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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-rapid_eye_movement_(NREM)-related_parasomnias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-rapid_eye_movement_(NREM)-related_parasomnias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-related parasomnias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-rapid_eye_movement_(NREM)-related_parasomnias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-related parasomnias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-rapid_eye_movement_(NREM)-related_parasomnias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusional_arousals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusional_arousals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Confusional arousals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusional_arousals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sleep-related_abnormal_sexual_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep-related_abnormal_sexual_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-related_abnormal_sexual_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleepwalking_(somnambulism)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleepwalking_(somnambulism)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sleepwalking (somnambulism)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleepwalking_(somnambulism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_terrors_(night_terrors/pavor_nocturnus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_terrors_(night_terrors/pavor_nocturnus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sleep terrors (night terrors/pavor nocturnus)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_terrors_(night_terrors/pavor_nocturnus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep-related_eating_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep-related_eating_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sleep-related eating disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-related_eating_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_eye_movement_(REM)-related_parasomnias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_eye_movement_(REM)-related_parasomnias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rapid eye movement (REM)-related parasomnias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rapid_eye_movement_(REM)-related_parasomnias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rapid eye movement (REM)-related parasomnias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rapid_eye_movement_(REM)-related_parasomnias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-REM_sleep_behavior_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#REM_sleep_behavior_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>REM sleep behavior disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-REM_sleep_behavior_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypnogely" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypnogely"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hypnogely</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypnogely-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recurrent_isolated_sleep_paralysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recurrent_isolated_sleep_paralysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recurrent_isolated_sleep_paralysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightmare_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightmare_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nightmare disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightmare_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catathrenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catathrenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Catathrenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catathrenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep-related_painful_erections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep-related_painful_erections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sleep-related painful erections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-related_painful_erections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_parasomnias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_parasomnias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other parasomnias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_parasomnias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other parasomnias subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_parasomnias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploding_head_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploding_head_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Exploding head syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploding_head_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep-related_hallucinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep-related_hallucinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sleep-related hallucinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-related_hallucinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep_enuresis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_enuresis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sleep enuresis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_enuresis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasomnia,_unspecific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasomnia,_unspecific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Parasomnia, unspecific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasomnia,_unspecific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolated_symptom/normal_variant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolated_symptom/normal_variant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Isolated symptom/normal variant</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Isolated_symptom/normal_variant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Isolated symptom/normal variant subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Isolated_symptom/normal_variant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sleep_talking_(somniloquy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep_talking_(somniloquy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sleep talking (somniloquy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep_talking_(somniloquy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parasomnia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="خطل نومي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطل نومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парасомния – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парасомния" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paras%C3%B2mnia" title="Parasòmnia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parasòmnia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnie" title="Parasomnie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parasomnie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnie" title="Parasomnie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parasomnie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8B%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παραϋπνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραϋπνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parasomnia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="خواب‌پریشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خواب‌پریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnie" title="Parasomnie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parasomnie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4%EC%88%98%EB%A9%B4" title="사건수면 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사건수면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պարասոմնիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարասոմնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parasomnia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasonnie" title="Parasonnie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parasonnie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פאראסומניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאראסומניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parasomnia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnie" title="Parasomnie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parasomnie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parasomnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parassonia" title="Parassonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parassonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парасомния – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парасомния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parasomnia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomni" title="Parasomni – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parasomni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasomni" title="Parasomni – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parasomni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Парасомнія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парасомнія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%87" title="異睡症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="異睡症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q559869#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the disorder. For the 2008 film, see <a href="/wiki/Parasomnia_(film)" title="Parasomnia (film)"><i>Parasomnia</i> (film)</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Dream_Theater" title="Dream Theater">Dream Theater</a> album, see <a href="/wiki/Parasomnia_(album)" title="Parasomnia (album)"><i>Parasomnia</i> (album)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Parasomnia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559869?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Parasomnias </b> are a category of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">sleep disorders</a> that involve abnormal movements, behaviors, emotions, perceptions, and dreams that occur while falling asleep, sleeping, between sleep stages, or during arousal from sleep. Parasomnias are dissociated sleep states which are partial arousals during the transitions between wakefulness, <a href="/wiki/NREM" class="mw-redirect" title="NREM">NREM</a> sleep, and <a href="/wiki/REM_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="REM sleep">REM sleep</a>, and their combinations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The newest version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD, 3rd. Ed.) uses State Dissociation as the paradigm for parasomnias.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike before, where wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were considered exclusive states, research has shown that combinations of these states are possible and thus, may result in unusual unstable states that could eventually manifest as parasomnias or as altered levels of awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the previous definition is technically correct, it contains flaws. The consideration of the State Dissociation paradigm facilitates the understanding of the sleep disorder and provides a classification of 10 core categories.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-rapid_eye_movement_(NREM)-related_parasomnias"><span id="Non-rapid_eye_movement_.28NREM.29-related_parasomnias"></span>Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-related parasomnias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)-related parasomnias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NREM parasomnias are arousal disorders that occur during stage 3 (or 4 by the <a href="/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Non-rapid eye movement sleep">R&K standardization</a>) of NREM sleep—also known as <a href="/wiki/Slow_wave_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Slow wave sleep">slow wave sleep</a> (SWS). They are caused by a physiological activation in which the patient's brain exits from SWS and is caught in between a sleeping and waking state. In particular, these disorders involve activation of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_system" title="Motor system">motor system</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive processes">cognitive processes</a> during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differential diagnosis for NREM-related parasomnias:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Sleep-disordered breathing</li> <li>REM-related parasomnias</li> <li>Nocturnal seizures</li> <li>Psychogenic dissociative disorders</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusional_arousals">Confusional arousals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confusional arousals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confusional_arousals" class="mw-redirect" title="Confusional arousals">Confusional arousals</a></div> <p>Confusional arousal is a condition when an individual awakens from sleep and remains in a confused state. It is characterized by the individual's partial awakening and sitting up to look around. They usually remain in bed and then return to sleep. These episodes last anywhere from seconds to minutes and may not be reactive to stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confusional arousal is more common in children than in adults. It has a lifetime prevalence of 18.5% in children and a lifetime prevalence of 2.9–4.2% in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infants and toddlers usually experience confusional arousals beginning with large amounts of movement and moaning, which can later progress to occasional thrashings or inconsolable crying. In rare cases, confusional arousals can cause injuries and drowsy driving accidents, thus it can also be considered dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sleeping disorder may be present triggering these incomplete arousals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sleep-related_abnormal_sexual_behavior">Sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sleep_sex" title="Sleep sex">Sleep sex</a></div> <p>Sleep-related abnormal sexual behavior, <i>Sleep sex</i>, or sexsomnia, is a form of confusional arousal that may overlap with somnambulism.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereby, a person will engage in <a href="/wiki/Sexual_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual acts">sexual acts</a> while still asleep. It can include such acts as <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a>, inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Fondling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fondling">fondling</a> themselves or others, having sex with another person; and in more extreme cases, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These behaviors are unconscious, occur frequently without dreaming, and bring along clinical, social, and legal implications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a lifetime prevalence of 7.1% and an annual prevalence of 2.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleepwalking_(somnambulism)"><span id="Sleepwalking_.28somnambulism.29"></span>Sleepwalking (somnambulism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sleepwalking (somnambulism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">Sleepwalking</a></div> <p>Sleepwalking has a prevalence of 1–17% in childhood, with the most frequent occurrences around the age of eleven to twelve. About 4% of adults experience <a href="/wiki/Somnambulism" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnambulism">somnambulism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normal sleep cycles include states varying from drowsiness all the way to deep sleep. Every time an individual sleeps, he or she goes through various sequences of non-REM and REM sleep. Anxiety and fatigue are often connected with sleepwalking. For adults, alcohol, sedatives, medications, medical conditions and mental disorders are all associated with sleepwalking. Sleep walking may involve sitting up and looking awake when the individual is actually asleep, and getting up and walking around, moving items or undressing themselves. They will also be confused when waking up or opening their eyes during sleep. Sleep walking can be associated with sleeptalking.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_terrors_(night_terrors/pavor_nocturnus)"><span id="Sleep_terrors_.28night_terrors.2Fpavor_nocturnus.29"></span>Sleep terrors (night terrors/pavor nocturnus)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sleep terrors (night terrors/pavor nocturnus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Sleep terror</a> is the most disruptive arousal disorder since it may involve loud screams and panic; in extreme cases, it may result in bodily harm or <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a> by running about or hitting walls. All attempts to console the individual are futile and may prolong or intensify their confused state. Usually they experience <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a> after the event but it may not be complete amnesia. Up to 3% of adults have sleep terrors and exhibited behavior of this parasomnia can range from mild to extremely violent. This is very prevalent in those who have violent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically occur in stage 3 sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep-related_eating_disorder">Sleep-related eating disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sleep-related eating disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_sleep-related_eating_disorder" title="Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder">Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorder</a></div> <p>The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) classifies sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) under sleepwalking, while ICSD classifies it as NREM-related parasomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is conceptualized as a mixture of binge-eating behavior and arousal disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereby, preferentially high-caloric food is consumed in an uncontrolled manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, SRED should not be confused with nocturnal eating syndrome, which is characterized by an excessive consumption of food before or during sleep in full consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sleep-related eating disorders are associated with other sleep disorders, successful treatment of the latter can reduce symptoms of this parasomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapid_eye_movement_(REM)-related_parasomnias"><span id="Rapid_eye_movement_.28REM.29-related_parasomnias"></span>Rapid eye movement (REM)-related parasomnias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rapid eye movement (REM)-related parasomnias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="REM_sleep_behavior_disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: REM sleep behavior disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other parasomnias, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</a> (RBD) in which muscle <a href="/wiki/Atonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonia">atonia</a> is absent is most common in older adults.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the individual to act out their dreams and may result in repeated <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>—<a href="/wiki/Bruises" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruises">bruises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerations">lacerations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fractures" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractures">fractures</a>—to themselves or others. Patients may take self-protection measures by tethering themselves to bed, using pillow <a href="/wiki/Barricades" class="mw-redirect" title="Barricades">barricades</a>, or sleeping in an empty room on a mattress.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides ensuring the sleep environment is a safe place, pharmacologic therapy using <a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (medication)">melatonin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a> is also common as a treatment for RBD, even though they might not eliminate all abnormal behaviours.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before starting a treatment with clonazepam, a screening for obstructive sleep apnea should performed.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, clonazepam needs to be manipulated carefully because of its significant side effects, i.e., morning confusion or memory impairment,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demographically, 90% of RBD patients are males, and most are older than 50 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this prevalence in males could be biased due to the fact that women tend to have a less violent type of RBD, which leads to lower reports at sleep centres and different clinical characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While men might have more aggressive behaviour during dreaming, women have presented more disturbance in their sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RBD may be also influenced by a genetic compound, since primary relatives seem to have significantly more chance to develop RBD compared with non-relatives control group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typical clinical features of REM sleep behavior disorder are:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Male gender predilection</li> <li>Mean age of onset 50–65 years (range 20–80 years)</li> <li>Vocalisation, screaming, swearing that may be associated with dreams</li> <li>Motor activity, simple or complex, that may result in injury to patient or bed-partner</li> <li>Occurrence usually in latter half of sleep period (REM sleep)</li> <li>May be associated with neurodegenerative disease</li></ul> <p>Acute RBD occurs mostly as a result of a side-effect in prescribed <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>—usually <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a>. Furthermore, substance abuse or withdrawal can result in RBD.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chronic RBD is <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a>, meaning of unknown origin, or associated with <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">neurological disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a growing association of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronic</a> RBD with <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative">neurodegenerative</a> disorders—<a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a> (MSA), or dementia—as an early indicator of these conditions by as much as 10 years. RBD associated with neurological disorders is frequently related to abnormal accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Alpha-synuclein" title="Alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>, and more than 80% of patients with idiopathic RBD might develop <a href="/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies" title="Dementia with Lewy bodies">Lewy body disease</a> (LBD).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diagnosis is based on clinical history, including partner's account and needs to be confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">polysomnography</a> (PSG), mainly for its accuracy in differentiating RBD from other sleep disorders, since there is a loss of REM atonia with excessive muscle tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, screening questionnaires, such as <a href="/wiki/REM_Sleep_Behavior_Disorder_Screening_Questionnaire" title="REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire">RBDSQ</a>, are also very useful for diagnosing RBD.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypnogely">Hypnogely</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hypnogely"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar phenomenon to <a href="/wiki/Somniloquy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somniloquy">somniloquy</a> named hypnogely has been observed, characterised by the sleeper spontaneously <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughing</a>. This phenomenon appears to be fairly common.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a majority of cases, hypnogely is a genuine behavioural response and benign physiological phenomenon that occurs while the sleeper is <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dreaming</a> in REM sleep. The laughter exhibited by subjects experiencing hypnogely isn't always connected with the subject of the dream; 'Typically, these dreams are odd, bizarre or even unfunny for a person when awake'.<sup id="cite_ref-CJNS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJNS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a minority of cases, hypnogely may be associated with <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorder" title="Neurological disorder">neurological disorders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CJNS_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CJNS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recurrent_isolated_sleep_paralysis">Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recurrent isolated <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a> is an inability to perform voluntary movements at sleep onset, or upon waking from sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the affected individual is conscious and recall is present, the person is not able to speak or move. However, respiration remains unimpaired.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The episodes last seconds to minutes and diminish spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lifetime prevalence is 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleep paralysis is associated with sleep-related hallucinations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predisposing factors for the development of recurrent isolated sleep paralysis are sleep deprivation, an irregular sleep-wake cycle, e.g. caused by shift work, or stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A possible cause could be the prolongation of REM sleep muscle atonia upon awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightmare_disorder">Nightmare disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nightmare disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nightmares are like dreams primarily associated with REM sleep. <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a> is defined as recurrent nightmares associated with awakening dysphoria that impairs sleep or daytime functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is rare in children, however persists until adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 2/3 of the adult population report experiencing nightmares at least once in their life.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catathrenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catathrenia" title="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</a></div> <p>Before the ICSD-3, catathrenia was classified as a rapid-eye-movement sleep parasomnia, but is now classified as sleep-related breathing disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep-related_painful_erections">Sleep-related painful erections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sleep-related painful erections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The painful penile erections will appear only during sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-blublu_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blublu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This condition is present during REM sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-blublu_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blublu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sexual activity does not produce any pain.<sup id="cite_ref-blublu_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blublu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no lesion or physical damage, but hypertonia of the pelvic floor could be one cause.<sup id="cite_ref-blu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It affects men of all ages, but especially from middle-age onward.<sup id="cite_ref-blu_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several pharmacologic treatments such as propranolol, clozapine, clonazepam, baclofen and various antidepressants are considered effective.<sup id="cite_ref-blublu_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blublu-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_parasomnias">Other parasomnias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other parasomnias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploding_head_syndrome">Exploding head syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Exploding head syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome" title="Exploding head syndrome">Exploding head syndrome</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep-related_hallucinations">Sleep-related hallucinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sleep-related hallucinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sleep-related hallucinations are brief episodes of dream-like imagery that can be of any sensory modality, i.e., auditory, visual, or tactile.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are differentiated between <a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">hypnagogic hallucination</a>, that occur at sleep onset, and <a href="/wiki/Hypnopompic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnopompic">hypnapompic hallucinations</a>, which occur at the transition of sleep to awakening.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although normal individuals have reported nocturnal hallucinations, they are more frequent in comorbidity with other sleep disorders, e.g. narcolepsy.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_enuresis">Sleep enuresis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sleep enuresis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_enuresis" title="Nocturnal enuresis">Nocturnal enuresis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasomnia,_unspecific"><span id="Parasomnia.2C_unspecific"></span>Parasomnia, unspecific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parasomnia, unspecific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sleep drunkenness, also known as confusional arousal, is the feeling of confusion or sudden action upon waking up from deep sleep. Severe <a href="/wiki/Sleep_inertia" title="Sleep inertia">sleep inertia</a>, one cause of oversleeping, is considered to develop sleep drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolated_symptom/normal_variant"><span id="Isolated_symptom.2Fnormal_variant"></span>Isolated symptom/normal variant</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Isolated symptom/normal variant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep_talking_(somniloquy)"><span id="Sleep_talking_.28somniloquy.29"></span>Sleep talking (somniloquy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sleep talking (somniloquy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to ICSD-3 it is not defined a disorder in particular. It is rather an isolated symptom or normal variant and ranges from isolated speech to full conversations without recall.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a lifetime prevalence of 69% it is considered fairly common.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sleep talking is associated with REM-related parasomnias as well as with disorders or arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs in all sleep states. As yet, there is no specific treatment for sleeptalking available.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis_2">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parasomnias are most commonly diagnosed by means of questionnaires. These questionnaires include a detailed analyses of the clinical history and contain questions to:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Rule out sleep deprivation</li> <li>Rule out effects of intoxication or withdrawal</li> <li>Rule out sleep disorders causing sleep instability</li> <li>Rule out medical disorders or treatments associated with sleep instability</li> <li>Confirm presence of NREM parasomnias in other family members and during the patient's childhood</li> <li>Determine the timing of the events</li> <li>Determine the morphology of the events.</li></ol> <p>Furthermore, a sleep diary is helpful to exclude that sleep deprivation could be a precipitating factor.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional tool could be the partner's log of the events.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following questions should therefore be considered:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Do you or your bed partner believe that you move your arms, legs, or body too much, or have unusual behaviors during sleep?</li> <li>Do you move while dreaming, as if you are simultaneously attempting to carry out the dream? Have you ever hurt yourself or your bed partner during sleep?</li> <li>Do you sleepwalk or have sleep terrors with loud screaming?</li> <li>Do your legs feel restless or begin to twitch a lot or jump around when you are drowsy or sleepy, either at bedtime or during the day?</li> <li>Do you eat food or drink fluids without full awareness during the night? Do you wake up in the morning feeling bloated and with no desire to eat breakfast?</li></ol> <p>In potentially harmful or disturbing cases a specialist in sleep disorders should be approached.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Video polysomnographic documentation is necessary only in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), since it is an essential diagnostic criteria in the ICSD to demonstrate the absence of muscle atonia and to exclude comorbid sleep disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of the other parasomnias, polysomnographic monitoring is a costly, but still supportive tool in the clinical diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Actigraphy" title="Actigraphy">actigraphy</a> can be promising in the diagnostical assessment of NREM-related parasomnias, for example to rule out sleep deprivation or other sleep disorders, like circadian sleep-wake rhythm disorder which often develops among shift workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is currently no generally accepted standardized technique available of identifying and quantifying <a href="/wiki/Periodic_limb_movement_disorder" title="Periodic limb movement disorder">periodic limb movements in sleep</a> (PLMS) that distinguishes movements resulting from parasomnias, nocturnal seizures, and other dyskinesias.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, using actigraphy for parasomnias in general is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parasomnias can be considered as potentially harmful to oneself as well as to bed partners, and are associated with other disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children with parasomnias do not undergo medical intervention, because they tend to recover the NREM-related disorder with the process of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In those cases, the parents receive education on sleep hygiene to reduce and eventually eliminate precipitating factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In adults psychoeducation about a proper sleep hygiene can reduce the risk to develop parasomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Case studies have shown that pharmacological interventions can improve symptoms of parasomnia, however mostly they are accompanied by side-effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_22-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behavioral treatments, i.e., relaxation therapy, biofeedback, hypnosis, and stress reduction, may also be helpful, but are not considered as universally effective.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NREM-related parasomnias which are common in childhood show a good prognosis, since severity decreases with age, the symptoms tend to resolve during puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults with NREM-related parasomnias, however, are faced with a stronger persistence of the symptoms, therefore, full remission is quite unlikely and is also associated with violent complications, including homicide.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variant sleep-related eating disorders is chronic, without remission, but treatable.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) can mostly be handled well with the use of melatonin or clonazepam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is high comorbidity with neurodegenerative disorders, that is in up to 93% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying psychopathology of nightmare disorder complicates a clear prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prognosis for other parasomnias seems promising. While exploding head syndrome usually resolves spontaneously, the symptoms for sleep-related hallucinations tend to diminish over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia_(album)" title="Parasomnia (album)">Parasomnia (album)</a> is the sixteenth studio album by American progressive metal band <a href="/wiki/Dream_Theater" title="Dream Theater">Dream Theater</a>, released on February 7, 2025. The album's concept revolves around the theme of Parasomnia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a> – Subjective experience of victimization by extraterrestrials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssomnia" title="Dyssomnia">Dyssomnia</a> – broad classification of sleeping disorders involving difficulty getting to sleep, remain sleeping, or of excessive sleepiness<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a> – Disorder causing trouble with sleeping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_movement_disorder" title="Rhythmic movement disorder">Rhythmic movement disorder</a> – neurological disorder<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a> – Medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a> – Sleeping disorder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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"Diagnosis and management of parasomnias". <i>Clinical Cornerstone</i>. <b>2</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">48–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1098-3597%2800%2990040-1">10.1016/S1098-3597(00)90040-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1098-3597">1098-3597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10875046">10875046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cornerstone&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+management+of+parasomnias&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.issn=1098-3597&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10875046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1098-3597%2800%2990040-1&rft.aulast=Mahowald&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft.au=Schenck%2C+Carlos+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChokrovertyThomas2014" class="citation cs2">Chokroverty, Sudhansu; Thomas, Robert J. (2014), "Specialized Techniques", <i>Atlas of Sleep Medicine</i>, Elsevier, pp. <span class="nowrap">255–</span>299, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-1-4557-1267-0.00014-x">10.1016/b978-1-4557-1267-0.00014-x</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455712670" title="Special:BookSources/9781455712670"><bdi>9781455712670</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlas+of+Sleep+Medicine&rft.atitle=Specialized+Techniques&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E299&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-4557-1267-0.00014-x&rft.isbn=9781455712670&rft.aulast=Chokroverty&rft.aufirst=Sudhansu&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouterArendsBloemOvereem2014" class="citation journal cs1">Louter, Maartje; Arends, Johan BAM; Bloem, Bastiaan R; Overeem, Sebastiaan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986453">"Actigraphy as a diagnostic aid for REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Neurology" class="mw-redirect" title="BMC Neurology">BMC Neurology</a></i>. <b>14</b> (1): 76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2377-14-76">10.1186/1471-2377-14-76</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2377">1471-2377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3986453">3986453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24708629">24708629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Neurology&rft.atitle=Actigraphy+as+a+diagnostic+aid+for+REM+sleep+behavior+disorder+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3986453%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-2377&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24708629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2377-14-76&rft.aulast=Louter&rft.aufirst=Maartje&rft.au=Arends%2C+Johan+BAM&rft.au=Bloem%2C+Bastiaan+R&rft.au=Overeem%2C+Sebastiaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3986453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicinehealth.com/disorders_that_disrupt_sleep_parasomnias/article_em.htm">"Disorders That Disrupt Sleep: Parasomnia Causes & Types"</a>. <i>eMedicineHealth</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMedicineHealth&rft.atitle=Disorders+That+Disrupt+Sleep%3A+Parasomnia+Causes+%26+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicinehealth.com%2Fdisorders_that_disrupt_sleep_parasomnias%2Farticle_em.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://consequence.net/2025/02/dream-theater-parasomnia-stream/">https://consequence.net/2025/02/dream-theater-parasomnia-stream/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aurora RN et al. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2010; 6(1):85-95.</li> <li>Aurora RN et al. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2010; 6(4):398-401.</li> <li>Bassetti et al., Lancet (2000); 356: 484–485</li> <li>Boeve et al. Journal of Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:146-157</li> <li>Mahowald & Schenck. Insights from studying human sleep disorders. Nature (2005); 437(7063):1279-85.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1992" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Ronald (1992). <i>Fire in the Brain: Clinical Tales of Hallucination</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Brain%3A+Clinical+Tales+of+Hallucination&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2007" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Jeff (2007). <i>The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-31408-0"><bdi>978-0-679-31408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Head+Trip%3A+Adventures+on+the+Wheel+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-679-31408-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParasomnia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q559869" class="extiw" title="d:Q559869">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F51.3">F51.3</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F51.4">F51.4</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10-CM" title="ICD-10-CM">10-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=G47.5">G47.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=307.47">307.47</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=327.4">327.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=780.59">780.59</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D020447">D020447</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/3131-overview">med/3131</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)596" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_amnesia" title="Dissociative amnesia">Dissociative amnesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified">Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_dissociative_disorder" title="Other specified dissociative disorder">Other specified dissociative disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized596" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sleep_and_sleep_disorders127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sleep" title="Template talk:Sleep"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sleep" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sleep"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sleep_and_sleep_disorders127" class="nowrap" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">Rapid eye movement (REM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Non-rapid eye movement sleep">Quiescent sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">Slow-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Brain waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">Alpha wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-complex" title="K-complex">K-complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">Mu rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGO_waves" title="PGO waves">PGO waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_rhythm" title="Sensorimotor rhythm">Sensorimotor rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_spindle" title="Sleep spindle">Sleep spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">Theta wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Anatomical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_breathing" title="Mouth breathing">Mouth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catathrenia" title="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Central hypoventilation syndrome">Central hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_breathing" title="Periodic breathing">Periodic breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyssomnia" title="Dyssomnia">Dyssomnia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness" title="Excessive daytime sleepiness">Excessive daytime sleepiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleine%E2%80%93Levin_syndrome" title="Kleine–Levin syndrome">Kleine–Levin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia" title="Idiopathic hypersomnia">Idiopathic hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_eating_syndrome" title="Night eating syndrome">Night eating syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturia" title="Nocturia">Nocturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_state_misperception" title="Sleep state misperception">Sleep state misperception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height: 1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">Circadian rhythm<br />disorders</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Advanced sleep phase disorder">Advanced sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_alternating_pattern" title="Cyclic alternating pattern">Cyclic alternating pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Delayed sleep phase disorder">Delayed sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_sleep%E2%80%93wake_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular sleep–wake rhythm">Irregular sleep–wake rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">Jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-24-hour_sleep%E2%80%93wake_disorder" title="Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder">Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work_sleep_disorder" title="Shift work sleep disorder">Shift work sleep disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parasomnia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_limb_movement_disorder" title="Periodic limb movement disorder">Periodic limb movement disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">Sleepwalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_driving" title="Sleep driving">Sleep driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep-talking" title="Sleep-talking">Sleep-talking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benign phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dreams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">Lucid dreams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome" title="Exploding head syndrome">Exploding head syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnic_jerk" title="Hypnic jerk">Hypnic jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">Hypnagogia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sleep_onset" title="Sleep onset">Sleep onset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnopompia" title="Hypnopompia">Hypnopompia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_inertia" title="Sleep inertia">Sleep inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Somnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_clitoral_tumescence" title="Nocturnal clitoral tumescence">Nocturnal clitoral tumescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_penile_tumescence" title="Nocturnal penile tumescence">Nocturnal penile tumescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_diary" title="Sleep diary">Sleep diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_hygiene" title="Sleep hygiene">Sleep hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_induction" title="Sleep induction">Sleep induction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnology" title="Somnology">Somnology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">Polysomnography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sleep_medicine" title="Behavioral sleep medicine">Behavioral sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_study" title="Sleep study">Sleep study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Neuroscience of sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed" title="Bed">Bed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunk_bed" title="Bunk bed">Bunk bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daybed" title="Daybed">Daybed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-poster_bed" title="Four-poster bed">Four-poster bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">Futon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammock" title="Hammock">Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">Mattress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bag" title="Sleeping bag">Sleeping bag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">Bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime_procrastination" title="Bedtime procrastination">Procrastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime_story" title="Bedtime story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphasic_and_polyphasic_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Biphasic and polyphasic sleep">Biphasic and polyphasic sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotype" title="Chronotype">Chronotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_object" title="Comfort object">Comfort object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsleep" title="Microsleep">Microsleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap" title="Nap">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_nap" title="Power nap">Power nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_wind_(sleep)" title="Second wind (sleep)">Second wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siesta" title="Siesta">Siesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_breathing" title="Sleep and breathing">Sleep and breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_creativity" title="Sleep and creativity">Sleep and creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_learning" title="Sleep and learning">Sleep and learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_memory" title="Sleep and memory">Sleep and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">Sleep deprivation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sleep_debt" title="Sleep debt">Sleep debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepover" title="Sleepover">Sleepover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&oldid=1274425596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasomnia&oldid=1274425596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parasomnias" 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