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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grain_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grain_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Grain size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grain_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roundness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roundness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Roundness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roundness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Surface texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sediment_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sediment_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sediment transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sediment_transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sediment transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sediment_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluvial_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluvial_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fluvial processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluvial_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aeolian_processes:_wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aeolian_processes:_wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Aeolian processes: wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aeolian_processes:_wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glacial_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glacial_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Glacial processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glacial_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mass balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shores_and_shallow_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shores_and_shallow_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Shores and shallow seas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shores_and_shallow_seas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shores and shallow seas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shores_and_shallow_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_marine_depositional_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_marine_depositional_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Key marine depositional environments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_marine_depositional_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erosion_and_agricultural_sediment_delivery_to_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion_and_agricultural_sediment_delivery_to_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Erosion and agricultural sediment delivery to rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion_and_agricultural_sediment_delivery_to_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_development_and_sedimentation_near_coral_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_development_and_sedimentation_near_coral_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Coastal development and sedimentation near coral reefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_development_and_sedimentation_near_coral_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Biological considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sediment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="راسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6k%C3%BCnt%C3%BCl%C9%99r_(geologiya)" title="Çöküntülər (geologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çöküntülər (geologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B2" title="পলল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পলল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Һыу ташылдыҡтары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу ташылдыҡтары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Наносы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Наносы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="सेडिमेंट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सेडिमेंट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Нанос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нанос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenti" title="Sedimenti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sedimenti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouelezenn" title="Gouelezenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouelezenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sete" title="Sete – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sete" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B6%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ίζημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίζημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentu" title="Sedimentu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sedimentu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="رسوب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9diment" title="Sédiment – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sédiment" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimint" title="Sedimint – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sedimint" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%87%B4%EC%A0%81%EB%AC%BC" title="퇴적물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퇴적물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Ողողատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողողատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%9F" title="तलछट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तलछट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenti" title="Sedimenti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sedimenti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set" title="Set – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Set" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2_(%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="משקע (גאולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משקע (גאולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%81%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тосқындар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тосқындар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashapo" title="Mashapo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mashapo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediman" title="Sediman – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sediman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentum" title="Sedimentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sedimentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedim%C3%A8nt" title="Sedimènt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sedimènt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilatra" title="Dilatra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dilatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="堆積物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堆積物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਫੋਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osady" title="Osady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimento" title="Sedimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sedimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Наносы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наносы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sediment" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usedlina" title="Usedlina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Usedlina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="نیشتوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیشتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Седимент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седимент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimenti" title="Sedimenti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedimenti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentti" title="Sedimentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sedimentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_(geologi)" title="Sediment (geologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sediment (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latak" title="Latak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Latak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ตะกอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตะกอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BC_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%9F%E1%8F%8C%E1%8F%85_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%91_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%91%E1%8E%B2" title="ᎠᎼ ᎤᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎸᏑ ᎤᎸᏑᎲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎼ ᎤᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎸᏑ ᎤᎸᏑᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortulanma" title="Tortulanma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tortulanma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Відклади – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відклади" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7m_t%C3%ADch" title="Trầm tích – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trầm tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E7%89%A9" title="沉积物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="沉积物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沉積物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沉積物" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Particulate solid matter deposited on a planetary surface</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For sediment in wine, see <a href="/wiki/Sediment_(wine)" title="Sediment (wine)">Sediment (wine)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg/330px-Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg/500px-Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg/960px-Sediment_plume_at_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7668" data-file-height="7668" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center"><a href="/wiki/River_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tiber">River Tiber</a> discharging sediment into the ocean</div></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sediments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/190px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/285px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/380px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By origin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">Terrigenous (lithogenous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Cosmogenous</li> <li>Hydrogenous</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By texture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundness_(geology)" title="Roundness (geology)">Roundness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">Sorting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By composition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nodules">Manganese nodules</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">Oolitic aragonite sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektites" class="mw-redirect" title="Tektites">Tektites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">By process</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_budget" title="Sedimentary budget">Sedimentary budget</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">coastal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian transport">Aeolian (windborne) transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">Biomineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">Concretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">Fluvial processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier flow">Glacier flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet dynamics">ice-sheet dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">ice rafting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">Lithification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbidity currents">Turbidity currents</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">By structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedforms">Bedforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">cross-bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">duness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocurrent" title="Paleocurrent">Paleocurrent indicators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_markings" title="Sole markings">sole markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">imbrication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment%E2%80%93water_interface" title="Sediment–water interface">Sediment–water interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-sediment_deformation_structures" title="Soft-sediment deformation structures">Soft-sediment deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">Unconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation-induced_sedimentary_structures" title="Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures">Vegetation-induced</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Soil sediment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_matrix" title="Soil matrix">matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">pore space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_of_soils" title="Permeability of soils">permeability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_(soil)" title="Catena (soil)">Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">Humus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humin" title="Humin">Humin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropedology" title="Hydropedology">Hydropedology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">Mineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">Microbial calcite precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">oolitic aragonite sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">Amorphous calcium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioirrigation" title="Bioirrigation">Bioirrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">Coastal sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_clay" title="Marine clay">Marine clay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_red_clay" title="Pelagic red clay">pelagic red clay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgression</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemipelagic_sediment" title="Hemipelagic sediment">hemipelagite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bundle" title="Tidal bundle">Tidal bundle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous sediments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">biogenic calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous nannoplankton">calcareous nannoplankton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_silica" title="Biogenic silica">biogenic silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">silicification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolarite" title="Radiolarite">radiolarite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">Microfossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_weathering" title="Reverse weathering">Reverse weathering</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Sedimentary ecology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biomantle" title="Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_borne_pathogen" title="Soil borne pathogen">soil pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedodiversity" title="Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">root microbiome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Sedimentary carbon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">Carbonates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">Clastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Iron-rich sedimentary rocks">Iron-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Organic-rich sedimentary rocks">Organic-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_rock" title="Siliceous rock">Siliceous</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_soil_science" title="History of soil science">soil science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_sediment" title="Legacy sediment">Legacy sediment</a></li> <li>Principles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting_relationships" title="Cross-cutting relationships">cross-cutting relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">lateral continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">original horizontality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance_(geology)" title="Provenance (geology)">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Sedimentary record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate-silicate_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate-silicate cycle">carbonate-silicate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolimnology" title="Paleolimnology">Paleolimnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sediments" title="Category:Sediments">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sediment_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sediment sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sediment</b> is a solid material that is transported to a new location where it is deposited.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs naturally and, through the processes of <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, is broken down and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">transported</a> by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> acting on the particles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> can be carried in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a> in river water and on reaching the sea bed deposited by <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>; if buried, they may eventually become <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>) through <a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">lithification</a>. </p><p>Sediments are most often transported by water (<a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial processes</a>), but also wind (<a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian processes</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. Beach sands and <a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">river channel</a> deposits are examples of fluvial transport and <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a>, though sediment also often settles out of slow-moving or standing water in lakes and oceans. Desert sand dunes and <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> are examples of aeolian transport and deposition. <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">Glacial</a> <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> deposits and <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> are ice-transported sediments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/220px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/330px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg/440px-Sediment_in_the_Gulf_of_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4804" data-file-height="4381" /></a><figcaption>Sediment in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/250px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/330px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg/500px-Sediment_off_the_Yucatan_Peninsula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sediment off the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sediment can be classified based on its <a href="/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle size (grain size)">grain size</a>, grain shape, and composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grain_size">Grain size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grain size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Particle_size_(grain_size)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle size (grain size)">Particle size (grain size)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">soil texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></div> <p>Sediment size is measured on a log base 2 scale, called the "Phi" scale, which classifies particles by size from "colloid" to "boulder". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>φ scale</th> <th>Size range<br />(metric)</th> <th>Size range<br />(inches)</th> <th>Aggregate class<br />(Wentworth)</th> <th>Other names </th></tr> <tr> <td>< −8</td> <td>> 256 mm</td> <td>> 10.1 in</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">Boulder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−6 to −8</td> <td>64–256 mm</td> <td>2.5–10.1 in</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">Cobble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−5 to −6</td> <td>32–64 mm</td> <td>1.26–2.5 in</td> <td>Very coarse <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">Pebble</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4 to −5</td> <td>16–32 mm</td> <td>0.63–1.26 in</td> <td>Coarse gravel</td> <td>Pebble </td></tr> <tr> <td>−3 to −4</td> <td>8–16 mm</td> <td>0.31–0.63 in</td> <td>Medium gravel</td> <td>Pebble </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2 to −3</td> <td>4–8 mm</td> <td>0.157–0.31 in</td> <td>Fine gravel</td> <td>Pebble </td></tr> <tr> <td>−1 to −2</td> <td>2–4 mm</td> <td>0.079–0.157 in</td> <td>Very fine gravel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">Granule</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 to −1</td> <td>1–2 mm</td> <td>0.039–0.079 in</td> <td>Very coarse <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 to 0</td> <td>0.5–1 mm</td> <td>0.020–0.039 in</td> <td>Coarse sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 to 1</td> <td>0.25–0.5 mm</td> <td>0.010–0.020 in</td> <td>Medium sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 to 2</td> <td>125–250 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a></td> <td>0.0049–0.010 in</td> <td>Fine sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 to 3</td> <td>62.5–125 μm</td> <td>0.0025–0.0049 in</td> <td>Very fine sand </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 to 4</td> <td>3.9–62.5 μm</td> <td>0.00015–0.0025 in</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>> 8</td> <td>< 3.9 μm</td> <td>< 0.00015 in</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></td> <td>Mud </td></tr> <tr> <td>> 10</td> <td>< 1 μm</td> <td>< 0.000039 in</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></td> <td>Mud </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg/300px-Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg/450px-Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg/600px-Rounding_%26_sphericity_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Schematic representation of difference in grain shape. Two parameters are shown: sphericity (vertical) and <a href="/wiki/Roundness_(geology)" title="Roundness (geology)">rounding</a> (horizontal).</figcaption></figure> <p>The shape of particles can be defined in terms of three parameters. The <i>form</i> is the overall shape of the particle, with common descriptions being spherical, platy, or rodlike. The <i>roundness</i> is a measure of how sharp grain corners are. This varies from well-rounded grains with smooth corners and edges to poorly rounded grains with sharp corners and edges. Finally, <i>surface texture</i> describes small-scale features such as scratches, pits, or ridges on the surface of the grain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Form">Form</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sphericity" title="Sphericity">Sphericity</a></div> <p>Form (also called <i>sphericity</i>) is determined by measuring the size of the particle on its major axes. <a href="/wiki/William_C._Krumbein" title="William C. Krumbein">William C. Krumbein</a> proposed formulas for converting these numbers to a single measure of form,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{l}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}D_{I}}{D_{L}^{2}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msubsup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{l}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}D_{I}}{D_{L}^{2}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/030809916d2dfd59f90138643c6790863b819b56" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:14.696ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{l}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}D_{I}}{D_{L}^{2}}}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e44b39c353d4634b76f550679dcc7aed38a0cd47" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.276ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{L}}" /></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{I}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{I}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0f957251c6a6bc9a57d27380d6171478958e46d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{I}}" /></span>, and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D_{S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec66bd07fe0649713f001c8a0af2fd5dca47c6d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.217ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D_{S}}" /></span> are the long, intermediate, and short axis lengths of the particle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006582_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs2006582-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{l}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>l</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{l}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa1966cd9561248abaf6cb27e59666a096ae1b9d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.236ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{l}}" /></span> varies from 1 for a perfectly spherical particle to very small values for a platelike or rodlike particle. </p><p>An alternate measure was proposed by Sneed and Folk:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi _{p}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}^{2}}{D_{L}D_{I}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mroot> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>I</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </mroot> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi _{p}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}^{2}}{D_{L}D_{I}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf2d62b6ef07c4ee45b9480de2a87ff9d6a8513f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:15.092ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi _{p}={\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {D_{S}^{2}}{D_{L}D_{I}}}}}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>which, again, varies from 0 to 1 with increasing sphericity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roundness">Roundness</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roundness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roundness_(geology)" title="Roundness (geology)">Roundness (geology)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rounding.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rounding.gif/220px-Rounding.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rounding.gif/330px-Rounding.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rounding.gif/440px-Rounding.gif 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Comparison chart for evaluating roundness of sediment grains</figcaption></figure> <p>Roundness describes how sharp the edges and corners of particle are. Complex mathematical formulas have been devised for its precise measurement, but these are difficult to apply, and most geologists estimate roundness from comparison charts. Common descriptive terms range from very angular to angular to subangular to subrounded to rounded to very rounded, with increasing degree of roundness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs200666–67_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs200666–67-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_texture">Surface texture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surface texture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surface texture describes the small-scale features of a grain, such as pits, fractures, ridges, and scratches. These are most commonly evaluated on <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> grains, because these retain their surface markings for long periods of time. Surface texture varies from polished to frosted, and can reveal the history of transport of the grain; for example, frosted grains are particularly characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> sediments, transported by wind. Evaluation of these features often requires the use of a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoggs200668–70_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoggs200668–70-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composition of sediment can be measured in terms of: </p> <ul><li>Parent <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a> composition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">Chemical</a> make-up</li></ul> <p>This leads to an ambiguity in which <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> can be used as both a size-range and a composition (see <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay minerals</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sediment_transport">Sediment transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sediment transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StoneFormationInWater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/StoneFormationInWater.jpg/220px-StoneFormationInWater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/StoneFormationInWater.jpg/330px-StoneFormationInWater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/StoneFormationInWater.jpg/440px-StoneFormationInWater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Sediment builds up on human-made breakwaters because they reduce the speed of water flow, so the stream cannot carry as much sediment load.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg/250px-Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg/330px-Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg/500px-Glacial_Transportation_and_Deposition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Glacial transport of boulders. These boulders will be deposited as the glacier retreats.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></div> <p>Sediment is transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluvial_processes">Fluvial processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fluvial processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">Fluvial sediment processes</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluvial_sediment_processes&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matanuska_River_8727.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Matanuska_River_8727.JPG/220px-Matanuska_River_8727.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Matanuska_River_8727.JPG/330px-Matanuska_River_8727.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Matanuska_River_8727.JPG/440px-Matanuska_River_8727.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Deep, eroding <a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial deposit">glaciofluvial deposits</a> alongside the <a href="/wiki/Matanuska_River" title="Matanuska River">Matanuska River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_sediment_processes" title="Fluvial sediment processes">fluvial sediment processes</a> or fluvial sediment transport are associated with <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> created by sediments. It can result in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a>-shaped patterns of erosion, in complex patterns of natural river systems, and in the development of <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> and the occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Flash_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash floods">flash floods</a>. Sediment moved by water can be larger than sediment moved by air because water has both a higher <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>. In typical rivers the largest carried sediment is of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> size, but larger floods can carry <a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobbles</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Boulders" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulders">boulders</a>. </p> When the stream or rivers are associated with <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a>, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial">glaciofluvial</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Fluvioglacial_landform" title="Fluvioglacial landform"><i>fluvioglacial</i></a> is used, as in <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> flows and <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluvial sediment processes include the <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">motion of sediment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="River bed">river bed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aeolian_processes:_wind">Aeolian processes: wind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aeolian processes: wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">Aeolian processes</a></div> <p>Wind results in the transportation of fine sediment and the formation of sand dune fields and soils from airborne dust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glacial_processes">Glacial processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Glacial processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLMsed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GLMsed.jpg/220px-GLMsed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GLMsed.jpg/330px-GLMsed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GLMsed.jpg/440px-GLMsed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Glacial sediments from Montana</figcaption></figure> <p>Glaciers carry a wide range of sediment sizes, and deposit it in <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_balance">Mass balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mass balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></div> <p>The overall balance between sediment in transport and sediment being deposited on the bed is given by the <a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a>. This expression states that the rate of increase in bed elevation due to deposition is proportional to the amount of sediment that falls out of the flow. This equation is important in that changes in the power of the flow change the ability of the flow to carry sediment, and this is reflected in the patterns of erosion and deposition observed throughout a stream. This can be localized, and simply due to small obstacles; examples are scour holes behind boulders, where flow accelerates, and deposition on the inside of <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meander</a> bends. Erosion and deposition can also be regional; erosion can occur due to <a href="/wiki/Dam_removal" title="Dam removal">dam removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">base level</a> fall. Deposition can occur due to dam emplacement that causes the river to pool and deposit its entire load, or due to base level rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shores_and_shallow_seas">Shores and shallow seas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shores and shallow seas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine sediments">Marine sediments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">Coastal sediment transport</a></div> <p>Seas, oceans, and lakes accumulate sediment over time. The sediment can consist of <i>terrigenous</i> material, which originates on land, but may be deposited in either terrestrial, marine, or lacustrine (lake) environments, or of sediments (often biological) originating in the body of water. Terrigenous material is often supplied by nearby rivers and streams or reworked <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">marine sediment</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>). In the mid-ocean, the exoskeletons of dead organisms are primarily responsible for sediment accumulation. </p><p>Deposited sediments are the source of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, which can contain <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of the inhabitants of the body of water that were, upon death, covered by accumulating sediment. Lake bed sediments that have not solidified into rock can be used to determine past <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climatic</a> conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_marine_depositional_environments">Key marine depositional environments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Key marine depositional environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EolianiteLongIsland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EolianiteLongIsland.JPG/220px-EolianiteLongIsland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EolianiteLongIsland.JPG/330px-EolianiteLongIsland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/EolianiteLongIsland.JPG/440px-EolianiteLongIsland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Eolianite" title="Eolianite">eolianite</a> and a carbonate beach on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island,_Bahamas" title="Long Island, Bahamas">Long Island, Bahamas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major areas for deposition of sediments in the marine environment include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">Littoral</a> sands (e.g. beach sands, runoff river sands, coastal bars and spits, largely <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> with little faunal content)</li> <li>The continental shelf (<a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silty</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>, increasing marine faunal content).</li> <li>The shelf margin (low terrigenous supply, mostly <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcareous</a> faunal skeletons)</li> <li>The shelf slope (much more fine-grained silts and clays)</li> <li>Beds of estuaries with the resultant deposits called "<a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>".</li></ul> <p>One other depositional environment which is a mixture of fluvial and marine is the <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a> system, which is a major source of sediment to the deep <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal basins</a> as well as the deep <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>. </p><p>Any depression in a marine environment where sediments accumulate over time is known as a <a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap_(geology)" title="Sediment trap (geology)">sediment trap</a>. </p><p>The null point theory explains how sediment deposition undergoes a hydrodynamic sorting process within the marine environment leading to a seaward fining of sediment grain size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport#Applications" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport § Applications</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosion_and_agricultural_sediment_delivery_to_rivers">Erosion and agricultural sediment delivery to rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Erosion and agricultural sediment delivery to rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One cause of high sediment loads is <a href="/wiki/Slash_and_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash and burn">slash and burn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> forests. When the ground surface is stripped of vegetation and then seared of all living organisms, the upper soils are vulnerable to both wind and water erosion. In a number of regions of the earth, entire sectors of a country have become erodible. For example, on the <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> high central <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>, which constitutes approximately ten percent of that country's land area, most of the land area is devegetated, and gullies have eroded into the underlying soil to form distinctive gulleys called <i><a href="/wiki/Lavaka" title="Lavaka">lavakas</a></i>. These are typically 40 meters (130 ft) wide, 80 meters (260 ft) long and 15 meters (49 ft) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas have as many as 150 lavakas/square kilometer,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lavakas may account for 84% of all sediments carried off by rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">siltation</a> results in discoloration of rivers to a dark red brown color and leads to fish kills. In addition, sedimentation of river basins implies sediment management and siltation costs. The cost of removing an estimated 135 million m<sup>3</sup> of accumulated sediments due to water erosion only is likely exceeding 2.3 billion euro (€) annually in the EU and UK, with large regional differences between countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erosion is also an issue in areas of modern farming, where the removal of native vegetation for the cultivation and harvesting of a single type of crop has left the soil unsupported.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these regions are near rivers and drainages. Loss of soil due to erosion removes useful farmland, adds to sediment loads, and can help transport anthropogenic fertilizers into the river system, which leads to <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) is fraction of gross erosion (interill, rill, gully and stream erosion) that is expected to be delivered to the outlet of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sediment transfer and deposition can be modelled with sediment distribution models such as WaTEM/SEDEM.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, according to WaTEM/SEDEM model estimates the Sediment Delivery Ratio is about 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_development_and_sedimentation_near_coral_reefs">Coastal development and sedimentation near coral reefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coastal development and sedimentation near coral reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Watershed development near coral reefs is a primary cause of sediment-related coral stress. The stripping of natural vegetation in the watershed for development exposes soil to increased wind and rainfall and, as a result, can cause exposed sediment to become more susceptible to erosion and delivery to the marine environment during rainfall events. Sediment can negatively affect corals in many ways, such as by physically smothering them, abrading their surfaces, causing corals to expend energy during sediment removal, and causing algal blooms that can ultimately lead to less space on the seafloor where juvenile corals (polyps) can settle. </p><p>When sediments are introduced into the coastal regions of the ocean, the proportion of land, marine, and organic-derived sediment that characterizes the seafloor near sources of sediment output is altered. In addition, because the source of sediment (i.e., land, ocean, or organically) is often correlated with how coarse or fine sediment grain sizes that characterize an area are on average, grain size distribution of sediment will shift according to the relative input of land (typically fine), marine (typically coarse), and organically-derived (variable with age) sediment. These alterations in marine sediment characterize the amount of sediment suspended in the water column at any given time and sediment-related coral stress. <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_considerations">Biological considerations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biological considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2020, <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologists</a> reported that <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> (mainly), in "<a href="/wiki/Suspended_animation" title="Suspended animation">quasi-suspended animation</a>", were found in organically-poor sediments, up to 101.5 million years old, 250 feet below the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seafloor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a> (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">longest-living life forms</a> ever found.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-2200728_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2200728-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NC-20200728_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20200728-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a> – Elevated region of sediment in a river that has been deposited by the flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a> – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhexistasy" title="Biorhexistasy">Biorhexistasy</a> – Soil formation theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a> – Landscape elements designed to manage surface runoff water</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a> – Process for the separation of mixtures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a> – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depositional_environment" title="Depositional environment">Depositional environment</a> – Processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> – Natural processes removing soil and rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a> – Law of sediment aggradation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a>, also known as particle size – Diameter of individual grains of sediment, or of lithified particles in clastic rocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_dust" title="Rain dust">Rain dust</a>, also known as sediment precipitation – Form of precipitation containing visible dust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">Regolith</a> – A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a> – Granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a> – Study of natural sediments and their formation processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap_(geology)" title="Sediment trap (geology)">Sediment trap</a> – Any topographic depression where sediments substantially accumulate over time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling" title="Settling">Settling</a> – Process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a> – Flow of excess rainwater not infiltrating in the ground over its surface</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/sediment/">"Sediment"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Assessing the effects of sediments and nutrients on coral reefs". <i>Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">108–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014COES....7..108R">2014COES....7..108R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2014.01.003">10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Environmental+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+effects+of+sediments+and+nutrients+on+coral+reefs&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cosust.2014.01.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014COES....7..108R&rft.aulast=Risk&rft.aufirst=Michael+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-2200728-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2200728_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWu2020" class="citation news cs1">Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/science/microbes-100-million-years-old.html">"These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Million Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and nutrient-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=These+Microbes+May+Have+Survived+100+Million+Years+Beneath+the+Seafloor+-+Rescued+from+their+cold%2C+cramped+and+nutrient-poor+homes%2C+the+bacteria+awoke+in+the+lab+and+grew.&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Katherine+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F28%2Fscience%2Fmicrobes-100-million-years-old.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-20200728-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NC-20200728_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorono,_Yuki2020" class="citation journal cs1">Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387439">"Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>11</b> (3626): 3626. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3626M">2020NatCo..11.3626M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17330-1">10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387439">7387439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32724059">32724059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Aerobic+microbial+life+persists+in+oxic+marine+sediment+as+old+as+101.5+million+years&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3626&rft.pages=3626&rft.date=2020-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7387439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32724059&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17330-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.3626M&rft.au=Morono%2C+Yuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7387439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sediment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProtheroSchwab1996" class="citation cs2">Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (1996), <i>Sedimentary Geology: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks and Stratigraphy</i>, W. H. Freeman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2726-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-2726-2"><bdi>978-0-7167-2726-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+Geology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Sedimentary+Rocks+and+Stratigraphy&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2726-2&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Schwab%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiever1988" class="citation cs2">Siever, Raymond (1988), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sand00siev"><i>Sand</i></a></span>, New York: Scientific American Library, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5021-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-5021-5"><bdi>978-0-7167-5021-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sand&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scientific+American+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-5021-5&rft.aulast=Siever&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsand00siev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichols1999" class="citation cs2">Nichols, Gary (1999), <i>Sedimentology & Stratigraphy</i>, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03578-6"><bdi>978-0-632-03578-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentology+%26+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03578-6&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReading1978" class="citation cs2">Reading, H. G. (1978), <i>Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-03627-1"><bdi>978-0-632-03627-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+Environments%3A+Processes%2C+Facies+and+Stratigraphy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-632-03627-1&rft.aulast=Reading&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASediment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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