cu simbolul <b>Y</b> și care are <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83rul_atomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numărul atomic">numărul atomic</a> 39. Primul element al blocul <i>d</i> în a 5-a perioadă, ytriul este un <a href="/wiki/Metal_de_tranzi%C8%9Bie" title="Metal de tranziție">metal de tranziție</a> de culoare metalic-argintie, care prezintă caracteristici chimice similare <a href="/wiki/Lantanide" title="Lantanide">lantanidelor</a>, fiind astfel des clasificat ca un <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare">pământ rar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ytriul este aproape mereu găsit în combinație cu lantanidele în mineralele pământurilor rare, nefiind niciodată găsit în natură ca element liber. Singurul său <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotop</a> stabil (<sup>89</sup>Y) este și singurul său izotop natural. </p><p>Descoperirea elementului a fost rezultatul unor cercetări amănunțite, având în vedere faptul că pământurile rare au proprietăți extrem de asemănătoare, făcându-le greu de deosebit în amestec. Astfel, în 1787, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Axel_Arrhenius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Axel Arrhenius — pagină inexistentă">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a> descoperă un nou mineral lângă <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterby — pagină inexistentă">Ytterby</a></i> în <a href="/wiki/Suedia" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>, numindu-l <i><a href="/wiki/Yterbin%C4%83" title="Yterbină">yterbină</a>.</i> Johan Gadolin a descoperit oxidul ytriului în mostra lui Arrhenius în 1798,<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders_Gustaf_Ekeber&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeber — pagină inexistentă">Anders Gustaf Ekeber</a> redenumește noul oxid ca <i>ytria</i>. Ca și element în formă pură, ytriul a fost izolat pentru prima dată în 1828 de către <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cea mai importantă utilitate a ytriului este cea de fabricare a substanțelor <a href="/wiki/Luminescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Luminescență">luminescente</a> (în particular fluorescente), întrebuințate în <a href="/wiki/Tub_catodic" title="Tub catodic">tuburile catodice</a> pentru ecranele de <a href="/wiki/Televizor" title="Televizor">televizor</a> (CRT) și a <a href="/wiki/LED" title="LED">LED</a>-urilor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ytriul este de asemenea folosit în producerea de <a href="/wiki/Electrod" title="Electrod">electrozi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolit" title="Electrolit">electroliți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtru_electronic" title="Filtru electronic">filtre electronice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supraconductibilitate" title="Supraconductibilitate">supraconductori</a>, aparatură medicală; se adaugă, de-asemenea, în cantități infime în <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziția</a> unor unor materiale, pentru îmbunătățirea unor proprietăți mecanice. Ytriul nu are niciun rol biologic, <a href="/wiki/Expunere_la_radia%C8%9Bii_ionizante" title="Expunere la radiații ionizante">expunerea</a> la radioizotopii acestuia putând însă cauza <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pulmonar" title="Cancer pulmonar">cancer pulmonar</a> la oameni.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Johan_Gadolin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/150px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/225px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Johan_Gadolin.jpg/300px-Johan_Gadolin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a> a descoperit oxidul de ytriu</figcaption></figure> <p>În 1787, locotenentul și chimistul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Axel_Arrhenius&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Axel Arrhenius — pagină inexistentă">Carl Axel Arrhenius</a> a descoperit în interiorul unei mine de <a href="/wiki/Fluorin%C4%83" title="Fluorină">fluorină</a> din vecinătatea satului <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytterby&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ytterby — pagină inexistentă">Ytterby</a> (aflat la 5&#160;km față de <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> un mineral greu, negru (asemănător cărbunelui), pe care l-a denumit yterbit.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emsley496_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley496-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta analizase mineralul, a presupus în baza densității sale ca este constituit din <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolfram</a>, publicând rezultatele în 1788<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și trimițând mostre la diverși chimiști pentru analize ulterioare.<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În același an, mineralogul suedez <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengt_Reinhold_Geijer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengt Reinhold Geijer — pagină inexistentă">Bengt Reinhold Geijer</a> a analizat mostra lui Arrhenius, speculând de asemenea că mostra ar putea conține wolfram.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs120_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1789 sau 1794 (ambele date sunt menționate),<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs120_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> chimistul și mineralogul finlandez <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a> a analizat mostra de pământ negru și a descoperit că aceasta este constituită din 23% <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_siliciu" title="Dioxid de siliciu">dioxid de siliciu</a>, 4,5% <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_beriliu" title="Oxid de beriliu">oxid de beriliu</a>, 16,5% <a href="/wiki/Oxid_de_fier_(II)" title="Oxid de fier (II)">oxid de fier</a> și aproximativ 55,5% de oxid pe care îl va numi <i>ytria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cele mai multe referințe îl indică pe Gadolin în detrimentul lui Geijer ca fiind descoperitorul ytriului. Este interesant faptul că, aproape un secol mai târziu, mineralul din care Gadolin obținuse ytriul va fi numit în cinstea lui drept <i>gadolinit</i> de către <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich_Klaproth" title="Martin Heinrich Klaproth">Martin Heinrich Klaproth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fiind și sursa pentru descoperirea elementul chimic <i>gadoliniu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krebs120_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krebs120-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Numele oxidului <i>ytria</i> va fi de asemenea confirmat de <a href="/wiki/Anders_Gustaf_Ekeberg" title="Anders Gustaf Ekeberg">Anders Gustaf Ekeberg</a> în 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p944_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p944-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În deceniile ce au urmat dezvoltării definiției elementelor chimice, elaborată de către <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, se considera că pământurile pot fi reduse la elementele lor constitutive, ceea ce însemna că descoperirea unui pământ era similară cu descoperirea unui nou element, care în acest caz ar fi fost <i>ytriul</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1843, Carl Gustaf Mosander a observat că mostrele de ytria conțineau trei oxizi: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_de_ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid de ytriu — pagină inexistentă">oxid de ytriu</a> (ytria, de culoare albă), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_de_terbiu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid de terbiu — pagină inexistentă">oxid de terbiu</a> (de culoare galbenă; acesta a fost numit, greșit, „erbia” la acel moment) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_de_erbiu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid de erbiu — pagină inexistentă">oxid de erbiu</a> (de culoare roz, numit atunci „terbia”).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un al patrulea oxid, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxidul_de_yterbiu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxidul de yterbiu — pagină inexistentă">oxidul de yterbiu</a>, a fost izolat în 1878 de către <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Noi elemente fost izolate din fiecare din acești oxizi, fiind denumite în relație cu satul Ytterby, de unde a provenit mineralul din care au fost identificate (vezi <a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">yterbiu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">terbiu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">erbiu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În deceniile următoare, șapte noi metale au fost descoperite în „ytria lui Gadolin”.<sup id="cite_ref-Krogt_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul metalic a fost izolat pentru prima dată în 1828, când <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> a încălzit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clorur%C4%83_de_ytriu_(III)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clorură de ytriu (III) — pagină inexistentă">clorură de ytriu (III)</a> anhidră cu <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">potasiu</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>YCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 K → 3 KCl + Y</dd></dl> <p>Până la începutul anilor 1920, simbolul chimic <b>Yt</b> a fost folosit pentru element,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> până ce <b>Y</b> a intrat în uzul general.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structură_atomică"><span id="Structur.C4.83_atomic.C4.83"></span>Structură atomică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură atomică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Structură atomică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg/220px-Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg/330px-Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg/440px-Electron_shell_039_Yttrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Modelul planetar al atomului de ytriu</figcaption></figure> <p>Configurația electronică a atomului de ytriu este [Kr] 4d<sup>1</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Izotopul</a> natural <sup>89</sup>Y conține în nucleu 39 de <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protoni</a> și 50 de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raz%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Rază atomică">Raza atomică</a> medie a ytriului este de 1,80 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Å">Å</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Considine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> raza ionică de 0,910 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Å">Å</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Considine_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Considine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar <a href="/wiki/Volum_molar" title="Volum molar">volumul molar</a> de 19,88&#160;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Raza covalentă este de 1,62 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85" class="mw-redirect" title="Å">Å</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Izotopi"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izotopii ytriului sunt <a href="/wiki/Produs_de_fisiune" title="Produs de fisiune">produși de fisiune</a> care se formează cu un randament ridicat în timpul procesului de <a href="/wiki/Fisiune_nuclear%C4%83" title="Fisiune nucleară">fisiune</a> ce se produce în <a href="/wiki/Explozie_nuclear%C4%83" title="Explozie nucleară">explozii nucleare</a> și <a href="/wiki/Reactor_nuclear" title="Reactor nuclear">reactori nucleari</a>. În termeni de gestiune a <a href="/wiki/De%C8%99eu_radioactiv" title="Deșeu radioactiv">deșeurilor radioactive</a>, cei mai importanți izotopi ai ytriului sunt <sup>91</sup>Y și <sup>90</sup>Y, cu un <a href="/wiki/Timp_de_%C3%AEnjum%C4%83t%C4%83%C8%9Bire" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Timp de înjumătățire">timp de înjumătățire</a> relativ ridicat (58,51 zile, respectiv 64 de ore).<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși <sup>90</sup>Y are cel mai scurt timp de înjumătățire, el există în echilibru secular cu longevivul său izotop părinte, <sup>90</sup>Sr (cu un timp de înjumătățire de 28,9 ani).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toate elementele din grupa 3 au un <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_atomic" title="Număr atomic">număr atomic</a> impar, ceea ce este în relație cu numărul de izotopi stabili.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p946-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Scandiul are un izotop stabil, la fel ca și ytriul, care apare în mod natural exclusiv ca <sup>89</sup>Y. Totuși, grupul <a href="/wiki/Lantanide" title="Lantanide">elementelor lantanidele</a> (la rândul lor, pământuri rare) conține elemente cu numere atomice pare, deci – pe cale de consecință – mai mulți izotopi stabili. Se consideră că <sup>89</sup>Y e mai abundent decât ar trebui să fie datorită <a href="/w/index.php?title=Num%C4%83r_magic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Număr magic — pagină inexistentă">numărului său magic</a> de neutroni, care oferă acestor izotopi suficient timp să se dezintegreze β<sup>–</sup> (neutron → proton).<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p12-13_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p12-13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un astfel de proces relativ lent tinde să favorizeze existența mai îndelungată a izotopilor cu <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_mas%C4%83" title="Număr de masă">numărul atomic de masă</a> (A = protoni + neutroni) apropiat valorilor 90, 138 și 208, care au un nucleu atomic neobișnuit de stabil cu 50, 82 și 126 neutroni, respectiv.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p12-13_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p12-13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <sup>89</sup>Y are un număr de masă apropiat de 90, având 50 de neutroni în nucleu său. </p><p>Cel puțin 32 de izotopi sintetici ai ytriului au fost observați, numărul lor de masă variind între 76 și 108.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cel mai puțin stabil dintre aceștia e <sup>106</sup>Y, cu un timp de înjumătățire de &gt;150 ns, aproximativ ca și <sup>76</sup>Y (care are un timp de înjumătățire de &gt;200 s). În contrast, cel mai stabil radioizotop este <sup>88</sup>Y, cu un timp de înjumătățire de 106,626 zile.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cu excepția radioizotopilor <sup>91</sup>Y, <sup>87</sup>Y, și <sup>90</sup>Y (cu timpi de înjumătățire de 58,51 zile, 79,8 ore și respectiv 64 ore) restul radioizotopilor ytriului au timp de înjumătățiri de mai puțin de o zi, majoritatea chiar mai mici decât o oră.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izotopii ytriului cu numere de masă egale sau mai mici de 88 se stabilizează în special prin dezintegrare β<sup>+</sup>, prin emisie de <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitroni</a> (proton → neutron) cu formarea de izotopi ai <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">stronțiului</a> (Z = 38).<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dimpotrivă, izotopii ytriului cu numere de masă egale sau mai mari de 90 se stabilizează cu predilecție prin dezintegrare β<sup>–</sup>, prin emisie de electroni (neutron → proton), pentru a forma izotopi ai <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">zirconiului</a> (Z = 40).<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stabilizarea izotopilor cu numere de masă egale sau mai mari de 97 se poate face și printr-un canal de reacție prin emisie de neutroni întârziați.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul are cel puțin 20 de <a href="/wiki/Izomer_nuclear" title="Izomer nuclear">izomeri</a> metastabili sau excitați, numărul lor de masă variind de la 78 la 102.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nivele energice multiple sunt întâlnite în cazul <sup>80</sup>Y și <sup>97</sup>Y.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În contrast cu observația generală că <a href="/wiki/Stare_fundamental%C4%83" title="Stare fundamentală">starea fundamentală</a> este cea mai stabilă, <sup>78m</sup>Y, <sup>84m</sup>Y, <sup>85m</sup>Y, <sup>96m</sup>Y, <sup>98m1</sup>Y, <sup>100m</sup>Y, și <sup>102m</sup>Y au timp de înjumătățire superiori comparativ nivelelor fundamentale, deoarece acești izomeri se stabilizează prin dezintegrare beta și nu prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzi%C8%9Bie_izomeric%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranziție izomerică — pagină inexistentă">tranziție izomerică</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nubase_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nubase-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietăți"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi"></span>Proprietăți</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Proprietăți"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietăți_fizice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_fizice"></span>Proprietăți fizice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți fizice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Proprietăți fizice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ytriul e un metal de tranziție (din grupa a 3-a) moale, metalic-argintiu, lucios și cristalin. Așa cum este de așteptat în baza tendințelor generale din sistemul periodic, este mai puțin <a href="/wiki/Electronegativitate" title="Electronegativitate">electronegativ</a> decât predecesorul său în grupă (<a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">scandiul</a>) și mai puțin electronegativ decât elementul care îl urmează în perioada a 5–a (<a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">zirconiul</a>); în plus, are o electronegativitate comparabilă cu succesorul său în grupă, <a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">lutețiul</a>, datorită <a href="/wiki/Contrac%C8%9Bia_lantanidelor" title="Contracția lantanidelor">contracției lantanidelor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p946_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p946-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ytriul e primul element „d” în cadrul celei de-a 5-a perioade. </p><p>În formă metalică compactă elementul e relativ stabil în aer când – datorită <a href="/wiki/Pasivizare" title="Pasivizare">pasivizării</a> – se formează un strat de <a href="/wiki/Oxid" title="Oxid">oxid</a> protector (<span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>) la suprafața sa. Acest strat oxidic poate atinge o grosime de 10&#160;µm atunci când ytriul e încălzit la 750&#160;°<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a> în vapori de apă.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sub formă pulverulentă însă, ytriul este foarte instabil în aer; mici piese metalice se pot autoaprinde în aer la temperaturi de peste 400&#160;°C.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La încălzirea metalului în atmosferă de <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">azot</a> la 1000&#160;°C se formează nitrura de ytriu (YN).<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proprietăți_chimice"><span id="Propriet.C4.83.C8.9Bi_chimice"></span>Proprietăți chimice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Proprietăți chimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Proprietăți chimice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Monazites-xenotimes.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Monazites-xenotimes.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Monazites-xenotimes.jpg/220px-Monazites-xenotimes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Monazites-xenotimes.jpg/330px-Monazites-xenotimes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Monazites-xenotimes.jpg/440px-Monazites-xenotimes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13488" data-file-height="9536" /></a><figcaption>Variația volumului celulei elementare a fosfaților de tip monazit și xenotim în funcție de raza cationului constituent, în acord cu fenomenul de contracție a lantanidelor. Se observă comportamentul scandiului și ytriului, similar pământurilor rare ytrice.</figcaption></figure> <p>Similaritatea ytriului cu <a href="/wiki/Lantanide" title="Lantanide">lantanidele</a> sunt atât de evidente încât elementul a fost clasificat inițial alături de acestea,<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fiind întotdeauna găsit în natură alături de acestea în mineralele bogate în <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare">pământuri rare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley498_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley498-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> După definirea blocului elementelor <i>f</i>, noțiunea generică de pământuri rare a rămas funcțională, alăturând scandiul și ytriul elementelor lantanide. Chimic, ytriul se aseamănă cu aceste elemente mai mult decât vecinul său în tabelul periodic, scandiul,<sup id="cite_ref-ECE810_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE810-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar dacă proprietățile sale fizice ar fi puse într-un grafic împreună cu numărul atomic, atunci ar avea numărul atomic de la 64,5 la 67,5, plasându-l între lantanidele <a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">gadoliniu</a> și <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">erbiu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE815_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE815-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reactivitatea ytriului este comparabilă cu cea a lantanidelor,<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fiind foarte apropiată de cea a <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">terbiului</a> și a <a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">disprosiului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Având raza ionică foarte apropiată de cea a lantanidelor grele (pământuri rare ytrice), în soluție se comportă asemănător acestora.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p945_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p945-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Chiar dacă lantanidele sunt situate în perioada următoare, similaritatea dintre razele atomice și ionice își are originea în fenomenul cunoscut sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Contrac%C8%9Bia_lantanidelor" title="Contracția lantanidelor">contracția lantanidelor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p1234_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1234-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Una dintre puținele diferențe notabile constă în numărul de oxidare. În timp ce ytriul estre aproape exclusiv trivalent, aproape jumătate dintre elementele lantanide pot prezenta stări de valență diferit de trei; oricum, doar patru din cele 15 elemente lantanide prezintă astfel de stări de oxidare în soluție apoasă (Ce<sup>IV</sup>, Sm<sup>II</sup>, Eu<sup>II</sup> și Yb<sup>II</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compuși"><span id="Compu.C8.99i"></span>Compuși</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Compuși" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Compuși"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg/200px-Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg/300px-Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg/400px-Yttrium_oxide_at_100X_magnification_with_discontinuous_grain_growth_and_pores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4007" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>Microstructura oxidului de ytriu (magnificație 100x), indicând prezența porozității intragranulare</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiind un metal de tranziție trivalent, ytriul formează diverși <a href="/wiki/Compus_anorganic" title="Compus anorganic">compuși anorganici</a>, în general cu numărul de oxidare +3, participând la legătura chimică toți cei trei electroni de valență.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p948_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p948-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Un bun exemplu e oxidul de ytriu (III) (<span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>) – cunoscut și ca ytria – un solid alb, în care ytriul are numărul de coordinare șase.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p947_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p947-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluorura</a>, hidroxidul și oxalatul ytriului sunt insolubile în apă, pe când <a href="/wiki/Bromur%C4%83" title="Bromură">bromura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clorur%C4%83" title="Clorură">clorura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodur%C4%83" title="Iodură">iodura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrur%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrură">nitrura</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfatul</a> său sunt toate solubile în apă.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ionul Y<sup>3+</sup> e incolor în soluție, ca urmare a absenței electronilor pe nivelele nivelul energetice <i>d</i> și <i>f</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul și compușii săi reacționează facil cu apa, formând <span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley498_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley498-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acid_nitric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid nitric">Acidul nitric</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Acid_fluorhidric" title="Acid fluorhidric">fluorhidric</a> concentrat nu atacă rapid ytriul, în contrast cu alți acizi tari.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cu <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogenii</a>, ytriul formează <a href="/wiki/Halogenur%C4%83" title="Halogenură">trihalogenuri</a> cum ar fi fluorura de ytriu (III) (<span class="chemf nowrap">YF<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>), clorura de ytriu (III) (<span class="chemf nowrap">YCl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>) și bromura de ytriu (III) (<span class="chemf nowrap">YBr<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>), la temperaturi de peste 200&#160;°C.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Similar, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosforul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">seleniul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">siliciul</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulful</a> formează compuși binari cu ytriul la temperaturi ridicate.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chimia organoytrică reprezintă subdomeniul care se ocupă cu studiul compușilor ce conțin legături carbon-ytriu. Într-un număr redus de astfel de compuși ytriul are numărul de oxidare 0<sup id="cite_ref-Cloke1993_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (numărul de oxidare +2 a fost observat în cloruri topite,<sup id="cite_ref-Mikheev1992_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikheev1992-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar +1 în clusteri oxidici în stare gazoasă).<sup id="cite_ref-Kang2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kang2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prin utilizarea compușilor organoytrici precum catalizatori se pot iniția reacții de trimerizare.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Astfel de compuși sunt sintetizați folosind <span class="chemf nowrap">YCl<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span> drept materie primă, care la rândul său e obținut din <span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_clorhidric" title="Acid clorhidric">acid clorhidric</a> concentrat și <a href="/wiki/Clorur%C4%83_de_amoniu" title="Clorură de amoniu">clorură de amoniu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combinațiile ytriului cu <a href="/wiki/Carboran" title="Carboran">carborani</a> sunt primele exemple de compuși la care liganzii sunt legați de un centru metalic <i>d</i><sup>0</sup> printr-o <a href="/wiki/Hapticitate" title="Hapticitate">hapticitate</a> η<sup>7</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schumann_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schumann-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vaporizarea compușilor de intercalație <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>–Y sau grafit–<span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span></span> duce la formarea de fulerene de tip incluziv, precum Y@C<sub>82</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studiile cu <a href="/wiki/Rezonan%C8%9B%C4%83_electronic%C4%83_de_spin" title="Rezonanță electronică de spin">rezonanțe electronice de spin</a> au indicat formarea de perechi de ioni de Y<sup>3+</sup> și (C<sub>82</sub>)<sup>3−</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbur%C4%83" title="Carbură">Carburile</a> Y<sub>3</sub>C, Y<sub>2</sub>C, și YC<sub>2</sub> pot hidroliza, cu formare de <a href="/wiki/Hidrocarbur%C4%83" title="Hidrocarbură">hidrocarburi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE817_33-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>În 1987, în cadrul Universităților din Alabama și Houston, s-a descoperit un compus constituit din oxid de ytriu, cupru si bariu, numit în limbaj comun <i>compusul 1-2-3</i> sau <i>Y-Ba-Cu-O</i>, care prezintă proprietăți supraconductoare limitate<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> la temperaturi înalte.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Era al doilea material cunoscut a avea această proprietate,<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fiind primul care să fie supraconductor la o temperatură superioară celei de fierbere a azotului lichid (de importanță economică).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Răspândire"><span id="R.C4.83sp.C3.A2ndire"></span>Răspândire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Răspândire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Răspândire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Mira_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formă galbenă neregulată cu margini roșii pe un fundal negru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/150px-Mira_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/225px-Mira_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/300px-Mira_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mira_(stea)" title="Mira (stea)">Mira</a> e un exemplu de tip de stea gigantă roșie unde majoritatea ytriului din sistemul solar a fost creat</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Trei cristale maronii sub formă de coloane pe un fundal alb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg/150px-Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg/225px-Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg/300px-Xenot%C3%ADmio1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Cristalele de <a href="/wiki/Xenotim" title="Xenotim">xenotim</a> conțin ytriu</figcaption></figure> <p>Ytriul din <a href="/wiki/Sistemul_solar" title="Sistemul solar">sistemul solar</a> a fost creat prin <a href="/wiki/Nucleosintez%C4%83" title="Nucleosinteză">nucleosinteză</a> stelară, majoritatea prin procesul „s” (≈72%), dar și prin procesul „r” (≈28%).<sup id="cite_ref-Pack_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pack-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Procesul „r” constă în captura rapidă de <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutroni</a> de către elemente ușoare, în timpul exploziilor <a href="/wiki/Supernov%C4%83" title="Supernovă">supernovelor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Procesul „s” e o captură înceată de neutroni de către elemente ușoare, care are loc în interiorul <a href="/wiki/Gigant%C4%83_ro%C8%99ie" title="Gigantă roșie">stelelor gigante roșii</a>, pulsatoare.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p12-13_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p12-13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul este prezent<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> în cele circa 300&#160;kg de mostre de <a href="/wiki/Praf_cosmic" title="Praf cosmic">praf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piatr%C4%83" title="Piatră">pietre</a> și probe din mantaua <a href="/wiki/Lun%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lună">Lunii</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka115_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> colectate în urma celor șase aselenizări ce au avut loc în perioada iulie 1969 – decembrie 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul nu este deloc un element rar, așa cum ar indica denumirea de „pământ rar”. Se găsește în majoritatea mineralelor pământurilor rare,<sup id="cite_ref-Hammond_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammond-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> precum și în unele minereuri de uraniu, dar nu apare niciodată în natură ca element liber (în formă metalică).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Concentrația sa în scoarța terestră este de aproximativ 31 <a href="/wiki/Ppm" title="Ppm">ppm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> făcându-l al 28-lea cel mai abundent element, de 400 de ori mai comun decât argintul.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În sol, ytriul e găsit în concentrații de 10–150 ppm (greutatea medie în probe de sol uscate este de 23 ppm, apropiată de valoarea medie din scoarța terestră), iar în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_de_mare" title="Apă de mare">apa de mare</a> de 9 ppt (părți pe trilion, 10<sup>-12</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producție"><span id="Produc.C8.9Bie"></span>Producție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Producție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Similitudinea chimică dintre ytriu și lantanide face ca acestea să fie concentrate prin aceleași procese, astfel că ytriul însoțește lantanidele în mineralele de <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83m%C3%A2nturi_rare" title="Pământuri rare">pământuri rare</a>. O oarecare diferență poate fi sesizată între pământurile rare ușoare (ceritice) și grele (ytrice), dar aceasta nu există o linie clară de demarcare. În ciuda o <a href="/wiki/Mas%C4%83_atomic%C4%83" title="Masă atomică">masei atomice</a> scăzute, ytriul este concentrat în grupul pământurile rare grele datorită dimensiunii sale ionice.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kanazawaa_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kanazawaa-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yttrium_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg/200px-Yttrium_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg/300px-Yttrium_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Yttrium_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Un cub de ytriu. Ytriul e dificil de separat de alte pământuri rare.</figcaption></figure> <p>Există patru surse principale de ytriu:<sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Minereurile ce conțin <a href="/wiki/Carbona%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonați">carbonați</a> și fluoruri cum ar fi bastnäsitul ([(Ce, La, etc.)(CO<sub>3</sub>)F]), cu o concentrație medie 0,1%<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ytriu (comparat cu 99,9%% pentru celelalte pământuri rare).<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Între anii 1960 până în anii 1990, sursă primară de bastnäsit a fost mina de pământuri rare Mountain Pass din <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, făcând <a href="/wiki/Statele_Unite" class="mw-redirect" title="Statele Unite">Statele Unite</a> cel mai mare producător de pământuri rare din acea perioadă.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monazit" title="Monazit">Monazitul</a> ([(<a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ce</a>, La, etc.)<a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">PO<sub>4</sub></a>]), care e în cea mai mare parte un <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfat</a>, apare ca accesoriu în <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnais" title="Gnais">gnaise</a> și <a href="/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit">pegmatite</a>, uneori asociat <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zirconului</a> și în depozite sedimentare rezultate din alterarea acestor roci. <a href="/wiki/Monazit" title="Monazit">Monazitul</a> conține 2%<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (sau chiar 3%)<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka116_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka116-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ytriu. Cele mai mari depozite au fost găsite în <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> și <a href="/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia">Brazilia</a> la începutul secolului XX, făcând aceste două țări cei mai mari producători de ytriu în prima jumătate a acelui secol.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotim" title="Xenotim">Xenotimul</a>, un fosfat de pământ rar, este principalul minereu de pământurile rare ytrice, conținând până la 60% ytriu sub formă de fosfat (YPO<sub>4</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cea mai mare mină ce conține acest mineral e depozitul <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayan_Obo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayan Obo — pagină inexistentă">Bayan Obo</a> din China, făcând China cel mai mare exportator de pământurile rare ytrice de la închiderea minei Mountain Pass din anii 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lutul absorbant de ioni sau lutul Logan este un produs de alterare a granitului și conține 1% pământuri rare.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Concentratul final poate conține până la 8% ytriu. Lutul absorbant de ioni este exploatat în sudul Chinei.<sup id="cite_ref-Morteani_54-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morteani-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naumov_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naumov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> De asemenea, ytriul e găsit și în samarskit și fergusonit.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>O metodă pentru separarea ytriului pur din minereuri conținând amestecuri de oxizi o reprezintă dizolvarea oxidului în <a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfuric" title="Acid sulfuric">acid sulfuric</a> și fracționarea sa prin <a href="/wiki/Cromatografie" title="Cromatografie">cromatografie</a> de schimb ionic. La adăugarea <a href="/wiki/Acid_oxalic" title="Acid oxalic">acidului oxalic</a>, oxalatul de ytriu precipită. Oxalatul e apoi transformat în oxid prin tratament termic în aer. Prin reacția oxidului de ytriu rezultat cu <a href="/wiki/Acid_fluorhidric" title="Acid fluorhidric">acid fluorhidric</a> se obține <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorur%C4%83_de_yitriu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorură de yitriu — pagină inexistentă">fluorura de ytriu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Folosind <a href="/wiki/Amoniu_cuaternar" title="Amoniu cuaternar">săruri de amoniu cuaternare</a> ca extractanți, ytriul preferă să rămână în faza apoasă: când contra-ionul e nitrat, lantanidele ușoare sunt îndepărtate, dar când contra-ionul e tiocianat, lantanidele grele sunt îndepărtate. Astfel săruri de ytriu de puritate 99.995% pot obținute prin această metodă.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Producția anuală de oxid de ytriu a crescut de la 600 de tone în 2001 până la 7100 de tone în 2013<sup id="cite_ref-USGS-mcs14-Y_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-mcs14-Y-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, rezervele fiind estimate la 9 milioane de tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O cantitate redusă de ytriu metalic este produsă anual prin reducerea fluorurii de ytriu cu un aliaj de <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">calciu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">magneziu</a> în bureți metalici. Temperatura unui cuptor cu arc depăște 1600&#160;°C, suficient pentru a topi ytriul.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holleman_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holleman-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizare">Utilizare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Utilizare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Utilizare"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Aperture_Grille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg/200px-Aperture_Grille.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg/300px-Aperture_Grille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Aperture_Grille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Ytriul e unul din elementele folosite pentru a obține culoarea roșie în televizoarele CRT</figcaption></figure> <p>Compușii ytriului pot servi ca rețele gazdă pentru doparea cu diverși cationi lantanizi. Ytriul are diverse aplicații luminescente sub formă de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortovandat_de_ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortovandat de ytriu — pagină inexistentă">ortovandat de ytriu</a> dopat YVO<sub>4</sub>:<a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Eu<sup>3+</sup></a> sau fosfori de oxid de sulfură de ytriu <span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />2</span>S</span>:Eu<sup>3+, </sup>care dau culoarea roșie în <a href="/wiki/Tub_catodic" title="Tub catodic">tuburile catodice</a> ale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Televiziune_color&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Televiziune color — pagină inexistentă">televizoarelor color</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>Nota 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Deși culoarea roșie în sine e de fapt emisă de europiu, ytriul colectează energie din <a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/tun_electronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:tun electronic">tunul electronic</a> și activează materialul luminescent.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE818_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE818-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Și Tb<sup>3+</sup> este folosit ca agent de dopare, acesta producând <a href="/wiki/Luminescen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Luminescență">luminescență</a> verde. Ytria e de asemenea folosită ca un aditiv de <a href="/wiki/Sinterizare" title="Sinterizare">sinterizare</a> în producția nitrurii poroase de siliciu<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> și ca materie primă pentru producerea altor compuși ai ytriului. </p><p>Compușii ytriului sunt folosiți ca și <a href="/wiki/Catalizator" title="Catalizator">catalizatori</a> pentru <a href="/wiki/Polimerizare" title="Polimerizare">polimerizarea</a> <a href="/wiki/Eten%C4%83" title="Etenă">etenei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sub formă metalică e folosit la electrozii unor <a href="/wiki/Bujie" title="Bujie">bujii</a> de înaltă performanță.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ytriul e de asemenea folosit în fabricarea manșoanelor incandescente pentru felinarele cu propan ca substitut al <a href="/wiki/Toriu" class="mw-redirect" title="Toriu">toriului</a> (care e radioactiv).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>De asemenea, este folosit pentru stabilizarea formei cubice a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_de_zirconiu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid de zirconiu — pagină inexistentă">oxidului de zirconiu</a>, utilizat în particular ca electrolit solid și ca un senzor de oxigen în sistemele de eșapament ale automobilelor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Granați"><span id="Grana.C8.9Bi"></span>Granați</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifică secțiunea: Granați" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Granați"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Yag-rod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg/220px-Yag-rod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg/330px-Yag-rod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Yag-rod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Laser Nd:YAG de 0,5 cm în diametru</figcaption></figure><p>Ytriul e folosit în producția unei mari varietăți de <a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">granați</a> sintetici,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar ytria e folosită pentru a fabrica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granat_de_ytriu-fier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Granat de ytriu-fier — pagină inexistentă">granați de ytriu-fier</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>Fe<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />5</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />12</span></span> sau YIG), care sunt foarte eficienți în filtrele cu <a href="/wiki/Microunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Microunde">microunde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Granații de ytriul, fier, aluminiu și gadoliniu (ex. Y<sub>3</sub>(Fe,Al)<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> și Y<sub>3</sub>(Fe,Ga)<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>) prezintă proprietăți magnetice importante.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> YIG e de asemenea foarte eficient ca transmițător acustic de energie și traductor.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Granatul de ytriu-aluminiu (<span class="chemf nowrap">Y<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />3</span>Al<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />5</span>O<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />12</span></span> sau YAG) are o <a href="/wiki/Scara_de_duritate_Mohs" title="Scara de duritate Mohs">duritate</a> de 8,5 și e folosit ca piatră prețioasă în bijuterii (diamant fals).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cristalele de granat de ytriu dopat cu <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">ceriu</a> și aluminiu sunt folosite ca substanțe luminescente pentru a fabrica <a href="/wiki/LED" title="LED">LED</a>-urile.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=YAG&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="YAG — pagină inexistentă">YAG</a>-ul, yttria, fluorura de litiu și ytriu (<span class="chemf nowrap">LiYF<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span></span>) și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortovanadatul_de_ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortovanadatul de ytriu — pagină inexistentă">ortovanadatul de ytriu</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">YVO<span style="display:inline-block; margin-bottom:-0.3em; vertical-align:-0.4em; line-height:1.2em; font-size:85%; text-align:left;"><br />4</span></span>) sunt folosite în combinație cu agenți de dopare (cum ar fi neodimul, erbiul și yterbiul) pentru lasere semi-infraroșii.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Laserele YAG au abilitatea de a opera la putere mare, fiind folosite la forarea și tăierea metalului.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka116_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka116-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Cristalele de YAG dopat sunt produse prin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Procesul_Czochralski&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Procesul Czochralski — pagină inexistentă">procesul Czochralski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potențiator_pentru_materiale"><span id="Poten.C8.9Biator_pentru_materiale"></span>Potențiator pentru materiale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifică secțiunea: Potențiator pentru materiale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Potențiator pentru materiale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mici cantități de ytriu (de la 0,1% la 0,2%) au fost folosite pentru a reduce granulația <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">cromului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">molibdenului</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">titanului</a> și <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">zirconiului</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> E de asemenea folosit pentru a îmbunătăți <a href="/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9Ba_materialelor" title="Rezistența materialelor">rezistența</a> aliajelor de aluminiu-<a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">magneziu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Adaosul de ytriu în aliaje îmbunătățește în general proprietățile de prelucrare, mărește rezistența la recristalizare la temperaturi mari și crește considerabil rezistența la oxidare la temperaturi ridicate.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE818_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE818-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul poate fi folosit pentru a elimina conținutul de oxigen din vanadiu și alte metale neferoase.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ytria e folosită la stabilizarea formei cubice a dioxidului de zirconiu, utilizat în fabricarea bijuteriilor.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fost studiată o posibilă utilizare a ytriului ca agent de cristalizare pentru fabricarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fier_ductil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fier ductil — pagină inexistentă">fierului ductil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafitul</a> formează noduli compacți în loc de fulgi pentru a forma fierul ductil).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Oxidul de ytriu e de asemenea folosit în industria <a href="/wiki/Ceramic%C4%83" title="Ceramică">ceramicii</a> și <a href="/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă">sticlei</a>, întrucât are un punct de topire ridicat, conferind acestor materiale o rezistență la șoc crescută și un coeficient de <a href="/wiki/Dilatare_termic%C4%83" title="Dilatare termică">dilatare termică</a> scăzut.<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2008_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ca urmare, este folosit în obiectivele <a href="/wiki/Aparat_fotografic" title="Aparat fotografic">aparatelor de fotografiat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley497_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley497-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicină"><span id="Medicin.C4.83"></span>Medicină</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifică secțiunea: Medicină" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Medicină"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Izotopul radioactiv <sup>90</sup>Y e folosit sub formă de <a href="/wiki/Compus_radiofarmaceutic" title="Compus radiofarmaceutic">compuși radiofarmaceutici</a> la tratamentul împotriva diverselor forme <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> incluzând <a href="/wiki/Limfom" title="Limfom">limfomul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucemie" title="Leucemie">leucemia</a> și <a href="/wiki/Cancer_ovarian" title="Cancer ovarian">cancerul ovarian</a>, colorectal, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pancreatic" title="Cancer pancreatic">pancreatic</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cancer_osos&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cancer osos — pagină inexistentă">osos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acesta funcționează prin aderarea la <a href="/wiki/Anticorp_monoclonal" title="Anticorp monoclonal">anticorpii monoclonali</a>, care la rândul lor se leagă de celulele canceroase; prin <a href="/wiki/Dezintegrare_beta" title="Dezintegrare beta">dezintegrarea β</a> intensă a <sup>90</sup>Y, celulele canceroase pot fi distruse.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un laser de granat de aluminiu și ytriu dopat cu neodim a fost folosit în <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostatectomie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostatectomie — pagină inexistentă">prostatectomii</a> radicale asistate de un robot pe <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ine" title="Câine">câini</a>, într-o încercare de a reduce distrugerile colaterale ale nervilor și țesuturilor,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> pe când cele dopate cu erbiu încep să fie folosite în refacerea cosmetică a pielii.<sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supraconductori">Supraconductori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifică secțiunea: Supraconductori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Supraconductori"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:YBCO-modified.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/220px-YBCO-modified.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/330px-YBCO-modified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/YBCO-modified.jpg/440px-YBCO-modified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Y-Ba-Cu-O este un supraconductor</figcaption></figure> <p>Ytriul a fost folosit pentru producerea supraconductorul de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_de_ytriu-bariu-cupru&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid de ytriu-bariu-cupru — pagină inexistentă">oxid de ytriu-bariu-cupru</a> (YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7</sub>, numit și „Y-Ba-Cu-O” sau „1-2-3”), compus dezvoltat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Alabama&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Alabama — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Alabama</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitatea_Houston&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitatea Houston — pagină inexistentă">Universitatea Houston</a> în 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Acest compus prezintă proprietăți supraconductoare la 93 K, fapt notabil deoarece aceasta este superioară punctului de fierbere a <a href="/wiki/Azot_lichid" title="Azot lichid">azotului lichid</a> (77,1 K).<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Întrucât prețul azotului lichid este mult mai scăzut decât cel al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliu_lichid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliu lichid — pagină inexistentă">heliului lichid</a> (folosit la supraconductorii metalici) costurile de operare au scăzut simțitor. </p><p>Formula chimică a acestui compus este YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7–<i>δ</i></sub><i>, </i>cu <i>δ</i> &lt; 0,7 pentru ca materialul să fie supraconductor. Cauza fenomenului nu este încă elucidată pe deplin, dar s-a demonstrat că vacanțele apar doar în anumite poziții cristaline, în planul atomilor de cupru, ceea ce produce o stare de oxidare aparte pentru atomii de cupru, inducând supraconductivitatea. </p><p>Teoria supraconductivității la temperaturi scăzute a fost dezvoltată încă din 1957, odată cu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_BCS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria BCS — pagină inexistentă">teoria BCS</a>. E bazată pe o caracteristicile particulare a interacțiunii între 2 electroni într-o rețea cristalină. Totuși, teoria BCS nu explică superonductivitatea la temperaturi ridicate, iar mecanismul care stă la baza acesteia nu este încă pe deplin înțeles. Ceea ce este însă clar este faptul că – pentru ca supraconductibilitatea să aibă coc – compoziția materialelor din oxid de cupru trebuie strict controlată.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oamenii de știință studiază o clasă de materiale cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/wiki/Perovskit" title="Perovskit">perovskit</a>, în vederea dezvoltării unui supraconductor ce funcționează la temperaturi ridicate.<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka116_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka116-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rolul_biologic">Rolul biologic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifică secțiunea: Rolul biologic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Rolul biologic"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ytriul nu are niciun rol biologic, deși e găsit în majoritatea, dacă nu în toate organismele, de obicei concentrându-se în <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficatul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinichi" title="Rinichi">rinichii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Splin%C4%83" title="Splină">splina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%83m%C3%A2n" title="Plămân">plămânii</a> și oasele oamenilor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În mod normal, se găsesc 0,5 miligrame în întregul corp uman; laptele matern uman conține 4 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ytriul poate fi găsit în plantele comestibile în concentrații de la 20 ppm la 100 ppm, <a href="/wiki/Varz%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Varză">varza</a> având cea mai mare cantitate.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Semințele plantelor lemnoase au cea mai mare concentrație, cu până la 700 ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Măsuri_de_protecție_chimică"><span id="M.C4.83suri_de_protec.C8.9Bie_chimic.C4.83"></span>Măsuri de protecție chimică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifică secțiunea: Măsuri de protecție chimică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Măsuri de protecție chimică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cum s-a spus, ytriul nu are nicio funcție biologică și poate fi foarte <a href="/wiki/Toxicitate" title="Toxicitate">toxic</a> pentru oameni și animale<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (compușii hidrosolubili ai ytriului sunt ușor toxici, în contrast cu cei nonhidrosolubili, care sunt netoxici).<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley495_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley495-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> În experimente pe animale, ytriul și compușii săi au provocat distrugerea țesutului <a href="/wiki/Pl%C4%83m%C3%A2n" title="Plămân">plămânilor</a> și <a href="/wiki/Ficat" title="Ficat">ficatului</a>, toxicitatea sa variind în funcție de compoziția chimică. </p><p>Efectele pe termen scurt la expunerea la aerosoli cu ytriu sunt senzația de iritare la nivelul ochilor (observată la oameni),<sup id="cite_ref-Sittig_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sittig-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iar pe termen lung, efectele observate la animale includ iritări pulmonare, răni oculare, posibil blocaj hepatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Sittig_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sittig-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> La șobolani, inhalarea citratului de ytriu a provocat <a href="/wiki/Edem_pulmonar" title="Edem pulmonar">edem pulmonar</a> și <a href="/wiki/Dispnee" title="Dispnee">dispnee</a>, în timp ce inhalarea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloratului_de_ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloratului de ytriu — pagină inexistentă">cloratului de ytriu</a> a provocat edem la ficat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efuziune_pleural%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Efuziune pleurală — pagină inexistentă">efuziune pleurală</a> și hiperemie pulmonară.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>La oameni, expunerea la ytriu presupune inhalarea prafului de ytriu, ingestia, contact tegumentar sau contact cu ochii.<sup id="cite_ref-Sittig_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sittig-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Expunerea la compuși de ytriu provoacă boli ale plămânilor.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lucrătorii expuși la praf de vanadat de ytriu și europiu în aer au avut ochii uscați și iritații ale tractului respirator superior și ale pielii – deși acestea ar fi putut fi provocată de <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">vanadiu</a> și nu de ytriu.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Expunerea îndelungată la compuși de ytriu poate provoca sufocare, <a href="/wiki/Tuse" title="Tuse">tuse</a>, durere în piept și <a href="/wiki/Cianoz%C4%83" title="Cianoză">cianoză</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutul Național pentru Siguranța și Sănătatea în Muncă din <a href="/wiki/SUA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">SUA</a> indică o limită de expunere de 1&#160;mg/m³ și consideră că la o concentrație de 500&#160;mg/m³, poate apărea decesul.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Praful de ytriu este inflamabil.<sup id="cite_ref-osha_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osha-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ytterbit-ul</i> era numit după satul aproape de locul unde fusese descoperit, adăugând -it pentru a indica că era un mineral.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stwertka1998">Stwertka 1998</a>, p. 115 spune că identificarea a avut loc în 1789, dar nu spune nimic despre când a fost anunțată. <a href="#Krogt">Van der Krogt 2005</a> citează publicația originală în <a href="#Gadolin1794">1794, de Gadolin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pământurilor le era dat sufixul -a pe când elementele primeau, de obicei, sufixul „-iu”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Pe scurt, un neutron devine un proton în timp ce un electron și un anineutrino sunt emiși.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> Se crede că această stabilitate rezultă de la captura lor de neutroni pe secțiune foarte scăzută.<cite class="inline">(<a href="#CITEREFGreenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, pp.&#160;12–13)</cite> Emisia de electroni a izotopilor cu acele numere de masă e pur și simplu mai puțin preponderentă din cauza acestei stabilități, rezultatul fiind abundența lor mai ridicată.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Izomerii metastabili au nivele de energie mai mari decât normal față de nucleele neexcitate corespondente, aceste nivele durând până când o rază gamma sau un electron de conversie e emis din izomer. Sunt notați cu un „m” pus lângă numărul de masă al izotopului.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">T<sub>c</sub> pentru YBCO e 93 K iar temperatura de fierbere a azotului e de 77 K.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 497 spune că „Oxisulfura de ytriu, dopată cu europiu (III), e folosită la componenta roșie standard a televizoarelor color”.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note_2">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3; list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">IUPAC contributors (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). Edited by N G Connelly and T Damhus (with R M Hartshorn and A T Hutton), ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations 2005</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. RSC Publishing. p.&#160;51. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-85404-438-8" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-85404-438-8">0-85404-438-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-12-17">17 decembrie 2007</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry%3A+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&amp;rft.pages=51&amp;rft.pub=RSC+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-85404-438-8&amp;rft.au=IUPAC+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Frbook%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus: lista editorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Text_%C3%AEn_plus:_lista_editorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus: lista editorilor">link</a>) </span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krogt-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krogt_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Krogt">Van der Krogt 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC2008-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2008_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">CRC contributors (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). „Yttrium”. În Lide, David R. <i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>4</b>. New York: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p.&#160;41. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-8493-0488-0" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-8493-0488-0">978-0-8493-0488-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Yttrium&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2007%2F2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0488-0&amp;rft.au=CRC+contributors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Cotton, Simon A. (<time datetime="2006-03-15">15 martie 2006</time>). „Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry”. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0470862106.ia211">10.1002/0470862106.ia211</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-470-86078-2" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-470-86078-2">0-470-86078-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2006-03-15&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0470862106.ia211&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-86078-2&amp;rft.aulast=Cotton&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;chapter=</code> ignorat (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#chapter_ignored" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osha-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osha_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">OSHA contributors (<time datetime="2007-01-11">11 ianuarie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/81-123/pdfs/0673.pdf">„Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Yttrium and Compounds”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-03">3 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Guideline+for+Yttrium+and+Compounds&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&amp;rft.date=2007-01-11&amp;rft.au=OSHA+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fdocs%2F81-123%2Fpdfs%2F0673.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> (text în domeniul public)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley496-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley496_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 496</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Biochemistry of Scandium and Yttrium, Part 1: Physical and Chemical Fundamentals De Chaim T. Horovitz, pagina 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krebs120-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Krebs120_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krebs120_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Krebs120_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrebs2006">Krebs 2006</a>, p.&#160;120. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gadolin1794">Gadolin 1794</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood1997p944-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood1997p944_12-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenwood1997">Greenwood 1997</a>, p.&#160;944. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Mosander" title="Carl Gustaf Mosander">Mosander, Carl Gustaf</a> (<time datetime="1843">1843</time>). „Ueber die das Cerium begleitenden neuen Metalle Lathanium und Didymium, so wie über die mit der Yttererde vorkommen-den neuen Metalle Erbium und Terbium”. <i>Annalen der Physik und Chemie</i> (în German). <b>60</b> (2): 297–315. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1843AnP...136..297M">1843AnP...136..297M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fandp.18431361008">10.1002/andp.18431361008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annalen+der+Physik+und+Chemie&amp;rft.atitle=Ueber+die+das+Cerium+begleitenden+neuen+Metalle+Lathanium+und+Didymium%2C+so+wie+%C3%BCber+die+mit+der+Yttererde+vorkommen-den+neuen+Metalle+Erbium+und+Terbium&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=297-315&amp;rft.date=1843&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fandp.18431361008&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1843AnP...136..297M&amp;rft.au=Mosander%2C+Carl+Gustaf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><i>Britannica</i> contributors (<time datetime="2005">2005</time>). <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.au=%27%27Britannica%27%27+contributors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">, "ytterbium"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka115-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka115_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka115_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Stwertka1998">Stwertka 1998</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Heiserman, David L. (<time datetime="1992">1992</time>). „Element 39: Yttrium”. <i>Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds</i>. 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(<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). „Diode-pumped 188 fs mode-locked Yb<sup>3+</sup>:Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic laser”. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_Physics_Letters&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied Physics Letters — pagină inexistentă">Applied Physics Letters</a></i>. <b>90</b> (7): 071101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApPhL..90g1101T">2007ApPhL..90g1101T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2476385">10.1063/1.2476385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Diode-pumped+188+fs+mode-locked+Yb%3Csup%3E3%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%3AY%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E+ceramic+laser&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=071101&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2476385&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApPhL..90g1101T&amp;rft.aulast=Tokurakawa&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Takaichi%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Shirakawa%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Ueda%2C+K.&amp;rft.au=Yagi%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Yanagitani%2C+T.+and+Kaminskii%2C+A.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Golubović, Aleksandar V.; Nikolić, Slobodanka N.; Gajić, Radoš; Đurić, Stevan; Valčić, Andreja (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). „The growth of Nd: YAG single crystals”. <i>Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 91–300. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FJSC0204291G">10.2298/JSC0204291G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Serbian+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+growth+of+Nd%3A+YAG+single+crystals&amp;rft.volume=67&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=91-300&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FJSC0204291G&amp;rft.au=Golubovi%C4%87%2C+Aleksandar+V.%3B+Nikoli%C4%87%2C+Slobodanka+N.%3B+Gaji%C4%87%2C+Rado%C5%A1%3B+%C4%90uri%C4%87%2C+Stevan%3B+Val%C4%8Di%C4%87%2C+Andreja&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">PIDC contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pidc.com/products_imaterials_oth.html">„Rare Earth metals &amp; compounds”</a>. Pacific Industrial Development Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729175206/http://www.pidc.com/products_imaterials_oth.html">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2013-07-29">29 iulie 2013</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-26">26 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Rare+Earth+metals+%26+compounds&amp;rft.au=PIDC+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pidc.com%2Fproducts_imaterials_oth.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Berg, Jessica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220013405/http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/go340/students/berg/cz.html">„Cubic Zirconia”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emporia_State_University&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Emporia State University — pagină inexistentă">Emporia State University</a>. 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Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-26">26 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Cubic+Zirconia&amp;rft.pub=Emporia+State+University&amp;rft.aulast=Berg&amp;rft.aufirst=Jessica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.emporia.edu%2Fabersusa%2Fgo340%2Fstudents%2Fberg%2Fcz.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley495-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emsley495_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Emsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adams, Gregory P.; et al. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). „A Single Treatment of Yttrium-90-labeled CHX-A<i>–C6.5 Diabody Inhibits the Growth of Established Human Tumor Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice”. </i>Cancer Research<i>. <b>64</b> (17): 6200–6206. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-03-2382">10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15342405">15342405</a>.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&amp;rft.atitle=A+Single+Treatment+of+Yttrium-90-labeled+CHX-A%E2%80%93C6.5+Diabody+Inhibits+the+Growth+of+Established+Human+Tumor+Xenografts+in+Immunodeficient+Mice&amp;rft.volume=64&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.pages=6200-6206&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-03-2382&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15342405&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Gregory+P.&amp;rft.au=Shaller%2C+C.+C.&amp;rft.au=Dadachova%2C+E.&amp;rft.au=Simmons%2C+H.+H.&amp;rft.au=Horak%2C+E.+M.&amp;rft.au=Tesfaye%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Klein-Szanto+A.+J.&amp;rft.au=Marks%2C+J.+D.&amp;rft.au=Brechbiel%2C+M.+W.&amp;rft.au=Weiner%2C+L.+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gianduzzo, Troy; Colombo Jr, Jose R.; Haber, Georges-Pascal; Hafron, Jason; Magi-Galluzzi, Cristina; Aron, Monish; Gill, Inderbir S.; Kaouk, Jihad H. 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Cleveland: Glickman Urological Institute. <b>102</b> (5): 598–602. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2008.07708.x">10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07708.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18694410">18694410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=BJU+International&amp;rft.atitle=Laser+robotically+assisted+nerve-sparing+radical+prostatectomy%3A+a+pilot+study+of+technical+feasibility+in+the+canine+model&amp;rft.volume=102&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=598-602&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1464-410X.2008.07708.x&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18694410&amp;rft.aulast=Gianduzzo&amp;rft.aufirst=Troy&amp;rft.au=Colombo+Jr%2C+Jose+R.&amp;rft.au=Haber%2C+Georges-Pascal&amp;rft.au=Hafron%2C+Jason&amp;rft.au=Magi-Galluzzi%2C+Cristina&amp;rft.au=Aron%2C+Monish&amp;rft.au=Gill%2C+Inderbir+S.&amp;rft.au=Kaouk%2C+Jihad+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/century/html/ybco_text.htm">„Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide – YBCO”</a>. Imperial College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-12-20">20 decembrie 2009</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Yttrium+Barium+Copper+Oxide+%E2%80%93+YBCO&amp;rft.pub=Imperial+College&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ch.ic.ac.uk%2Frzepa%2Fmim%2Fcentury%2Fhtml%2Fybco_text.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">MacDonald, N. S.; Nusbaum, R. E.; Alexander, G. V. (<time datetime="1952">1952</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/195/2/837.full.pdf">„The Skeletal Deposition of Yttrium”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>195</b> (2): 837–841. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14946195">14946195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=The+Skeletal+Deposition+of+Yttrium&amp;rft.volume=195&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=837-841&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14946195&amp;rft.aulast=MacDonald&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+S.&amp;rft.au=Nusbaum%2C+R.+E.&amp;rft.au=Alexander%2C+G.+V.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F195%2F2%2F837.full.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sittig-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sittig_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sittig_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sittig_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and ..., Volumul 1, pagina 2736</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">NIOSH contributors (septembrie 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0673.html">„Yttrium”</a>. <i>NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health — pagină inexistentă">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-03">3 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NIOSH+Pocket+Guide+to+Chemical+Hazards&amp;rft.atitle=Yttrium&amp;rft.date=2005-09&amp;rft.au=NIOSH+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Fnpg%2Fnpgd0673.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12727094">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite id="Daane1968" class="citation book">Daane, A. H. (<time datetime="1968">1968</time>). „Yttrium”. În Hampel, Clifford A. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i>. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp.&#160;810–821. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/68029938">68029938</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/449569">449569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Yttrium&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=810-821&amp;rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F449569&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68029938&amp;rft.aulast=Daane&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Emsley2001" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley — pagină inexistentă">Emsley, John</a> (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). „Yttrium”. <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</i>. Oxford, England, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp.&#160;495–498. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-19-850340-7" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-19-850340-7">0-19-850340-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Yttrium&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&amp;rft.pages=495-498&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Gadolin1794" class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Gadolin, Johan</a> (<time datetime="1794">1794</time>). „Undersökning af en svart tung Stenart ifrån Ytterby Stenbrott i Roslagen”. <i>Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar</i>. <b>15</b>: 137–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Kongl.+Vetenskaps+Academiens+Nya+Handlingar&amp;rft.atitle=Unders%C3%B6kning+af+en+svart+tung+Stenart+ifr%C3%A5n+Ytterby+Stenbrott+i+Roslagen&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.pages=137-155&amp;rft.date=1794&amp;rft.aulast=Gadolin&amp;rft.aufirst=Johan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1997" class="citation book">Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (<time datetime="1997">1997</time>). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (ed. 2nd). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-7506-3365-4" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&amp;rft.aulast=Greenwood&amp;rft.aufirst=N.+N.&amp;rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Stwertka1998" class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert (<time datetime="1998">1998</time>). „Yttrium”. <i>Guide to the Elements</i> (ed. Revised). Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;115–116. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-19-508083-1" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-19-508083-1">0-19-508083-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Yttrium&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.pages=115-116&amp;rft.edition=Revised&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-508083-1&amp;rft.aulast=Stwertka&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="Krogt" class="citation web">van der Krogt, Peter (<time datetime="2005-05-05">5 mai 2005</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Y">„39 Yttrium”</a>. <i>Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-06">6 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&amp;rft.atitle=39+Yttrium&amp;rft.date=2005-05-05&amp;rft.aulast=van+der+Krogt&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DY&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2006" class="citation">Krebs, Robert E. (<time datetime="2006">2006</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books/about/The_History_and_Use_of_Our_Earth_s_Chemi.html?id=yb9xTj72vNAC&amp;redir_esc=y"><i>The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</i></a> (în engleză), Greenwood Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0313334382" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0313334382">0313334382</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+Our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&amp;rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0313334382&amp;rft.aulast=Krebs&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_History_and_Use_of_Our_Earth_s_Chemi.html%3Fid%3Dyb9xTj72vNAC%26redir_esc%3Dy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFConsidineConsidine2013" class="citation">Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D. (<time datetime="2013">2013</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ro/books?id=t4jjBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Van+Nostrand%E2%80%99s+Scientific+Encyclopedia+De+Douglas+M.+Considine,Glenn+D.+Considine&amp;hl=ro&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia</i></a> (în engleză), Springer Science &amp; Business Media, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/1475769180" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/1475769180">1475769180</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%E2%80%99s+Scientific+Encyclopedia&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=1475769180&amp;rft.aulast=Considine&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&amp;rft.au=Considine%2C+Glenn+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt4jjBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DVan%2BNostrand%25E2%2580%2599s%2BScientific%2BEncyclopedia%2BDe%2BDouglas%2BM.%2BConsidine%2CGlenn%2BD.%2BConsidine%26hl%3Dro%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <p><cite style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFUS5734166"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&amp;IDX=US5734166">US&#160;patent&#160;5734166</a>, <i>"Low-energy neutron detector based upon lithium lanthanide borate scintillators"</i>, granted 1998-03-31, assigned to Mission Support Inc</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&amp;rft.number=5734166&amp;rft.cc=US&amp;rft.title=Low-energy+neutron+detector+based+upon+lithium+lanthanide+borate+scintillators&amp;rft.inventor=Czirr+John+B.&amp;rft.assignee=Mission+Support+Inc&amp;rft.date=1998-03-31"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> </p> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">EPA contributors (<time datetime="2008-07-31">31 iulie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/strontium.html#healtheffects">„Strontium: Health Effects of Strontium-90”</a>. US Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709023707/http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/strontium.html#healtheffects">Arhivat</a> din originalul de la <time datetime="2015-07-09">9 iulie 2015</time><span class="reference-accessdate">. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-26">26 august 2008</time></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Strontium%3A+Health+Effects+of+Strontium-90&amp;rft.pub=US+Environmental+Protection+Agency&amp;rft.date=2008-07-31&amp;rft.au=EPA+contributors&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fradionuclides%2Fstrontium.html%23healtheffects&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3AYtriu" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li></ul> <ul><li>D. Marian, <i>Metale de înaltă puritate</i>, Editura Tehnică, 1988</li> <li>Fugaru, V. - <i>Marcarea anticorpilor monoclonali cu ytriu-90 în vederea fixării și iradierii selective a tumorilor maligne</i>, 1998, Universitatea București</li> <li>Vlaic, Petru Constantin - <i>Studiul comportării magnetice a compușilor pământurilor-rare (ytriu)</i>, 2000, Universitatea "Babeș-Bolyai</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ytriu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 230px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikţionar"><img alt="Wikţionar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/30px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wikţionar</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal;">Caută „<b><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ytriu" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ytriu">Ytriu</a></b>” în <a href="/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar" title="Wikționar">Wikționar</a>, dicționarul liber.</div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yttrium?uselang=ro">ytriu</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/039.htm">Ytriul</a> la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabelul_periodic_al_videoclipurilor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabelul periodic al videoclipurilor — pagină inexistentă">Tabelul periodic al videoclipurilor</a></i> (Universitatea din Nottingham)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Elemente_chimice" title="Discuție Format:Elemente chimice"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Elemente_chimice&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Element_chimic" title="Element chimic">Elemente chimice</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcaline </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Litiu</a> (3) • <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Sodiu</a> (11) • <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">Potasiu</a> (19) • <a href="/wiki/Rubidiu" title="Rubidiu">Rubidiu</a> (37) • <a href="/wiki/Cesiu" title="Cesiu">Cesiu</a> (55) • <a href="/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu">Franciu</a> (87) • <a href="/wiki/Ununenniu" title="Ununenniu">Ununenniu</a> (119)</div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="21"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:TableImage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/80px-TableImage.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/120px-TableImage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/TableImage.png/160px-TableImage.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="73" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale alcalino-pământoase </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Beriliu" title="Beriliu">Beriliu</a> (4) • <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Magneziu</a> (12) • <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Calciu</a> (20) • <a href="/wiki/Stron%C8%9Biu" title="Stronțiu">Stronțiu</a> (38) • <a href="/wiki/Bariu" title="Bariu">Bariu</a> (56) • <a href="/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu">Radiu</a> (88) • <a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Unbinilium</a> (120)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Scandiu" title="Scandiu">Scandiu</a> (21) • <a href="/wiki/Titan" title="Titan">Titan</a> (22) • <a href="/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu">Vanadiu</a> (23) • <a href="/wiki/Crom" title="Crom">Crom</a> (24) • <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> (25) • <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a> (26) • <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> (27) • <a href="/wiki/Nichel" title="Nichel">Nichel</a> (28) • <a href="/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru">Cupru</a> (29) • <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> (30) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ytriu</a> (39) • <a href="/wiki/Zirconiu" title="Zirconiu">Zirconiu</a> (40) • <a href="/wiki/Niobiu" title="Niobiu">Niobiu</a> (41) • <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Molibden</a> (42) • <a href="/wiki/Techne%C8%9Biu" title="Technețiu">Technețiu</a> (43) • <a href="/wiki/Ruteniu" title="Ruteniu">Ruteniu</a> (44) • <a href="/wiki/Rodiu" title="Rodiu">Rodiu</a> (45) • <a href="/wiki/Paladiu" title="Paladiu">Paladiu</a> (46) • <a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Argint</a> (47) • <a href="/wiki/Cadmiu" title="Cadmiu">Cadmiu</a> (48) • <a href="/wiki/Hafniu" title="Hafniu">Hafniu</a> (72) • <a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Tantal</a> (73) • <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">Wolfram</a> (74) • <a href="/wiki/Reniu" title="Reniu">Reniu</a> (75) • <a href="/wiki/Osmiu" title="Osmiu">Osmiu</a> (76) • <a href="/wiki/Iridiu" title="Iridiu">Iridiu</a> (77) • <a href="/wiki/Platin%C4%83" title="Platină">Platină</a> (78) • <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">Aur</a> (79) • <a href="/wiki/Mercur_(element)" title="Mercur (element)">Mercur</a> (80) • <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordiu" title="Rutherfordiu">Rutherfordiu</a> (104) • <a href="/wiki/Dubniu" title="Dubniu">Dubniu</a> (105) • <a href="/wiki/Seaborgiu" title="Seaborgiu">Seaborgiu</a> (106) • <a href="/wiki/Bohriu" title="Bohriu">Bohriu</a> (107) • <a href="/wiki/Hassiu" title="Hassiu">Hassiu</a> (108) • <a href="/wiki/Meitneriu" title="Meitneriu">Meitneriu</a> (109) • <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtiu" title="Darmstadtiu">Darmstadtiu</a> (110) • <a href="/wiki/Roentgeniu" title="Roentgeniu">Roentgeniu</a> (111) • <a href="/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu">Coperniciu</a> (112) • <a href="/wiki/Nihoniu" title="Nihoniu">Nihoniu</a> (113) • <a href="/wiki/Fleroviu" title="Fleroviu">Fleroviu</a> (114) • <a href="/wiki/Moscoviu" title="Moscoviu">Moscoviu</a> (115) • <a href="/wiki/Livermoriu" title="Livermoriu">Livermoriu</a> (116)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metale post-tranziționale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Aluminiu</a> (13) • <a href="/wiki/Galiu" title="Galiu">Galiu</a> (31) • <a href="/wiki/Indiu" title="Indiu">Indiu</a> (49) • <a href="/wiki/Staniu" title="Staniu">Staniu</a> (50) • <a href="/wiki/Taliu" title="Taliu">Taliu</a> (81) • <a href="/wiki/Plumb" title="Plumb">Plumb</a> (82) • <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bismut</a> (83) • <a href="/wiki/Poloniu" title="Poloniu">Poloniu</a> (84)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Metaloizi </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">Bor</a> (5) • <a href="/wiki/Siliciu" title="Siliciu">Siliciu</a> (14) • <a href="/wiki/Germaniu" title="Germaniu">Germaniu</a> (32) • <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> (33) • <a href="/wiki/Stibiu" title="Stibiu">Stibiu</a> (51) • <a href="/wiki/Telur" title="Telur">Telur</a> (52)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Nemetale </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> (1) • <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> (6) • <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">Azot</a> (7) • <a href="/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen">Oxigen</a> (8) • <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> (15) • <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">Sulf</a> (16) • <a href="/wiki/Seleniu" title="Seleniu">Seleniu</a> (34)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Halogeni </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> (9) • <a href="/wiki/Clor" title="Clor">Clor</a> (17) • <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Brom</a> (35) • <a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">Iod</a> (53) • <a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">Astatin</a> (85) • <a href="/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin">Tennessin</a> (117)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Gaze nobile </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Heliu" title="Heliu">Heliu</a> (2) • <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> (10) • <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> (18) • <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> (36) • <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> (54) • <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> (86) • <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> (118)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Lantanide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">Lantan</a> (57) • <a href="/wiki/Ceriu" title="Ceriu">Ceriu</a> (58) • <a href="/wiki/Praseodim" title="Praseodim">Praseodim</a> (59) • <a href="/wiki/Neodim" title="Neodim">Neodim</a> (60) • <a href="/wiki/Prome%C8%9Biu" title="Promețiu">Promețiu</a> (61) • <a href="/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu">Samariu</a> (62) • <a href="/wiki/Europiu" title="Europiu">Europiu</a> (63) • <a href="/wiki/Gadoliniu" title="Gadoliniu">Gadoliniu</a> (64) <a href="/wiki/Terbiu" title="Terbiu">Terbiu</a> (65) • <a href="/wiki/Disprosiu" title="Disprosiu">Disprosiu</a> (66) • <a href="/wiki/Holmiu" title="Holmiu">Holmiu</a> (67) • <a href="/wiki/Erbiu" title="Erbiu">Erbiu</a> (68) • <a href="/wiki/Tuliu" title="Tuliu">Tuliu</a> (69) • <a href="/wiki/Yterbiu" title="Yterbiu">Yterbiu</a> (70) • <a href="/wiki/Lute%C8%9Biu" title="Lutețiu">Lutețiu</a> (71)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Actinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu">Actiniu</a> (89) • <a href="/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu">Thoriu</a> (90) • <a href="/wiki/Protactiniu" title="Protactiniu">Protactiniu</a> (91) • <a href="/wiki/Uraniu" title="Uraniu">Uraniu</a> (92) • <a href="/wiki/Neptuniu" title="Neptuniu">Neptuniu</a> (93) • <a href="/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu">Plutoniu</a> (94) • <a href="/wiki/Americiu" title="Americiu">Americiu</a> (95) • <a href="/wiki/Curiu" title="Curiu">Curiu</a> (96) • <a href="/wiki/Berkeliu" title="Berkeliu">Berkeliu</a> (97) • <a href="/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu">Californiu</a> (98) • <a href="/wiki/Einsteiniu" title="Einsteiniu">Einsteiniu</a> (99) • <a href="/wiki/Fermiu" title="Fermiu">Fermiu</a> (100) • <a href="/wiki/Mendeleviu" title="Mendeleviu">Mendeleviu</a> (101) • <a href="/wiki/Nobeliu" title="Nobeliu">Nobeliu</a> (102) • <a href="/wiki/Lawrenciu" title="Lawrenciu">Lawrenciu</a> (103)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Superactinide </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Unbiunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiunium">Unbiunium</a> (121) • <a href="/wiki/Unbibium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbibium">Unbibium</a> (122) • <a href="/wiki/Unbitrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbitrium">Unbitrium</a> (123) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiquadium">Unbiquadium</a> (124) • <a href="/wiki/Unbipentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbipentium">Unbipentium</a> (125) • <a href="/wiki/Unbihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbihexium">Unbihexium</a> (126) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiseptium">Unbiseptium</a> (127) • <a href="/wiki/Unbioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbioctium">Unbioctium</a> (128) • <a href="/wiki/Unbiennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbiennium">Unbiennium</a> (129) • <a href="/wiki/Untrinilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrinilium">Untrinilium</a> (130) • <a href="/wiki/Untriunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriunium">Untriunium</a> (131) • <a href="/wiki/Untribium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untribium">Untribium</a> (132) • <a href="/wiki/Untritrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untritrium">Untritrium</a> (133) • <a href="/wiki/Untriquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriquadium">Untriquadium</a> (134) • <a href="/wiki/Untripentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untripentium">Untripentium</a> (135) • <a href="/wiki/Untrihexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrihexium">Untrihexium</a> (136) • <a href="/wiki/Untriseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriseptium">Untriseptium</a> (137) • <a href="/wiki/Untrioctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untrioctium">Untrioctium</a> (138) • <a href="/wiki/Untriennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Untriennium">Untriennium</a> (139) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadnilium">Unquadnilium</a> (140) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadunium">Unquadunium</a> (141) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadbium">Unquadbium</a> (142) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadtrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadtrium">Unquadtrium</a> (143) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadquadium">Unquadquadium</a> (144) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadpentium">Unquadpentium</a> (145) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadhexium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadhexium">Unquadhexium</a> (146) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadseptium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadseptium">Unquadseptium</a> (147) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadoctium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadoctium">Unquadoctium</a> (148) • <a href="/wiki/Unquadennium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unquadennium">Unquadennium</a> (149) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentnilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentnilium">Unpentnilium</a> (150) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentunium">Unpentunium</a> (151) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentbium">Unpentbium</a> (152) • <a href="/wiki/Unpenttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpenttrium">Unpenttrium</a> (153) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentquadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentquadium">Unpentquadium</a> (154) • <a href="/wiki/Unpentpentium" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpentpentium">Unpentpentium</a> (155)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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