User:Nardog - Wikipedia

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href="#"The_'true'_IPA_is_that_which_describes_speech_as_closely_as_possible.""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 "The 'true' IPA is that which describes speech as closely as possible." </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_'true'_IPA_is_that_which_describes_speech_as_closely_as_possible."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"There_are_only_two_kinds_of_phonetic_transcription:_broad_(phonemic)_and_narrow_(allophonic)."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"There_are_only_two_kinds_of_phonetic_transcription:_broad_(phonemic)_and_narrow_(allophonic).""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 "There are only two kinds of phonetic transcription: broad (phonemic) and narrow (allophonic)." </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"There_are_only_two_kinds_of_phonetic_transcription:_broad_(phonemic)_and_narrow_(allophonic)."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_is,_at_its_core,_a_phonetic_alphabet."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_is,_at_its_core,_a_phonetic_alphabet.""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 "The International Phonetic Alphabet is, at its core, a phonetic alphabet." </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_is,_at_its_core,_a_phonetic_alphabet."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"There_is_'the_IPA_for_[a_language]'."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"There_is_'the_IPA_for_[a_language]'.""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 "There is 'the IPA for [a language]'." </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"There_is_'the_IPA_for_[a_language]'."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"There_is_one_correct_way_to_syllabify_English_words."" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"There_is_one_correct_way_to_syllabify_English_words.""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 "There is one correct way to syllabify English words." </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"There_is_one_correct_way_to_syllabify_English_words."-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_scripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_scripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 User scripts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_scripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pronunciation sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Chaos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Chaos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 The Chaos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Chaos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Things_that_shouldn't_matter_in_an_ideal_world_but_do_in_this_one" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Things_that_shouldn't_matter_in_an_ideal_world_but_do_in_this_one"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Things that shouldn't matter in an ideal world but do in this one </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Things_that_shouldn't_matter_in_an_ideal_world_but_do_in_this_one-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">You'd be amazed at the number of times I've been with top professors in the field and I've asked them a question and they've said, 'I'm not too sure about that, let me check', and gone straight to Wikipedia. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1044870489">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .tocright{display:none}.mw-parser-output .tocright{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocright{float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocright-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="tocright toclimit-2" style="width: 16em;"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Misconceptions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_'true'_IPA_is_that_which_describes_speech_as_closely_as_possible."">"The 'true' <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> is that which describes speech as closely as possible."</h3></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">[I]t must remain a general principle to leave out everything self-evident, and everything that can be explained once for all. This allows us to dispense almost completely with the modifiers, and with a good many other signs, except in scientific works and in introductory explanations. We write English fill and French fil the same way fil; yet the English vowel is 'wide' and the French 'narrow', and the English l is formed much further back than the French. If we wanted to mark these differences, we should write English fìl⊣, French fíl⊢. But we need not do so: we know, once for all, that English short i is always ì, and French i always í; that English l is always l⊣ and French l always l⊢. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Aim and Principles of the International Phonetic Association (1904), p. 10</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""There_are_only_two_kinds_of_phonetic_transcription:_broad_(phonemic)_and_narrow_(allophonic)."">"There are only two kinds of phonetic transcription: broad (phonemic) and narrow (allophonic)."</h3></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">If the relevant phonological system is known, a transcription can be devised which includes any number of additional symbols to indicate the phonetic realizations of the phonemes. ... Narrowness is regarded as a continuum, so that [tʃɛkðəlɛnzwɛɫ] might be regarded as a slightly narrow (or 'narrowed') transcription, and [tʃe̞ʔ͡kð̞əlɛ̃nzwæ̠ɫ] as very narrow ... the realizational information which is not explicit in a particular allophonic transcription is, in principle, provided by conventions. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (1999), pp. 29–30</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_International_Phonetic_Alphabet_is,_at_its_core,_a_phonetic_alphabet."">"The International Phonetic Alphabet is, at its core, a phonetic alphabet."</h3></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">1. There should be a separate sign for each distinctive sound; that is, for each sound which, being used instead of another, in the same language, can change the meaning of a word. 2. When any sound is found in several languages, the same sign should be used in all. This applies also to very similar shades of sound. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Text introducing <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet#1888_alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">the very first version of the International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (1888)</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The IPA is designed to be a set of symbols for representing all the possible sounds of the world's languages. The representation of these sounds uses a set of phonetic categories which describe how each sound is made. These categories define a number of natural classes of sounds that operate in phonological rules and historical sound changes. The symbols of the IPA are shorthand ways of indicating certain intersections of these categories. Thus [p] is a shorthand way of designating the intersection of the categories voiceless, bilabial, and plosive; [m] is the intersection of the categories voiced, bilabial, and nasal; and so on. The sounds that are represented by the symbols are primarily those that serve to distinguish one word from another in a language. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— "The Principles of the International Phonetic Association" (1989)</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""There_is_'the_IPA_for_[a_language]'."">"There is 'the IPA for [a language]'."</h3></div> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">There can be many systems of phonemic transcription for the same variety of a language, all of which conform fully to the principles of the IPA. ... In English, for example, the contrast between the words bead and bid has phonetic correlates in both vowel quality and vowel duration. A phonemic representation which explicitly notes this might use the symbols /iː/ and /ɪ/ ... But it is equally possible unambiguously to represent these phonemes as /iː/ and /i/ ..., or as /i/ and /ɪ/ ... All three pairs of symbols are in accord with the principles of the IPA ... The IPA does not provide a phonological analysis for a particular language, let alone a single 'correct' transcription, but rather the resources to express any analysis so that it is widely understood. </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (1999), p. 30</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""There_is_one_correct_way_to_syllabify_English_words."">"There is one correct way to syllabify English words."</h3></div> <div style="display: flex; justify-content: space-between;"> <div style="width: 25%;"> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px; text-align:center;">ˈkʌs.təm </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="width: 25%;"> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px; text-align:center;">ˈkʌst əm </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="width: 25%;"> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px; text-align:center;">\ˈkə-stəm\ </td> <td style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; line-height:normal; text-align: right;"><cite>— Merriam-Webster.com</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_scripts">User scripts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: User scripts">edit</a>]</div> Extra functionality <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/CatChangesViewer" title="User:Nardog/CatChangesViewer">CatChangesViewer</a> – Lists recent category additions/removals on a category page.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/CodeEditorAssist" title="User:Nardog/CodeEditorAssist">CodeEditorAssist</a> – Allows customizing the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/CodeEditor" class="extiw" title="mw:CodeEditor">code editor</a>, e.g. changing the color theme and enabling live autocompletion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/Consecudiff" title="User:Nardog/Consecudiff">Consecudiff</a> – Adds links to diffs of consecutive edits by the same user on watchlist, history, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/CopyCodeBlock" title="User:Nardog/CopyCodeBlock">CopyCodeBlock</a> – Adds a button to copy the content of each code block (<code class="nowrap" style=""><pre></code>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/CopySectLink" title="User:Nardog/CopySectLink">CopySectLink</a> – Adds a button to copy the unencoded page title or section path next to each heading.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory" title="User:Nardog/MoveHistory">MoveHistory</a> – Lists the past moves a page has gone through.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/RCMuter" title="User:Nardog/RCMuter">RCMuter</a> – Hides specified users' edits on Watchlist/RecentChanges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/SmartDiff" title="User:Nardog/SmartDiff">SmartDiff</a> – Makes links and template calls in diffs clickable (supports red links, avoids <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SEAOFBLUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SEAOFBLUE">WP:SEAOFBLUE</a>).</li></ul> Editing assistance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/DiffUndo" title="User:Nardog/DiffUndo">DiffUndo</a> – Adds an undo button to each line on the diff while editing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/ExpandContractions" title="User:Nardog/ExpandContractions">ExpandContractions</a> – Expands contractions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/InsertAnyChar" title="User:Nardog/InsertAnyChar">InsertAnyChar</a> – Insert any character by searching in the entire Unicode chart.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/IPAInput" title="User:Nardog/IPAInput">IPAInput</a> – Type in IPA symbols by directly looking at an IPA key like <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">Help:IPA/English</a> and clicking on the symbols.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/RefRenamer" title="User:Nardog/RefRenamer">RefRenamer</a> – Replaces reference names like ":0" with descriptive ones like "Smith-2015".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/Unpipe" title="User:Nardog/Unpipe">Unpipe</a> – Converts each piped link to a non-piped one if both lead to the same article.</li></ul> Itch scratchers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/AutoSectionLink" title="User:Nardog/AutoSectionLink">AutoSectionLink</a> – Adds or refines the <code>/* section link */</code> as you edit so only the modified section will be linked in the summary.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/AutoTestcases" title="User:Nardog/AutoTestcases">AutoTestcases</a> – Autofills "Preview page with this template" with the most relevant /testcases page that exists.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/CatChangeLinker" title="User:Nardog/CatChangeLinker">CatChangeLinker</a> – Links "diff" and "hist" for category additions/removals on Watchlist/RecentChanges.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/PasteToCommons" title="User:Nardog/PasteToCommons">PasteToCommons</a> – Upload an image to Commons from anywhere on the site by pasting it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/SortCentralAuthByEditCount" title="User:Nardog/SortCentralAuthByEditCount">SortCentralAuthByEditCount</a> – Sorts the list of local accounts on CentralAuth by edit count.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:Nardog/TemplatePreviewGuard" title="User:Nardog/TemplatePreviewGuard">TemplatePreviewGuard</a> – Warns when you try to use "Preview page with this template" with a page that doesn't transclude the template.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_sources">Pronunciation sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronunciation sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Dictionaries <ul><li>Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (authoritative)</li> <li>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (authoritative)</li> <li>The Oxford/Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (generally reliable but <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/reviewodp.html">these</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/ipa-english-uni.htm">may</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yek.me.uk/ipadicts.html">help</a>)</li> <li>Oxford BBC Guide to Pronunciation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onelook.com/">OneLook</a> (powerful meta search—but <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onelook.com/?d=all_gen">not for new words</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00unse">A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English</a> (1944; authoritative but outdated)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/">Merriam-Webster</a> (most reliable, comprehensive and up-to-date for AmE; direct descendant of Kenyon & Knott; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/blog0610a.htm">Wells 12 Oct '06</a> for how they compile pronunciations)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/">The Free Dictionary</a> (a good deal of specialized [especially medical] dictionaries)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/">OED</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/abstract/10.1093/acref/9780195517965.001.0001/acref-9780195517965">Australian</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195418163.001.0001/acref-9780195418163">Canadian</a>/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/acref-9780195584516">New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</a> (pronunciations are free)</li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Video transcripts <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmot.com/">Filmot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youglish.com/">YouGlish</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tv?q=">TV News Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voicetube.com/">VoiceTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playphrase.me/">PlayPhrase.me</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getyarn.io/">Yarn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quodb.com/">QuoDB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screenocean.com/">Screenocean</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Generally reliable <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/who-we-are/guidelines-and-specifications/say-how/">Say How?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/who-we-are/guidelines-and-specifications/abc-book/">The ABC Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pronounce.voanews.com/">Voice of America Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2b.c0.abc.net.au/abcpronunciation-external/">ABC Pronounce</a> (some respellings appear inconsistent)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teachingbooks.net/pronunciations.cgi">TeachingBooks Author & Illustrator Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/how_to_say">BBC Pronunciation Unit blog</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:QUESTIONABLE">Not citable</a> but potentially useful <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forvo.com/">Forvo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.behindthename.com/">Behind the Name</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forebears.io/">Forebears</a> (for guessing name origins)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenameengine.com/">The Name Engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nameshouts.com/">NameShouts</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Weirdly prescriptive and often inaccurate <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pronounceitright.com/">PronounceItRight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rightpronunciation.com/">Right Pronunciation of Important Names</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> User-generated junk <ul><li>Howjsay, Inogolo, Pronounce Names</li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Google <ul><li><code>"my name is ..."</code>, <code>"i'm ..."</code>, <code>"..." "pronounced"</code>, <code>"..." "rhymes with"</code>, etc.</li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Search within Wikipedia <ul><li><code>insource:"IPA xx" intitle:...</code></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Specialties <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologistshandbo00jaeg">The Biologist's Handbook of Pronunciations</a> (1960)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugguide.com/">Davis's Drug Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/">Drugs.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabers.com/">Taber's Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/pronunciations">Merck Manual Pronunciations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.law.yale.edu/pronouncing-dictionary">Pronouncing Dictionary of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouskova.com/2022/03/25/linguist-names/">Linguist names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/journal/key/lity/html">Linguistic Typology</a> (authors' names in IPA since 2018)</li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Places <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924014572840">A Guide to the Pronunciation of Canadian Place Names</a> (1959 [1938])</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenkrakow.com/gpn/georgia_place-names.htm">Georgia Place-Names</a> (1999 [1975])</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idahopressclub.org/idaho-pronunciation-guide/">Idaho Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publish.illinois.edu/pronunciation-guide/">Illinois Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iowapublicradio.org/pronouncing-iowa-place-names-an-audio-guide">Pronouncing Iowa Place Names: An Audio Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.michigan.gov/leo/bureaus-agencies/bureau-of-services-for-blind-persons/btbl/pronunciation-guide-you-say-it-how-in-michigan">Michigan.gov Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohio.edu/scripps-college/journalism/e-w-scripps-school-journalism-ohio-pronunciation-guide-1">A Pronunciation Guide to places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/PronunWeb18.pdf">Texas Almanac Pronunciation Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2376/3188">Washington Names: A Pronunciation Guide of Washington State Place Names</a> (1964)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://misspronouncer.com/">MissPronouncer: A halfway decent audio pronunciation guide for Wisconsin</a></li> <li>AP: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111209164608/http://www.ap.org/minnesota/prono.html">Minnesota</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225031307/http://www.ap.org:80/montana/Pronouncer.htm">Montana</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313144801/http://ap.org/nebraska/pronunciation.htm">Nebraksa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221235754/http://www.ap.org/southdakota/prono.html">South Dakota</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120013728/http://www.ap.org:80/washington/pron.html">Washington</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Non-English <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/">CNRTL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/">Den Danske Ordbog</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dipionline.it/">DiPI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dizionario.rai.it/">Dizionario d'ortografia e di pronunzia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duden.de/">Duden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myigboname.com/">Igbo Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fuaim/">Irish Pronunciation Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/">Larousse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/">Det Norske Akademis Ordbok</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordbogen.com/">Ordbogen.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/scots_tips.php">Online Scots Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1179522">Släktnamn i Norden: med uttalsuppgifter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://runeberg.org/ortnamn/">Svenska ortnamn med uttalsuppgifter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprakresurser.isof.se/Svenska_spr%c3%a5kn%c3%a4mndens_uttalsordbok/">Svenska språknämndens uttalsordbok</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woorden.org/">Woorden.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorubaname.com/">YorubaName.com</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="break-inside: avoid; page-break-inside: avoid;"> Lots of others <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://judithwest.com/Pronunciation.html">AudioEloquence</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Chaos">The Chaos</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Chaos">edit</a>]</div> "<a href="/wiki/The_Chaos" title="The Chaos">The Chaos</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Nolst_Trenit%C3%A9" title="Gerard Nolst Trenité">Gerard Nolst Trenité</a>:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <blockquote> <div>Dearest creature in Creation, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɪərɪst ˈkriːtʃər ɪn kriˈeɪʃən/</a></div> <div>Studying English pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈstʌdiɪŋ ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">I will teach you in my verse <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪ wɪl tiːtʃ juː ɪn maɪ vɜːrs/</a></div> <div>Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/saʊndz laɪk kɔːrps kɔːr hɔːrs ən wɜːrs/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">It will keep you, Susy, busy, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪt wɪl kiːp juː ˈsuːzi ˈbɪzi/</a></div> <div>Make your head with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> heat grow dizzy; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/meɪk jʊər hɛd wɪð hiːt ɡroʊ ˈdɪzi/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Tear in eye your dress you'll tear. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɪər ɪn aɪ jʊər drɛs juːl tɛər/</a></div> <div>So shall I! Oh, hear my prayer, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/soʊ ʃəl aɪ oʊ hɪər maɪ prɛər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Pray, console your loving poet, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/preɪ kənˈsoʊl jʊər ˈlʌvɪŋ ˈpoʊɪt/</a></div> <div>Make my coat look new, dear, sew it? <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/meɪk maɪ koʊt lʊk njuː dɪər soʊ ɪt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Just compare heart, beard and heard, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒʌst kəmˈpɛər hɑːrt bɪərd ən hɜːrd/</a></div> <div>Dies and diet, lord and word, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/daɪz ən ˈdaɪət lɔːrd ən wɜːrd/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Sword and sward, retain and Britain, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɔːrd ən swɔːrd rɪˈteɪn ən ˈbrɪtən/</a></div> <div>(Mind the latter, how it's written!) <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/maɪnd ðə ˈlætər haʊ ɪts ˈrɪtən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Made has not the sound of bade, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/meɪd həz nɒt ðə saʊnd əv bæd/</a></div> <div>Say—said, pay—paid, laid, but plaid. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/seɪ sɛd peɪ peɪd leɪd bət plæd/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Now I surely will not plague you <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/naʊ aɪ ˈʃʊərli wɪl nɒt pleɪɡ juː/</a></div> <div>With<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> such words as vague and ague, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɪð sʌtʃ wɜːrdz əz veɪɡ ən ˈeɪɡjuː/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">But be careful how you speak, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bət biː ˈkɛərfəl haʊ juː spiːk/</a></div> <div>Say break, steak, but bleak and streak, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/seɪ breɪk steɪk bət bliːk ən striːk/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Previous, precious; fuchsia, via;<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpriːviəs ˈprɛʃəs ˈfjuːʃə ˈvaɪə/</a></div> <div>Pipe, snipe, recipe and choir, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/paɪp snaɪp ˈrɛsɪpi ən kwaɪər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Cloven, oven; how and low; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkloʊvən ˈʌvən haʊ ən loʊ/</a></div> <div>Script, receipt; shoe, poem, toe, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/skrɪpt rɪˈsiːt ʃuː ˈpoʊɪm toʊ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Hear me say, devoid of trickery: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɪər miː seɪ dɪˈvɔɪd əv ˈtrɪkəri/</a></div> <div>Daughter, laughter<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and Terpsichore, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɔːtər ˈlɑːftər ən tɜːrpˈsɪkəri/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Typhoid; measles, topsails, aisles; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtaɪfɔɪd ˈmiːzəlz ˈtɒpsəlz aɪlz/</a></div> <div>Exiles,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> similes, reviles; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛksaɪlz ˈsɪmɪliz rɪˈvaɪlz/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Wholly, holly; signal, signing; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhoʊli ˈhɒli ˈsɪɡnəl ˈsaɪnɪŋ/</a></div> <div>Thames; examining, combining; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɛmz ɪɡˈzæmɪnɪŋ kəmˈbaɪnɪŋ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Scholar, vicar and cigar, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈskɒlər ˈvɪkər ən sɪˈɡɑːr/</a></div> <div>Solar, mica, war and far. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsoʊlər ˈmaɪkə wɔːr ən fɑːr/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">From "desire": desirable—admirable from "admire"; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/frəm dɪˈzaɪər dɪˈzaɪərəbəl ˈædmərəbəl frəm ədˈmaɪər/</a></div> <div>Lumber, plumber; bier but brier; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌmbər ˈplʌmər bɪər bət braɪər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Chatham, brougham;<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> renown but known, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃætəm bruːm rɪˈnaʊn bət noʊn/</a></div> <div>Knowledge; done, but gone<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and tone, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɒlɪdʒ dʌn bət ɡɒn ən toʊn/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">One, anemone; Balmoral; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wʌn əˈnɛməni bælˈmɒrəl/</a></div> <div>Kitchen, lichen; laundry, laurel; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɪtʃɪn ˈlaɪkən ˈlɔːndri ˈlɒrəl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Gertrude, German; wind and mind; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɜːrtruːd ˈdʒɜːrmən wɪnd ən maɪnd/</a></div> <div>Scene, Melpomene, mankind; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/siːn mɛlˈpɒmɪni mænˈkaɪnd/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Tortoise, turquoise,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> chamois-leather, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɔːrtəs ˈtɜːrkwɑːz ˈʃæmi ˈlɛðər/</a></div> <div>Reading, Reading, heathen, heather. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈriːdɪŋ ˈrɛdɪŋ ˈhiːðən ˈhɛðər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">This phonetic labyrinth <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ðɪs fəˈnɛtɪk ˈlæbɪrɪnθ/</a><a href="#cite_note-imperfect-10">[10]</a></div> <div>Gives moss,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡɪvz mɒs ɡroʊs brʊk broʊtʃ naɪnθ plɪnθ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Billet does not end like ballet;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɪlɪt dəz nɒt ɛnd laɪk ˈbæleɪ/</a></div> <div>Bouquet,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> wallet, mallet, chalet;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bʊˈkeɪ ˈwɒlɪt ˈmælɪt ˈʃæleɪ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Blood and flood are not like food, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/blʌd ən flʌd ɑːr nɒt laɪk fuːd/</a></div> <div>Nor is mould like should and would. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/nɔːr ɪz moʊld laɪk ʃʊd ən wʊd/</a><a href="#cite_note-imperfect-10">[10]</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Banquet is not nearly parquet,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbæŋkwɪt ɪz nɒt ˈnɪərli ˈpɑːrki/</a></div> <div>Which is said to rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "darky". <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hwɪtʃ ɪz sɛd tə raɪm wɪð ˈdɑːrki/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Viscous, viscount; load and broad; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɪskəs ˈvaɪkaʊnt loʊd ən brɔːd/</a></div> <div>Toward, to forward, to reward, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɔːrd tə ˈfɔːrwərd tuː rɪˈwɔːrd/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">And your pronunciation's O.K. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ənd jʊər prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃənz oʊˈkeɪ/</a><a href="#cite_note-imperfect-10">[10]</a></div> <div>When you say correctly croquet;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hwɛn juː seɪ kəˈrɛktli ˈkroʊkeɪ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Rounded, wounded; grieve and sieve; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈraʊndɪd ˈwuːndɪd ɡriːv ən sɪv/</a></div> <div>Friend and fiend; alive and live; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/frɛnd ən fiːnd əˈlaɪv ən lɪv/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Liberty, library; heave and heaven; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪbərti ˈlaɪbrəri hiːv ən ˈhɛvən/</a></div> <div>Rachel, ache, moustache;<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> eleven. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈreɪtʃəl eɪk məˈstɑːʃ ɪˈlɛvən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">We say hallowed, but allowed; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wiː seɪ ˈhæloʊd bət əˈlaʊd/</a></div> <div>People, leopard; towed, but vowed <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpiːpəl ˈlɛpərd toʊd bət vaʊd/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Mark the difference, moreover, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɑːrk ðə ˈdɪfərəns mɔːrˈoʊvər/</a></div> <div>Between mover, plover, Dover, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɪˈtwiːn ˈmuːvər ˈplʌvər ˈdoʊvər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Leeches, breeches;<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> wise, precise; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈliːtʃɪz ˈbrɪtʃɪz waɪz prɪˈsaɪs/</a></div> <div>Chalice but police and lice. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃælɪs bət pəˈliːs ən laɪs/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Camel; constable,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> unstable; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkæməl ˈkʌnstəbəl ʌnˈsteɪbəl/</a></div> <div>Principle, disciple; label; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈprɪnsɪpəl dɪˈsaɪpəl ˈleɪbəl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Petal, penal and canal; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɛtəl ˈpiːnəl ənd kəˈnæl/</a></div> <div>Wait, surmise,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> plait,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> promise; pal. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/weɪt sɜːrˈmaɪz plæt ˈprɒmɪs pæl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Suit, suite, ruin, circuit, conduit<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sjuːt swiːt ˈruːɪn ˈsɜːrkɪt ˈkɒndɪt/</a></div> <div>Rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "shirk it" and "beyond it", <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/raɪm wɪð ʃɜːrk ɪt ən biˈɒnd ɪt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">But it is not hard to tell, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bət ɪt ɪz nɒt hɑːrd tə tɛl/</a></div> <div>Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hwaɪ ɪts pɔːl mɔːl bət pɛl mɛl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Muscle, muscular; gaol; iron; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmʌsəl ˈmʌskjʊlər dʒeɪl aɪərn/</a></div> <div>Timber, climber; bullion, lion, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɪmbər ˈklaɪmər ˈbʊliən ˈlaɪən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Worm and storm; chaise, chaos, chair; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɜːrm ən stɔːrm ʃeɪz ˈkeɪɒs tʃɛər/</a></div> <div>Senator, spectator,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> mayor.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɛnətər spɛkˈteɪtər mɛər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Ivy, privy; famous, clamour <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪvi ˈprɪvi ˈfeɪməs ˈklæmər/</a></div> <div>And enamour rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "hammer." <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ənd ɪˈnæmər raɪm wɪð ˈhæmər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Pussy, hussy and possess. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpʊsi ˈhʌsi ən pəˈzɛs/</a></div> <div>Desert, but dessert, address.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɛzərt bət dɪˈzɜːrt əˈdrɛs/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Golf,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> wolf; countenance; lieutenants<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡɒlf wʊlf ˈkaʊntənəns lɛfˈtɛnənts/</a></div> <div>Hoist, in lieu of flags, left pennants. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɔɪst ɪn ljuː əv flæɡz lɛft ˈpɛnənts/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">River, rival; tomb, bomb, comb; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɪvər ˈraɪvəl tuːm bɒm koʊm/</a></div> <div>Doll<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and roll and some and home. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dɒl ən roʊl ən sʌm ən hoʊm/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Stranger does not rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> anger, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈstreɪndʒər dəz nɒt raɪm wɪð ˈæŋɡər/</a></div> <div>Neither<a href="#cite_note-neither-29">[29]</a> does devour with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> clangour. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnaɪðər dəz dɪˈvaʊər wɪð ˈklæŋɡər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Soul, but foul and gaunt, but aunt;<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/soʊl bət faʊl ən ɡɔːnt bət ɑːnt/</a></div> <div>Font, front, wont;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> want,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> grand, and, grant,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/fɒnt frʌnt woʊnt wɒnt ɡrænd ənd ɡrɑːnt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Shoes, goes, does.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> *) Now first say: finger, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃuːz ɡoʊz dʌz naʊ fɜːrst seɪ ˈfɪŋɡər/</a></div> <div>And then: singer, ginger, linger. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ən ðɛn ˈsɪŋər ˈdʒɪndʒər ˈlɪŋɡər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Real, zeal; mauve,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> gauze and gauge; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈriːəl ziːl moʊv ɡɔːz ən ɡeɪdʒ/</a></div> <div>Marriage, foliage, mirage,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> age. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmærɪdʒ ˈfoʊliɪdʒ ˈmɪrɑːʒ eɪdʒ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Query<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> does not rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> very, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkwɪəri dəz nɒt raɪm wɪð ˈvɛri/</a></div> <div>Nor does fury sound like bury. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/nɔːr dəz ˈfjʊəri saʊnd laɪk ˈbɛri/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Dost, lost,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> post and doth, cloth,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> loth; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʌst lɒst poʊst ən dʌθ klɒθ loʊθ/</a></div> <div>Job, Job, blossom, bosom, oath. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒɒb dʒoʊb ˈblɒsəm ˈbʊzəm oʊθ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Though the difference seems little, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ðoʊ ðə ˈdɪfərəns siːmz ˈlɪtəl/</a></div> <div>We say actual, but victual, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wiː seɪ ˈæktʃuəl bət ˈvɪtəl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Seat, sweat, chaste, caste;<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Leigh, eight, height; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/siːt swɛt tʃeɪst kɑːst liː eɪt haɪt/</a></div> <div>Put, nut; granite, but unite. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pʊt nʌt ˈɡrænɪt bət juːˈnaɪt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Reefer does not rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "deafer," <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈriːfər dəz nɒt raɪm wɪð ˈdɛfər/</a></div> <div>Feoffer<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> does, and zephyr, heifer. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfɛfər dʌz ən ˈzɛfər ˈhɛfər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Dull, bull; Geoffrey, George; ate,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> late; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʌl bʊl ˈdʒɛfri dʒɔːrdʒ ɛt leɪt/</a></div> <div>Hint, pint; senate, but sedate; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hɪnt paɪnt ˈsɛnət bət sɪˈdeɪt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Scenic, Arabic, pacific; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsiːnɪk ˈærəbɪk pəˈsɪfɪk/</a></div> <div>Science, conscience, scientific; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsaɪəns ˈkɒnʃəns ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Tour, but our, and succour, four; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tʊər bət aʊər ən ˈsʌkər fɔːr/</a></div> <div>Gas, alas<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and Arkansas! <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡæs əˈlɑːs ən ˈɑːrkənsɔː/</a><a href="#cite_note-imperfect-10">[10]</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Sea, idea, guinea, area, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/siː aɪˈdiːə ˈɡɪni ˈɛəriə/</a></div> <div>Psalm; Maria, but malaria; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɑːm məˈriːə bət məˈlɛəriə/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Youth, south, southern; cleanse and clean; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/juːθ saʊθ ˈsʌðərn klɛnz ən kliːn/</a></div> <div>Doctrine, turpentine, marine. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɒktrɪn ˈtɜːrpəntaɪn məˈriːn/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Compare alien with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> Italian, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəmˈpɛər ˈeɪliən wɪð ɪˈtæliən/</a></div> <div>Dandelion with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> battalion, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdændɪlaɪən wɪð bəˈtæliən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Sally with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> ally;<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> yea, ye, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsæli wɪð ˈælaɪ jeɪ jiː/</a></div> <div>Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay! <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪ aɪ aɪ aɪ hweɪ kiː kiː/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Say aver, but ever, fever, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/seɪ əˈvɜːr bət ˈɛvər ˈfiːvər/</a></div> <div>Neither,<a href="#cite_note-neither-29">[29]</a> leisure,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> skein, receiver. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnaɪðər ˈlɛʒər skeɪn rɪˈsiːvər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Never guess—it is not safe; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɛvər ɡɛs ɪt ɪz nɒt seɪf/</a></div> <div>We say calves,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> valves, half,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> but Ralf! <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wiː seɪ kɑːvz vælvz hɑːf bət reɪf/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Heron; granary,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> canary; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɛrən ˈɡrænəri kəˈnɛəri/</a></div> <div>Crevice, and device, and eyrie;<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkrɛvɪs ən dɪˈvaɪs ənd ˈɛəri/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Face but preface, but efface, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/feɪs bət ˈprɛfəs bət ɪˈfeɪs/</a></div> <div>Phlegm, phlegmatic; ass, glass,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> bass; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/flɛm flɛɡˈmætɪk æs ɡlɑːs beɪs/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Large, but target, gin, give, verging; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/lɑːrdʒ bət ˈtɑːrɡɪt dʒɪn ɡɪv ˈvɜːrdʒɪŋ/</a></div> <div>Ought, out, joust and scour, but scourging; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɔːt aʊt dʒaʊst ən skaʊər bət ˈskɜːrdʒɪŋ/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Ear, but earn; and wear and tear <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪər bət ɜːrn ən wɛər ən tɛər/</a></div> <div>Do not rime with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "here", but "ere". <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/duː nɒt raɪm wɪð hɪər bət ɛər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Seven is right, but so is even; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɛvən ɪz raɪt bət soʊ ɪz ˈiːvən/</a></div> <div>Hyphen, roughen, nephew,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhaɪfən ˈrʌfən ˈnɛvjuː ˈstiːvən/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Monkey, donkey; clerk<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and jerk; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmʌŋki ˈdɒŋki klɑːrk ən dʒɜːrk/</a></div> <div>Asp, grasp,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> wasp; and cork and work. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/æsp ɡrɑːsp wɒsp ən kɔːrk ən wɜːrk/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Pronunciation—think of psyche!— <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən θɪŋk əv ˈsaɪki/</a></div> <div>Is a paling, stout and spikey; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪz ə ˈpeɪlɪŋ staʊt ən ˈspaɪki/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Won't it make you lose your wits, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/woʊnt ɪt meɪk juː luːz jʊər wɪts/</a></div> <div>Writing "groats" and saying groats?<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈraɪtɪŋ ɡroʊts ən ˈseɪɪŋ ɡrɪts/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">It's a dark abyss or tunnel, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪts ə dɑːrk əˈbɪs ɔːr ˈtʌnəl/</a></div> <div>Strewn with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> stones, like rowlock, gunwale, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/struːn wɪð stoʊnz laɪk ˈrɒlək ˈɡʌnəl/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Islington and Isle of Wight, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪzlɪŋtən ən aɪl əv waɪt/</a></div> <div>Housewife, verdict and indict! <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhʌzɪf ˈvɜːrdɪkt ən ɪnˈdaɪt/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Don't you think so, reader, rather,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/doʊnt juː θɪŋk soʊ ˈriːdər ˈrɑːðər/</a></div> <div>Saying lather,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> bather, father? <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈseɪɪŋ ˈlɑːðər ˈbeɪðər ˈfɑːðər/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Finally: which rimes with<a href="#cite_note-with-3">[3]</a> "enough," <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfaɪnəli hwɪtʃ raɪmz wɪð ɪˈnʌf/</a></div> <div>Though, through, plough, cough,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> hough, or tough? <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ðoʊ θruː plaʊ kɒf hɒk ɔːr tʌf/</a></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.5em;">Hiccough has the sound of "cup"...... <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhɪkʌp həz ðə saʊnd əv kʌp/</a></div> <div>My advice is—give it up! <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/maɪ ədˈvaɪs ɪz ɡɪv ɪt ʌp/</a></div> *) No, you are wrong.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This is the plural of "doe". <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/noʊ juː ɑːr rɒŋ ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈplʊərəl əv doʊ/</a> </blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> As printed in Charivarius, 1922, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delpher.nl/nl/boeken/view?identifier=MMKB02%3A100001558%3A00141">Ruize-rijmen</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Chaos" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Chaos">Wikisource</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The stress is lexical. </li> <li id="cite_note-with-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-with_3-14">o</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɪθ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈviːə/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlæftər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛɡzaɪlz/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbruːəm/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡɔːn/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtɜːrkwɔɪz, -kɔɪz/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-imperfect-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imperfect_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imperfect_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imperfect_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imperfect_10-3">d</a> Imperfect rhymes. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɔːs/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bæˈleɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/boʊˈkeɪ, ˈbuːkeɪ/</a>, GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/buːˈkeɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃæˈleɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɑːrkeɪ, pɑːrˈkeɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkroʊki, kroʊˈkeɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmʌstæʃ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbriːtʃɪz/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒnstəbəl/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɜːrmaɪz/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/pleɪt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒndjuɪt, ˈkʌn-/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈspɛkteɪtər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmeɪər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈædrɛs/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡɔːlf/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/luːˈtɛnənts/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dɔːl/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-neither-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-neither_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-neither_29-1">b</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈniːðər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ænt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɔːnt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/wɔːnt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡrænt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The footnote is just messing with you. If does here was actually the plural of doe, it wouldn't contrast with goes. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɔːv/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mɪˈrɑːʒ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkwɛri/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/lɔːst/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/klɔːθ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kæst/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfiːfər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/eɪt/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈlæs/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/əˈlaɪ/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈliːʒər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kævz/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/hæf/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> GenAm alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡreɪnəri/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪəri, ˈaɪəri/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡlæs/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɛfjuː/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/klɜːrk/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡræsp/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡroʊts/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræðər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> alt. <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlæðər/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kɔːf/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> GenAm: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rɔːŋ/</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Things_that_shouldn't_matter_in_an_ideal_world_but_do_in_this_one">Things that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTYOU" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTYOU">shouldn't matter</a> in an ideal world but do in this one</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Things that shouldn't matter in an ideal world but do in this one">edit</a>]</div> <div class="nowrap" style="display: flex; overflow-x: auto;"> <div class="wrap"><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid solid #eeffee;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#eeffee;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#eeffee;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center">he</td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:4;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;">If you asked this user what third-person pronouns applied to him, he would say—well, now you know.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="wrap"><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #ffe4e1;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#fff0f5;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:white;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/File:Gay_Pride_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/40px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/60px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gay_Pride_Flag.svg/80px-Gay_Pride_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="316" /></a></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">This user identifies as <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="wrap"><div class="wikipediauserbox" style="float:left;border:1px solid #FFEEEE;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#FFEEEE;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#FFE0EE;text-align:center;font-size:12pt;font-weight:bold;color:#901;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle">ain't</td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:#000;vertical-align:middle">This user believes that <a href="/wiki/Prescriptive_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescriptive grammar">prescriptive grammar</a> rules stem from linguistic ignorance and are used to enforce <a href="/wiki/Economic_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic class">economic class</a> distinctions.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="wrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242734999">.mw-parser-output .user-committed-identity{display:block;font-size:85%;background-color:#E0E8FF;border:1px solid #E0E8FF;color:#000;margin:0.2em 0;padding:0.1em 0.3em;word-wrap:break-word;overflow-wrap:break-word;overflow:auto}</style><div id="user-committed-identity" class="user-committed-identity skin-invert notheme" style=""><a href="/wiki/Template:Committed_identity" title="Template:Committed identity">Committed identity</a>: cc7167e8de21cb014ac5ad41d65cc2d54566806f2f21b2c430a4cb6a4ddca9ab30cb5489a594966d218cec7287a0e8253e645a3dbb0419ceaebcc0e6a935227b is an <a href="/wiki/SHA-512" class="mw-redirect" title="SHA-512">SHA-512</a> <a href="/wiki/Commitment_scheme" title="Commitment scheme">commitment</a> to this user's real-life identity. </div></div> </div> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none; width:unset; display: block !important;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">That this is absurd does not prevent its happening. <cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> — <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">J. C. Wells</a>, Accents of English (1982), p. 106</cite></div></blockquote>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&oldid=1249699018">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Nardog&oldid=1249699018</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_template_editors" title="Category:Wikipedia template editors">Wikipedia template editors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 10:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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