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id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Início</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Propriedades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propriedades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Propriedades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propriedades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comportamento_dos_glúons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comportamento_dos_glúons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comportamento dos glúons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comportamento_dos_glúons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar a subsecção Comportamento dos glúons</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comportamento_dos_glúons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cor_de_carga_e_superposição" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cor_de_carga_e_superposição"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cor de carga e superposição</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cor_de_carga_e_superposição-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confinamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confinamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Confinamento</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confinamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observações_experimentais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observações_experimentais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Observações experimentais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observações_experimentais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referências" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referências"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referências</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referências-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteúdo" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glúon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 78 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="غلوون — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86" title="قلئؤون — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قلئؤون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্লুয়ন — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্লুয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3" title="Gluó — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gluó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonu" title="Gluonu — córsico" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gluonu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="córsico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Глюонсем — chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Глюонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γκλουόνιο — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκλουόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluono" title="Gluono — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gluono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluuon" title="Gluuon — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gluuon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluoi" title="Gluoi — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gluoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="گلوئون — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluoni" title="Gluoni — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gluoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BA%C3%B3n" title="Glúón — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glúón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gluón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גלואון — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלואון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्लुओन — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लुओन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Գլյուոն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլյուոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADmeind" title="Límeind — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Límeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gluone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="グルーオン — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルーオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — cazaque" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8" title="글루온 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글루온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — quirguiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="quirguiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — limburguês" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluun" title="Gluun — lombardo" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gluun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliuonas" title="Gliuonas — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gliuonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluons" title="Gluons — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gluons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BA" title="ഗ്ലൂഓൺ — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലൂഓൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂလူယွန် — birmanês" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလူယွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmanês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — baixo-alemão" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo-alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਲੂਔਨ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਲੂਔਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%86" title="گلؤن — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلؤن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón — eslovaco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gluón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒட்டுமின்னி — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுமின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กลูออน — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลูออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="گلواون — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلواون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyuon" title="Glyuon — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Glyuon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" title="胶子 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胶子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="膠子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膠子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingcinyane" title="Ingcinyane — zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingcinyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><p> <span class="no-conversion"><b><span lang="pt-br">Glúons</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_brasileiro" title="Português brasileiro">português brasileiro</a>)</sup> ou <b><span lang="pt-pt">gluões</span></b> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Portugu%C3%AAs_europeu" title="Português europeu">português europeu</a>)</sup></span> são <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_elementar" title="Partícula elementar">partículas fundamentais</a> que agem como partículas de troca (ou <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_calibre" title="Bóson de calibre">bósons de calibre</a>) para a <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_forte" title="Força forte">força forte</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a>, análoga à troca de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fóton">fótons</a> na <a href="/wiki/For%C3%A7a_eletromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Força eletromagnética">força eletromagnética</a> entre duas <a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_carregada" title="Partícula carregada">partículas carregadas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Os glúons são <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son" title="Bóson">bósons</a> vetoriais que medeiam as forças fortes de quarks na <a href="/wiki/Cromodin%C3%A2mica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Cromodinâmica quântica">cromodinâmica quântica</a> (QCD). Os próprios glúons levam a <a href="/wiki/Carga_de_cor" title="Carga de cor">carga de cor</a> da <a href="/wiki/Intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_forte" class="mw-redirect" title="Interação forte">interação forte</a>. Isso é diferente do fóton, que medeia a <a href="/wiki/Intera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletromagn%C3%A9tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Interação eletromagnética">interação eletromagnética</a>, mas não tem uma <a href="/wiki/Carga_el%C3%A9trica" title="Carga elétrica">carga elétrica</a>. Glúons, portanto, participam da força forte, além de mediá-la, tornando a cromodinâmica quântica significativamente mais difícil de se analisar do que a <a href="/wiki/Eletrodin%C3%A2mica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Eletrodinâmica quântica">eletrodinâmica quântica</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Propriedades">Propriedades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Propriedades" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Propriedades"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O glúon é um bóson vetorial; como o fóton, que tem um <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> de 1. Enquanto partículas de spin 1 com massa possuem três estados de polarização, bósons sem massa, como o glúon, têm apenas dois estados de polarização. Porque na <a href="/wiki/Teoria_de_gauge" title="Teoria de gauge">invariância de Gauge</a> é necessário que a polarização seja transversal. Na <a href="/wiki/Teoria_qu%C3%A2ntica_de_campos" title="Teoria quântica de campos">teoria quântica de campos</a>, a invariância de gauge violada exige que os bósons tenha massa zero (experimento limita a <a href="/wiki/Massa_de_repouso" class="mw-redirect" title="Massa de repouso">massa de repouso</a> do glúon para menos de um <a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron-volt" title="Elétron-volt">meV/c²</a>). O glúon tem <a href="/wiki/Paridade_(f%C3%ADsica)" title="Paridade (física)">paridade</a> intrínseca negativa.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comportamento_dos_glúons"><span id="Comportamento_dos_gl.C3.BAons"></span>Comportamento dos glúons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Comportamento dos glúons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Comportamento dos glúons"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ao contrário do único fóton da eletrodinâmica quântica ou dos três bósons <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_W" class="mw-redirect" title="Bóson W">W</a> e <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="Bóson Z">Z</a> da interação fraca, existem oito tipos independentes de glúons na cromodinâmica quântica. </p><p>Isso pode ser difícil de compreender intuitivamente. Quarks realizam três tipos de carga de cor; <a href="/wiki/Antiquark" title="Antiquark">antiquarks</a> realizam três tipos de anticor. Glúons podem ser pensados como a realização da cor e da anticor, mas para entender corretamente como eles são combinados, é necessário considerar a matemática de carga de cor com mais detalhes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cor_de_carga_e_superposição"><span id="Cor_de_carga_e_superposi.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Cor de carga e superposição</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Cor de carga e superposição" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Cor de carga e superposição"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na <a href="/wiki/Mec%C3%A2nica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Mecânica quântica">mecânica quântica</a>, os estados das partículas podem ser explicados de acordo com a <a href="/wiki/Sobreposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Sobreposição quântica">sobreposição quântica</a>; isto é, elas podem estar em um "estado combinado", com uma probabilidade, se alguma quantidade específica é medida, de dar vários resultados diferentes. Uma ilustração matemática relevante no caso em questão seria um glúon com um estado de cor descrito por: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe95f01c29982ebdb1073e864d66409d5fac1e27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.411ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"></span> </p><p>Isso é lido como "vermelho-antiazul mais azul-antivermelho". (O factor da raiz quadrada de dois é necessário para a <a href="/wiki/Fun%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_onda" title="Função de onda">normalização</a>, um detalhe que não é crucial para compreender nesta discussão.) Se fosse de alguma forma capaz de fazer uma medição direta da cor de um glúon neste estado, haveria 50% de chance de ele ter carga de cor vermelho-antiazul e uma chance de 50% de carga de cor azul-antivermelho. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confinamento">Confinamento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Confinamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Confinamento"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Como os próprios glúons carregam carga de cor, eles participam de interações fortes. Essas interações gluon-gluon restringem os campos de cor a objetos semelhantes a cordas chamados "tubos de fluxo", que exercem uma força constante quando esticados. Devido a essa força, os <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> são confinados dentro de partículas compostas chamadas <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1dron" title="Hádron">hádrons</a>. Isso limita efetivamente o alcance da interação forte a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{-15}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{-15}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6242c988bd86e530d477b2e94166ad159e86fdbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.48ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{-15}}"></span>metros, aproximadamente o tamanho de um <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleon" title="Núcleon">núcleon</a>. Além de uma certa distância, a energia da ligação do tubo de fluxo entre dois quarks aumenta linearmente. A uma distância suficientemente grande, torna-se energeticamente mais favorável extrair um par quark-antiquark do vácuo do que aumentar o comprimento do tubo de fluxo<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Uma consequência da propriedade de confinamento de hádrons dos glúons é que eles não estão diretamente envolvidos nas forças nucleares entre hádrons. Os mediadores de força para essas interações são outros hádrons chamados <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson">mésons</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>. Embora na fase normal da <a href="/wiki/Cromodin%C3%A2mica_qu%C3%A2ntica" title="Cromodinâmica quântica">QCD</a> os glúons individuais possam não se mover livremente, é previsto que existam hádrons formados inteiramente por glúons - chamados glúons ligados (<a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">glueballs</a>). Também existem conjecturas sobre outros hádrons exóticos nos quais os glúons reais (em oposição aos virtuais encontrados em hádrons ordinários) seriam os constituintes primários. Além da fase normal da QCD (em temperaturas e pressões extremas), forma-se um plasma quark-glúon. Nesse plasma, não existem hádrons; quarks e glúons se tornam partículas livres<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observações_experimentais"><span id="Observa.C3.A7.C3.B5es_experimentais"></span>Observações experimentais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Observações experimentais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%BAon&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Observações experimentais"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a> e glúons (coloridos) se manifestam fragmentando-se em mais quarks e glúons, que por sua vez hadronizam-se em partículas normais (sem cor), correlacionadas em jatos. Conforme revelado nas conferências de verão de 1978<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>, o detector PLUTO no colisor elétron-pósitron DORIS (DESY) produziu as primeiras evidências de que os decaimentos hadrônicos da ressonância muito estreita Υ(9.46) poderiam ser interpretados como topologias de eventos de três jatos produzidos por três glúons. Posteriormente, análises publicadas pelo mesmo experimento confirmaram essa interpretação e também a natureza de spin = 1 do glúon<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> (ver também o relato e os experimentos PLUTO<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>No verão de 1979, em energias mais altas no colisor elétron-pósitron PETRA (DESY), novamente foram observadas topologias de três jatos, agora interpretadas como <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a> de gluon qq, agora claramente visíveis, pelos experimentos TASSO,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> MARK-J<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> e PLUTO<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> (posteriormente, em 1980, também pelo JADE). A propriedade de spin = 1 do glúon foi confirmada em 1980 pelos experimentos TASSO e PLUTO<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> (ver também a revisão<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup>). Em 1991, um experimento subsequente no anel de armazenamento LEP no <a href="/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Europeia_para_a_Investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nuclear" title="Organização Europeia para a Investigação Nuclear">CERN</a> confirmou novamente esse resultado<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Os glúons desempenham um papel importante nas interações fortes elementares entre quarks e glúons, descritas pela QCD e estudadas particularmente no colisor elétron-próton HERA no DESY. O número e a distribuição de momento dos glúons no próton (densidade de glúons) foram medidos por dois experimentos, H1 e ZEUS<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup>, nos anos de 1996 a 2007. A contribuição do glúon para o spin do próton foi estudada pelo experimento HERMES em HERA<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>. A densidade de glúons no próton (quando se comportando de forma hadrônica) também foi medida<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>O confinamento de cor é verificado pelo fracasso das buscas por quarks livres (buscas por cargas fracionárias). Os quarks normalmente são produzidos em pares (quark + antiquark) para compensar os números quânticos de cor e sabor; no entanto, no Fermilab, foi demonstrada a produção única de quarks top<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup>. Não houve demonstração de glueball. </p><p>O desconfinamento foi alegado em 2000 no CERN SPS<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> em colisões de íons pesados, e isso implica um novo estado da matéria: plasma quark-gluon, menos interativo do que no núcleo, quase como em um líquido. Foi encontrado no Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) em Brookhaven nos anos de 2004 a 2010 por quatro experimentos contemporâneos. Um estado de plasma quark-gluon foi confirmado no Large Hadron Collider (LHC) do CERN pelos três experimentos ALICE, ATLAS e CMS em 2010<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup>. </p><p> A instalação Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility do Jefferson Lab, em Newport News, Virgínia, é uma das 10 instalações do Departamento de Energia que fazem pesquisa sobre glúons. O laboratório da Virgínia estava competindo com outra instalação - o Brookhaven National Laboratory, em Long Island, Nova York - por fundos para construir um novo colisor elétron-íon. Em dezembro de 2019, o Departamento de Energia dos EUA selecionou o Brookhaven National Laboratory para sediar o colisor elétron-íon<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p><h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C.R. Nave <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/color.html">«A cor da força»</a>. Georgia State University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.btitle=A+cor+da+for%C3%A7a&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Georgia+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2Fhbase%2Fforces%2Fcolor.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Department of Physics. Visitado em 13/11/2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Yndurain (1995). "Limits on the mass of the gluon". <i>Physics Letters B</i> <b>345</b> (4): 524.<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PhLB..345..524Y">«Bibcode: 1995PhLB..345..524Y.»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.btitle=Bibcode%3A+1995PhLB..345..524Y.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1995PhLB..345..524Y&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2894%2901677-5">«Doi: 10.1016/0370-2693(94)01677-5.»</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.btitle=Doi%3A+10.1016%2F0370-2693%2894%2901677-5.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%252F0370-2693%252894%252901677-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Simonov, Yuri (29 de janeiro de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.087.0042">«Confinement, deconfinement and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD»</a>. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.22323%2F1.087.0042">10.22323/1.087.0042</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Confinement%2C+deconfinement+and+chiral+symmetry+breaking+in+QCD&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.aulast=Simonov&rft.date=2010-01-29&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.22323%2F1.087.0042&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22323%2F1.087.0042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Li, Chong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31274/etd-180810-4137">«Material phase change under extreme domain confinement in laser material interaction»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Material+phase+change+under+extreme+domain+confinement+in+laser+material+interaction&rft.aufirst=Chong&rft.aulast=Li&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31274%2Fetd-180810-4137&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greensite, Jeff (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51563-8_10">«Coulomb Confinement»</a>. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 159–178. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-3-030-51562-1" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-3-030-51562-1">978-3-030-51562-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Coulomb+Confinement&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Greensite&rft.date=2020&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-3-030-51562-1&rft.pages=159-178&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-51563-8_10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stella, Bruno R.; Meyer, Hans-Jürgen (setembro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3">«ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)»</a>. <i>The European Physical Journal H</i> (em inglês) (2): 203–243. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2102-6459">2102-6459</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3">10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=%CF%92+%289.46+GeV%29+and+the+gluon+discovery+%28a+critical+recollection+of+PLUTO+results%29&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=Bruno+R.&rft.aulast=Stella&rft.date=2011-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2102-6459&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.pages=203-243&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berger, Ch.; Lackas, W.; Raupach, F.; Wagner, W.; Alexander, G.; Criegee, L.; Dehne, H.C.; Derikum, K.; Devenish, R. (abril de 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037026937990265X">«Jet analysis of the ϒ(9.46) decay into charged hadrons»</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i> (em inglês) (3-4): 449–455. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990265-X">10.1016/0370-2693(79)90265-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Jet+analysis+of+the+%CF%92%289.46%29+decay+into+charged+hadrons&rft.au=Alexander%2C+G.&rft.au=Criegee%2C+L.&rft.au=Dehne%2C+H.C.&rft.au=Derikum%2C+K.&rft.au=Devenish%2C+R.&rft.au=Lackas%2C+W.&rft.au=Raupach%2C+F.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+W.&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.date=1979-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3-4&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.pages=449-455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F037026937990265X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990265-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stella, Bruno R.; Meyer, Hans-Jürgen (setembro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3">«ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)»</a>. <i>The European Physical Journal H</i> (em inglês) (2): 203–243. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2102-6459">2102-6459</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3">10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=%CF%92+%289.46+GeV%29+and+the+gluon+discovery+%28a+critical+recollection+of+PLUTO+results%29&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=Bruno+R.&rft.aulast=Stella&rft.date=2011-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2102-6459&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.pages=203-243&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Brandelik, R.; Braunschweig, W.; Gather, K.; Kadansky, V.; Lübelsmeyer, K.; Mättig, P.; Martyn, H.-U.; Peise, G.; Rimkus, J. (setembro de 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/037026937990830X">«Evidence for planar events in e+e− annihilation at high energies»</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i> (em inglês) (2): 243–249. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990830-X">10.1016/0370-2693(79)90830-X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+planar+events+in+e%2Be%88%92+annihilation+at+high+energies&rft.au=Braunschweig%2C+W.&rft.au=Gather%2C+K.&rft.au=Kadansky%2C+V.&rft.au=L%C3%BCbelsmeyer%2C+K.&rft.au=M%C3%A4ttig%2C+P.&rft.au=Martyn%2C+H.-U.&rft.au=Peise%2C+G.&rft.au=Rimkus%2C+J.&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.aulast=Brandelik&rft.date=1979-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.pages=243-249&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F037026937990830X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990830-X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Barber, D. P.; Becker, U.; Benda, H.; Boehm, A.; Branson, J. G.; Bron, J.; Buikman, D.; Burger, J.; Chang, C. C. (17 de setembro de 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830">«Discovery of Three-Jet Events and a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics at PETRA»</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i> (em inglês) (12): 830–833. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9007">0031-9007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.43.830">10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+Three-Jet+Events+and+a+Test+of+Quantum+Chromodynamics+at+PETRA&rft.au=Becker%2C+U.&rft.au=Benda%2C+H.&rft.au=Boehm%2C+A.&rft.au=Branson%2C+J.+G.&rft.au=Bron%2C+J.&rft.au=Buikman%2C+D.&rft.au=Burger%2C+J.&rft.au=Chang%2C+C.+C.&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.date=1979-09-17&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0031-9007&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=830-833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.43.830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.43.830&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berger, Ch.; Genzel, H.; Grigull, R.; Lackas, W.; Raupach, F.; Klovning, A.; Lillestöl, E.; Lillethun, E.; Skard, J.A. (outubro de 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370269379908694">«Evidence for gluon bremsstrahlung in e+e− annihilations at high energies»</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i> (em inglês) (3-4): 418–425. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990869-4">10.1016/0370-2693(79)90869-4</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+gluon+bremsstrahlung+in+e%2Be%88%92+annihilations+at+high+energies&rft.au=Genzel%2C+H.&rft.au=Grigull%2C+R.&rft.au=Klovning%2C+A.&rft.au=Lackas%2C+W.&rft.au=Lillest%C3%B6l%2C+E.&rft.au=Lillethun%2C+E.&rft.au=Raupach%2C+F.&rft.au=Skard%2C+J.A.&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.date=1979-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3-4&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.pages=418-425&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0370269379908694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2879%2990869-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berger, Ch.; Genzel, H.; Grigull, R.; Lackas, W.; Raupach, F.; Klovning, A.; Lillestöl, E.; Skard, J.A.; Ackermann, H. (dezembro de 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370269380906401">«A study of multi-jet events in e+e− annihilation»</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i> (em inglês) (3-4): 459–464. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0370-2693%2880%2990640-1">10.1016/0370-2693(80)90640-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=A+study+of+multi-jet+events+in+e%2Be%88%92+annihilation&rft.au=Ackermann%2C+H.&rft.au=Genzel%2C+H.&rft.au=Grigull%2C+R.&rft.au=Klovning%2C+A.&rft.au=Lackas%2C+W.&rft.au=Lillest%C3%B6l%2C+E.&rft.au=Raupach%2C+F.&rft.au=Skard%2C+J.A.&rft.aufirst=Ch.&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.date=1980-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3-4&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.pages=459-464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F0370269380906401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0370-2693%2880%2990640-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Söding, P. (julho de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1140/epjh/e2010-00002-5">«On the discovery of the gluon»</a>. <i>The European Physical Journal H</i> (em inglês) (1): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2102-6459">2102-6459</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2010-00002-5">10.1140/epjh/e2010-00002-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=On+the+discovery+of+the+gluon&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6ding&rft.date=2010-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2102-6459&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.pages=3-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2010-00002-5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2010-00002-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">OPAL Collaboration; Alexander, G.; Allison, J.; Allport, P. P.; Anderson, K. J.; Arcelli, S.; Armitage, J. C.; Ashton, P.; Astbury, A. (dezembro de 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01562326">«Measurement of three-jet distributions sensitive to the gluon spin ine + e − annihilations at $$\sqrt s = 91$$ GeV»</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik C Particles and Fields</i> (em inglês) (4): 543–550. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0170-9739">0170-9739</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01562326">10.1007/BF01562326</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+three-jet+distributions+sensitive+to+the+gluon+spin+ine+%2B+e+%88%92+annihilations+at+%24%24%5Csqrt+s+%3D+91%24%24+GeV&rft.au=Alexander%2C+G.&rft.au=Allison%2C+J.&rft.au=Allport%2C+P.+P.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Arcelli%2C+S.&rft.au=Armitage%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Ashton%2C+P.&rft.au=Astbury%2C+A.&rft.au=OPAL+Collaboration&rft.date=1991-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0170-9739&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik+C+Particles+and+Fields&rft.pages=543-550&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF01562326&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01562326&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lindemann, L. (maio de 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0920563297010578">«Proton structure functions and gluon density at HERA»</a>. <i>Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements</i> (em inglês) (1-3): 179–183. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-5632%2897%2901057-8">10.1016/S0920-5632(97)01057-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Proton+structure+functions+and+gluon+density+at+HERA&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.aulast=Lindemann&rft.date=1998-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1-3&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+B+-+Proceedings+Supplements&rft.pages=179-183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0920563297010578&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0920-5632%2897%2901057-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">ELLINGHAUS, FRANK (março de 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777706_0014">«TESLA-N: FUTURE POLARIZED ELECTRON-NUCLEON SCATTERING AT DESY»</a>. WORLD SCIENTIFIC. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812777706_0014">10.1142/9789812777706_0014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=TESLA-N%3A+FUTURE+POLARIZED+ELECTRON-NUCLEON+SCATTERING+AT+DESY&rft.aufirst=FRANK&rft.aulast=ELLINGHAUS&rft.date=2002-03&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1142%2F9789812777706_0014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812777706_0014&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adloff, C.; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/10052/bibs/9010003/90100363.htm">«Charged particle cross sections in photoproduction and extraction of the gluon density in the photon»</a>. <i>The European Physical Journal C</i> (3). 363 páginas. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs100520050761">10.1007/s100520050761</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Charged+particle+cross+sections+in+photoproduction+and+extraction+of+the+gluon+density+in+the+photon&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Adloff&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.de%2Flink%2Fservice%2Fjournals%2F10052%2Fbibs%2F9010003%2F90100363.htm&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs100520050761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> !CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al. (<a href="/wiki/Categoria:!CS1_manut:_Uso_expl%C3%ADcito_de_et_al." title="Categoria:!CS1 manut: Uso explícito de et al.">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/22/04/5">«Top result for two Tevatron teams»</a>. <i>Physics World</i> (04): 4–4. Abril de 2009. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0953-8585">0953-8585</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F22%2F04%2F5">10.1088/2058-7058/22/04/5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Top+result+for+two+Tevatron+teams&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0953-8585&rft.issue=04&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.pages=4-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F22%2F04%2F5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F22%2F04%2F5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Abreu, M.C.; Alessandro, B.; Alexa, C.; Arnaldi, R.; Atayan, M.; Baglin, C.; Baldit, A.; Bedjidian, M.; Beolè, S. (março de 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370269300002379">«Evidence for deconfinement of quarks and gluons from the J/ψ suppression pattern measured in Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN-SPS»</a>. <i>Physics Letters B</i> (em inglês) (1-3): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900237-9">10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00237-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+deconfinement+of+quarks+and+gluons+from+the+J%2F%CF%88+suppression+pattern+measured+in+Pb-Pb+collisions+at+the+CERN-SPS&rft.au=Alessandro%2C+B.&rft.au=Alexa%2C+C.&rft.au=Arnaldi%2C+R.&rft.au=Atayan%2C+M.&rft.au=Baglin%2C+C.&rft.au=Baldit%2C+A.&rft.au=Bedjidian%2C+M.&rft.au=Beol%C3%A8%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rft.aulast=Abreu&rft.date=2000-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1-3&rft.jtitle=Physics+Letters+B&rft.pages=28-36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0370269300002379&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0370-2693%2800%2900237-9&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">, . (15 de fevereiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.899.900">«Large Hadron Collider Experiments Bring New Insight into Primordial Universe»</a>. <i>Journal of Applied Sciences</i> (5): 899–900. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1812-5654">1812-5654</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3923%2Fjas.2011.899.900">10.3923/jas.2011.899.900</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Large+Hadron+Collider+Experiments+Bring+New+Insight+into+Primordial+Universe&rft.aufirst=.&rft.aulast=.&rft.date=2011-02-15&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1812-5654&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Sciences&rft.pages=899-900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3923%2Fjas.2011.899.900&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3923%2Fjas.2011.899.900&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gwynne, Peter (1 de fevereiro de 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/33/2/8">«Brookhaven to host nuclear-physics facility»</a>. <i>Physics World</i> (2): 6–6. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0953-8585">0953-8585</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F33%2F2%2F8">10.1088/2058-7058/33/2/8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 29 de dezembro de 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AGl%C3%BAon&rft.atitle=Brookhaven+to+host+nuclear-physics+facility&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.date=2020-02-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0953-8585&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.pages=6-6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F33%2F2%2F8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2058-7058%2F33%2F2%2F8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:U%2B269B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/35px-U%2B269B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/53px-U%2B269B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/U%2B269B.svg/70px-U%2B269B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física">física</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. 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href="/wiki/Quark_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Quark b">b</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_u" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark u"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">u</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_d" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark d"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">d</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_c" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark c"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">c</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_s" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark s"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">s</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_t" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark t"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">t</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antiquark_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquark b"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">b</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9pton" title="Lépton">Léptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3sitron" title="Pósitron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>e<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%A3o" title="Muão"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>μ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antim%C3%BAon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimúon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>μ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>τ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">−<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antitau" title="Antitau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>τ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">+<br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_el%C3%A9tron" title="Neutrino do elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_do_el%C3%A9tron" title="Antineutrino do elétron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />e</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_m%C3%BAon" title="Neutrino do múon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />μ</span></span></a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_de_m%C3%BAon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineutrino de múon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />μ</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_do_tau" title="Neutrino do tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ν<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />τ</span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino_do_tau" title="Antineutrino do tau"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span><span style="text-decoration:overline;">ν</span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br />τ</span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son" title="Bóson">Bósons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_calibre" title="Bóson de calibre">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Fóton"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>γ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>g<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W_e_Z" title="Bósons W e Z"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>W<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">±<br /></span></span> <b>·</b>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Z<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_escalar" title="Bóson escalar">Escalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3son_de_Higgs" title="Bóson de Higgs"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>H<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left">0<br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasma_de_Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasma de Faddeev–Popov">Fantasma de Faddeev–Popov</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADculas_hipot%C3%A9ticas" class="mw-redirect" title="Partículas hipotéticas">Hipotéticas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/S-part%C3%ADcula" title="S-partícula">S-partículas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sf%C3%A9rmion" title="Sférmion">Sférmion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81xion" title="Áxion">A<sup>0</sup></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A1viton" title="Gráviton">G</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>J<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Monopolo_magn%C3%A9tico" title="Monopolo magnético">m</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1quion" title="Táquion">Táquion</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_X_e_Y" title="Bósons X e Y"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>X<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span> <b>·</b>  <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Y<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3sons_W%27_e_Z%27" title="Bósons W' e Z'">W' <b>·</b>  Z'</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_est%C3%A9ril" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino estéril">Neutrino estéril</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Part%C3%ADcula_composta" title="Partícula composta">Composta</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1dron" title="Hádron">Hádrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion" title="Bárion">Bárions</a> / <a href="/wiki/H%C3%ADperon" title="Híperon">Híperons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleon" title="Núcleon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>N<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%B3ton" title="Próton"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>p<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AAutron" title="Nêutron"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>n<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Delta" title="Bárion Delta">Δ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Lambda" title="Bárion Lambda">Λ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_sigma" title="Bárion sigma"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Σ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_Xi" title="Bárion Xi">Ξ</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_omega" title="Bárion omega"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>Ω<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son" title="Méson">Mésons</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quark%C3%B3nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarkónio">Quarkónio</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADon" title="Píon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>π<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_rho" title="Méson rho"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ρ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>η<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Eta_prime_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta prime meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>η′<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_phi" class="mw-redirect" title="Méson phi"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>φ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_omega" title="Méson omega"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ω<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_J/%CF%88" title="Méson J/ψ"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>J/ψ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Upsilon meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>ϒ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Theta meson"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>θ<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1on" title="Káon"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>K<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_B" title="Méson B"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>B<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_D" title="Méson D"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>D<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9son_T" title="Méson T"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><br /></span>T<span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Outros</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAcleo_at%C3%B3mico" title="Núcleo atómico">Núcleo atómico</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo" title="Átomo">Átomos</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquarks</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%81tomo_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Átomo exótico">Átomos exóticos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positr%C3%B3nio" class="mw-redirect" title="Positrónio">Positrónio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tau%C3%B4nio" title="Tauônio">Tauônio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B3nio" title="Muónio">Muónio</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/%C3%93nio" title="Ónio">Ónio</a>) <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Super%C3%A1tomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Superátomo">Superátomos</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula">Moléculas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Part%C3%ADculas_compostas_hipot%C3%A9ticas" title="Categoria:Partículas compostas hipotéticas">Hipotéticas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1dron_ex%C3%B3tico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hádron exótico (página não existe)">Hádrons exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1rion_ex%C3%B3tico" title="Bárion exótico">Bárions exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%A1rion" title="Dibárion">Dibárion</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A9son_ex%C3%B3tico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Méson exótico (página não existe)">Mésons exóticos</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;font-weight:normal;">Outras</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula_mes%C3%B4nica" title="Molécula mesônica">Molécula mesônica</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quase-part%C3%ADcula" class="mw-redirect" title="Quase-partícula">Quase-partículas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Collexon" title="Collexon">Collexon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B3liton_de_Davydov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sóliton de Davydov (página não existe)">Sóliton de Davydov</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Exc%C3%ADton" title="Excíton">Excíton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Electr%C3%A3o-buraco" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrão-buraco">Elétron-buraco</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B4non" title="Fônon">Fônon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Pi-ton" title="Pi-ton">Pi-ton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Trion_(quasipart%C3%ADcula)" title="Trion (quasipartícula)">Trion</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Listas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lista_de_part%C3%ADculas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de partículas">Lista de partículas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_quasipart%C3%ADculas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de quasipartículas (página não existe)">Lista de quasipartículas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_b%C3%A1rions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de bárions (página não existe)">Lista de bárions</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_m%C3%A9sons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de mésons (página não existe)">Lista de mésons</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Cronologia_da_descoberta_de_part%C3%ADculas" title="Cronologia da descoberta de partículas">Cronologia da descoberta de partículas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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