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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Depositional landform in a river which splits a channel</div> <p><b>Braid bars</b>, or <b>mid-channel bars</b>, are <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> typically present in <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided river</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>.  These formations have many names, including medial, longitudinal, crescentic, and transverse bars, as well as the more colloquial sandflat.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Braid bars are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">point bars</a> due to their presence in the middle of a flow channel, rather than along a bank of the river channel. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braided_river,_Denali_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg/303px-Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg/455px-Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg/606px-Braided_river%2C_Denali_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A braided river in Denali National Park, AK, showing a number of braid bars.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Braid bars often originate from remnants of point bars or the growth of mid-channel unit bars in <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features typically form in rivers with a high sediment load, within channels characterized by a large bed load and easily-<a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> bank material.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  There are several mechanisms of formation.  One explanation is that flow in the river may be redirected over a point bar, wherein the bar may be separated from the bank and thus become isolated within the channel.  This forms a small ‘<a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>’ of sediment, which can evolve into a braid bar.  Alternatively, an obstacle such as a wedged log can result in the formation of a mid-channel bar if sediment is deposited along the feature. </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> is <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transported</a> downriver, material can alternatively accrete onto the existing bar or erode away. Therefore, such features tend to be ephemeral and fluid, and can change shape quite frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Braided rivers can have variable, erratic flows, which can lead to successive periods of greater deposition or erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Entire bars can be created, destroyed, or migrate across a channel over the span of several years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These formations are often composed of poorly-sorted <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The generally coarse material is the result of the processes common to braid bar formation, and more broadly, braided rivers.  Braided rivers are defined by relatively high flow power, as well as significant rates of erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  These high rates of flow will transport fine-grained materials further downstream, while coarser material remains near the eroded bank and is eventually deposited onto mid-channel bars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_and_Evolution">Growth and Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth and Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 6 stages for braid bar growth and morphological evolution. </p> <ol><li><b>Flow Convergence:</b> Ideally the braid bar will form downstream of a major instance of flow convergence, at least two river channels converging. Due to the flow convergence, there will be an increase in discharge, as well as sediment supply downstream. There will be an increase in deposition downstream, leading to the formation of the braid bar.</li> <li><b>Bar Initiation:</b> The braid bar will form following a series of <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dune</a> amalgamations. As <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> are deposited to form the braid bar, flow in the channel begins to diverge, with the braid bar acting as a wedge. This stage is associated with high flow in the braided river.</li> <li><b>Bar Growth:</b> Dune amalgamation continues as an accretionary dune front is developed. The accretionary dune front migrates downstream, causing deposition on top of the braid bar. The dune migration is also causing lateral accretion, further increasing the size of the braid bar. This stage is associated with low flow in the braided river. The braid bar continues to grow following at least one of the following depositional processes:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Lateral accretion onto existing bars.</li> <li>Mid-channel deposition downstream of significant bank erosion.</li> <li>Rapid deposition downstream of a major flow convergence.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Anabranch Dominance:</b> As the braid bar grows, there is a change in the upstream morphology: either bar growth or bank erosion. This change in morphology will redirect channel flow to one <a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">anabranch</a>. Due to the increase in flow in the anabranch, there will in turn be an increase in erosion of it.</li> <li><b>Bar-tail Elongation:</b> The erosion of the anabranch is deposited at the bar-tail, causing the braid bar to elongate. The elongation of the braid bar causes further flow changes across the channel. The change in flow causes more scour of the riverbed and bank erosion downstream and the opposite bank from the braid bar.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>New Braid Bars:</b> Deposition occurs downstream from the main braid bar, but still attached to the bar-tail. With further deposition, it will become a full braid bar. Braid bars can also continue to grow from the amalgamation of an existing braid bar and <a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">point bars</a> present in the same channel.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is some fluidity in the distinction between braid bar and <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  Compared to a braid bar, an island is regarded as having a more permanent and potentially larger structure that can influence, to some degree, the path of the river.  <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a> can be present on a braid bar, but is suggested that, on islands, vegetation has a significant stabilizing impact.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in part due to the nature of many braided rivers, where variable flow discharge can create a hostile environment for any significant vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the elevation of the island in regards to <a href="/wiki/Bankfull_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankfull discharge">bankfull discharge</a> should also be considered; an island will likely not be entirely submerged when bankfull discharge occurs, whereas a braid bar may be. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg/220px-BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg/330px-BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg/440px-BRAIDED_CHANNELS_OF_THE_SAGAVANIRKTOK_RIVER_OPPOSITE_THE_SOUTHWEST_CORNER_OF_THE_FRANKLIN_BLUFFS._VIEW_WEST._THE..._-_NARA_-_550457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>Braided channels of the Sagavanirktok River, AK, showing a number of braid bars.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagavanirktok_River" title="Sagavanirktok River">Sagavanirktok River</a>, Alaska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Río Paraná</a>, Argentina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Jumana River</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_River" title="South Saskatchewan River">South Saskatchewan River</a>, Canada</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a> – Islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a> – Elevated region of sediment in a river that has been deposited by the flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a> – Landform related to streams and rivers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a> – A river bar that forms in the middle of a channel in a river delta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a> – Exposed landmass within a river</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braid_bar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="River_morphology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:River_morphology" title="Template:River morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:River_morphology" title="Template talk:River morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_morphology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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