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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results) | The European Physical Journal H</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The European Physical Journal H - The hadronic decays of ϒ (9.46 GeV) were first studied by the PLUTO experiment at the DORIS e + e − storage ring (DESY). With the aim of determining the..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/13129"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="13129"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="The European Physical Journal H 2011 36:2"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2011-10-21"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2011 EDP Sciences and Springer"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2011 EDP Sciences and Springer"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The hadronic decays of ϒ (9.46 GeV) were first studied by the PLUTO experiment at the DORIS e + e − storage ring (DESY). With the aim of determining the contribution of PLUTO to the discovery of the gluon, as members of this former collaboration we have reconsidered all the scientific material produced by PLUTO in 1978 and the first half of 1979. It results clearly that the experiment demonstrated the main decay of the ϒ (9.46 GeV) resonance to be mediated by 3 gluons, by providing evidence for the agreement of this hypothesis with average values and differential distributions of all possible experimental variables and by excluding all other possible alternative models. Jettiness resulted evident by the average transverse momentum 〈p T 〉 with respect to the event thrust axis, which was the same as experimentally observed by PLUTO itself at nearby continuum c.m.s. energies for 2-quark jet events. On the contrary, the average sphericity 〈S〉 and more topological variables as well as the momentum distribution showed a net difference with the same data comparison, a result compatible with jettiness only in case of more than 2 jets. Flatness as consequence of a 3-body decay (therefore 3 jets) was indicated by the low average momentum out of the event plane 〈p out 〉, altogether a result being independent of models. The charged multiplicity was observed to be larger than in the continuum and in case of simulated 3 gluon jets fragmenting like quarks, in the direction expected for gluon jets. Moreover PLUTO measured in June 1979 the matrix element of the 3-gluon decay to be quantitatively as expected by QCD (even after hadronization, which does not obscure the perturbative predictions) and, having checked the possibility to correctly trace the fastest gluons direction, demonstrated the spin 1 nature of the gluon by excluding spin 0 and spin 1/2. The hadronization of the gluon like a quark jet, hypothesized in the 3-gluon jet Monte Carlo simulation, was perfectly compatible with the topological data at this energy and was shown to be an approximation at &nbsp;≈10% level for the multiplicity; the true expected gluon fragmentation was needed to describe the inclusive distributions; this was the first experimental study of (identified) gluon jets. In the following measurements at the PETRA storage ring, these results were confirmed by PLUTO and by three contemporaneous experiments by measuring at higher energies the gluon radiation (“bremsstrahlung”), the soft gluons by jet broadening, and the hard gluons by the emission of (now clearly visible) gluon jets by quarks. The gluon’s spin 1 particle nature was also confirmed at PETRA. The PLUTO results on ϒ decays were confirmed both by contemporaneous experiments at DORIS (partially) and later (also partially) by more sophisticated detectors."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2102-6467"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="The European Physical Journal H"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2011-10-21"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="36"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="2"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="203"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="243"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2011 EDP Sciences and Springer"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The European Physical Journal H"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="EPJ H"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2102-6467"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="36"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="2"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2011/09"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2011/10/21"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="203"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="243"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="size" content="288251"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The hadronic decays of ϒ (9.46 GeV) were first studied by the PLUTO experiment at the DORIS e + e − storage ring (DESY). 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With the aim of determining the contribution of PLUTO to the discovery of the gluon, as members of this former collaboration we have reconsidered all the scientific material produced by PLUTO in 1978 and the first half of 1979. It results clearly that the experiment demonstrated the main decay of the ϒ (9.46 GeV) resonance to be mediated by 3 gluons, by providing evidence for the agreement of this hypothesis with average values and differential distributions of all possible experimental variables and by excluding all other possible alternative models.Jettiness resulted evident by the average transverse momentum 〈p T 〉 with respect to the event thrust axis, which was the same as experimentally observed by PLUTO itself at nearby continuum c.m.s. energies for 2-quark jet events. On the contrary, the average sphericity 〈S〉 and more topological variables as well as the momentum distribution showed a net difference with the same data comparison, a result compatible with jettiness only in case of more than 2 jets. Flatness as consequence of a 3-body decay (therefore 3 jets) was indicated by the low average momentum out of the event plane 〈p out 〉, altogether a result being independent of models. The charged multiplicity was observed to be larger than in the continuum and in case of simulated 3 gluon jets fragmenting like quarks, in the direction expected for gluon jets.Moreover PLUTO measured in June 1979 the matrix element of the 3-gluon decay to be quantitatively as expected by QCD (even after hadronization, which does not obscure the perturbative predictions) and, having checked the possibility to correctly trace the fastest gluons direction, demonstrated the spin 1 nature of the gluon by excluding spin 0 and spin 1/2. The hadronization of the gluon like a quark jet, hypothesized in the 3-gluon jet Monte Carlo simulation, was perfectly compatible with the topological data at this energy and was shown to be an approximation at ≈10% level for the multiplicity; the true expected gluon fragmentation was needed to describe the inclusive distributions; this was the first experimental study of (identified) gluon jets. In the following measurements at the PETRA storage ring, these results were confirmed by PLUTO and by three contemporaneous experiments by measuring at higher energies the gluon radiation (“bremsstrahlung”), the soft gluons by jet broadening, and the hard gluons by the emission of (now clearly visible) gluon jets by quarks. The gluon’s spin 1 particle nature was also confirmed at PETRA. 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With the aim of determining the contribution of PLUTO to the discovery of the gluon, as members of this former collaboration we have reconsidered all the scientific material produced by PLUTO in 1978 and the first half of 1979. It results clearly that the experiment demonstrated the main decay of the ϒ (9.46 GeV) resonance to be mediated by 3 gluons, by providing evidence for the agreement of this hypothesis with average values and differential distributions of all possible experimental variables and by excluding all other possible alternative models. Jettiness resulted evident by the average transverse momentum 〈p\n \n T\n 〉 with respect to the event thrust axis, which was the same as experimentally observed by PLUTO itself at nearby continuum c.m.s. energies for 2-quark jet events. On the contrary, the average sphericity 〈S〉 and more topological variables as well as the momentum distribution showed a net difference with the same data comparison, a result compatible with jettiness only in case of more than 2 jets. Flatness as consequence of a 3-body decay (therefore 3 jets) was indicated by the low average momentum out of the event plane 〈p\n \n out\n 〉, altogether a result being independent of models. The charged multiplicity was observed to be larger than in the continuum and in case of simulated 3 gluon jets fragmenting like quarks, in the direction expected for gluon jets. Moreover PLUTO measured in June 1979 the matrix element of the 3-gluon decay to be quantitatively as expected by QCD (even after hadronization, which does not obscure the perturbative predictions) and, having checked the possibility to correctly trace the fastest gluons direction, demonstrated the spin 1 nature of the gluon by excluding spin 0 and spin 1/2. The hadronization of the gluon like a quark jet, hypothesized in the 3-gluon jet Monte Carlo simulation, was perfectly compatible with the topological data at this energy and was shown to be an approximation at ≈10% level for the multiplicity; the true expected gluon fragmentation was needed to describe the inclusive distributions; this was the first experimental study of (identified) gluon jets. In the following measurements at the PETRA storage ring, these results were confirmed by PLUTO and by three contemporaneous experiments by measuring at higher energies the gluon radiation (“bremsstrahlung”), the soft gluons by jet broadening, and the hard gluons by the emission of (now clearly visible) gluon jets by quarks. The gluon’s spin 1 particle nature was also confirmed at PETRA. The PLUTO results on ϒ decays were confirmed both by contemporaneous experiments at DORIS (partially) and later (also partially) by more sophisticated detectors.","datePublished":"2011-10-21T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2011-10-21T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"203","pageEnd":"243","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3","keywords":["Storage Ring","Gluon Radiation","Topological Variable","Thrust Axis","Gluon Fragmentation","History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics","Quantum Physics","Astronomy","Astrophysics and Cosmology","History of Science","Measurement Science and Instrumentation","Physics","general"],"image":[],"isPartOf":{"name":"The European Physical Journal H","issn":["2102-6467","2102-6459"],"volumeNumber":"36","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Bruno R. Stella","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics of Roma Tre University and INFN","address":{"name":"Department of Physics of Roma Tre University and INFN, Rome, Italy","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"bruno.stella@roma3.infn.it","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Hans-Jürgen Meyer","affiliation":[{"name":"Siegen University","address":{"name":"Formerly at Department of Physics, Siegen University, Siegen, Germany","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>   <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe 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class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bruno_R_-Stella-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Bruno_R_-Stella-Aff1" data-author-search="Stella, Bruno R." data-corresp-id="c1">Bruno R. Stella<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Hans_J_rgen-Meyer-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Hans_J_rgen-Meyer-Aff2" data-author-search="Meyer, Hans-Jürgen">Hans-Jürgen Meyer</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>237 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>4 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>4 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The hadronic decays of <i>ϒ</i> (9.46 GeV) were first studied by the PLUTO experiment at the DORIS <i>e</i> <sup>+</sup> <i>e</i> <sup>−</sup> storage ring (DESY). With the aim of determining the contribution of PLUTO to the discovery of the gluon, as members of this former collaboration we have reconsidered all the scientific material produced by PLUTO in 1978 and the first half of 1979. It results clearly that the experiment demonstrated the main decay of the <i>ϒ</i> (9.46 GeV) resonance to be mediated by 3 gluons, by providing evidence for the agreement of this hypothesis with average values and differential distributions of all possible experimental variables and by excluding all other possible alternative models.</p><p>Jettiness resulted evident by the average transverse momentum 〈<i>p</i> <sub> <i>T</i> </sub>〉 with respect to the event thrust axis, which was the same as experimentally observed by PLUTO itself at nearby continuum c.m.s. energies for 2-quark jet events. On the contrary, the average sphericity 〈<i>S</i>〉 and more topological variables as well as the momentum distribution showed a net difference with the same data comparison, a result compatible with jettiness only in case of more than 2 jets. Flatness as consequence of a 3-body decay (therefore 3 jets) was indicated by the low average momentum out of the event plane 〈<i>p</i> <sub> <i>out</i> </sub>〉, altogether a result being independent of models. The charged multiplicity was observed to be larger than in the continuum and in case of simulated 3 gluon jets fragmenting like quarks, in the direction expected for gluon jets.</p><p>Moreover PLUTO measured in June 1979 the matrix element of the 3-gluon decay to be quantitatively as expected by QCD (even after hadronization, which does not obscure the perturbative predictions) and, having checked the possibility to correctly trace the fastest gluons direction, demonstrated the spin 1 nature of the gluon by excluding spin 0 and spin <sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub>. The hadronization of the gluon like a quark jet, hypothesized in the 3-gluon jet Monte Carlo simulation, was perfectly compatible with the topological data at this energy and was shown to be an approximation at ≈10% level for the multiplicity; the true expected gluon fragmentation was needed to describe the inclusive distributions; this was the first experimental study of (identified) gluon jets. In the following measurements at the PETRA storage ring, these results were confirmed by PLUTO and by three contemporaneous experiments by measuring at higher energies the gluon radiation (“bremsstrahlung”), the soft gluons by jet broadening, and the hard gluons by the emission of (now clearly visible) gluon jets by quarks. The gluon’s spin 1 particle nature was also confirmed at PETRA. The PLUTO results on <i>ϒ</i> decays were confirmed both by contemporaneous experiments at DORIS (partially) and later (also partially) by more sophisticated detectors.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D412377ba-a60c-4cae-966a-cee56fb55f30" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10029-3%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D412377ba-a60c-4cae-966a-cee56fb55f30" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin">  <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1140/epjh/e2011-10029-3"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="2102-6467"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="ϒ (9.46 GeV) and the gluon discovery (a critical recollection of PLUTO results)"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2011"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2011"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Bruno R. 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3" data-track-label="10.1007/JHEP03(2017)077">Search for heavy neutrinos or third-generation leptoquarks in final states with two hadronically decaying <i>τ</i> leptons and two jets in proton-proton collisions at <span class="mathjax-tex">$ \sqrt{s}=13 $</span> TeV </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">14 March 2017</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732479327, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">M. 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Stella</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Formerly at Department of Physics, Siegen University, 57068, Siegen, Germany</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Hans-Jürgen Meyer</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Bruno_R_-Stella-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Bruno R. 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