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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_and_generations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_and_generations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Versions and generations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_and_generations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City-wide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City-wide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>City-wide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City-wide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Geolocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Motion detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Operational principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Waveband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Waveband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_stack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_stack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Communication stack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_stack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ad_hoc_and_Wi-Fi_direct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ad_hoc_and_Wi-Fi_direct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ad_hoc_and_Wi-Fi_direct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_access_points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_access_points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Multiple access points</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_access_points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmitter_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmitter_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transmitter power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmitter_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antenna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antenna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Antenna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antenna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MIMO_(multiple-input_and_multiple-output)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MIMO_(multiple-input_and_multiple-output)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MIMO_(multiple-input_and_multiple-output)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Radio propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distance_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distance_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Distance records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distance_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Interference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Throughput" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Throughput"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Throughput</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Throughput-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Access_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Access point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_adapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_adapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Wireless adapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_adapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Router" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Router"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Router</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Router-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Repeater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Embedded systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Securing_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Securing_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Securing methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Securing_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_security_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_security_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Data security risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_security_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piggybacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piggybacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Piggybacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piggybacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Societal aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Societal_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Societal aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Societal_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_developing_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_developing_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Influence on developing countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_developing_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Work habits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wi-Fi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="واي فاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واي فاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ৱাই-ফাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱাই-ফাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifi" title="Wifi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wifi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="ওয়াই-ফাই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়াই-ফাই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐུད་མེད་དྲ་བ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐུད་མེད་དྲ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifi" title="Wifi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wifi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="وای-فای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وای-فای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifi" title="Wifi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wifi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4" title="와이파이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="와이파이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वाई-फ़ाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाई-फ़ाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88-%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%88" title="ವೈ-ಫೈ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈ-ಫೈ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E2%80%8C-%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88" title="വൈ‌-ഫൈ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈ‌-ഫൈ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="वाय-फाय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाय-फाय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%89_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%89" title="واى فاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="واى فاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="वाइ-फाई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वाइ-फाई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87-%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87" title="ୱାଇ-ଫାଇ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୱାଇ-ଫାଇ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88-%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਵਾਈ-ਫ਼ਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਈ-ਫ਼ਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="وائی-فائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وائی-فائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92-%E0%B7%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92" title="වයි-ෆයි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වයි-ෆයි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="وای-فای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وای-فای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="ஒய்-ஃபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒய்-ஃபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88-%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%88" title="వై-ఫై – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వై-ఫై" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wifi" title="Wifi – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Wifi" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="วายฟาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วายฟาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-fi_tehnologi%C3%BDasy" title="Wi-fi tehnologiýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wi-fi tehnologiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="وائی-فائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وائی-فائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai-Pai" title="Wai-Pai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Wai-Pai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-fi" title="Wi-fi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wi-fi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wi-Fi" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hi-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-Fi">Hi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lo-Fi" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lo-Fi">Lo-Fi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of wireless network protocols</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Wi-Fi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WiFi_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A round black-and-white yin-yang logo stating 'Wi-Fi Alliance'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WiFi_Logo.svg/250px-WiFi_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WiFi_Logo.svg/330px-WiFi_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/WiFi_Logo.svg/500px-WiFi_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1997<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997-09-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Compatible hardware</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">gaming consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Security camera">security cameras</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antennas" title="Category:Antennas">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antennas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="margin-bottom:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/100px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/150px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg/200px-Maszt_radiowy_w_Konstantynowie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antenna_types" title="Antenna types">Common types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractal_antenna" title="Fractal antenna">Fractal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_antenna" title="Loop antenna">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopole_antenna" title="Monopole antenna">Monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_antenna" title="Television antenna">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_antenna" title="Whip antenna">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_upconverter" title="Block upconverter">Block upconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoise_(ground_system)" title="Counterpoise (ground system)">Counterpoise (ground system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_feed" title="Antenna feed">Feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Feed line">Feed line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">Low-noise block downconverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_radiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive radiator">Passive radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver (radio)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_rotator" title="Antenna rotator">Rotator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub_(electronics)" title="Stub (electronics)">Stub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_tuner" title="Antenna tuner">Tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lead" title="Twin-lead">Twin-lead</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_farm" title="Antenna farm">Antenna farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">Amateur radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">Radio masts and towers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Safety and regulation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_electronic_devices_and_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless electronic devices and health">Wireless electronic devices and health</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Radiocommunication_Conference" title="World Radiocommunication Conference">World Radiocommunication Conference</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="nowrap">Radiation sources / regions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_boresight" title="Antenna boresight">Boresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_cloud" title="Focal cloud">Focal cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_plane" title="Ground plane">Ground plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_lobe" title="Main lobe">Main lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_and_far_field" title="Near and far field">Near and far field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_lobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Side lobe">Side lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertical plane">Vertical plane</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Array_gain" title="Array gain">Array gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directivity" title="Directivity">Directivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_length" title="Electrical length">Electrical length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_equivalent_radius" title="Antenna equivalent radius">Equivalent radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_factor" title="Antenna factor">Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friis_transmission_equation" title="Friis transmission equation">Friis transmission equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_gain" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna gain">Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_height_considerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna height considerations">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_resistance" title="Radiation resistance">Radiation resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Radio propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">Signal-to-noise ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurious_emission" title="Spurious emission">Spurious emission</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid#aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_steering" title="Beam steering">Beam steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">Beamforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_cell" title="Small cell">Small cell</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time" title="Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time">Bell Laboratories Layered<br />Space-Time (BLAST)</a></div></li> <li>Massive <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconfigurable_antenna" title="Reconfigurable antenna">Reconfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/WSDMA" title="WSDMA">Wideband Space Division<br />Multiple Access (WSDMA)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antennas" title="Template:Antennas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antennas" title="Template talk:Antennas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antennas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wi-Fi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a family of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">wireless network</a> protocols based on the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> family of standards, which are commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">local area networking</a> of devices and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access, allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a>. These are the most widely used computer networks, used globally in <a href="/wiki/Small_office/home_office" title="Small office/home office">home and small office networks</a> to link devices and to provide <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a> in public places such as coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, libraries, and airports. </p><p><i>Wi-Fi</i> is a trademark of the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a>, which restricts the use of the term "<i>Wi-Fi Certified</i>" to products that successfully complete <a href="/wiki/Interoperability_Solutions_for_European_Public_Administrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Interoperability Solutions for European Public Administrations">interoperability</a> certification testing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-compliant hardware is simply referred to as <a href="/wiki/WLAN" class="mw-redirect" title="WLAN">WLAN</a>, and it may or may not work with "<i>Wi-Fi Certified</i>" devices. As of 2017,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 800 companies from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-alliance-history_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alliance-history-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> over 3.05 billion Wi-Fi-enabled devices are shipped globally each year.<sup id="cite_ref-global-forecast_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-forecast-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> <a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocol</a> family and is designed to work well with its wired sibling, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>. Compatible devices can network through <a href="/wiki/Wireless_access_point" title="Wireless access point">wireless access points</a> with each other as well as with wired devices and the Internet. Different versions of Wi-Fi are specified by various <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> protocol standards, with different radio technologies determining radio bands, maximum ranges, and speeds that may be achieved. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz (120 mm) <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> and 5 gigahertz (60 mm) <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a> radio bands, with the 6 gigahertz SHF band used in newer generations of the standard; these bands are subdivided into multiple channels. Channels can be shared between networks, but, within range, only one transmitter can transmit on a channel at a time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg/220px-TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg/330px-TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg/440px-TP-Link_AX1500_Wi-Fi_6_Router_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption>TP-Link AX1500 Wi-Fi 6 Router</figcaption></figure> <p>Wi-Fi's radio bands work best for <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> use. Common obstructions, such as walls, pillars, home appliances, etc., may greatly reduce range, but this also helps minimize interference between different networks in crowded environments. The range of an access point is about 20 m (66 ft) indoors, while some access points claim up to a 150 m (490 ft) range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square kilometers using multiple overlapping access points with <a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">roaming</a> permitted between them. Over time, the speed and <a href="/wiki/Spectral_efficiency" title="Spectral efficiency">spectral efficiency</a> of Wi-Fi have increased. As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> some versions of Wi-Fi, running on suitable hardware at close range, can achieve speeds of 9.6 Gbit/s (<a href="/wiki/Gigabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit">gigabit</a> per second).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11#History" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11 § History</a></div> <p>A 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission released parts of the <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">ISM bands</a> for unlicensed use for communications.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These frequency bands include the same 2.4 GHz bands used by equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, and are thus subject to interference.<sup id="cite_ref-scienceabc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scienceabc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 in <a href="/wiki/Nieuwegein" title="Nieuwegein">Nieuwegein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a> invented the precursor to 802.11,<sup id="cite_ref-birth_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended for use in cashier systems, under the name <a href="/wiki/WaveLAN" title="WaveLAN">WaveLAN</a>. NCR's <a href="/wiki/Vic_Hayes" title="Vic Hayes">Vic Hayes</a>, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for ten years, along with <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> engineer Bruce Tuch, approached the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) to create a standard and were involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a specifications within the IEEE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have both been subsequently inducted into the Wi-Fi NOW Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 in Australia, a team of scientists began working on wireless LAN technology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prototype <a href="/wiki/Testbed" title="Testbed">test bed</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless local area network">wireless local area network</a> (WLAN) was developed in 1992 by a team of researchers from the Radiophysics Division of the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) in Australia, led by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(engineer)" title="John O'Sullivan (engineer)">John O'Sullivan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csirowifi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csirowifi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patent for Wi Fi was lodged by the CSIRO in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-O’Sullivan_147–147_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O’Sullivan_147–147-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997, and provided up to 2 Mbit/s link speeds. This was updated in 1999 with <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">802.11b</a> to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds. </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most IEEE 802.11 products are sold.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg/220px-Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg/330px-Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg/440px-Apple_Airport_Extreme_802.11g_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>Apple Airport Extreme installed in an iBook G4</figcaption></figure> <p>The major commercial breakthrough came with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> adopting Wi-Fi for their <a href="/wiki/IBook" title="IBook">iBook</a> series of laptops in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first mass consumer product to offer Wi-Fi network connectivity, which was then branded by Apple as <a href="/wiki/AirPort" title="AirPort">AirPort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in collaboration with the same group that helped create the standard: <a href="/wiki/Vic_Hayes" title="Vic Hayes">Vic Hayes</a>, Bruce Tuch, <a href="/wiki/Cees_Links" title="Cees Links">Cees Links</a>, Rich McGinn, and others from <a href="/wiki/Lucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucent">Lucent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Radiata, a group of Australian scientists connected to the CSIRO, were the first to use the 802.11a standard on chips connected to a Wi-Fi network.<sup id="cite_ref-O’Sullivan_147–147_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O’Sullivan_147–147-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wi-Fi uses a large number of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> held by multiple different organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Netherlands<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simultaneously claim the invention of Wi-Fi, and a consensus has not been reached globally.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patent-troll_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-troll-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Australian <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> was awarded $200 million after a patent settlement with 14 technology companies, with a further $220 million awarded in 2012 after legal proceedings with 23 companies.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the CSIRO's WLAN prototype test bed was chosen as Australia's contribution to the exhibition <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_World_in_100_Objects" title="A History of the World in 100 Objects">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a></i> held in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csirowifi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csirowifi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Wi-Fi</i>, commercially used at least as early as August 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand. The Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was "a little catchier than 'IEEE 802.11b Direct Sequence'."<sup id="cite_ref-boing_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wifi_debunked_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifi_debunked-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Phil Belanger, a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, the term <i>Wi-Fi</i> was chosen from a list of ten names that Interbrand proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-boing_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin-yang</a> Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wifi_securing_2003_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifi_securing_2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is often written as <i>WiFi</i>, <i>Wifi</i>, or <i>wifi</i>, but these are not approved by the Wi-Fi Alliance. </p><p>The name <i>Wi-Fi</i> is <i>not</i> short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity',<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the Wi-Fi Alliance did use the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">advertising slogan</a> "The Standard for Wireless Fidelity" for a short time after the brand name was created,<sup id="cite_ref-boing_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boing-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wifi_securing_2003_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifi_securing_2003-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wifi_deployment_2004_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifi_deployment_2004-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Wi-Fi Alliance was also called the "Wireless Fidelity Alliance Inc." in some publications.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> is a separate, but related, organization and their website has stated "WiFi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Wi-Fi</i> was partly chosen because it sounds similar to <a href="/wiki/Hi-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-Fi">Hi-Fi</a>, which consumers take to mean <i>high fidelity</i> or <i>high quality</i>. Interbrand hoped consumers would find the name catchy, and that they would assume this <i>wireless</i> protocol has high fidelity because of its name.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other technologies intended for fixed points, including <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola Canopy">Motorola Canopy</a>, are usually called <i><a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless" title="Fixed wireless">fixed wireless</a></i>. Alternative wireless technologies include <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phone standards">mobile phone standards</a>. </p><p>To connect to a Wi-Fi LAN, a computer must be equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">wireless network interface controller</a>. The combination of a computer and an interface controller is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Station_(networking)" title="Station (networking)">station</a></i>. Stations are identified by one or more <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC addresses</a>. </p><p>Wi-Fi nodes often operate in infrastructure mode in which all communications go through a base station. <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hoc mode">Ad hoc mode</a></i> refers to devices communicating directly with each other, without communicating with an access point. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Service_set_(802.11_network)" title="Service set (802.11 network)">service set</a> is the set of all the devices associated with a particular Wi-Fi network. Devices in a service set need not be on the same wavebands or channels. A service set can be local, independent, extended, mesh, or a combination. Each service set has an associated identifier, a 32-byte service set identifier (SSID), which identifies the network. The <a href="/wiki/SSID" class="mw-redirect" title="SSID">SSID</a> is configured within the devices that are part of the network. A basic service set (BSS) is a group of stations that share the same wireless channel, SSID, and other settings that have wirelessly connected, usually to the same access point.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE802.11-2007_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE802.11-2007-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3.6">: 3.6 </span></sup> Each BSS is identified by a MAC address called the <i>BSSID</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certification">Certification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wifi_certified_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wifi_certified_logo.png/110px-Wifi_certified_logo.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wifi_certified_logo.png/165px-Wifi_certified_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Wifi_certified_logo.png/220px-Wifi_certified_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Wi-Fi certification logo</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> does not test equipment for compliance with their standards. The <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> was formed in 1999 to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>, and to promote <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> local-area-network technology. The Wi-Fi Alliance enforces the use of the Wi-Fi brand to technologies based on the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> standards from the IEEE. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo. Specifically, the certification process requires conformance to the IEEE 802.11 radio standards, the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access" title="Wi-Fi Protected Access">WPA and WPA2</a> security standards, and the <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Authentication_Protocol" title="Extensible Authentication Protocol">EAP</a> authentication standard. Certification may optionally include tests of IEEE 802.11 draft standards, interaction with cellular-phone technology in converged devices, and features relating to security set-up, multimedia, and power-saving.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply that a device is incompatible with other Wi-Fi devices.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wi-Fi Alliance may or may not sanction derivative terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Super_Wi-Fi" title="Super Wi-Fi">Super Wi-Fi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coined by the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) to describe proposed networking in the UHF TV band in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-Super_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Super-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions_and_generations">Versions and generations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Versions and generations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045256916">.mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px}</style><div class="navbar-header"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">Wi-Fi</a> generations<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wi-Fi_generations" title="Template:Wi-Fi generations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wi-Fi_generations" title="Template talk:Wi-Fi generations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wi-Fi_generations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wi-Fi generations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Generation </th> <th scope="col">Visual </th> <th scope="col">IEEE<br />standard </th> <th scope="col">Adopted </th> <th scope="col">Maximum<br />link rate<br />(Mbit/s) </th> <th scope="col">Radio<br />frequency<br />(GHz) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">— </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">802.11</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1997 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1–2 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">— </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">802.11b</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">1–11 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">— </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">802.11a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">1999 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">6–54 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">— </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">802.11g</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2003 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/32px-Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/48px-Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/64px-Wi-Fi_4_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="354" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">802.11n</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6.5–600 </td> <td>2.4, 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/32px-Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/48px-Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/64px-Wi-Fi_5_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="357" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac-2013" title="IEEE 802.11ac-2013">802.11ac</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2013 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6.5–6933 </td> <td>5<sup id="cite_ref-only5ghz-2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only5ghz-2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png/32px-Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png/48px-Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png/64px-Wi-Fi_6_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="362" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax-2021" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax-2021">802.11ax</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">2021 </td> <td rowspan="2" align="right">0.4–9608 </td> <td>2.4, 5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 6E">Wi-Fi 6E</a> </th> <td>6<sup id="cite_ref-only6ghz-2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-only6ghz-2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/32px-Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/48px-Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png/64px-Wi-Fi_7_%E2%80%93_Generational_Wi-Fi_UI_Visual.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">802.11be</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">2024<sup id="cite_ref-notratified_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notratified-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">0.4–<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004230590000000000♠"></span>23,059</span> </td> <td>2.4, 5, 6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">Wi-Fi 8</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-primer_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primer-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">802.11bn</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align: right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>100,000</span> </td> <td>2.4, 5, 6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Equipment frequently supports multiple versions of Wi-Fi. To communicate, devices must use a common Wi-Fi version. The versions differ between the radio wavebands they operate on, the radio bandwidth they occupy, the maximum data rates they can support and other details. Some versions permit the use of multiple antennas, which permits greater speeds as well as reduced interference. </p><p>Historically, the equipment listed the versions of Wi-Fi supported using the name of the IEEE standards. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> introduced simplified Wi-Fi generational numbering to indicate equipment that supports Wi-Fi 4 (<a href="/wiki/802.11n" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11n">802.11n</a>), Wi-Fi 5 (<a href="/wiki/802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11ac">802.11ac</a>) and Wi-Fi 6 (<a href="/wiki/802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11ax">802.11ax</a>). These generations have a high degree of backward compatibility with previous versions. The alliance has stated that the generational level 4, 5, or 6 can be indicated in the user interface when connected, along with the signal strength.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-generational_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generational-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important standards affecting Wi‑Fi are: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n (<b>Wi-Fi 4</b>), 802.11h, 802.11i, 802.11-2007, 802.11–2012, 802.11ac (<b>Wi-Fi 5</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-generational_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generational-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11-2016, 802.11ah, 802.11ai, 802.11aj, <a href="/wiki/802.11aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11aq">802.11aq</a>, 802.11ax (<b>Wi-Fi 6</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-generational_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generational-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/802.11ay" class="mw-redirect" title="802.11ay">802.11ay</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SSID_ESS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SSID_ESS.svg/220px-SSID_ESS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SSID_ESS.svg/330px-SSID_ESS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SSID_ESS.svg/440px-SSID_ESS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>An example of a service set called <i>WiFi Wikipedia</i> consisting of two basic service sets. The clients automatically <a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">roam</a> between the two BSSs without the user having to explicitly connect to the second network.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wi-Fi technology may be used to provide local network and <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a> to devices that are within Wi-Fi range of one or more routers that are connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points can extend from an area as small as a few rooms to as large as many square kilometres. Coverage in the larger area may require a group of access points with overlapping coverage. For example, public outdoor Wi-Fi technology has been used successfully in <a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">wireless mesh networks</a> in London. An international example is <a href="/wiki/Fon_Wireless" title="Fon Wireless">Fon</a>. </p><p>Wi-Fi provides services in private homes, businesses, as well as in public spaces. <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_hotspot" title="Wi-Fi hotspot">Wi-Fi hotspots</a> may be set up either free of charge or commercially, often using a <a href="/wiki/Captive_portal" title="Captive portal">captive portal</a> webpage for access. Organizations, enthusiasts, authorities and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a>, such as airports, hotels, and restaurants, often provide free or paid-use hotspots to attract customers, to provide services to promote business in selected areas. <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">Routers</a> often incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> modem or a <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modem</a> and a Wi-Fi access point, are frequently set up in homes and other buildings, to provide Internet access for the structure. </p><p>Similarly, battery-powered routers may include a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband_modem" title="Mobile broadband modem">mobile broadband modem</a> and a Wi-Fi access point. When subscribed to a cellular data carrier, they allow nearby Wi-Fi stations to access the Internet. A number of smartphones have a built-in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hotspot">mobile hotspot</a> capability of this sort, though carriers often disable the feature, or charge a separate fee to enable it. Standalone devices such as <a href="/wiki/MiFi" title="MiFi">MiFi</a>- and <a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a>-branded devices provide the capability. Some laptops that have a cellular modem card can also act as mobile Internet Wi-Fi access points. </p><p>Multiple traditional university campuses in the developed world provide at least partial Wi-Fi coverage. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> built the first campus-wide wireless Internet network, called <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless Andrew">Wireless Andrew</a>, at its <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> campus in 1993 before Wi-Fi branding existed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of universities collaborate in providing Wi-Fi access to students and staff through the <a href="/wiki/Eduroam" title="Eduroam">Eduroam</a> international authentication infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City-wide">City-wide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: City-wide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Municipal wireless network</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg/220px-Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg/330px-Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg/440px-Metro_Wireless_Node.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>An outdoor Wi-Fi access point</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 2000s, multiple cities around the world announced plans to construct citywide Wi-Fi networks. There are a number of successful examples; in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> (Mysuru) became India's first Wi-Fi-enabled city. A company called WiFiyNet has set up hotspots in Mysore, covering the whole city and a few nearby villages.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Florida" title="St. Cloud, Florida">St. Cloud, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale, California</a>, became the first cities in the United States to offer citywide free Wi-Fi (from <a href="/wiki/MetroFi" title="MetroFi">MetroFi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> has generated $1.2 million in profit annually for <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_wireless_internet_network" title="Minneapolis wireless internet network">its provider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2010, the then <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> pledged to have London-wide Wi-Fi by 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">boroughs</a> including <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington" title="London Borough of Islington">Islington</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> already had extensive outdoor Wi-Fi coverage at that point. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> announced a city-wide campaign to convert old <a href="/wiki/Telephone_booth" title="Telephone booth">phone booths</a> into <a href="/wiki/Digital_kiosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital kiosk">digital kiosks</a> in 2014. The project, titled <a href="/wiki/LinkNYC" title="LinkNYC">LinkNYC</a>, has created a network of kiosks that serve as public Wi-Fi hotspots, high-definition screens and <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a>. Installation of the screens began in late 2015. The city government plans to implement more than seven thousand kiosks over time, eventually making LinkNYC the largest and fastest public, government-operated Wi-Fi network in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes-PayPhonesWifiKiosks-2014_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-PayPhonesWifiKiosks-2014-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WNYC-GoodbyePayPhones-20162_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WNYC-GoodbyePayPhones-20162-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost-PayphoneOfTheFuture-2014_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-PayphoneOfTheFuture-2014-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYCGov-MayorAnnouncesWinner-20142_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCGov-MayorAnnouncesWinner-20142-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYDailyNews-PayphonesReplaced-20162_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYDailyNews-PayphonesReplaced-20162-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> has planned a similar project across major cities of the country, with the project's first implementation in the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">London Borough of Camden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officials in South Korea's capital <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> were moving to provide free Internet access at more than 10,000 locations around the city, including outdoor public spaces, major streets, and densely populated residential areas. Seoul was planning to grant leases to KT, <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> Telecom, and SK Telecom. The companies were supposed to invest $44 million in the project, which was to be completed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_of_America_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_of_America-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (September 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geolocation">Geolocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geolocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_positioning_system" title="Wi-Fi positioning system">Wi-Fi positioning systems</a> use known positions of Wi-Fi hotspots to identify a device's location.<sup id="cite_ref-KolodziejHjelm2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KolodziejHjelm2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used when <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> isn't suitable due to issues like signal interference or slow satellite acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes assisted <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, urban hotspot databases, and indoor positioning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wi-Fi positioning relies on measuring signal strength (<a href="/wiki/RSSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RSSI">RSSI</a>) and fingerprinting.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parameters like <a href="/wiki/SSID" class="mw-redirect" title="SSID">SSID</a> and MAC address are crucial for identifying access points. The accuracy depends on nearby access points in the database. Signal fluctuations can cause errors, which can be reduced with noise-filtering techniques. For low precision, integrating Wi-Fi data with geographical and time information has been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_RTT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi RTT">Wi-Fi RTT</a> capability introduced in <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11mc" title="IEEE 802.11mc">IEEE 802.11mc</a> allows for positioning based on round trip time measurement, an improvement over the RSSI method.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.11az&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.11az (page does not exist)">IEEE 802.11az</a> standard promises further improvements in geolocation accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_detection">Motion detection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Motion detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi sensing">Wi-Fi sensing</a> is used in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Motion_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion detection">motion detection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">gesture recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_principles">Operational principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operational principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wi-Fi stations communicate by sending each other <a href="/wiki/Data_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data packet">data packets</a>, blocks of data individually sent and delivered over radio on various channels. As with all radio, this is done by the <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modulation and demodulation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier waves</a>. Different versions of Wi-Fi use different techniques, 802.11b uses <a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">direct-sequence spread spectrum</a> on a single carrier, whereas 802.11a, Wi-Fi 4, 5 and 6 use <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oreilly-802.11ac_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oreilly-802.11ac-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Channels are used <a href="/wiki/Half_duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half duplex">half duplex</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-shared</a> by multiple networks. Any packet sent by one computer is locally received by stations tuned to that channel, even if that information is intended for just one destination.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stations typically ignore information not addressed to them.<sup id="cite_ref-promiscuous_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-promiscuous-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the same channel also means that the data bandwidth is shared, so for example, available throughput to each device is halved when two stations are actively transmitting. </p><p>As with other IEEE 802 LANs, stations come programmed with a globally unique 48-bit MAC address.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MAC addresses are used to specify both the destination and the source of each data packet. On the reception of a transmission, the receiver uses the destination address to determine whether the transmission is relevant to the station or should be ignored. </p><p>A scheme known as <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance">carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance</a> (CSMA/CA) governs the way stations share channels. With CSMA/CA stations attempt to avoid collisions by beginning transmission only after the channel is sensed to be idle,<sup id="cite_ref-federalstandard_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federalstandard-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atis_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atis-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but then transmit their packet data in its entirety. CSMA/CA cannot completely prevent collisions, as two stations may sense the channel to be idle at the same time and thus begin transmission simultaneously. A collision happens when a station receives signals from multiple stations on a channel at the same time. This corrupts the transmitted data and can require stations to re-transmit. The lost data and re-transmission reduces throughput, in some cases severely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveband">Waveband</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Waveband"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels" title="List of WLAN channels">List of WLAN channels</a></div> <p>The 802.11 standard provides several distinct <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> ranges for use in Wi-Fi communications: 900 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>, 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz, 4.9 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz and 60 GHz <a href="/wiki/Band_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (radio)">bands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each range is divided into a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Channel_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel (communications)">channels</a>. In the standards, channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing within a band (except in the 60 GHz band, where they are 2.16 GHz apart), and the number refers to the centre frequency of the channel. Although channels are numbered at 5 MHz spacing, transmitters generally occupy at least 20 MHz, and standards allow for neighbouring channels to be bonded together to form a wider channel for higher throughput. </p><p>Countries apply their own regulations to the allowable channels, allowed users and maximum power levels within these frequency ranges. 802.11b/g/n can use the 2.4 GHz band, operating in the United States under FCC <a href="/wiki/Part_15_(FCC_rules)" class="mw-redirect" title="Part 15 (FCC rules)">Part 15</a> rules and regulations. In this frequency band, equipment may occasionally suffer <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interference</a> from microwave ovens,<sup id="cite_ref-scienceabc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scienceabc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cordless_telephone" title="Cordless telephone">cordless telephones</a>, <a href="/wiki/USB_3.0" title="USB 3.0">USB 3.0</a> hubs,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> and other devices.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spectrum assignments and operational limitations are not consistent worldwide: Australia and Europe allow for an additional two channels (12, 13) beyond the 11 permitted in the United States for the 2.4 GHz band, while Japan has three more (12–14). </p><p>802.11a/h/j/n/ac/ax can use the <a href="/wiki/U-NII" class="mw-redirect" title="U-NII">5 GHz U-NII band</a>, which, for much of the world, offers at least 23 non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. This is in contrast to the 2.4 GHz frequency band where the channels are only 5 MHz wide. In general, lower frequencies have longer range but have less capacity. The 5 GHz bands are absorbed to a greater degree by common building materials than the 2.4 GHz bands and usually give a shorter range. </p><p>As 802.11 specifications evolved to support higher throughput, the protocols have become much more efficient in their bandwidth use. Additionally, they have gained the ability to <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">aggregate</a> channels together to gain still more throughput where the bandwidth for additional channels is available. 802.11n allows for double radio spectrum bandwidth (40 MHz) per channel compared to <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">802.11a</a> or 802.11g (20 MHz). 802.11n can be set to limit itself to 20 MHz bandwidth to prevent interference in dense communities.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5 GHz band, 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and 160 MHz channels are permitted with some restrictions, giving much faster connections. </p> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png/220px-2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png/330px-2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png/440px-2.4_GHz_spectrum_example_Screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>An example of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png/220px-5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png/330px-5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png/440px-5_GHz_Wi-Fi_spectrum_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="1179" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>An example of 5 GHz Wi-Fi spectrum</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg/170px-Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg/255px-Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg/340px-Netgear-Nighthawk-AC1900-WiFi-Router.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption> This <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a> Wi-Fi router contains dual bands for transmitting the 802.11 standards across the 2.4 and 5 GHz spectrums and supports MIMO.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/250px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/330px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg/500px-Huawei_4G%2B_Modem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption> A dual-band cellular 4G+ Wi-Fi modem by Huawei</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_stack">Communication stack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communication stack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:802.11_frame.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Generic 802.11 Frame"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/802.11_frame.png/622px-802.11_frame.png" decoding="async" width="622" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/802.11_frame.png/933px-802.11_frame.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/802.11_frame.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="129" /></a><figcaption>Generic 802.11 Frame</figcaption></figure> <p>Wi-Fi is part of the IEEE 802 protocol family. The data is organized into <a href="/wiki/802.11_frame_types" title="802.11 frame types">802.11 frames</a> that are very similar to <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_frame" title="Ethernet frame">Ethernet frames</a> at the data link layer, but with extra address fields. MAC addresses are used as <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network addresses</a> for routing over the LAN.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_802.3_Clause_3.1.1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_802.3_Clause_3.1.1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wi-Fi's MAC and <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> (PHY) specifications are defined by IEEE 802.11 for modulating and receiving one or more carrier waves to transmit the data in the infrared, and 2.4, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">3.6</a>, 5, 6, or <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">60 GHz</a> frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a>). The base version of the standard was released in 1997 and has had many subsequent amendments. The standard and amendments provide the basis for wireless network products using the Wi-Fi brand. While each amendment is officially revoked when incorporated in the latest version of the standard, the corporate world tends to market to the revisions because they concisely denote capabilities of their products.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, in the market place, each revision tends to become its own standard. </p><p>In addition to 802.11, the IEEE 802 protocol family has specific provisions for Wi-Fi. These are required because Ethernet's cable-based media are not usually shared, whereas with wireless all transmissions are received by all stations within the range that employ that radio channel. While Ethernet has essentially negligible error rates, wireless communication media are subject to significant interference. Therefore, the accurate transmission is not guaranteed so delivery is, therefore, a <a href="/wiki/Best-effort_delivery" title="Best-effort delivery">best-effort delivery</a> mechanism. Because of this, for Wi-Fi, the <a href="/wiki/Logical_link_control" title="Logical link control">Logical Link Control</a> (LLC) specified by <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">IEEE 802.2</a> employs Wi-Fi's <a href="/wiki/Media_access_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Media access control">media access control</a> (MAC) protocols to manage retries without relying on higher levels of the protocol stack.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For internetworking purposes, Wi-Fi is usually <a href="/wiki/Protocol_layering" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol layering">layered</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">link layer</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> below the <a href="/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">internet layer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>. This means that nodes have an associated <a href="/wiki/Internet_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet address">internet address</a> and, with suitable connectivity, this allows full Internet access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modes">Modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wi-Fi.gif/220px-Wi-Fi.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wi-Fi.gif/330px-Wi-Fi.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Wi-Fi.gif/440px-Wi-Fi.gif 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A Wi-Fi network in infrastructure mode. The print job is sent from the computer via the AP to the printer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In infrastructure mode, which is the most common mode used, all communications go through a base station. For communications within the network, this introduces an extra use of the airwaves but has the advantage that any two stations that can communicate with the base station can also communicate through the base station, which limits issues associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hidden_node_problem" title="Hidden node problem">hidden node problem</a> and simplifies the protocols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ad_hoc_and_Wi-Fi_direct">Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ad hoc and Wi-Fi direct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wi-Fi also allows communications directly from one computer to another without an access point intermediary. This is called <a href="/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network" title="Wireless ad hoc network"><i>ad hoc</i> Wi-Fi transmission</a>. Different types of ad hoc networks exist. In the simplest case, network nodes must talk directly to each other. In more complex protocols nodes may forward packets, and nodes keep track of how to reach other nodes, even if they move around. </p><p>Ad hoc mode was first described by <a href="/wiki/Chai_Keong_Toh" title="Chai Keong Toh">Chai Keong Toh</a> in his 1996 patent of wireless ad hoc routing,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implemented on Lucent WaveLAN 802.11a wireless on IBM <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPads</a> over a size nodes scenario spanning a region of over a mile. The success was recorded in <i>Mobile Computing</i> magazine (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later published formally in <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Transactions_on_Wireless_Communications" title="IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications">IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications</a></i>, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review</i>, 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This wireless ad hoc network mode has proven popular with <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer video games</a> on <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld game consoles</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PlayStation Portable</a>. It is also popular on <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer electronics devices">consumer electronics devices</a>. Some devices can also share their Internet connection using ad hoc, becoming hotspots or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_router" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual router">virtual routers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the Wi-Fi Alliance promotes the specification <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct" title="Wi-Fi Direct">Wi-Fi Direct</a> for file transfers and media sharing through a new discovery and security methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wi-Fi Direct launched in October 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another mode of direct communication over Wi-Fi is <a href="/wiki/Tunneled_Direct_Link_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunneled Direct Link Setup">Tunneled Direct Link Setup</a> (TDLS), which enables two devices on the same Wi-Fi network to communicate directly, instead of via the access point.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_access_points">Multiple access points</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Multiple access points"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:802.11_Beacon_frame.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/802.11_Beacon_frame.gif/220px-802.11_Beacon_frame.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/802.11_Beacon_frame.gif/330px-802.11_Beacon_frame.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/802.11_Beacon_frame.gif/440px-802.11_Beacon_frame.gif 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Access points send out <a href="/wiki/Beacon_frame" title="Beacon frame">beacon frames</a> to announce the presence of networks.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Extended_Service_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Service Set">Extended Service Set</a> may be formed by deploying multiple access points that are configured with the same SSID and security settings. Wi-Fi client devices typically connect to the access point that can provide the strongest signal within that service set.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing the number of Wi-Fi access points for a network provides <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">redundancy</a>, better range, support for fast <a href="/wiki/Handover" title="Handover">handover</a>, and increased overall network capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cells</a>. Except for the smallest implementations (such as home or small office networks), Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward <i>thin</i> access points, with more of the <a href="/wiki/Network_intelligence" title="Network intelligence">network intelligence</a> housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access points to the role of dumb transceivers. Outdoor applications may use <a href="/wiki/Mesh_networking" title="Mesh networking">mesh</a> topologies.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fi" title="Long-range Wi-Fi">Long-range Wi-Fi</a></div> <p>Wi-Fi operational range depends on factors such as the frequency band, <a href="/wiki/Transmitter_power_output" title="Transmitter power output">radio power output</a>, receiver sensitivity, antenna gain, and antenna type as well as the modulation technique. Also, the propagation characteristics of the signals can have a big impact. </p><p>At longer distances, and with greater signal absorption, speed is usually reduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmitter_power">Transmitter power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transmitter power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to cell phones and similar technology, Wi-Fi transmitters are low-power devices. In general, the maximum amount of power that a Wi-Fi device can transmit is limited by local regulations, such as <a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">FCC Part 15</a> in the US. <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_isotropically_radiated_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Equivalent isotropically radiated power">Equivalent isotropically radiated power</a> (EIRP) in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> is limited to 20 <a href="/wiki/DBm" title="DBm">dBm</a> (100 mW). </p><p>To reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, Wi-Fi has higher power consumption compared to some other standards designed to support wireless personal area network (PAN) applications. For example, Bluetooth provides a much shorter <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">propagation</a> range between 1 and 100 metres (1 and 100 yards)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so in general has a lower power consumption. Other low-power technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a> have fairly long range, but much lower data rate. The high power consumption of Wi-Fi makes battery life in some mobile devices a concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antenna">Antenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Antenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An access point compliant with either <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11b" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11b</a> or 802.11g, using the stock <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_antenna" title="Omnidirectional antenna">omnidirectional antenna</a> might have a range of 0.1 km. The same radio with an external semi-parabolic antenna (15 dB gain) with a similarly equipped receiver at the far end might have a range over 32 km. </p><p>Higher gain rating (dBi) indicates further deviation (generally toward the horizontal) from a theoretical, perfect <a href="/wiki/Isotropic_radiator" title="Isotropic radiator">isotropic radiator</a>, and therefore the antenna can project or accept a usable signal further in particular directions, as compared to a similar output power on a more isotropic antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an 8 dBi antenna used with a 100 mW driver has a similar horizontal range to a 6 dBi antenna being driven at 500 mW. This assumes that radiation in the vertical is lost; this may not be the case in some situations, especially in large buildings or within a <a href="/wiki/Waveguide" title="Waveguide">waveguide</a>. In the above example, a directional waveguide could cause the low-power 6 dBi antenna to project much further in a single direction than the 8 dBi antenna, which is not in a waveguide, even if they are both driven at 100 mW. </p><p>On wireless routers with detachable antennas, it is possible to improve range by fitting upgraded antennas that provide a higher gain in particular directions. Outdoor ranges can be improved to many kilometres through the use of high gain <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional antennas</a> at the router and remote device(s). </p> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wifi_point_to_point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wifi_point_to_point.jpg/250px-Wifi_point_to_point.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wifi_point_to_point.jpg/330px-Wifi_point_to_point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Wifi_point_to_point.jpg/500px-Wifi_point_to_point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Parabolic dishes transmit and receive the radio waves only in particular directions and can give much greater range than omnidirectional antennas.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg/220px-Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg/330px-Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg/440px-Yagi-Uda_antenna_for_Wi-Fi_on_Router.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yagi%E2%80%93Uda_antenna" title="Yagi–Uda antenna">Yagi–Uda antennas</a>, widely used for television reception, are relatively compact at Wi‑Fi wavelengths.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg/220px-Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg/330px-Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg/440px-Antenna_of_wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_2018-05-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Antenna of wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I. Simple stick-like antennas like these have omnidirectional reception and relatively low range of 20 metres (yards) or so.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WiFi-detector.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WiFi-detector.jpg/220px-WiFi-detector.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WiFi-detector.jpg/330px-WiFi-detector.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/WiFi-detector.jpg/440px-WiFi-detector.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>A keychain-size Wi-Fi detector</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MIMO_(multiple-input_and_multiple-output)"><span id="MIMO_.28multiple-input_and_multiple-output.29"></span>MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIMO" title="MIMO">MIMO</a></div> <p>Wi-Fi 4 and higher standards allow devices to have multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. Multiple antennas enable the equipment to exploit <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a> on the same frequency bands giving much higher speeds and longer range. </p><p>Wi-Fi 4 can more than double the range over previous standards.<sup id="cite_ref-wifiplanet_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wifiplanet-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wi-Fi 5 standard uses the 5 GHz band exclusively, and is capable of multi-station WLAN throughput of at least 1 gigabit per second, and a single station throughput of at least 500 Mbit/s. As of the first quarter of 2016, The Wi-Fi Alliance certifies devices compliant with the 802.11ac standard as "Wi-Fi CERTIFIED ac". This standard uses several signal processing techniques such as multi-user MIMO and 4X4 Spatial Multiplexing streams, and wide channel bandwidth (160 MHz) to achieve its gigabit throughput. According to a study by IHS Technology, 70% of all access point sales revenue in the first quarter of 2016 came from 802.11ac devices.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_propagation">Radio propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Radio propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Wi-Fi signals <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> usually works best, but signals can transmit, absorb, reflect, <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refract</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fading" title="Fading">up and down fade</a> through and around structures, both man-made and natural. Wi-Fi signals are very strongly affected by metallic structures (including <a href="/wiki/Rebar" title="Rebar">rebar</a> in concrete, <a href="/wiki/Window_insulation#Low-e_coatings" title="Window insulation">low-e coatings</a> in glazing), rock structures (including <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>) and water (such as found in vegetation). </p><p>Due to the complex nature of radio propagation at typical Wi-Fi frequencies, particularly around trees and buildings, algorithms can only approximately predict Wi-Fi signal strength for any given area in relation to a transmitter.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect does not apply equally to <a href="/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fi" title="Long-range Wi-Fi">long-range Wi-Fi</a>, since longer links typically operate from towers that transmit above the surrounding foliage. </p><p>Mobile use of Wi-Fi over wider ranges is limited, for instance, to uses such as in an automobile moving from one hotspot to another. Other wireless technologies are more suitable for communicating with moving vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distance_records">Distance records</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Distance records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distance records (using non-standard devices) include 382 km (237 mi) in June 2007, held by Ermanno Pietrosemoli and EsLaRed of Venezuela, transferring about 3 MB of data between the mountain-tops of <a href="/wiki/Pico_El_%C3%81guila" title="Pico El Águila">El Águila</a> and Platillon.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">Swedish National Space Agency</a> transferred data 420 km (260 mi), using 6 watt amplifiers to reach an overhead <a href="/wiki/Stratospheric_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratospheric balloon">stratospheric balloon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interference">Interference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Interference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference_at_2.4_GHz#Wi-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz">Electromagnetic interference at 2.4 GHz § Wi-Fi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif/200px-Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif/300px-Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif/400px-Wi-Fi_Allocations_4.gif 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Network planning frequency allocations for North America and Europe. Using these types of frequency allocations can help minimize co-channel and adjacent-channel interference.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png/220px-Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png/330px-Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png/440px-Co-Channel_Wi-Fi_Interference_01.png 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>In the 2.4 GHz wavebands as well as others, transmitters straddle multiple channels. Overlapping channels can suffer from interference unless this is a small portion of the total received power.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wi-Fi connections can be blocked or the Internet speed lowered by having other devices in the same area. Wi-Fi protocols are designed to share the wavebands reasonably fairly, and this often works with little to no disruption. To minimize collisions with Wi-Fi and non-Wi-Fi devices, Wi-Fi employs <a href="/wiki/Carrier-sense_multiple_access_with_collision_avoidance" title="Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance">Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance</a> (CSMA/CA), where transmitters listen before transmitting and delay transmission of packets if they detect that other devices are active on the channel, or if noise is detected from adjacent channels or non-Wi-Fi sources. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi networks are still susceptible to the <a href="/wiki/Hidden_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden node">hidden node</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exposed_node_problem" title="Exposed node problem">exposed node problem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A standard speed Wi-Fi signal occupies five channels in the 2.4 GHz band. Interference can be caused by overlapping channels. Any two channel numbers that differ by five or more, such as 2 and 7, do not overlap (no <a href="/wiki/Adjacent-channel_interference" title="Adjacent-channel interference">adjacent-channel interference</a>). The oft-repeated adage that channels 1, 6, and 11 are the <i>only</i> non-overlapping channels is, therefore, not accurate. Channels 1, 6, and 11 are the only <i>group of three</i> non-overlapping channels in North America. However, whether the overlap is significant depends on physical spacing. Channels that are four apart interfere a negligible amount – much less than reusing channels (which causes <a href="/wiki/Co-channel_interference" title="Co-channel interference">co-channel interference</a>) – if transmitters are at least a few metres apart.<sup id="cite_ref-villegas_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-villegas-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe and Japan where channel 13 is available, using Channels 1, 5, 9, and 13 for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11g" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11g</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11#802.11n" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11n</a> is viable and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11#Channels_and_frequencies" title="IEEE 802.11">recommended</a>. </p><p>However, multiple 2.4 GHz 802.11b and 802.11g access-points default to the same channel on initial startup, contributing to congestion on certain channels. Wi-Fi pollution, or an excessive number of access points in the area, can prevent access and interfere with other devices' use of other access points as well as with decreased <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> (SNR) between access points. These issues can become a problem in high-density areas, such as large apartment complexes or office buildings with multiple Wi-Fi access points.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other devices use the 2.4 GHz band:<sup id="cite_ref-wired_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> microwave ovens, ISM band devices, <a href="/wiki/Security_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Security camera">security cameras</a>, Zigbee devices, Bluetooth devices, <a href="/wiki/Video_sender" title="Video sender">video senders</a>, cordless phones, <a href="/wiki/Baby_monitor" title="Baby monitor">baby monitors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in some countries, <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a>, all of which can cause significant additional interference. It is also an issue when municipalities<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other large entities (such as universities) seek to provide large area coverage. On some 5 GHz bands interference from radar systems can occur in some places. For base stations that support those bands they employ Dynamic Frequency Selection which listens for radar, and if it is found, it will not permit a network on that band. </p><p>These bands can be used by low power transmitters without a licence, and with few restrictions. However, while unintended interference is common, users that have been found to cause deliberate interference (particularly for attempting to locally monopolize these bands for commercial purposes) have been issued large fines.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Throughput">Throughput</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Throughput"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various layer-2 variants of IEEE 802.11 have different characteristics. Across all flavours of 802.11, maximum achievable throughputs are either given based on measurements under ideal conditions or in the layer-2 data rates. This, however, does not apply to typical deployments in which data are transferred between two endpoints of which at least one is typically connected to a wired infrastructure, and the other is connected to an infrastructure via a wireless link. </p><p>This means that typically data frames pass an 802.11 (WLAN) medium and are being converted to 802.3 (Ethernet) or vice versa. </p><p>Due to the difference in the frame (header) lengths of these two media, the packet size of an application determines the speed of the data transfer. This means that an application that uses small packets (e.g. VoIP) creates a data flow with high overhead traffic (low <a href="/wiki/Goodput" title="Goodput">goodput</a>). </p><p>Other factors that contribute to the overall application data rate are the speed with which the application transmits the packets (i.e. the data rate) and the energy with which the wireless signal is received. The latter is determined by distance and by the configured output power of the communicating devices.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same references apply to the attached throughput graphs, which show measurements of <a href="/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a> throughput measurements. Each represents an average throughput of 25 measurements (the error bars are there, but barely visible due to the small variation), is with specific packet size (small or large), and with a specific data rate (10 kbit/s – 100 Mbit/s). Markers for traffic profiles of common applications are included as well. This text and measurements do not cover packet errors but information about this can be found at the above references. The table below shows the maximum achievable (application-specific) UDP throughput in the same scenarios (same references again) with various WLAN (802.11) flavours. The measurement hosts have been 25 metres (yards) apart from each other; loss is again ignored. </p> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Throughputenvelope80211g.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Throughputenvelope80211g.png/330px-Throughputenvelope80211g.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Throughputenvelope80211g.png/495px-Throughputenvelope80211g.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Throughputenvelope80211g.png/660px-Throughputenvelope80211g.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11g, which uses the <span class="nowrap">2.4 GHz</span> band</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThroughputEnvelope11n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ThroughputEnvelope11n.png/330px-ThroughputEnvelope11n.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ThroughputEnvelope11n.png/495px-ThroughputEnvelope11n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/ThroughputEnvelope11n.png/660px-ThroughputEnvelope11n.png 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Graphical representation of Wi‑Fi application-specific performance envelope of 802.11n using a 40 MHz channel width in the <span class="nowrap">2.4 GHz</span> band</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg/220px-RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg/330px-RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg/440px-RouterBoard_112_with_U.FL-RSMA_pigtail_and_R52_miniPCI_Wi-Fi_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2609" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded</a> <a href="/wiki/MikroTik#RouterBOARD" title="MikroTik">RouterBoard</a> 112 with <a href="/wiki/Hirose_U.FL" title="Hirose U.FL">U.FL</a>-<a href="/wiki/SMA_connector" title="SMA connector">RSMA</a> pigtail and R52 <a href="/wiki/Conventional_PCI" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional PCI">mini PCI</a> Wi-Fi card widely used by <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> Internet service providers (<a href="/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider" title="Wireless Internet service provider">WISPs</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3GN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/3GN.jpg/220px-3GN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/3GN.jpg/330px-3GN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/3GN.jpg/440px-3GN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>OSBRiDGE 3GN – <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">802.11n</a> access point and <a href="/wiki/High-Speed_Downlink_Packet_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="High-Speed Downlink Packet Access">UMTS/GSM</a> gateway in one device</figcaption></figure> <p>Wi-Fi allows wireless deployment of local area networks (LANs). Also, spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. However, building walls of certain materials, such as stone with high metal content, can block Wi-Fi signals. </p><p>A Wi-Fi device is a <a href="/wiki/Short-range_device" title="Short-range device">short-range</a> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> device. Wi-Fi devices are <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">fabricated</a> on <a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (<a href="/wiki/RF_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="RF circuit">RF circuit</a>) chips.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 2000s, manufacturers are building wireless network adapters into most laptops. The price of <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipsets</a> for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in ever more devices.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different competitive brands of access points and client network-interfaces can inter-operate at a basic level of service. Products designated as "Wi-Fi Certified" by the Wi-Fi Alliance are <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Backward compatible">backward compatible</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, any standard Wi-Fi device works anywhere in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_point">Access point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Access point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg/250px-Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg/330px-Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg/500px-Apple-Airport-Extreme-80211g-WiFi-Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/AirPort" title="AirPort">AirPort</a> Wi‑Fi adapter, supporting 802.11g, from an Apple <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A wireless access point (WAP) connects a group of wireless devices to an adjacent wired LAN. An access point resembles a <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">network hub</a>, relaying <a href="/wiki/Data_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Data (computing)">data</a> between connected wireless devices in addition to a (usually) single connected wired device, most often an Ethernet hub or switch, allowing wireless devices to communicate with other wired devices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_adapter">Wireless adapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wireless adapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg/220px-Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg/330px-Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg/440px-Wireless_network_interface_controller_Gigabyte_GC-WB867D-I_-_front_and_back_-_2018-05-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Wireless network interface controller Gigabyte GC-WB867D-I</figcaption></figure> <p>Wireless adapters allow devices to connect to a wireless network. These adapters connect to devices using various external or internal interconnects such as mini PCIe (<a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_Mini_Card" title="PCI Express">mPCIe</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a>), USB, <a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a> and previously PCI, Cardbus, and <a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a>. As of 2010, most newer laptop computers come equipped with built-in internal adapters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Router">Router</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Router"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">Wireless routers</a> integrate a Wireless Access Point, Ethernet <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switch</a>, and internal router firmware application that provides <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">NAT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a> forwarding through an integrated WAN-interface. A wireless router allows wired and wireless Ethernet LAN devices to connect to a (usually) single WAN device such as a cable modem, <a href="/wiki/DSL_modem" title="DSL modem">DSL modem</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Optical_modem" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical modem">optical modem</a>. A wireless router allows all three devices, mainly the access point and router, to be configured through one central utility. This utility is usually an integrated <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> that is accessible to wired and wireless LAN clients and often optionally to WAN clients. This utility may also be an application that is run on a computer, as is the case with as Apple's AirPort, which is managed with the <a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a> on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and iOS.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridge">Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridges</a> can act to connect two networks to form a single network at the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model#Layer_2:_Data_link_layer" title="OSI model">data-link layer</a> over Wi-Fi. The main standard is the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_distribution_system" title="Wireless distribution system">wireless distribution system</a> (WDS). </p><p>Wireless bridging can connect a wired network to a wireless network. A bridge differs from an access point: an access point typically connects wireless devices to one wired network. Two wireless bridge devices may be used to connect two wired networks over a wireless link, useful in situations where a wired connection may be unavailable, such as between two separate homes or for devices that have no wireless networking capability (but have wired networking capability), such as <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer entertainment devices</a>; alternatively, a wireless bridge can be used to enable a device that supports a wired connection to operate at a wireless networking standard that is faster than supported by the wireless network connectivity feature (external dongle or inbuilt) supported by the device (e.g., enabling Wireless-N speeds (up to the maximum supported speed on the wired Ethernet port on both the bridge and connected devices including the wireless access point) for a device that only supports Wireless-G). A dual-band wireless bridge can also be used to enable 5 GHz wireless network operation on a device that only supports 2.4 GHz wireless and has a wired Ethernet port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repeater">Repeater</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Repeater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wireless range-extenders or <a href="/wiki/Wireless_repeater" title="Wireless repeater">wireless repeaters</a> can extend the range of an existing wireless network. Strategically placed range-extenders can elongate a signal area or allow for the signal area to reach around barriers such as those pertaining in L-shaped corridors. Wireless devices connected through repeaters suffer from an increased latency for each hop, and there may be a reduction in the maximum available data throughput. Besides, the effect of additional users using a network employing wireless range-extenders is to consume the available bandwidth faster than would be the case whereby a single user migrates around a network employing extenders. For this reason, wireless range-extenders work best in networks supporting low traffic throughput requirements, such as for cases whereby a single user with a Wi-Fi-equipped tablet migrates around the combined extended and non-extended portions of the total connected network. Also, a wireless device connected to any of the repeaters in the chain has data throughput limited by the "weakest link" in the chain between the connection origin and connection end. Networks using wireless extenders are more prone to degradation from interference from neighbouring access points that border portions of the extended network and that happen to occupy the same channel as the extended network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Embedded systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg/220px-Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg/330px-Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f5/Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg/440px-Ezurio_wism2_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Embedded serial-to-Wi-Fi module</figcaption></figure> <p>The security standard, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setup" title="Wi-Fi Protected Setup">Wi-Fi Protected Setup</a>, allows embedded devices with a limited graphical user interface to connect to the Internet with ease. Wi-Fi Protected Setup has 2 configurations: The Push Button configuration and the PIN configuration. These embedded devices are also called The <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a> and are low-power, battery-operated embedded systems. Several Wi-Fi manufacturers design chips and modules for embedded Wi-Fi, such as GainSpan.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasingly in the last few years (particularly as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), embedded Wi-Fi modules have become available that incorporate a real-time operating system and provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device that can communicate via a serial port.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the design of simple monitoring devices. An example is a portable ECG device monitoring a patient at home. This Wi-Fi-enabled device can communicate via the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These Wi-Fi modules are designed by <a href="/wiki/OEM" class="mw-redirect" title="OEM">OEMs</a> so that implementers need only minimal Wi-Fi knowledge to provide Wi-Fi connectivity for their products. </p><p>In June 2014, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a> introduced the first ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller with an onboard dedicated Wi-Fi MCU, the SimpleLink CC3200. It makes embedded systems with Wi-Fi connectivity possible to build as single-chip devices, which reduces their cost and minimum size, making it more practical to build wireless-networked controllers into inexpensive ordinary objects.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_security" title="Wireless security">Wireless security</a></div> <p>The main issue with wireless <a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">network security</a> is its simplified access to the network compared to traditional wired networks such as Ethernet. With wired networking, one must either gain access to a building (physically connecting into the internal network), or break through an external <a href="/wiki/Firewall_(computing)" title="Firewall (computing)">firewall</a>. To access Wi-Fi, one must merely be within the range of the Wi-Fi network. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Enabling wireless connectivity reduces security if the network uses inadequate or no encryption.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An attacker who has gained access to a Wi-Fi network router can initiate a DNS spoofing attack against any other user of the network by forging a response before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Securing_methods">Securing methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Securing methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common measure to deter unauthorized users involves hiding the access point's name by disabling the SSID broadcast. While effective against the casual user, it is ineffective as a security method because the SSID is broadcast in the clear in response to a client SSID query. Another method is to only allow computers with known MAC addresses to join the network,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but determined eavesdroppers may be able to join the network by <a href="/wiki/MAC_spoofing" title="MAC spoofing">spoofing</a> an authorized address. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy" title="Wired Equivalent Privacy">Wired Equivalent Privacy</a> (WEP) encryption was designed to protect against casual snooping but it is no longer considered secure. Tools such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=AirSnort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AirSnort (page does not exist)">AirSnort</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aircrack-ng" title="Aircrack-ng">Aircrack-ng</a> can quickly recover WEP encryption keys.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of WEP's weakness the Wi-Fi Alliance approved Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) which uses <a href="/wiki/Temporal_Key_Integrity_Protocol" title="Temporal Key Integrity Protocol">TKIP</a>. WPA was specifically designed to work with older equipment usually through a firmware upgrade. Though more secure than WEP, WPA has known vulnerabilities. </p><p>The more secure <a href="/wiki/WPA2" class="mw-redirect" title="WPA2">WPA2</a> using <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> was introduced in 2004 and is supported by most new Wi-Fi devices. WPA2 is fully compatible with WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-wpa2-mandatory_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wpa2-mandatory-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, a flaw in the WPA2 protocol was discovered, allowing a key replay attack, known as <a href="/wiki/KRACK" title="KRACK">KRACK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg/140px-QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg/210px-QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg/280px-QR_code_Wi-Fi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR code</a> to automate a Wi-Fi connection using <i>WIFI:S:Wikipedia;T:WPA;P:Password1!;;</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A flaw in a feature added to Wi-Fi in 2007, called <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setup" title="Wi-Fi Protected Setup">Wi-Fi Protected Setup</a> (WPS), let WPA and WPA2 security be bypassed. The only remedy as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was to turn off Wi-Fi Protected Setup,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not always possible. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">Virtual private networks</a> can be used to improve the confidentiality of data carried through Wi-Fi networks, especially public Wi-Fi networks.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/URI" class="mw-redirect" title="URI">URI</a> using the WIFI scheme can specify the SSID, encryption type, password/passphrase, and if the SSID is hidden or not, so users can follow links from <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a>, for instance, to join networks without having to manually enter the data.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/MeCard_(QR_code)" title="MeCard (QR code)">MeCard</a>-like format is supported by Android and iOS 11+.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Common format: <code>WIFI:S:<SSID>;T:<WEP|WPA|blank>;P:<PASSWORD>;H:<true|false|blank>;</code></li> <li>Sample <code>WIFI:S:MySSID;T:WPA;P:MyPassW0rd;;</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_security_risks">Data security risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Data security risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wi-Fi access points typically default to an encryption-free (<i>open</i>) mode. Novice users benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out-of-the-box, but this default does not enable any <a href="/wiki/Wireless_security" title="Wireless security">wireless security</a>, providing open wireless access to a LAN. To turn security on requires the user to configure the device, usually via a software <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI). On unencrypted Wi-Fi networks connecting devices can monitor and record data (including personal information). Such networks can only be secured by using other means of protection, such as a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> over <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">Transport Layer Security</a> (<a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>). </p><p>The older wireless-<a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), has been <a href="/wiki/Fluhrer,_Mantin,_and_Shamir_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir attack">shown</a> easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) encryption, which became available in devices in 2003, aimed to solve this problem. Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) ratified in 2004 is considered secure, provided a strong <a href="/wiki/Passphrase" title="Passphrase">passphrase</a> is used. The 2003 version of WPA has not been considered secure since it was superseded by WPA2 in 2004. </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/WPA3" class="mw-redirect" title="WPA3">WPA3</a> was announced as a replacement for WPA2, increasing security;<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it rolled out on 26 June.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piggybacking">Piggybacking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Piggybacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piggybacking_(Internet_access)" title="Piggybacking (Internet access)">Piggybacking (Internet access)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_piggybacking" title="Legality of piggybacking">Legality of piggybacking</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Setup#Physical_security_issues" title="Wi-Fi Protected Setup">Wi-Fi Protected Setup § Physical security issues</a></div> <p>Piggybacking refers to access to a wireless Internet connection by bringing one's computer within the range of another's wireless connection, and using that service without the subscriber's explicit permission or knowledge. </p><p>During the early popular adoption of <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a>, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (March 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">wireless community networks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their downstream bandwidth at any given time. </p><p>Recreational logging and mapping of other people's access points have become known as <a href="/wiki/Wardriving" title="Wardriving">wardriving</a>. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. Providing access to one's Internet connection in this fashion may breach the Terms of Service or contract with the <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISP</a>. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however, legislation and <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> describing available services was called <a href="/wiki/Warchalking" title="Warchalking">warchalking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piggybacking often occurs unintentionally – a technically unfamiliar user might not change the default "unsecured" settings to their access point and operating systems can be configured to connect automatically to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter has a stronger signal. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeroconf" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeroconf">Zeroconf</a>) this could lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wrong middle-man when seeking a destination (see <a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle attack</a>). For example, a user could inadvertently use an unsecured network to log into a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website uses an insecure protocol such as plain <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> without <a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a>. </p><p>On an unsecured access point, an unauthorized user can obtain security information (factory preset passphrase or Wi-Fi Protected Setup PIN) from a label on a wireless access point and use this information (or connect by the Wi-Fi Protected Setup pushbutton method) to commit unauthorized or unlawful activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_aspects">Societal aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Societal aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet#Social_Impact" title="Internet">Internet § Social Impact</a></div> <p>Wireless Internet access has become much more embedded in society. It has thus changed how the society functions in a number of ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_developing_countries">Influence on developing countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influence on developing countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-range_Wi-Fi" title="Long-range Wi-Fi">Long-range Wi-Fi</a></div> <p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> over half the world did not have access to the Internet,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prominently rural areas in developing nations. Technology that has been implemented in more developed nations is often costly and energy inefficient. This has led to developing nations using more low-tech networks, frequently implementing renewable power sources that can solely be maintained through <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a>, creating a network that is resistant to disruptions such as power outages. For instance, in 2007, a 450-kilometre (280 mi) network between Cabo Pantoja and <a href="/wiki/Iquitos" title="Iquitos">Iquitos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> was erected in which all equipment is powered only by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These long-range Wi-Fi networks have two main uses: offer Internet access to populations in isolated villages, and to provide healthcare to isolated communities. In the case of the latter example, it connects the central hospital in Iquitos to 15 medical outposts which are intended for remote diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_habits">Work habits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Work habits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Access to Wi-Fi in public spaces such as cafes or parks allows people, in particular freelancers, to work remotely. While the accessibility of Wi-Fi is the strongest factor when choosing a place to work (75% of people would choose a place that provides Wi-Fi over one that does not),<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other factors influence the choice of specific <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">hotspots</a>. These vary from the accessibility of other resources, like books, the location of the workplace, and the social aspect of meeting other people in the same place. Moreover, the increase of people working from public places results in more customers for local businesses thus providing an economic stimulus to the area. </p><p>Additionally, in the same study it has been noted that wireless connection provides more freedom of movement while working. Both when working at home or from the office it allows the displacement between different rooms or areas. In some offices (notably Cisco offices in New York) the employees do not have assigned desks but can work from any office connecting their laptop to Wi-Fi <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">hotspot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Internet has become an integral part of living. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 81.9% of American households have Internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 89% of American households with broadband connect via wireless technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 72.9% of American households have Wi-Fi. </p><p>Wi-Fi networks have also affected how the interior of homes and hotels are arranged. For instance, architects have described that their clients no longer wanted only one room as their home office, but would like to work near the fireplace or have the possibility to work in different rooms. This contradicts architect's pre-existing ideas of the use of rooms that they designed. Additionally, some hotels have noted that guests prefer to stay in certain rooms since they receive a stronger Wi-Fi signal.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_concerns">Health concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Health concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Wireless device radiation and health</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) says, "no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks", but notes that they promote research into effects from other RF sources.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a category used when "a causal association is considered credible, but when chance, bias or confounding cannot be ruled out with reasonable confidence"),<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this classification was based on risks associated with wireless phone use rather than Wi-Fi networks. </p><p>The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Health_Protection_Agency" title="Health Protection Agency">Health Protection Agency</a> reported in 2007 that exposure to Wi-Fi for a year results in the "same amount of radiation from a 20-minute mobile phone call".<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review of studies involving 725 people who claimed <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a>, "...suggests that 'electromagnetic hypersensitivity' is unrelated to the presence of an EMF, although more research into this phenomenon is required."<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other wireless technologies provide alternatives to Wi-Fi for different use cases: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a>, a low-power variant of Bluetooth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, a short-distance network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular networks</a>, used by smartphones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoRa" title="LoRa">LoRa</a>, for long range wireless with low data rate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NearLink" title="NearLink">NearLink</a>, a short-range wireless technology standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a>, for providing long range wireless internet connectivity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>, a low-power, low data rate, short-distance communication protocol</li></ul> <p>Some alternatives are "no new wires", re-using existing cable: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a>, which uses existing home wiring, such as phone and <a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power lines</a></li></ul> <p>Several <i>wired</i> technologies for computer networking, which provide viable alternatives to Wi-Fi: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair" title="Ethernet over twisted pair">Ethernet over twisted pair</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gi-Fi" title="Gi-Fi">Gi-Fi</a> – a term used by some trade press to refer to faster versions of the IEEE 802.11 standards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiperLAN" title="HiperLAN">HiperLAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_multimedia_radio" title="High-speed multimedia radio">High-speed multimedia radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_positioning_system" title="Indoor positioning system">Indoor positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_WLAN_channels" title="List of WLAN channels">List of WLAN channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system_Wi-Fi_support" title="Operating system Wi-Fi support">Operating system Wi-Fi support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_Wi-Fi" title="Passive Wi-Fi">Passive Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-line communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Digital_Inclusion_Strategy" title="San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy">San Francisco Digital Inclusion Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Broadband_Alliance" title="Wireless Broadband Alliance">Wireless Broadband Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct" title="Wi-Fi Direct">Wi-Fi Direct</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a founding member of the Wi-Fi Alliance, "Wi-Fi" has no expanded meaning, and was simply chosen as a more memorable name for the technology. Some Wi-Fi Alliance materials produced soon after this selection used the phrase <i>wireless fidelity</i>, but this was quickly dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-only5ghz-2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-only5ghz-2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-only6ghz-2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-only6ghz-2_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wi-Fi 6E is the industry name that identifies Wi-Fi devices that operate in 6 GHz. Wi-Fi 6E offers the features and capabilities of Wi-Fi 6 extended into the 6 GHz band.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notratified-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notratified_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">Wi-Fi Alliance</a> began certifying Wi-Fi 7 devices in 2024, but as of January 2025 the IEEE standard 802.11be is yet to be ratified.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This <i>one speaks, all listen</i> property is a security weakness of shared-medium Wi-Fi since a node on a Wi-Fi network can eavesdrop on all traffic on the wire if it so chooses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-promiscuous-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-promiscuous_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless it is put into <a href="/wiki/Promiscuous_mode" title="Promiscuous mode">promiscuous mode</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some cases, the factory-assigned address can be overridden, either to avoid an address change when an adapter is replaced or to use <a href="/wiki/Locally_administered_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Locally administered address">locally administered addresses</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The link layer is equivalent to the physical and data link layers of the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarber2014" class="citation web cs1">Garber, Megan (23 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/why-fi-or-wiffy-how-americans-pronounce-techs-most-common-terms/373082/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Why-Fi' or 'Wiffy'? How Americans Pronounce Common Tech Terms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615190651/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/why-fi-or-wiffy-how-americans-pronounce-techs-most-common-terms/373082/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%27Why-Fi%27+or+%27Wiffy%27%3F+How+Americans+Pronounce+Common+Tech+Terms&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fwhy-fi-or-wiffy-how-americans-pronounce-techs-most-common-terms%2F373082%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-does-wi-fi-stand-for/">"What Does Wi-Fi Stand For?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220105184518/https://www.newscientist.com/question/what-does-wi-fi-stand-for/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Does+Wi-Fi+Stand+For%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fquestion%2Fwhat-does-wi-fi-stand-for%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeal2001" class="citation web cs1">Beal, Vangie (2 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html">"What is Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11x)? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+Microwaves+Interfere+With+WiFi+Signals%3F&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceabc.com%2Finnovation%2Fdo-microwaves-interfere-with-wifi-signals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaus_Hetting2018" class="citation web cs1">Claus Hetting (19 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/how-a-meeting-with-steve-jobs-in-1998-gave-birth-to-wi-fi/">"How a 1998 meeting with Steve Jobs gave birth to Wi-Fi"</a>. <i>Wi-Fi NOW Global</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215231732/https://wifinowglobal.com/news-and-blog/how-a-meeting-with-steve-jobs-in-1998-gave-birth-to-wi-fi/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+Alliance%3A+Organization&rft.pub=Official+industry+association+Web+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fi.org%2Forganization.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2004/06/12/a-brief-history-of-wi-fi">"A brief history of Wi-Fi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 12 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102075107/https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2004/06/12/a-brief-history-of-wi-fi">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>in July 1999 Apple introduced Wi-Fi as an option on its new iBook computers, under the brand name AirPort</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+Wi-Fi&rft.date=2004-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ftechnology-quarterly%2F2004%2F06%2F12%2Fa-brief-history-of-wi-fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Lohr1999" class="citation news cs1">Steve Lohr (22 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/business/apple-offers-imac-s-laptop-offspring-the-ibook.html">"Apple Offers iMac's Laptop Offspring, the iBook"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202003816/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/22/business/apple-offers-imac-s-laptop-offspring-the-ibook.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Apple+Offers+iMac%27s+Laptop+Offspring%2C+the+iBook&rft.date=1999-07-22&rft.au=Steve+Lohr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F07%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fapple-offers-imac-s-laptop-offspring-the-ibook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Peter H. (25 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/25/technology/state-of-the-art-not-born-to-be-wired.html?pagewanted=all">"State of the Art; Not Born To Be Wired"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002735/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/25/technology/state-of-the-art-not-born-to-be-wired.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=State+of+the+Art%3B+Not+Born+To+Be+Wired&rft.date=1999-11-25&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F11%2F25%2Ftechnology%2Fstate-of-the-art-not-born-to-be-wired.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/patents/">"IEEE SA – Records of IEEE Standards-Related Patent Letters of Assurance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410074816/http://standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/pat802_11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+SA+%E2%80%93+Records+of+IEEE+Standards-Related+Patent+Letters+of+Assurance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fsasb%2Fpatcom%2Fpatents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215082408/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htm">"World changing Aussie inventions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Geographic" title="Australian Geographic">Australian Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/world-changing-aussie-inventions.htm">the original</a> on 15 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Geographic&rft.atitle=World+changing+Aussie+inventions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Fjournal%2Fworld-changing-aussie-inventions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFField" class="citation web cs1">Field, Shivaune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419123256/https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/02/28/hedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth/?sh=5871237541b7">"Hedy Lamarr: The Incredible Mind Behind Secure WiFi, GPS And Bluetooth"</a>. <i>forbes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/shivaunefield/2018/02/28/hedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth/?sh=5871237541b7">the original</a> on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forbes.com&rft.atitle=Hedy+Lamarr%3A+The+Incredible+Mind+Behind+Secure+WiFi%2C+GPS+And+Bluetooth&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Shivaune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fshivaunefield%2F2018%2F02%2F28%2Fhedy-lamarr-the-incredible-mind-behind-secure-wi-fi-gps-bluetooth%2F%3Fsh%3D5871237541b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Der_Meer2018" class="citation web cs1">Van Der Meer, Hilde (26 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419124142/https://investinholland.com/news/10-inventions-didnt-know-dutch/">"10 Inventions You Didn't Know Were Dutch"</a>. <i>investinholland.com</i>. Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://investinholland.com/news/10-inventions-didnt-know-dutch/">the original</a> on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=investinholland.com&rft.atitle=10+Inventions+You+Didn%27t+Know+Were+Dutch&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.aulast=Van+Der+Meer&rft.aufirst=Hilde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestinholland.com%2Fnews%2F10-inventions-didnt-know-dutch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullin2012" class="citation web cs1">Mullin, Joe (4 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.ars">"How the Aussie government "invented WiFi" and sued its way to $430 million"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508201202/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2012/04/how-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.ars">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=How+the+Aussie+government+%22invented+WiFi%22+and+sued+its+way+to+%24430+million&rft.date=2012-04-04&rft.aulast=Mullin&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2Fnews%2F2012%2F04%2Fhow-the-aussie-government-invented-wifi-and-sued-its-way-to-430-million.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patent-troll-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patent-troll_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopper2010" class="citation news cs1">Popper, Ben (3 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/">"Australia's Biggest Patent Troll Goes After AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130506135649/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505124_162-43340647/australias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+Biggest+Patent+Troll+Goes+After+AT%26T%2C+Verizon+and+T-Mobile&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Faustralias-biggest-patent-troll-goes-after-at038t-verizon-and-t-mobile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin2012" class="citation web cs1">Brodkin, Jon (31 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419131311/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/wifi-patent-case-results-in-229m-payment-to-australian-government/">"WiFi patent case results in $229 million payment to Australian government"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/wifi-patent-case-results-in-229m-payment-to-australian-government/">the original</a> on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+Alliance%C2%AE+statement+regarding+%22Super+Wi-Fi%22&rft.pub=Wi-Fi+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fi.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnewsroom%2Fwi-fi-alliance-statement-regarding-super-wi-fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Super-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Super_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSascha_Segan2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Sascha Segan (27 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399447,00.asp">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Super Wi-Fi': Super, But Not Wi-Fi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420010038/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399447,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=%27Super+Wi-Fi%27%3A+Super%2C+But+Not+Wi-Fi&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.au=Sascha+Segan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2399447%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReshefCordeiro2023" class="citation journal cs1">Reshef, Ehud; Cordeiro, Carlos (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9864321">"Future Directions for Wi-Fi 8 and Beyond"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Magazine" title="IEEE Communications Magazine">IEEE Communications Magazine</a></i>. <b>60</b> (10). <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.003.2200037">10.1109/MCOM.003.2200037</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wi-Fi Alliance. 3 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403165940/https://www.wi-fi.org/news-events/newsroom/wi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wi-Fi+Alliance+Introduces+Wi-Fi+6&rft.pub=Wi-Fi+Alliance&rft.date=2018-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fi.org%2Fnews-events%2Fnewsroom%2Fwi-fi-alliance-introduces-wi-fi-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-generational-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-generational_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generational_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generational_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wi-fi.org/file/generational-wi-fi-user-guide">"Generational Wi-Fi® User Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Alliance" title="Wi-Fi Alliance">www.wi‑fi.org</a></i>. October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130074844/https://www.wi-fi.org/downloads-public/Generational_Wi-Fi_User_Guide_20181003.pdf/35678">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wi%26%23x2011%3Bfi.org&rft.atitle=Generational+Wi-Fi%C2%AE+User+Guide&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wi-fi.org%2Ffile%2Fgenerational-wi-fi-user-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmit2011" class="citation web cs1">Smit, Deb (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007191316/http://www.popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx">"How Wi-Fi got its start on the campus of CMU, a true story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_City" title="Pop City">Pop City</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://popcitymedia.com/innovationnews/wifi100511.aspx">the original</a> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/corporate/news/2007/features/wireless_andrew.shtml">the original</a> on 1 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wireless+Andrew%3A+Creating+the+World%27s+First+Wireless+Campus&rft.pub=Carnegie+Mellon+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmu.edu%2Fcorporate%2Fnews%2F2007%2Ffeatures%2Fwireless_andrew.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemstraHayesGroenewegen2010" class="citation book cs1">Lemstra, Wolter; <a href="/wiki/Vic_Hayes" title="Vic Hayes">Hayes, Vic</a>; Groenewegen, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121"><i>The Innovation Journey of Wi-Fi: The Road to Global Success</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19971-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19971-1"><bdi>978-0-521-19971-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112175135/http://books.google.com/books?id=-OMoL5Irm08C&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=London-wide+wi-fi+by+2012+pledge&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F8692103.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBsu2007" class="citation web cs1">Bsu, Indrajit (14 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907195450/http://www.govtech.com/dc/118717">"City of London Fires Up Europe's Most Advanced Wi-Fi Network"</a>. <i>Digital Communities</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wireless+technology+is+irreplaceable+for+providing+access+in+remote+and+scarcely+populated+regions&rft.pub=Association+for+Progressive+Communications&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft.aulast=Toulouse&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apc.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fstrategic%2Fworld%2Fwireless-technology-irreplaceable-providing-access&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPietrosemoli2007" class="citation web cs1">Pietrosemoli, Ermanno (18 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yourgadgetgeek.com/media_file/long_distance_wiFi_trial.pdf">"Long Distance WiFi Trial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305165645/http://www.wifiadvies.be/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/200705_long_distance_wiFi_trial.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium. IEEE/IFIP NOMS. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813094612/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/241631429_Towards_energy-awareness_in_managing_wireless_LAN_applications?ev=prf_pub">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+Level+Energy+and+Performance+Measurements+in+a+Wireless+LAN&rft.pub=The+2011+IEEE%2FACM+International+Conference+on+Green+Computing+and+Communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F224264522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVeendrick2017" class="citation book cs1">Veendrick, Harry J. M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lv_EDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA243"><i>Nanometer CMOS ICs: From Basics to ASICs</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3A+Wi-fi+health+concerns&rft.date=2007-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F6677051.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubinDas_MunshiWessely2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, G.; Das Munshi, Jayati; Wessely, Simon (1 March 2005). "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review of Provocation Studies". <i><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_Medicine_(journal)" title="Psychosomatic Medicine (journal)">Psychosomatic Medicine</a></i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">224–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.543.1328">10.1.1.543.1328</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.psy.0000155664.13300.64">10.1097/01.psy.0000155664.13300.64</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15784787">15784787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13826364">13826364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+Hypersensitivity%3A+A+Systematic+Review+of+Provocation+Studies&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.543.1328%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13826364%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15784787&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.psy.0000155664.13300.64&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Das+Munshi%2C+Jayati&rft.au=Wessely%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThe_WNDW_Authors2013" class="citation book cs1">The WNDW Authors (2013). Butler, Jane (ed.). <a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_Networking_in_the_Developing_World_(WNDW)_Third_Edition.pdf" title="File:Wireless Networking in the Developing World (WNDW) Third Edition.pdf"><i>Wireless Networking in the Developing World</i></a> (Third ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4840-3935-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4840-3935-9"><bdi>978-1-4840-3935-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless+Networking+in+the+Developing+World&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4840-3935-9&rft.au=The+WNDW+Authors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWi-Fi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="Internet access">Internet access</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">FTTx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nessum" title="Nessum">Nessum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 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title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBurst" class="mw-redirect" title="IBurst">iBurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Muni Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS-TDD" class="mw-redirect" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IEEE standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEEE_standards209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_693" title="IEEE 693">693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">730</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">754</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-2008_revision" title="IEEE 754-2008 revision">Revision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_854-1987" title="IEEE 854-1987">854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_test_documentation" title="Software test documentation">829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurebus" title="Futurebus">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">1003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design_description" title="Software design description">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">1076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">1149.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PILOT" title="PILOT">1154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1164" title="IEEE 1164">1164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">1275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Interactive_Simulation" title="Distributed Interactive Simulation">1278</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">1284</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1355" title="IEEE 1355">1355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">1394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1451" title="IEEE 1451">1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Delay_Format" title="Standard Delay Format">1497</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Level_Architecture" title="High Level Architecture">1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1541-2002" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1541-2002">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1547" title="IEEE 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1584" title="IEEE 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Time_Protocol" title="Precision Time Protocol">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Coherent_Interface" title="Scalable Coherent Interface">1596</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Library_Format" title="Advanced Library Format">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1613" title="IEEE 1613">1613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1619" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1619">1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1667" title="IEEE 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1675-2008" title="IEEE 1675-2008">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1722" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1722">1722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1733" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1733">1733</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SystemVerilog" title="SystemVerilog">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Power_Format" title="Unified Power Format">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNP3" title="DNP3">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1849" title="IEEE 1849">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Specification_Language" title="Property Specification Language">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1855" title="IEEE 1855">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DySPAN" title="DySPAN">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RuBee" title="RuBee">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Interoperability_in_Ethernet_Passive_Optical_Networks" title="Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_2030" title="IEEE 2030">2030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_T-Kernel" title="Micro T-Kernel">2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">16085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">16326</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802 series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">802</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.2" title="IEEE 802.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_bus_network" title="Token bus network">.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.6" title="IEEE 802.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.7" title="IEEE 802.7">.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.8" title="IEEE 802.8">.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.9" title="IEEE 802.9">.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.10" title="IEEE 802.10">.10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100BaseVG" title="100BaseVG">.12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_modem#IEEE_802.14" title="Cable modem">.14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.16" title="IEEE 802.16">.16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX · d · e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilient_Packet_Ring" title="Resilient Packet Ring">.17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.18" title="IEEE 802.18">.18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">.20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">.22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.24 (page does not exist)">.24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1" title="IEEE 802.1">802.1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1D" title="IEEE 802.1D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P802.1p" title="IEEE P802.1p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q" title="IEEE 802.1Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qav" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qav">Qav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_Reservation_Protocol" title="Stream Reservation Protocol">Qat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provider_Backbone_Bridge_Traffic_Engineering" title="Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering">Qay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center_bridging#IEEE_Task_Group" title="Data center bridging">Qaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1Qbb" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1Qbb">Qbb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanning_Tree_Protocol" title="Spanning Tree Protocol">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1X" title="IEEE 802.1X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol" title="Link Layer Discovery Protocol">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ad" title="IEEE 802.1ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AE" title="IEEE 802.1AE">AE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ag" title="IEEE 802.1ag">ag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1ah-2008" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1ah-2008">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Registration_Protocol" title="Multiple Registration Protocol">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1aq" title="IEEE 802.1aq">aq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.1AS" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.1AS">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">AX</a> (<a href="/wiki/Link_Aggregation_Control_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Aggregation Control Protocol">LACP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Bridging" title="Audio Video Bridging">BA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">802.3</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10BASE5" title="10BASE5">-1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3a" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3a">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3b" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3d">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3e" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3e">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3i" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3i">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3j" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3j">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3u" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3x" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3x">x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3y" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3y">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3z" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3z">z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ab" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ab">ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ac" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ac">ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ad">ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ae" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ae">ae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3af" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3af">af</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ak" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ak">ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3an" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3an">an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3aq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3aq">aq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3at" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3at">at</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3au" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3au">au</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3av" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3av">av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3az" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3az">az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ba" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ba">ba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/802.3bt" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bt">bt</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bu" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bu">bu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3by" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3by">by</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3bz" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3bz">bz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ca (page does not exist)">ca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cb (page does not exist)">cb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cc (page does not exist)">cc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cd (page does not exist)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ce (page does not exist)">ce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cg" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cg">cg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3ch" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3ch">ch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ck (page does not exist)">ck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cm (page does not exist)">cm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cn (page does not exist)">cn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cp (page does not exist)">cp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cq" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cq">cq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cr (page does not exist)">cr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cs (page does not exist)">cs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3ct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3ct (page does not exist)">ct</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cu (page does not exist)">cu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3cv" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3cv">cv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cw (page does not exist)">cw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cx (page does not exist)">cx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cy (page does not exist)">cy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3cz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3cz (page does not exist)">cz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3da (page does not exist)">da</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3db&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3db (page does not exist)">db</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/802.3dd" class="mw-redirect" title="802.3dd">dd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3de (page does not exist)">de</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802.3df&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802.3df (page does not exist)">df</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">802.11</a> <br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wi-Fi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11-1997" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11-1997">-1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11_(legacy_mode)" title="IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)">legacy mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a-1999" title="IEEE 802.11a-1999">a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11b-1999" title="IEEE 802.11b-1999">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11c" title="IEEE 802.11c">c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001" title="IEEE 802.11d-2001">d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11e-2005" title="IEEE 802.11e-2005">e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Access_Point_Protocol" title="Inter-Access Point Protocol">f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11g-2003" title="IEEE 802.11g-2003">g</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11h-2003" title="IEEE 802.11h-2003">h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004" title="IEEE 802.11i-2004">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11j-2004" title="IEEE 802.11j-2004">j</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11k-2008" title="IEEE 802.11k-2008">k</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11n-2009" title="IEEE 802.11n-2009">n</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 4">Wi-Fi 4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11p" title="IEEE 802.11p">p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11r-2008" title="IEEE 802.11r-2008">r</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11s" title="IEEE 802.11s">s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11u" title="IEEE 802.11u">u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11v" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11v">v</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11w-2009" title="IEEE 802.11w-2009">w</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11y-2008" title="IEEE 802.11y-2008">y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11z" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11z">z</a></li> <li>aa</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ac">ac</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Wi-Fi 5">Wi-Fi 5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ad" title="IEEE 802.11ad">ad</a> (<a href="/wiki/WiGig" title="WiGig">WiGig</a>)</li> <li>ae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11af" title="IEEE 802.11af">af</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ah" title="IEEE 802.11ah">ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ai" title="IEEE 802.11ai">ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11aj" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11aj">aj</a></li> <li>ak</li> <li>aq</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ax" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11ax">ax</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_6" title="Wi-Fi 6">Wi-Fi 6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11ay" title="IEEE 802.11ay">ay</a></li> <li>az</li> <li>ba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bb" title="IEEE 802.11bb">bb</a></li> <li>bc</li> <li>bd</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11be" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11be">be</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_7" title="Wi-Fi 7">Wi-Fi 7</a>)</li> <li>bf</li> <li>bh</li> <li>bi</li> <li>bk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11bn" title="IEEE 802.11bn">bn</a></b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wi-Fi_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wi-Fi 8 (page does not exist)">Wi-Fi 8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15" title="IEEE 802.15">802.15</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.1" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.1">.1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.2" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.2">.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4" title="IEEE 802.15.4">.4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4b&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4b (page does not exist)">.4b</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4c (page does not exist)">.4c</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4d (page does not exist)">.4d</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4e (page does not exist)">.4e</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4f&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4f (page does not exist)">.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4g (page does not exist)">.4g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_802.15.4z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEEE 802.15.4z (page does not exist)">.4z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.5" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.5">.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.6" title="IEEE 802.15.6">.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.7" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.7">.7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1363" title="IEEE P1363">P1363</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1619" title="IEEE P1619">P1619</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta-lang" title="Rosetta-lang">P1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Power_Adapter_for_Mobile_Devices" title="Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices">P1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">P1906.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superseded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754-1985" title="IEEE 754-1985">754-1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1219" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 1219">1219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification">1233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_of_operations" title="Concept of operations">1362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">1364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1471" title="IEEE 1471">1471</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IEEE_standards" title="Category:IEEE standards">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wireless_video" title="Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wireless_video" title="Template talk:Wireless video"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless_video" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wireless video"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wireless_video_and_data_distribution_methods86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wireless video and data distribution methods</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_television" title="Amateur television">Amateur television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Internet television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sensor_network" title="Visual sensor network">Visual sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband" title="Mobile broadband">Mobile broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_broadband" title="Wireless broadband">Wireless broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">Wireless local loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Term Evolution">Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G_NR" title="5G NR">5G New Radio</a> (5G NR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Broadcast_Multicast_Service" title="Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service">Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service</a> (MBMS)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">Terrestrial</a> (DVB-T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-H" title="DVB-H">Handheld</a> (DVB-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">Satellite</a> (DVB-S2)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_WiMAX" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile WiMAX">Mobile WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.20" title="IEEE 802.20">Mobile broadband wireless access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.3" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.15.3">IEEE 802.15.3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.22" title="IEEE 802.22">WRAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Wireless_Services" title="Advanced Wireless Services">Advanced Wireless Services</a> (AWS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadband_Service" title="Educational Broadband Service">Educational Broadband Service</a> (EBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeRF" title="HomeRF">HomeRF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVDDS" title="MVDDS">Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service</a> (MVDDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Video_Distribution_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Video Distribution System">Multipoint Video Distribution System</a> (MVDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Local multipoint distribution service">Local multipoint distribution service</a> (LMDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_multipoint_distribution_service" title="Multichannel multipoint distribution service">Multichannel multipoint distribution service</a> (MMDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/15px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/23px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/30px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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