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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tzetzes" title="Johannes Tzetzes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Johannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0oann_Tsets" title="İoann Tsets – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İoann Tsets" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Йоан Цеца – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоан Цеца" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Tzetzes" title="Joan Tzetzes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tzetzes" title="Johannes Tzetzes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tzetzes" title="Johannes Tzetzes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Ιωάννης Τζέτζης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης Τζέτζης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Tzetzes" title="Juan Tzetzes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_Tzetzes" title="Johano Tzetzes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جان تیتز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان تیتز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tz%C3%A9tz%C3%A8s" title="Jean Tzétzès – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Tzétzès" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_Tzetzes" title="Xoán Tzetzes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%95%88%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8A%B8%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%A0%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="이오안네스 트제트제스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이오안네스 트제트제스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Ceces" title="Ivan Ceces – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan Ceces" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanes_Tzetzes" title="Yohanes Tzetzes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yohanes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Иоанн Цец – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иоанн Цец" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Tzetzes" title="Giovanni Tzetzes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%A6%D7%A6%D7%A1" title="יואנס צצס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יואנס צצס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94" title="იოანე ცეცე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოანე ცეცე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Tzetzes" title="Ioannes Tzetzes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3ann%C3%A9sz_Tzetz%C3%A9sz" title="Ióannész Tzetzész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ióannész Tzetzész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="جون تزيتز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون تزيتز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tzetzes" title="Johannes Tzetzes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tzetzes" title="Jan Tzetzes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Tzetzes" title="João Tzetzes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Иоанн Цец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иоанн Цец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Ceces" title="Jovan Ceces – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jovan Ceces" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Tzetzes" title="Johannes Tzetzes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johannes Tzetzes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0oannes_Ceces" title="İoannes Ceces – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İoannes Ceces" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Tzetzes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Ιωάννης Τζέτζης</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny,_151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg/220px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg/330px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg/440px-Houghton_MS_Gr_20_-_Theogeny%2C_151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Greek manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> with commentaries added by John Tzetzes, 16th century copy.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1180<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Tzetzes</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰωάννης Τζέτζης</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">translit.</a></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>Iōánnēs Tzétzēs</i></i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1110</span>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> – 1180, Constantinople) was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">grammarian</a> who lived at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in the 12th century. He is known for making significant contributions in preserving much valuable information from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a> and scholarship. Of his numerous works, the most important one is the <i>Book of Histories</i>, also known as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Chiliades</i></span> ('Thousands'). The work is a long poem containing knowledge that is unavailable elsewhere and serves as commentary on Tzetzes's own letters. Two of his other important works are the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Allegoriai</i></span> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, which are long <a href="/wiki/Didacticism" title="Didacticism">didactic poems</a> containing interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> theology.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tzetzes described himself as pure <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> on his father's side and part <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Iberian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a>) on his mother's side.<sup id="cite_ref-Banani_1977_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banani_1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his works, Tzetzes states that his grandmother was a relative of the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrationi Dynasty">Bagratid</a> princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria of Alania</a> who came to Constantinople with her and later became the second wife of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastos" title="Sebastos">sebastos</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Keroularios" title="Constantine Keroularios">Constantine Keroularios</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Droungarios_of_the_Vigla" class="mw-redirect" title="Droungarios of the Vigla">megas droungarios</a></i> and nephew of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">the patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keroularios" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Keroularios">Michael Keroularios</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He worked as a secretary to a provincial governor for a time and later began to earn a living by teaching and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described as vain, seems to have resented any attempt at rivalry, and violently attacked his fellow grammarians. Owing to a lack of written material, he was obliged to trust to his memory; therefore caution has to be exercised in reading his work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, he was learned, and made a great contribution to the furtherance of the study of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tzetzes published a collection of 107 of his <i>Letters</i> addressed partly to fictitious/unidentified personages, and partly to influential men and women of the writer's time. They contain a considerable amount of social and biographical information, and are full of learned allusions to history, rhetoric, and mythology. </p><p>These letters became the springboard for what became during the Renaissance perhaps the most influential of his many works, the <i>Book of Histories</i>, usually called <i>Chiliades</i> ("thousands") from the arbitrary division by its first editor (N. Gerbel, 1546) into books each containing 1,000 lines. The work consists of 12,674 lines of <a href="/wiki/Political_verse" title="Political verse">political verse</a>, divided into 660 topics, each of which is a gloss on a literary, historical, or other learned reference in one of his published letters. The first 141 histories serve as poetic footnotes to a verse letter Tzetzes addressed to John Lachanas, an official in Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This collection of literary, historical, theological, and antiquarian miscellanies provides an important snapshot of the intellectual world of Constantinople in the mid-12th century, and also preserves fragments of more than 200 ancient authors, including many whose works have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrantes2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrantes2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author subsequently brought out a revised edition with marginal notes in prose and verse (ed. T. Kiessling, 1826; on the sources see C. Harder, <i>De J. T. historiarum fontibus quaestiones selectae</i>, diss., Kiel, 1886).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tzetzes supplemented <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> by a work that begins with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Paris_(mythology)" title="Paris (mythology)">Paris</a> and continues the tale to the Achaeans' return home. </p><p>The <i>Homeric Allegories</i>, in "political" verse and dedicated initially to the German-born <a href="/wiki/Bertha_of_Sulzbach" title="Bertha of Sulzbach">empress Irene</a> and then to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Cotertzes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Cotertzes (page does not exist)">Constantine Cotertzes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are two didactic poems, the first based on the <i>Iliad</i> and the second based on the <i>Odyssey,</i> in which Homer and the Homeric theology are set forth and then explained by means of three kinds of <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>: <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemeristic</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρακτική</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Anagoge" title="Anagoge">anagogic</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ψυχική</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">physic</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">στοιχειακή</span></span>). These works were translated into English in 2015 and 2019 by Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Antehomerica</i>, Tzetzes recalls the events taking place before Homer's <i>Iliad</i>. This work was followed by the <i>Homerica</i>, covering the events of the <i>Iliad</i>, and the <i>Posthomerica</i>, reporting the events taking place between the <i>Iliad</i> and the <i>Odyssey</i>. All three are currently available in English translations. </p><p>Tzetzes also wrote commentaries on a number of Greek authors, the most important of which is that elucidating the obscure <i>Cassandra</i> or <i>Alexandra</i> of the Hellenistic poet <a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a>, usually called "On Lycophron" (edited by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otfried_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Otfried Müller">K.O. Müller</a>, 1811), in the production of which his brother Isaac is generally associated with him. Mention may also be made of a dramatic sketch in <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamb (foot)">iambic</a> verse, in which the caprices of fortune and the wretched lot of the learned are described; and of an iambic poem on the death of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>, noticeable for introducing at the beginning of each line the last word of the line preceding it (both in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Matranga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Matranga (page does not exist)">Pietro Matranga</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anecdota_Graeca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anecdota Graeca (page does not exist)">Anecdota Graeca</a></i> 1850). </p><p>For the other works of Tzetzes see <a href="/wiki/Johann_Albert_Fabricius" title="Johann Albert Fabricius">J. A. Fabricius</a>, <i>Bibliotheca graeca</i> (ed. <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Harless">Harles</a>), xi.228, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Krumbacher" title="Karl Krumbacher">Karl Krumbacher</a>, <i>Geschichte der byz. Litt.</i> (2nd edition, 1897); monograph by G. Hart, "De Tzetzarum nomine, vitis, scriptis," in <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jahn" title="Otto Jahn">Jahn</a>'s <i>Jahrbucher für classische Philologie. Supplementband xii</i> (Leipzig, 1881).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notelist">Notelist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notelist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Greek pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ioˈanis<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈd͡ze.d͡zis]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Tzetzes">"John Tzetzes – Byzantine scholar"</a>. 12 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Tzetzes+%E2%80%93+Byzantine+scholar&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Tzetzes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tzetzes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banani_1977-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banani_1977_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanani1977" class="citation book cs1">Banani, Amin (1977). <i>Individualism and Conformity in Classical Islam</i>. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447017824" title="Special:BookSources/9783447017824"><bdi>9783447017824</bdi></a>. <q>In the twelfth century, John Tzetzes writes to a member of the imperial family: "I descend from the most noble of Iberians in my mother's family; from my father I am a pure Greek."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Individualism+and+Conformity+in+Classical+Islam&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9783447017824&rft.aulast=Banani&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tzetzes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Garland" title="Lynda Garland">Garland, Lynda</a> (2006), <i>Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, 800–1200</i>, pp. 95–6. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5737-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5737-X">0-7546-5737-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pizzone, Aglae, <i>The Historiai of John Tzetzes: a Byzantine ‘Book of Memory’?</i>, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, October 2017, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrantes2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrantes2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbrantes2017">Abrantes 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzetzes, John. <i>Allegories of the Iliad.</i> Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96785-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96785-4">978-0-674-96785-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tzetzes, John. <i>Allegories of the Odyssey.</i> Trans. Adam J. Goldwyn and Dimitra Kokkini. Harvard University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tzetzes,_John" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tzetzes, John">Tzetzes, John</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 552.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tzetzes%2C+John&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=552&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tzetzes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrantes2017" class="citation book cs1">Abrantes, Miguel Carvalho (2017). <i>Explicit Sources of Tzetzes Chiliades</i> (2 ed.). Createspace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5455-8462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5455-8462-0"><bdi>978-1-5455-8462-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1245343778">1245343778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explicit+Sources+of+Tzetzes+Chiliades&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Createspace&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1245343778&rft.isbn=978-1-5455-8462-0&rft.aulast=Abrantes&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Carvalho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Tzetzes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Gautier, Paul (1970), <i>La curieuse ascendance de Jean Tzetzes</i>. <i>Revue des Études Byzantines</i>, 28: 207–20.</li> <li>Goldwyn, Adam, Kokkini, Dimitra (2015), <i>Allegories of the Iliad</i>. Harvard University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tzetzes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tzetzaeallegori00pselgoog">Tzetzes Allegoriae Iliadis 1851 edition at Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AlGAAAAMAAJ">Scolia eis Lycophroon, 1811 edition at Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joannistzetzaee00tzetgoog">Tzetzes, Letters 1851 edition at Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oTQOAAAAYAAJ&q=Tzetzes">Ioannis Tzetzae Antehomerica, Homerica et posthomerica 1793 edition at Google Books</a></li> <li>English translations of Tzetzes's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TzetzesANTEHOMERICA">Antehomerica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TzetzesHOMERICA">Homerica</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TzetzesPOSTHOMERICA">Posthomerica</a></li> <li>English translation of Tzetzes's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TzetzesCHILIADES">Chiliades</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dG0GAAAAQAAJ&q=Tzetzou">Chiliades 1826 edition at Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edl.beniculturali.it/beu/850010963">Tzetzes, Miscellanea, in Estense Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/79040075">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1852061/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh3KDK4WyFtFTMhQRYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118712608">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82070470">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000589d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12000589d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Johannes : Tzetzes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV023452">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35600963">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2016926919&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1463414">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/650975">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007456584705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13922551">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01462056?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1010453">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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