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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis and quantification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_and_quantification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Associated issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Associated issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physical health issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mental_health_issues_(dual_diagnoses)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mental_health_issues_(dual_diagnoses)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mental health issues (dual diagnoses)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mental_health_issues_(dual_diagnoses)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-traumatic stress disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_and_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_and_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Abuse and vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_and_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenging_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenging_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Challenging behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenging_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Societal attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services_and_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services_and_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Services and support</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services_and_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services and support subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services_and_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Education and training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At-home_and_community_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At-home_and_community_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>At-home and community support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At-home_and_community_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residential_accommodation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residential_accommodation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Residential accommodation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residential_accommodation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Employment support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Day_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Day services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Advocacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types_of_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types_of_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Other types of support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types_of_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entwicklungsbeeintr%C3%A4chtigung" title="Entwicklungsbeeinträchtigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Entwicklungsbeeinträchtigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ناتوانی رشدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناتوانی رشدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89islinn_mheabhrach" title="Éislinn mheabhrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éislinn mheabhrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%8B%AC%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="발달장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발달장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabilitas_perkembangan" title="Disabilitas perkembangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disabilitas perkembangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="עיכוב התפתחותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיכוב התפתחותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwikkelingsstoornis" title="Ontwikkelingsstoornis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontwikkelingsstoornis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E9%81%94%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="発達障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発達障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability – Simple 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disability beginning before adulthood</div> <p><b>Developmental disability</b> is a diverse group of chronic conditions, comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life, especially in "language, mobility, learning, self-help, and independent living".<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Global_developmental_delay" title="Global developmental delay">global developmental delay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common developmental disabilities are: </p> <ul><li>Motor disorders, and learning difficulties such as <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourette%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourette's syndrome">Tourette's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyspraxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspraxia">dyspraxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">dysgraphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">dyscalculia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">nonverbal learning disorder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_spectrum_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Autistic spectrum disorders">Autism spectrum disorder</a> (ASD, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervasive developmental disorders">PDD</a> umbrella covering <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classic_autism" title="Classic autism">classic autism</a>) causes difficulties in social communication as well as repetitive behaviors and restrictive interests. ASD affects speech, understanding body language and social interactions, as well as causing difficulty in understanding others social cues (such as <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a> and feelings). ASD also causes repetitive behaviors known as <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stimming</a>, often as a result of hyper- or hypo-sensitivity to sensory input.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> is a genetic condition in which people are born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. This extra copy affects the development of the body and brain, causing a range of physical and mental impairments for the individual.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X syndrome</a>, most frequent among males, is thought to cause autism and intellectual disability.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders</a> are a group of conditions caused prior to birth that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">Cerebral palsy</a> is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. They are the most common motor disability in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a> or mental retardation, is defined as assessed to have an IQ below 70, along with limitations in adaptive functioning and onset before the age of 18 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by executive dysfunction. It has effects on attention span, cognition, self-control, and emotional regulation.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The causes of developmental disabilities are varied and remain unknown in a large proportion of cases. Even in cases of known etiology, the line between "cause" and "effect" is not always clear, leading to difficulty in categorizing causes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic factors have long been implicated in causing developmental disabilities. These conditions are also believed to have a large environmental component, and the relative contributions of <a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">nature versus nurture</a> have been debated for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">Preterm birth</a> is known to be a predictor for potential developmental disabilities later in childhood, which complicates the question of nature versus nurture, as </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>premature birth could already have resulted from earlier and longer existing difficulties. Second, being born at such an immature gestation could immediately have damaged the main organs (lungs and brain) or, third, such damage could arise in the neonatal period, for instance from the necessary intrusive treatment. Furthermore, exhaustion resulting from adaptation or stress could damage or disturb development. In addition, the highly stimulating hospital environment and the lack of social interactive experiences with the mother or the abundant interaction with others could add to the risk. In short, many reasons are conceivable that by itself or in different combinations could result in developmental problems of very preterm children.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Current theories on causation focus on genetic factors; more than 1,000 known genetic conditions include developmental disabilities as a symptom.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developmental disabilities affect between 1 and 2% of the population in most western countries, although many government sources acknowledge that statistics are flawed in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worldwide proportion of people with developmental disabilities is believed to be approximately 1.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such disabilities are twice as common in males as in females, and some researchers have found that the prevalence of mild developmental disabilities is likely to be higher in areas of poverty and deprivation, and among people of certain ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis_and_quantification">Diagnosis and quantification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis and quantification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developmental disabilities can be initially suspected when a child does not reach expected <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">child development stages</a>. Subsequently, a <a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">differential diagnosis</a> may be used to diagnose an underlying disease, which may include a <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic test">genetic tests</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The degree of disability can be quantified by assigning a <i>developmental age</i> to a person, who may be classified by age group resulting from their test scores. This, in turn, can be used to calculate a <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="developmental_quotient"></span><span class="vanchor-text">developmental quotient</span></span></i> (DQ) as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>a</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>a</mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>e</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∗</mo> <mn>100</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8f9935f46368ca8303c7fda442cd116008085cb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:32.88ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle DQ={\frac {Developmental\ age}{Chronological\ age}}*100}"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_issues">Associated issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Associated issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_health_issues">Physical health issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many physical health factors associated with developmental disabilities. For some specific syndromes and diagnoses, these are inherent, such as poor heart function in people with Down syndrome. People with severe communication difficulties find it difficult to articulate their health needs and, without adequate support and education, might not recognize ill health. <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a>, sensory problems (such as poor vision and hearing), <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">dental health</a> are over-represented in this population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> among people with developmental disabilities as a group is estimated at 20 years below average, although this is improving. Society has advanced in its adaptive and medical technologies, and other methods to help people lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some conditions (such as <a href="/wiki/Freeman%E2%80%93Sheldon_syndrome" title="Freeman–Sheldon syndrome">Freeman–Sheldon syndrome</a>) do not affect life expectancy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mental_health_issues_(dual_diagnoses)"><span id="Mental_health_issues_.28dual_diagnoses.29"></span>Mental health issues (dual diagnoses)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mental health issues (dual diagnoses)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> issues, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">psychiatric illnesses</a>, are more likely to occur in people with developmental disabilities than in the general population, including amongst children who need the support of caregivers who have sufficient psychoeducation and peer support.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of factors are attributed to the high incidence rate of dual diagnoses: </p> <ul><li>The high likelihood of encountering <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatic</a> events throughout their lifetime (such as abandonment by loved ones, <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The social and developmental restrictions placed upon people with developmental disabilities (such as lack of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, limited <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a> opportunities, limited opportunities for fulfilling relationships, boredom)</li> <li>Biological factors (such as brain injury, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, illicit and prescribed drug and alcohol misuse)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Developmental factors (such as lack of understanding of <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> and appropriate behavior, inability of those around to allow/understand expressions of grief and other human <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>)</li> <li>External monitoring factor: all federal- or state-funded residences are required to have some form of behavioral monitoring for each person with developmental disability at the residence. With this information psychological diagnoses are more easily given than with the general population that has less consistent monitoring.</li> <li>Access to health care providers: in the United States, all federal- or state-funded residences require the residents to have annual visits to various health care providers. With consistent visits to health care providers more people with developmental disabilities are likely to receive appropriate treatment than the general population that is not required to visit various health care providers.</li></ul> <p>These problems are exacerbated by difficulties in diagnosis of mental health issues, and in appropriate treatment and medication, as for physical health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Risks and development</b> </p><p>Individuals with developmental disabilities have an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> compared to the general population due to heightened vulnerability to negative life experiences, including: </p> <ul><li>Interpersonal trauma<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abuse<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dependence on caregivers<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lack of autonomy<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diminished social support<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Harassment<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stigma and prejudice<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder is a psychological disorder that can develop after experiencing or witnessing <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">trauma</a> and is characterized by negative thoughts, memories, or dreams about the trauma, avoidance of reminders of the trauma, adverse changes in thinking and mood, and heightened acute stress response.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-traumatic stress disorder often goes undiagnosed among individuals with developmental disabilities due to providers' and caregivers' lack of understanding and differences in communication ability.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals with developmental disabilities may develop more intense symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder when compared to the general population due to maladaptive coping and neurological differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These symptoms may manifest differently depending on the severity of the disability; post-traumatic stress disorder may present as <a href="/wiki/Challenging_behaviour" title="Challenging behaviour">challenging behaviors</a> such as aggression and self-harm, and communication of symptoms may be limited by verbal ability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mental health problems are often reported by proxy rather than self-report, which can increase the risk of underreporting and of psychological symptoms going undiagnosed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Psychological treatment</b> </p><p>Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment approaches for post-traumatic stress disorder typically require verbal communication and insight into cognitions, emotions, and functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual differences in communication and intellectual ability among individuals with developmental, and particularly intellectual disabilities can limit identification and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, diagnosis and treatment approaches should be modified to fit the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some individuals with developmental disabilities may have difficulty understanding and articulating negative thought processes and emotions associated with traumatic events. Metaphors, simplified explanations, and explicit examples may help elucidate symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and improve understanding of treatment approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequent prompting, repetition of explanations, and developing detailed timelines of life events may also improve focus and engagement in psychological treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providers should clearly understand individual needs and abilities and ensure that expectations for treatment are consistent with individual abilities and functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following trauma-specific treatments have demonstrated efficacy among individuals with developmental disabilities, particularly when tailored to individual needs and presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Child–parent psychotherapy</b> </p><p>Child-parent psychotherapy is a relational treatment that focuses on improving child-parent relationships and functioning following a young child's exposure to one or more traumatic experiences. This treatment is designed to enhance the attachment relationships between children between the ages of zero and five and their caregivers, eliciting a sense of safety and improving emotional regulation and behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children with developmental disabilities have a higher risk of exposure to traumatic events than children within the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Child-parent psychotherapy can accommodate non-verbal communication, making it a good fit for children with a wide range of abilities. Child-parent psychotherapy has been demonstrated to reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in children with developmental disabilities and may help enhance caregivers' understanding of their children's disabilities and individual needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two 2014 case studies demonstrated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy with two children who were exposed to traumatic events. One of the children was 14 months with global developmental delays, and the other was six with autism spectrum disorder. At the time of this study, most studies that evaluated the efficacy of child-parent psychotherapy did not include any information about children with autism or intellectual disabilities. Both children and their families had about one year of weekly therapy, and both saw improvements in attachment relations, decreased trauma symptoms, and overall improvements in functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Exposure therapy</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure-based therapies</a> are among the most common treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure therapy involves exposing a patient to a source of stress (such as a memory or reminder of a traumatic event) to increase tolerance to feared stimuli, overcome avoidance, and gradually reduce acute stress response symptoms of post-traumatic stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure therapy should be carefully tailored to the individual when treating individuals with developmental disabilities to reduce the risk of re-traumatization.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is preliminary evidence that exposure therapy paired with <a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">relaxation techniques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring" title="Cognitive restructuring">cognitive restructuring</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem solving therapy">problem-solving</a> can reduce symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among individuals with developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2009 case study, a 24-year-old woman with an intellectual disability experienced a reduction in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following nine exposure therapy sessions. The therapists used a shield analogy, in which they encouraged the client to envision newly learned relaxation techniques and coping statements as a shield protecting her. They used modified exposure to reduce the risk of re-traumatizing the client; she imagined her nightmares and flashbacks rather than the trauma itself.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Trauma focused <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a></b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trauma_focused_cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy">Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy</a> is a short-term treatment that focuses on reducing and changing negative and unhelpful thought processes related to traumatic experiences and processing and managing associated negative emotions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Differences in language and thinking can make cognitive-based interventions challenging for individuals with developmental, and particularly intellectual, disabilities. Still, there is evidence that trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy can be adapted using metaphors and simplified examples to be accessible and beneficial for individuals with mild intellectual disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2016 case study, therapists used a metaphor to describe post-traumatic stress disorder and aid treatment for a young man diagnosed with an intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. They explained his symptoms by describing his brain as a kitchen cupboard and his traumatic memories as tins that had not been organized properly, and therefore kept falling out. The young man had a significant improvement in mood and symptoms after 12 sessions of adapted trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_desensitization_and_reprocessing" title="Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing">Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing</a> is a psychological treatment in which the patient's stress is reduced by associating traumatic experiences with bilateral stimulation such as rapid, rhythmic eye movements or tapping.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eye-movement desensitization is demonstrated to be highly effective at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder across individuals with varying severity of intellectual disabilities; it has the most evidence for treating individuals with developmental disabilities based on numerous case studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eye-movement desensitization can be adapted for individuals with limited language abilities, making it accessible to a wide range of developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_and_vulnerability">Abuse and vulnerability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abuse and vulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a> is a significant issue for people with developmental disabilities. They are regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerable</a> people in most jurisdictions. Common types of abuse include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a> (withholding food, hitting, punching, pushing, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a> (withholding help when required, e.g., assistance with personal hygiene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> is associated with psychological disturbance. Sequeira, Howlin, & Hollins found that sexual abuse was associated with increased rates of mental illness and behavioral problems, including symptoms of post-traumatic stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychological reactions to abuse were similar to those observed in the general population, but with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Stimming" title="Stimming">stereotypical behavior</a>. The more serious the abuse, the more severe the symptoms that were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Psychological or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional abuse">emotional abuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbal abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaming">shaming</a> and belittling)</li> <li>Constraint and restrictive practices (such as turning off an electric wheelchair so a person cannot move)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial abuse">Financial abuse</a> (charging unnecessary fees, holding onto pensions, wages, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal abuse">Legal</a> or civil abuse (restricted access to services)</li> <li>Systemic abuse (denied access to an appropriate service due to perceived support needs)</li> <li>Passive neglect (a caregiver's failure to provide adequate food, and shelter)</li></ul> <p>Lack of education, lack of <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a> and self-advocacy skills, lack of understanding of <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> and appropriate behavior and communication difficulties are strong contributing factors to the high incidence of abuse among this population. A study on the association between different types of childhood maltreatment and the risk of criminal recidivism has also shown that physical neglect during childhood plays a critical role in the repeated crime, independent of mental-health problems for high-risk adults involved with the criminal justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to abuse from people in positions of power, <a href="/wiki/Peer_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer abuse">peer abuse</a> is recognized as a significant, if misunderstood, problem. Rates of criminal offenses among people with developmental disabilities are also disproportionately high, and it is widely acknowledged that criminal justice systems throughout the world are ill-equipped for the needs of people with developmental disabilities, both as perpetrators and victims of crime.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failings in care have been identified in one in eight deaths of people with learning difficulties under NHS England.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenging_behavior">Challenging behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenging behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Challenging_behaviour" title="Challenging behaviour">Challenging behaviour</a></div> <p>People with developmental disabilities (particularly autistic spectrum disorders) can exhibit challenging behavior, defined as "culturally abnormal behaviours of such intensity, frequency or duration that the physical safety of the person or others is placed in serious jeopardy, or behaviour which is likely to seriously limit or deny access to the use of ordinary community facilities".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common types of challenging behavior include self-injurious behavior (such as hitting, headbutting, biting, hair-pulling), aggressive behavior (such as hitting others, shouting, screaming, spitting, kicking, swearing, headbutting, hair-pulling), inappropriate sexualized behavior (such as public masturbation or groping), behavior directed at property (such as throwing objects and stealing) and stereotyped behaviors (such as repetitive rocking, <a href="/wiki/Echolalia" title="Echolalia">echolalia</a> or elective incontinence). Such behaviors can be assessed to suggest areas of further improvement, using assessment tools such as the <a href="/wiki/Nisonger_Child_Behavior_Rating_Form" title="Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form">Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form</a> (NCBRF).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities may be caused by a number of factors, including biological (pain, medication, the need for sensory stimulation), social (boredom, seeking social interaction, the need for an element of control, lack of knowledge of community norms, insensitivity of staff and services to the person's wishes and needs), environmental (physical aspects such as noise and lighting, or gaining access to preferred objects or activities), psychological (feeling excluded, lonely, devalued, labelled, disempowered, living up to people's negative expectations) or simply a means of communication. A lot of the time, challenging behavior is learned and brings rewards and it is very often possible to teach people new behaviors to achieve the same aims. Challenging behavior in people with developmental disabilities can often be associated with specific mental health problems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Experience and research suggest that what professionals call "challenging behavior" is often a reaction to the challenging environments that those providing services create around people with developmental disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Challenging behavior" in this context is a method of communicating dissatisfaction with the failure of those providing services to focus on what kind of life makes the most sense to the person and is often the only recourse a developmentally disabled person has against unsatisfactory services or treatment and the lack of opportunities made available to the person. This is especially the case where the services deliver lifestyles and ways of working that are centered on what suits the service provider and its staff, rather than what best suits the person.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In general, behavioral interventions or what has been termed <a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">applied behavior analysis</a> has been found to be effective in reducing specific challenging behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, efforts have been placed on developing a developmental pathway model in the behavior analysis literature to prevent challenging behavior from occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method is controversial according to the <a href="/wiki/Autistic_Self_Advocacy_Network" title="Autistic Self Advocacy Network">Autistic Self Advocacy Network</a>, saying that this type of therapy can lead to the development of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> and worsening of symptoms later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_attitudes">Societal attitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Societal attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Developmental_disability" title="Special:EditPage/Developmental disability">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout history, people with developmental disabilities have been viewed as incapable and incompetent in their capacity for decision-making and development. Until the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the Church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of <a href="/wiki/Maslow%27s_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maslow's hierarchy">basic physical needs</a> such as food, shelter and clothing. Stereotypes such as the dimwitted <a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">village idiot</a>, and potentially harmful characterizations (such as <a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">demonic possession</a> for people with epilepsy) were prominent in social attitudes of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-parallels_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parallels-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement towards individualism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the opportunities afforded by the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, led to housing and care using the asylum model.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large institutions (of up to 3,000 people, although some institutions were home to many more, such as the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_State_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia State Hospital">Philadelphia State Hospital</a> in Pennsylvania which housed 7,000 people through the 1960s), many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued to focus solely on the provision of basic needs. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Heavy tranquilization and assembly line methods of support (such as "birdfeeding" and cattle herding)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were the norm, and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">medical model of disability</a> prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the human needs of the individual.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Early in the twentieth century, the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movement became popular throughout the world. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilization">forced sterilization</a> and prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> for those with developmental disabilities in most of the developed world and was later used by <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> as rationale for the mass murder of intellectually disabled individuals during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eugenics movement was later thought to be seriously flawed and in violation of human rights and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid 20th century. </p><p>In the United States, the segregation of people with developmental disabilities and the conditions of these institutions was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1960s. US President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, whose sister <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a> and was in an institution, created the President's Panel on Mental Retardation in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>'s visit with TV crew to <a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_State_School" title="Willowbrook State School">Willowbrook State School</a>, which he described as a "snake pit" and the publication the next year of Christmas in Purgatory, a photoessay featuring photos covertly taken of institutions, shone a light on the inhumane conditions in public institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-parallels1950on_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parallels1950on-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial efforts focused around reforming the institution; however, that began to change by the late 1960s. The <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(people_with_disabilities)" title="Normalization (people with disabilities)">normalization</a> movement began to gain ground in the US and internationally. In the US the publication of <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wolfensberger" title="Wolf Wolfensberger">Wolf Wolfensberger</a>'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models",<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was very influential. This book posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as <a href="/wiki/Deviant" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviant">deviant</a>, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of "retardates" and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population. </p><p>The publication of this book may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">social model of disability</a> in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Successful <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> against governments and an increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_of_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act">Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act</a> in 1980. </p><p>From the 1960s to the present, most U.S. states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions. Along with the work of Wolfensberger and others including <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Dybwad" title="Gunnar Dybwad">Gunnar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ferguson_Dybwad" title="Rosemary Ferguson Dybwad">Rosemary Dybwad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within state institutions created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services.<sup id="cite_ref-arcmass_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcmass-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization, and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of <a href="/wiki/Normalisation_(people_with_disabilities)" class="mw-redirect" title="Normalisation (people with disabilities)">normalization</a>. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-arcmass_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcmass-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individuals with developmental disabilities are not fully integrated into society.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Person-centered planning and person-centered approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with a developmental disability <a href="/wiki/Label_(sociology)" title="Label (sociology)">label</a>, encouraging a focus on the person as someone with capacities and gifts, as well as support needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services_and_support">Services and support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Services and support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, support services are provided by government agencies, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> providers. Support services address most aspects of life for people with developmental disabilities, and are usually theoretically based in community inclusion, using concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Social_role_valorization" title="Social role valorization">social role valorization</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> (using models such as <a href="/wiki/Person_Centred_Planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Person Centred Planning">Person Centred Planning</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support services are funded through government block funding (paid directly to service providers by the government), through individualized funding packages (paid directly to the individual by the government, specifically for the purchase of services) or privately by the individual (although they may receive certain subsidies or discounts, paid by the government). There also are a number of non-profit agencies dedicated to enriching the lives of people living with developmental disabilities and erasing the barriers they have to being included in their community.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_training">Education and training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education and training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></div> <p>Education and training opportunities for people with developmental disabilities have expanded greatly in recent times, with many governments mandating universal access to educational facilities, and more students moving out of <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special schools</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstreaming in education">mainstream</a> classrooms with support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Post-secondary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-secondary education">Post-secondary education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational training</a> is also increasing for people with these types of disabilities, although many programs offer only segregated "access" courses in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">numeracy</a> and other basic skills. Legislation (such as the UK's <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1995" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1995">Disability Discrimination Act 1995</a>) requires educational institutions and training providers to make "reasonable adjustments" to curriculum and teaching methods in order to accommodate the learning needs of students with disabilities, wherever possible. There are also some vocational training centers that cater specifically to people with disabilities, providing the skills necessary to work in integrated settings, one of the largest being <a href="/wiki/Dale_Rogers_Training_Center" title="Dale Rogers Training Center">Dale Rogers Training Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At-home_and_community_support">At-home and community support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: At-home and community support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people with developmental disabilities live in the general community, either with family members, in supervised-group homes or in their own homes (that they rent or own, living alone or with <a href="/wiki/Flatmate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatmate">flatmates</a>). At-home and community supports range from one-to-one assistance from a support worker with identified aspects of daily living (such as <a href="/wiki/Budgeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Budgeting">budgeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopping" title="Shopping">shopping</a> or paying bills) to full 24-hour support (including assistance with household tasks, such as <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Housekeeping" title="Housekeeping">cleaning</a>, and personal care such as showering, dressing and the administration of medication).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for full 24-hour support is usually associated with difficulties recognizing safety issues (such as responding to a fire or using a telephone) or for people with potentially dangerous medical conditions (such as asthma or diabetes) who are unable to manage their conditions without assistance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a support worker is known as a <a href="/wiki/Direct_support_professional" title="Direct support professional">direct support professional</a> (DSP). The DSP works in assisting the individual with their ADLs and also acts as an <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocate</a> for the individual with a developmental disability, in communicating their needs, self-expression and <a href="/wiki/Objective_(goal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective (goal)">goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supports of this type also include assistance to identify and undertake new hobbies or to access community services (such as education), learning appropriate behavior or recognition of community norms, or with relationships and expanding circles of friends. Most programs offering at-home and community support are designed with the goal of increasing the individual's independence, although it is recognized that people with more severe disabilities may never be able to achieve full independence in some areas of daily life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residential_accommodation">Residential accommodation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Residential accommodation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people with developmental disabilities live with their parents or in residential accommodation (also known as <a href="/wiki/Group_home" title="Group home">group homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Care_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Care home">care homes</a>, adult family homes, congregate living facilities, etc.) with other people with similar assessed needs. These homes are usually staffed around the clock, usually house between three and fifteen residents, and tend to be highly structured. The prevalence of this type of support is gradually decreasing, however, as residential accommodation is replaced by at-home and community support, which can offer increased choice and self-determination for individuals. Some U.S. states still provide institutional care, such as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Schools">Texas State Schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of residential accommodation is usually determined by the level of developmental disability and mental health needs.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_support">Employment support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Employment support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Employment support usually consists of two types of support: </p> <ul><li>Support to access or participate in integrated employment, in a workplace in the general community. This may include specific programs to increase the skills needed for successful employment (work preparation), job placement assistance or a <a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">career counselling</a>, assistive technology, or extra support from other workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The provision of specific employment opportunities within segregated business services. Although these are designed as "transitional" services (teaching work skills needed to move into integrated employment), many people remain in such services for the duration of their working life.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of work performed in business services include mailing and packaging services, cleaning, gardening and landscaping, timberwork, metal fabrication, farming, and sewing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Workers with developmental disabilities have historically been paid less for their labor than those in the general workforce,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this is gradually changing with government initiatives, the enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation and changes in perceptions of capability in the general community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, a variety of initiatives have been launched in the past decade to reduce unemployment among workers with disabilities—estimated by researchers at over 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these initiatives are directed at employment in mainstream businesses. They include heightened placement efforts by the community agencies serving people with developmental disabilities, as well as by government agencies. </p><p>Additionally, state-level initiatives are being launched to increase employment among workers with disabilities. In California, the state senate in 2009 created the Senate Select Committee on Autism and Related Disorders. The committee has been examining additions to existing community employment services, and also new employment approaches. Committee member Lou Vismara, chairman of the MIND Institute at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, is pursuing the development of a planned community for persons with autism and related disorders in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another committee member, <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Bernick" title="Michael S. Bernick">Michael Bernick</a>, the former director of the state labor department, has established a program at the California state university system, starting at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University_East_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="California State University East Bay">California State University East Bay</a>, to support students with autism on the college level.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Committee efforts include mutual support employment efforts, such as disability job networks, job boards, and identifying business lines that build on the strengths of persons with disabilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Though efforts are being made to integrate individuals with developmental disabilities into the workforce, businesses are still reluctant to employ individuals with IDD because of their poor communication skills and <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High functioning individuals with developmental disabilities can find it difficult to work in an environment that requires teamwork and direct communication due to their lack of social awareness. Working with employers to better understand the disorders and barriers that may come from the struggles associated with them, can greatly impact the quality of life for these individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_services">Day services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Day services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-vocational day services are usually known as day centers, and are traditionally segregated services offering training in life skills (such as meal preparation and basic literacy), center-based activities (such as crafts, games and music classes) and external activities (such as day trips). Some more progressive day centers also support people to access vocational training opportunities (such as college courses), and offer individualized outreach services (planning and undertaking activities with the individual, with support offered one-to-one or in small groups).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional day centers were based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, and were created as <a href="/wiki/Respite_care" title="Respite care">respite</a> for family members caring for their loved ones with disabilities. This is slowly changing, however, as programs offered become more skills-based and focused on increasing independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Developmental_disability" title="Special:EditPage/Developmental disability">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> is a burgeoning support field for people with developmental disabilities. Advocacy groups now exist in most jurisdictions, working collaboratively with people with disabilities for systemic change (such as changes in policy and legislation) and for changes for individuals (such as claiming welfare benefits or when responding to abuse). Most advocacy groups also work to support people, throughout the world, to increase their capacity for <a href="/wiki/Self-advocacy" title="Self-advocacy">self-advocacy</a>, teaching the skills necessary for people to advocate for their own needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_support">Other types of support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other types of support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other types of support for people with developmental disabilities may include: </p> <ul><li>Therapeutic services, such as speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, massage, aromatherapy, art, dance/movement or music therapy</li> <li>Supported holidays</li> <li>Short-stay respite services (for people who live with family members or other unpaid carers)</li> <li>Transport services, such as dial-a-ride or free bus passes</li> <li>Specialist behavior support services, such as high-security services for people with high-level, high-risk challenging behaviors</li> <li>Specialist relationships and sex education.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Programs are set up around the country<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in hopes to educate individuals with and without developmental disabilities. Studies have tested specific scenarios on the most beneficial way to educate people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (July 2023)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Interventions are one way to educate people, but are also the most time-consuming:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with busy schedules, the intervention approach can be difficult. Another less beneficial but more realistic scenario, in the time sense, was the psychoeducational approach. It focuses on informing people on what abuse is, how to spot abuse, and what to do when it is spotted.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Coalition_of_Citizens_with_Disabilities" title="American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities">American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_cusp" title="Behavioral cusp">Behavioral cusp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_rights_activists" title="List of disability rights activists">List of disability rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability rights organizations">List of disability rights organizations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cdc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 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Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alberta+Health+Services&rft.atitle=Adult+Day+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albertahealthservices.ca%2Fassets%2Finfo%2Fseniors%2Fif-sen-adult-day-programs-brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelroseDusomeSimpsonCrocker2015" class="citation book cs1">Melrose, Sherri; Dusome, Debra; Simpson, John; Crocker, Cheryl; Athens, Elizabeth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentextbc.ca/caregivers/"><i>Supporting Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities & Mental Illness</i></a>. BCcampus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supporting+Individuals+with+Intellectual+Disabilities+%26+Mental+Illness&rft.pub=BCcampus&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Melrose&rft.aufirst=Sherri&rft.au=Dusome%2C+Debra&rft.au=Simpson%2C+John&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Athens%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentextbc.ca%2Fcaregivers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lund, Emily, & Hammond, Marilyn. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Emily-Lund-3/publication/258841964_Single-Session_Intervention_for_Abuse_Awareness_Among_People_with_Developmental_Disabilities/links/02e7e532c83fe394d9000000/Single-Session-Intervention-for-Abuse-Awareness-Among-People-with-Developmental-Disabilities.pdf">"Single-Session Intervention for Abuse Awareness Among People with Developmental Disabilities</a>." <i>Sexuality and Disability (32)</i>1, 99-105. Netherlands NY: Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11195-013-9335-3">10.1007/s11195-013-9335-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0146-1044">0146-1044</a> <a href="/wiki/EISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN">eISSN</a> 1573-6717 Proquest Central document ID 1500659797.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCareyCrockerEliasFeldman2009" class="citation book cs1">Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C.; Elias, Ellen Roy; Feldman, Heidi M.; Coleman, William L. (April 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=9781416033707"><i>Developmental-behavioral pediatrics</i></a> (4 ed.). Elsevier: RELX Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323809726" title="Special:BookSources/9780323809726"><bdi>9780323809726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental-behavioral+pediatrics&rft.place=Elsevier&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=RELX+Group&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.isbn=9780323809726&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Allen+C.&rft.au=Elias%2C+Ellen+Roy&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Heidi+M.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.us.elsevierhealth.com%2Fproduct.jsp%3Fisbn%3D9781416033707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayJackson2002" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Barry; Jackson, Robin, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advocacylearning0000unse"><i>Advocacy and learning disability</i></a>. London: Jessica Kingsley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-281-32552-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-281-32552-X"><bdi>1-281-32552-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1193378085">1193378085</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jkp.com.html/">the original</a> on 11 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advocacy+and+learning+disability&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193378085&rft.isbn=1-281-32552-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jkp.com.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineCareyCrocker1999" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Melvin D; Carey, William B.; Crocker, Allen C. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016122632/https://books.google.com/books?id=l3NvQgAACAAJ"><i>Developmental-behavioral pediatrics</i></a> (3 ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0721671543" title="Special:BookSources/0721671543"><bdi>0721671543</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98012901">98012901</a>. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental-behavioral+pediatrics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=W.+B.+Saunders&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98012901&rft.isbn=0721671543&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Melvin+D&rft.au=Carey%2C+William+B.&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3NvQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103041344/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/add/Factsheet.html">US Administration on Developmental Disabilities fact sheet</a></li> <li>Goode, David. (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahrcnyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/History_Of_AHRC.pdf"><i>A History of the Treatment of Persons with Mental Retardation</i></a>. AHRC. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805190706/https://www.ahrcnyc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/History_Of_AHRC.pdf">Archived</a> August 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213002126/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/pcpid/docs/help3.pdf"><i>Real Lives: Contemporary supports to people with mental retardation</i> </a> (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumap.org/topics/inteldis/reports"><i>Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment</i>, bilingual reports on 14 European countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081223221747/http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/welfare/dpida/dpida-c00.html">Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper <i>The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113152733/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Media+Release+2001+New+Zealand+Disability+Survey:+Snapshot+8+Intellectual+Disabilities?open">2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2003/june/invistovis"><i>People with Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/html/content/education_employment_policy_brief.pdf">Policy brief: <i>Education and Employment in the UK</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927110616/http://www.learningdisabilities.org.uk/html/content/education_employment_policy_brief.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/winter00humanrights/petersilia.html">The American Bar Association's paper <i>Invisible Victims: Violence against persons with developmental disabilities</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndicott1991" class="citation book cs1">Endicott, Orville (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701143732/https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/092/r14e_e.pdf"><i>Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch.: Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/092/r14e_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persons+with+intellectual+disability+who+are+incarcerated+for+criminal+offences%3A+A+literature+review.&rft.place=Communications+and+Corporate+Development%2C+Research+Branch.&rft.pub=Correctional+Service+of+Canada&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Endicott&rft.aufirst=Orville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc-scc.gc.ca%2Fresearch%2F092%2Fr14e_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Jessica (December 2007). "Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues". <i>International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology</i>. <b>51</b> (6). Sage: 723–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306624X07299343">10.1177/0306624X07299343</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-6933">1552-6933</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-624X">0306-624X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17636203">17636203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27995011">27995011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Offender+Therapy+and+Comparative+Criminology&rft.atitle=Persons+with+intellectual+disabilities+in+the+criminal+justice+system%3A+Review+of+issues&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=723-733&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27995011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1552-6933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306624X07299343&rft.issn=0306-624X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17636203&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSøndenaaLinakerNøttestad2009" class="citation journal cs1">Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-1130.2009.00206.x">"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study"</a>. <i>Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities</i>. <b>6</b> (3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-1130.2009.00206.x">10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-1130">1741-1130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+and+Practice+in+Intellectual+Disabilities&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+changes+in+legislation+governing+offenders+with+intellectual+disabilities+in+Norway%3A+A+descriptive+study&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=229-235&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-1130.2009.00206.x&rft.issn=1741-1130&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8ndenaa&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Linaker%2C+Olav+Martin&rft.au=N%C3%B8ttestad%2C+Jim+Aage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1741-1130.2009.00206.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Byzek, Julie. (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raggededgemagazine.com/jan98/calif.htm">'Fighting to keep 'em in'</a>, <i>Ragged Edge magazine</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishart2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wishart, Guy (2003-09-01). "The sexual abuse of people with learning difficulties: do we need a social model approach to vulnerability?". <i>The Journal of Adult Protection</i>. <b>5</b> (3). Emerald: 14–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F14668203200300021">10.1108/14668203200300021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-8203">1466-8203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Adult+Protection&rft.atitle=The+sexual+abuse+of+people+with+learning+difficulties%3A+do+we+need+a+social+model+approach+to+vulnerability%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-27&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F14668203200300021&rft.issn=1466-8203&rft.aulast=Wishart&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopmental+disability" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Piper, Julia. (Michaelmas 2007). "The Case of the Pillow Angel". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camtriplehelix.com/journal/"><i>Science in Society Review</i></a>. University of Cambridge The Triple Helix.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Developmental_disability&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142806" class="extiw" title="d:Q1142806">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002658">D002658</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychiatry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychiatry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subspecialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_and_adolescent_psychiatry" title="Child and adolescent psychiatry">Child and adolescent psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuropsychiatry" title="Cognitive neuropsychiatry">Cognitive neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Developmental disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_psychiatry" title="Descriptive psychiatry">Descriptive psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Forensic psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_psychiatry" title="Geriatric psychiatry">Geriatric psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuno-psychiatry" title="Immuno-psychiatry">Immuno-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_psychiatry" title="Liaison psychiatry">Liaison psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychiatry" title="Military psychiatry">Military psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_psychiatry" title="Nutritional psychiatry">Nutritional psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative medicine">Palliative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepsychiatry" title="Telepsychiatry">Telepsychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Psychiatry_and_Neurology" title="American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Neuropsychiatric_Association" title="American Neuropsychiatric Association">American Neuropsychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Psychiatric_Abuse" title="Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse">Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Society_of_Psychiatry" title="Chinese Society of Psychiatry">Chinese Society of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Psychiatry" title="Democratic Psychiatry">Democratic Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Psychiatric_Association" title="European Psychiatric Association">European Psychiatric Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Initiative_on_Psychiatry" title="Global Initiative on Psychiatry">Global Initiative on Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists">Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Psychiatric_Association_of_Russia" title="Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia">Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Psychiatric_Society" title="Indian Psychiatric Society">Indian Psychiatric Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Association" title="Philadelphia Association">Philadelphia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal College of Psychiatrists">Royal College of Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Society_of_Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry" title="Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry">Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Commission_to_Investigate_the_Use_of_Psychiatry_for_Political_Purposes" title="Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes">Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Psychiatric_Association" title="World Psychiatric Association">World Psychiatric Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_medicine" title="Behavioral medicine">Behavioral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_psychiatry" title="Controversies about psychiatry">Controversies about psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychiatry_controversy" title="Biopsychiatry controversy">Biopsychiatry controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin_shock_therapy" title="Insulin shock therapy">Insulin shock therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentylenetetrazol" title="Pentylenetetrazol">Pentylenetetrazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychiatry" title="Philosophy of psychiatry">Philosophy of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_epidemiology" title="Psychiatric epidemiology">Psychiatric epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_genetics" title="Psychiatric genetics">Psychiatric genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">Psychiatrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycho-oncology" title="Psycho-oncology">Psycho-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">Psychosomatic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosurgery" title="Psychosurgery">Psychosurgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counseling_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of counseling topics">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neurological_conditions_and_disorders" title="List of neurological conditions and disorders">Neurological conditions and disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications" title="List of psychiatric medications">Psychiatric medications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatric_medications_by_condition_treated" title="List of psychiatric medications by condition treated">by condition treated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_psychiatric_survivors_movement" title="Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement">Psychiatric survivors movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychiatrists" title="List of psychiatrists">Psychiatrists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychiatry" title="Portal:Psychiatry">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychiatry" title="Outline of psychiatry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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