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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Great Plains region in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Talk:Great Hungarian Plain">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Great Hungarian Plain</b> (also known as <b>Alföld</b> or <b>Great Alföld</b>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Alföld</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈɒlføld]</a></span> or <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Nagy Alföld</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> occupying the majority of the modern territory of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. It is the largest part of the wider <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> (however, the Great Hungarian Plain was not part of the ancient Roman province <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>). Its territory significantly shrank due to its eastern and southern boundaries being adjusted by the new political borders created after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> was signed in 1920. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traktor,_sz%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s,_Alf%C3%B6ld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Traktor%2C_sz%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s%2C_Alf%C3%B6ld.jpg/500px-Traktor%2C_sz%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s%2C_Alf%C3%B6ld.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Traktor%2C_sz%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s%2C_Alf%C3%B6ld.jpg/960px-Traktor%2C_sz%C3%A1nt%C3%A1s%2C_Alf%C3%B6ld.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="772"></a><figcaption>Alföld</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Boundaries"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Boundaries</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Plain_in_Hungary"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Hungary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Plain_in_Serbia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Serbia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Plain_in_Croatia"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Croatia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Plain_in_Slovakia"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Slovakia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Plain_in_Ukraine"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Ukraine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Plain_in_Romania"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Plain in Romania</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Prehistoric_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prehistoric culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Nomadic_migrations_and_conquests"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nomadic migrations and conquests</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Boundaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/220px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/220px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/330px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg/440px-Hortobagy-ziehbrunnen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Wells in the <a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park" title="Hortobágy National Park">Hortobágy National Park</a> Puszta, with a stable</figcaption></figure> <p>Its boundaries are the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> in the north and east, the <a href="/wiki/Transdanubian_Mountains" title="Transdanubian Mountains">Transdanubian Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in the southwest, and approximately the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> river in the south. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Hungary">Plain in Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plain in Hungary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png/220px-HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2009" data-file-height="1282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png/220px-HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png/330px-HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png/440px-HU_region_1._Alf%C3%B6ld.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The territory of the GHP in Hungary.</figcaption></figure> <p>Its territory covers approximately 52,000 km<sup>2</sup> (20,000 sq mi) of Hungary, approximately 56% of its total area of 93,030 km<sup>2</sup> (35,920 sq mi). The highest point of the plain is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoporty%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoportyó (page does not exist)">Hoportyó</a> (183 m (600 ft)); the lowest point is the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a> River. The terrain ranges from flat to rolling plains. </p><p>The most important Hungarian writers inspired by and associated with the plain are <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_M%C3%B3ra" title="Ferenc Móra">Ferenc Móra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zsigmond_M%C3%B3ricz" title="Zsigmond Móricz">Zsigmond Móricz</a>, as well as the poets <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Pet%C5%91fi" title="Sándor Petőfi">Sándor Petőfi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Juh%C3%A1sz_(poet)" title="Gyula Juhász (poet)">Gyula Juhász</a>. </p><p>Hungarian scientists born on the plain include <a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoltán Bay">Zoltán Bay</a>, physicist; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Irinyi" title="János Irinyi">János Irinyi</a>, chemist, inventor of the noiseless match; <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1nos_Kabay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="János Kabay (page does not exist)">János Kabay</a>, pharmacologist; <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A1bor_K%C3%A1tai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gábor Kátai (page does not exist)">Gábor Kátai</a>, physician and pharmacist; and <a href="/wiki/Frigyes_Kor%C3%A1nyi_(physician)" title="Frigyes Korányi (physician)">Frigyes Korányi</a>, physician and pulmonologist. </p><p>The most important river of the plain is the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza</a>. </p><p>The notable cities and towns with medicinal baths are <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berekf%C3%BCrd%C5%91" title="Berekfürdő">Berekfürdő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cserkesz%C5%91l%C5%91" title="Cserkeszőlő">Cserkeszőlő</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary" title="Gyula, Hungary">Gyula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajd%C3%BAszoboszl%C3%B3" title="Hajdúszoboszló">Hajdúszoboszló</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orosh%C3%A1za" title="Orosháza">Orosháza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szentes" title="Szentes">Szentes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a>. </p><p>Among the cultural festivals and programmes characteristic of the region are the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Csángófesztivál</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Csángó">Csángó</a> Festival) in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1szber%C3%A9ny" title="Jászberény">Jászberény</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Cseresznyefesztivál</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">Sweet Cherry</a> Festival) in <a href="/wiki/Nagyk%C3%B6r%C5%B1" title="Nagykörű">Nagykörű</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Gulyásfesztivál</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Goulash" title="Goulash">Goulash</a> Festival) in <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Hídi Vásár</i></span></i> (Bridge Fair) in <a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park" title="Hortobágy National Park">Hortobágy National Park</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Hunniális</i></span></i> at <a href="/wiki/%C3%93pusztaszer" title="Ópusztaszer">Ópusztaszer</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Szabadtéri Játékok</i></span></i> (Open-air Theater) in <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Várjátékok</i></span></i> (Castle Games) in <a href="/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary" title="Gyula, Hungary">Gyula</a>, the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Virágkarnevál</i></span></i> (Flower Carnival) in <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a> and the <i><span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Bajai Halászléfőző Népünnepély</i></span></i> (Fisherman's Soup Boiling Festival) in <a href="/wiki/Baja,_Hungary" title="Baja, Hungary">Baja</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanya_alfold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanya_alfold.jpg/250px-Tanya_alfold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanya_alfold.jpg/250px-Tanya_alfold.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanya_alfold.jpg/330px-Tanya_alfold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanya_alfold.jpg/500px-Tanya_alfold.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A farm in Great Hungarian Plain, 19th century, by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_M%C3%A9sz%C3%B6ly_(painter)" title="Géza Mészöly (painter)">Géza Mészöly</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/250px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/250px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/330px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg/500px-Hortob%C3%A1gy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park" title="Hortobágy National Park">Hortobágy National Park</a> on the Great Hungarian Plain with <i><a href="/wiki/Racka" title="Racka">Racka</a></i> sheep</figcaption></figure> <p>The part of the plain located in Hungary comprises the following areas: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mez%C5%91f%C3%B6ld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezőföld (page does not exist)">Mezőföld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1rr%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sárrét (page does not exist)">Sárrét</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolna_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolna (county)">Sárköz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr%C3%A1vamell%C3%A9k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drávamellék (page does not exist)">Drávamellék</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiskuns%C3%A1g" title="Kiskunság">Kiskunság</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1szs%C3%A1g" title="Jászság">Jászság</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pest_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pest Plain (page does not exist)">Pest Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heves_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heves Plain (page does not exist)">Heves Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borsodi-Mez%C5%91s%C3%A9g&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borsodi-Mezőség (page does not exist)">Borsodi-Mezőség</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodrogk%C3%B6z&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodrogköz (page does not exist)">Bodrogköz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiszah%C3%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiszahát (page does not exist)">Tiszahát</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Szatm%C3%A1r_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Szatmár Plain (page does not exist)">Szatmár Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maros-K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_k%C3%B6ze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maros-Körös köze (page does not exist)">Maros-Körös köze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s-vid%C3%A9k&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Körös-vidék (page does not exist)">Körös-vidék</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagykuns%C3%A1g" title="Nagykunság">Nagykunság</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortob%C3%A1gy_National_Park" title="Hortobágy National Park">Hortobágy National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajd%C3%BAs%C3%A1g" title="Hajdúság">Hajdúság</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%ADrs%C3%A9g" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyírség">Nyírség</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Serbia">Plain in Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Plain in Serbia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The term is used in Serbia to denote the Hungarian portion of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a>. </p><p>The portion of the Pannonian plain in Serbia is mostly divided into 3 large geographical areas: <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dka" title="Bačka">Bačka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Srem" class="mw-redirect" title="Srem">Srem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>), most of which are located in the <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Croatia">Plain in Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plain in Croatia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The term is rarely used in Croatia, and is usually associated there with the geography of Hungary. </p><p>Parts of Pannonian Croatia can be considered an extension of <i>Alföld</i>, particularly eastern <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> and the connected parts of <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Slovakia">Plain in Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plain in Slovakia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The portion of the plain located in Slovakia is known as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_Lowland" title="Eastern Slovak Lowland">Eastern Slovak Lowland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Ukraine">Plain in Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plain in Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The part of the plain located in Ukraine is known as the <a href="/wiki/Transcarpathian_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcarpathian Lowland">Transcarpathian Lowland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plain_in_Romania">Plain in Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plain in Romania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Romania, the plain (Rom. câmp or câmpia, from Lat. campus) includes the regions of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cri%C5%9Fana" class="mw-redirect" title="Crişana">Crişana</a>. It is referred to in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> as <i>The Western Plain</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2mpia_de_Vest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Câmpia de Vest (page does not exist)">Câmpia de Vest</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_de_Vest" class="extiw" title="ro:Câmpia de Vest">ro</a>]</span>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_13th_cent.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/250px-Hungary_13th_cent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/250px-Hungary_13th_cent.png" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/330px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/500px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Local autonomies (including <a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Cumania</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1szs%C3%A1g" title="Jászság">Jazygia</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in late 13th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg/220px-Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg/220px-Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg/330px-Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg/440px-Tornyai_Clouding_over_the_Great_Hungarian_Plain.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Tornyai" title="János Tornyai">János Tornyai</a>: <i>Clouding over the Great Hungarian Plain</i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_culture">Prehistoric culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prehistoric culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the prehistoric era, the Great Hungarian Plain was a place of cultural and technological changes, as well as an important meeting point of cultures of Eastern and Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a region of great archaeological importance to major European cultural transitions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> began in the Great Hungarian Plain with the Early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_culture" title="Körös culture">Körös culture</a>, located in present-day Serbia, 6000-5500 B.C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed 5500 B.C.E. by the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> (LBK)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later became the dominant agricultural culture of Europe. The LBK was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel culture</a> in the Late Neolithic 5000-3400 BC. </p><p>During the Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (2000 - 1800 BC), the growing demand for metal ores in Europe resulted in the new pan-European and intercontinental trade networks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that period cultures of the Great Hungarian Plain incorporated many elements from the other cultures of Bronze Age Near Eastern, Steppe and Central Europe </p><p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (first millennium BC), a variant of the Central European <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> inhabited <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a>, while pre-Scythian and later <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> cultures were found in the eastern region of the Great Hungarian Plain. </p><p>In 2014, a major study of DNA from burials in the Great Hungarian Plain was published.<sup id="cite_ref-GambaJones2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GambaJones2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 5,000-year record indicated significant genomic shifts at the beginning of the Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Ages, with periods of stability in between. The earliest Neolithic genome was similar to other European hunter-gatherers and surprisingly there was no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Lactase_persistence" title="Lactase persistence">lactase persistence</a> at that period. The most recent samples, from the Iron Age, showed an eastern genomic influence contemporary with introduced Steppe burial rites. There was also a transition towards lighter pigmentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomadic_migrations_and_conquests">Nomadic migrations and conquests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nomadic migrations and conquests" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Hungarian plain became the heartland of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a>, being in its natural environment similar to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>. The plain had formed the base for <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jasz people</a> and other nomadic tribes from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berehove_Raion" title="Berehove Raion">Berehove Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Hungarian_Plain" title="Little Hungarian Plain">Little Hungarian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Steppe" title="Pannonian Steppe">Pannonian Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Route" title="Steppe Route">Steppe Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Basin" title="Vienna Basin">Vienna Basin</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGábor_Gercsák2002" class="citation web cs1">Gábor Gercsák (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073035/http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/tajnev/pdf/gg_studia.pdf">"Hungarian geographical names in English language publications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Cartologica</i>. <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/tajnev/pdf/gg_studia.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studia+Cartologica&rft.atitle=Hungarian+geographical+names+in+English+language+publications&rft.date=2002&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+Gercs%C3%A1k&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flazarus.elte.hu%2F~guszlev%2Ftajnev%2Fpdf%2Fgg_studia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_Gercsák2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gábor Gercsák (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320073046/http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/tajnev/pdf/gg_magyar_tajn_ang_ford.pdf">"Magyar tájnevek angol fordítása"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fasciculi Linguistici / Series Lexicographica</i> (in Hungarian). <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Eötvös Loránd University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/tajnev/pdf/gg_magyar_tajn_ang_ford.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zagreb: Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies: 255. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1848-9184">1848-9184</a>. <q>U velikoj mađarskoj nizini Alföld zapadno od Karpata tradicionalno su se smještale euroazijske nomadske skupine, a dio panonske Hrvatske može se smatrati ekstenzijom tog područja, osobito istočna Slavonija i s njome povezani dijelovi Srijema.[5]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Migration+and+Ethnic+Themes&rft.atitle=Hrvatska+etnogeneza%3A+pregled+komponentnih+etapa+i+interpretacija+%28s+naglaskom+na+euroazijske%2Fnomadske+sadr%C5%BEaje%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255&rft.date=2007-09&rft.issn=1848-9184&rft.aulast=Her%C5%A1ak&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Nik%C5%A1i%C4%87%2C+Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Findex.php%3Fshow%3Dclanak%26id_clanak_jezik%3D28729%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilisauskas2011" class="citation book cs1">Milisauskas, S. 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(2009). <i>Handbook to Life in Prehistoric Europe</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Prehistoric+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GambaJones2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GambaJones2014_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambaJonesTeasdaleMcLaughlin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; McLaughlin, Russell L.; Gonzalez-Fortes, Gloria; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Domboróczki, László; Kővári, Ivett; Pap, Ildikó; Anders, Alexandra; Whittle, Alasdair; Dani, János; Raczky, Pál; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Pinhasi, Ron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218962">"Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>5</b>: 5257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6257">10.1038/ncomms6257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218962">4218962</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25334030">25334030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Genome+flux+and+stasis+in+a+five+millennium+transect+of+European+prehistory&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=5257&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4218962%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25334030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6257&rft.aulast=Gamba&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eppie+R.&rft.au=Teasdale%2C+Matthew+D.&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+Russell+L.&rft.au=Gonzalez-Fortes%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Mattiangeli%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Dombor%C3%B3czki%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=K%C5%91v%C3%A1ri%2C+Ivett&rft.au=Pap%2C+Ildik%C3%B3&rft.au=Anders%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Whittle%2C+Alasdair&rft.au=Dani%2C+J%C3%A1nos&rft.au=Raczky%2C+P%C3%A1l&rft.au=Higham%2C+Thomas+F.+G.&rft.au=Hofreiter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4218962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53105-5">"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. 12 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Y-chromosome+haplogroups+from+Hun%2C+Avar+and+conquering+Hungarian+period+nomadic+people+of+the+Carpathian+Basin&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41598-019-53105-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary/History">"Hungary – History"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Hungary+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FHungary%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Hungarian+Plain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Hungarian_Plain&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Sirtywell" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1737469200"> <span>Last edited on 21 January 2025, at 14:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Hongaarse_Laagvlakte" title="Groot Hongaarse Laagvlakte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Hongaarse Laagvlakte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Ungarische_Tiefebene" title="Große Ungarische Tiefebene – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Große Ungarische Tiefebene" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Альфёльд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфёльд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Алфьолд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфьолд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%A1_dunajsk%C3%A1_n%C3%AD%C5%BEina" title="Velká dunajská nížina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velká dunajská nížina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_ungarske_slette" title="Store ungarske slette – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Store ungarske slette" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fe_Ungarische_Tiefebene" title="Große Ungarische Tiefebene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Große Ungarische Tiefebene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%C3%B6ld" title="Alföld – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alföld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_llanura_h%C3%BAngara" title="Gran llanura húngara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran llanura húngara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Hungara_Ebena%C4%B5o" title="Granda Hungara Ebenaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Hungara Ebenaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungariako_Ordoki_Handia" title="Hungariako Ordoki Handia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hungariako Ordoki Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دشت بزرگ مجارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دشت بزرگ مجارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%C3%B6ld" title="Alföld – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alföld" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8C%80%ED%8F%89%EC%9B%90" title="헝가리 대평원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헝가리 대평원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_ma%C4%91arska_nizina" title="Velika mađarska nizina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velika mađarska nizina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%C3%B6ld" title="Alföld – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alföld" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_pianura_ungherese" title="Grande pianura ungherese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande pianura ungherese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93" title="אלפלד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפלד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfelda" title="Alfelda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfelda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfeldas" title="Alfeldas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfeldas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf%C3%B6ld" title="Alföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Голема унгарска рамнина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голема унгарска рамнина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Hongaarse_Laagvlakte" title="Grote Hongaarse Laagvlakte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Hongaarse Laagvlakte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="ハンガリー大平原 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンガリー大平原" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_ungarske_slette" title="Den ungarske slette – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den ungarske slette" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_ungarske_sletta" title="Den ungarske sletta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den ungarske sletta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Nizina_W%C4%99gierska" title="Wielka Nizina Węgierska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Nizina Węgierska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Plan%C3%ADcie_H%C3%BAngara" title="Grande Planície Húngara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Planície Húngara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_C%C3%A2mpie_Ungar%C4%83" title="Marea Câmpie Ungară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Câmpie Ungară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Велика мадярска низина – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Велика мадярска низина" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Альфёльд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альфёльд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%A1_dunajsk%C3%A1_kotlina" title="Veľká dunajská kotlina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľká dunajská kotlina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_mad%C5%BEarska_ni%C5%BEina" title="Velika madžarska nižina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika madžarska nižina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Велики Алфелд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики Алфелд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_ma%C4%91arska_ravnica" title="Velika mađarska ravnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velika mađarska ravnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iso_Unkarin_alanko" title="Iso Unkarin alanko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iso Unkarin alanko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora_ungerska_sl%C3%A4ttlandet" title="Stora ungerska slättlandet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stora ungerska slättlandet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Macaristan_Ovas%C4%B1" title="Büyük Macaristan Ovası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük Macaristan Ovası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Великий Альфельд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий Альфельд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B4te_Hongoarsche_L%C3%AAegvlakte" title="Grôte Hongoarsche Lêegvlakte – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Grôte Hongoarsche Lêegvlakte" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%9Fta_Macar%C4%B1stania_G%C4%B1rde" title="Deşta Macarıstania Gırde – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deşta Macarıstania Gırde" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="匈牙利大平原 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="匈牙利大平原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button 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