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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Біржа</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 68 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">68 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="تبادل (سوق منظمة) – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبادل (سوق منظمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birja" title="Birja – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birja" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – башкірская" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкірская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Біржа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біржа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Борса – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Борса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berza" title="Berza – баснійская" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Berza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="баснійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Биржэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Биржэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa" title="Borsa – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Borsa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%95" title="بۆرسە – цэнтральнакурдская" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆرسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="цэнтральнакурдская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burza" title="Burza – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Burza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – чувашская" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rs" title="Børs – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Børs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rse" title="Börse – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Börse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa" title="Borsa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Borsa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Χρηματιστήριο αξιών – грэчаская" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρηματιστήριο αξιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грэчаская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)" title="Exchange (organized market) – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exchange (organized market)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borso" title="Borso – эсперанта" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Borso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsa_(mercado)" title="Bolsa (mercado) – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bolsa (mercado)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rs" title="Börs – эстонская" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Börs" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burtsa_(merkatua)" title="Burtsa (merkatua) – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burtsa (merkatua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بورس – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6rssi" title="Pörssi – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pörssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourse_(%C3%A9conomie)" title="Bourse (économie) – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bourse (économie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burza" title="Burza – харвацкая" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="харвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%91zsde" title="Tőzsde – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tőzsde" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Բորսա – армянская" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa – інтэрлінгва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bursa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="інтэрлінгва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borso" title="Borso – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Borso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlutabr%C3%A9famarka%C3%B0ur" title="Hlutabréfamarkaður – ісландская" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hlutabréfamarkaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ісландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E5%BC%95%E6%89%80" title="取引所 – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="取引所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90" title="ბირჟა – грузінская" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირჟა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birja" title="Birja – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Birja" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – казахская" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EB%9E%98%EC%86%8C" title="거래소 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거래소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – кіргізская" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="кіргізская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bursa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourse_(Ekonomie)" title="Bourse (Ekonomie) – люксембургская" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bourse (Ekonomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bir%C5%BEa" title="Birža – латышская" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa" title="Borsa – малагасійская" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Borsa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Берза – македонская" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Берза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6" title="Бирж – мангольская" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бирж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="мангольская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beurs_(handelsinstituut)" title="Beurs (handelsinstituut) – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beurs (handelsinstituut)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rs" title="Børs – нарвежская (нюношк)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Børs" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (нюношк)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8rs" title="Børs – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Børs" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੱਟਾ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ – панджабі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਟਾ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджабі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie%C5%82da" title="Giełda – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Giełda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burs%C4%83" title="Bursă – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bursă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Биржа – якуцкая" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биржа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="якуцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa – сіцылійская" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bursa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сіцылійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burza" title="Burza – сербскахарвацкая" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Burza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскахарвацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ව්‍යාපාර වස්තු හුවමාරුව – сінгальская" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාපාර වස්තු හුවමාරුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сінгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burza_(ekonomika)" title="Burza (ekonomika) – славацкая" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Burza (ekonomika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="славацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borza" title="Borza – славенская" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Borza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="славенская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursa_(ekonomi)" title="Bursa (ekonomi) – албанская" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bursa (ekonomi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Берза – сербская" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rs" title="Börs – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Börs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88)" title="பரிவர்த்தனை (சந்தை) – тамільская" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பரிவர்த்தனை (சந்தை)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамільская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borsa" title="Borsa – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Borsa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birja" title="Birja – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Birja" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Біржа – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біржа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birja" title="Birja – узбекская" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birja" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0n_giao_d%E1%BB%8Bch" title="Sàn giao dịch – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sàn giao dịch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="交易所 – ву" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="交易所" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ву" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A2" title="בערזע – ідыш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בערזע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ідыш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="交易所 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交易所" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-%C5%8Da%E2%81%BF-s%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Kau-ōaⁿ-só͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kau-ōaⁿ-só͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E6%89%80" title="交易所 – кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="交易所" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонскі дыялект кітайскай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4770514">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Артыкул вымагае <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Вікіпедыя:Вікіфікацыя">вікіфікацыі</a>.</b></div><div class="mbox-textsmall-div hide-when-compact" style="font-size:85%">Няма або замала спасылак на іншыя артыкулы, тады як <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Гіпертэкст">гіпертэкставасць</a> — перавага Вікіпедыі.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/220px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/330px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/440px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>Нью-ёркская фондавая біржа</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Біржа</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нідэрландская мова">нідэрл.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="nl">beurs</span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нямецкая мова">ням.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="de">Börse</span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Французская мова">фр.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="fr">bourse</span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Італьянская мова">італ.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="it">bórsa</span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Іспанская мова">ісп.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="es">bolsa</span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Англійская мова">англ.</a>: <span style="font-style: italic;" lang="en">exchange</span>) — форма рэгулярна дзеючага аптовага рынку заменных тавараў, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каштоўная папера">каштоўных папер</a> і замежнай валюты. Адпаведна бываюць таварныя біржы, фондавыя біржы і валютныя біржы. </p><p>Біржа не выступае адным з бакоў у гандлёвых аперацыях, а толькі забяспечвае найбольш спрыяльныя ўмовы для гэтых аперацый: устанаўлівае для ўсіх удзельнікаў агульныя прынцыпы заключэння здзелак, распрацоўвае адзіныя правілы і нормы для заключэння здзелак, распрацоўвае адзіныя правілы і нормы для заключэння кантрактаў і дае на пэўны час месца для іх заключэння. Членамі Біржы могуць быць толькі пэўныя асобы, у т.л. давераныя прадстаўнікі кампаній. Кіруе біржай савет дырэктараў, якому падначалены розныя камітэты (фінансавы, арбітражны і інш.). Пасрэднікам паміж пакупнікамі і прадаўцамі выступаюць брокеры — пэўныя асобы ці фірмы (брокерскія канторы). Біржавыя органы ажыццяўляюць біржавую каціроўку — рэгіструюць курс валют і каштоўных папер, цэнаў на тавары, што стыхійна склаліся на біржы. Кожная біржа вядзе ўлік і сістэматызацыю такіх каціровак і публікуе іх у спецыяльных бюлетэнях. Біржавая каціроўка — адзін з паказчыкаў біржавой кан’юнктуры, індыкатар дзелавой актыўнасці ў розных сектарах эканомікі. </p><p>Зачаткі таварнай і вэксальнай (валютнай) біржы з’явіліся ў 15—16 ст. y гарадах Італіі (Венецыя, Генуя, Фларэнцыя). Важнымі этапамі ў развіцці біржавога гандлю стала заснаванне Антверпенскай (1531) і <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Амстэрдамская фондавая біржа">Амстэрдамскай</a> (1608) бірж. У <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Санкт-Пецярбургская біржа">Paсіі першая біржа</a> заснавана ў 1705 у Санкт-Пецярбургу. Росквіт біржавой дзейнасці прыпадае на 2-ю палову 19 ст. і звязаны з развіццём капіталістычнай вытворчасці, транспарту, сувязі, гандлю і акцыянерных таварыстваў. На сучасным этапе пераважная частка біржавога абароту сканцэнтравана ў вядучых гандлёвых і фінансавых цэнтрах ЗША, Вялікабрытаніі і Японіі (больш за 90 % аб’ёму біржавых здзелак з таварамі ў вартасным выражэнні, з іх больш за 80 % прыпадае на ЗША, дзе знаходзіцца гіганцкая фондавая Біржа ў Нью-Ёрку). </p><p>На Беларусі ў пачатку 20 ст. існавалі 2 біржы, якія спынілі дзейнасць y <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая сусветная вайна">Першую сусветную вайну</a>. У 1920-я гады біржавы гандаль аднавіўся, але ў 1927 ліквідаваны. Аднаўленне біржаў як адной з найважнейшых структур рыначнай эканомікі пачалося ў 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Беларуская энцыклапедыя: У 18 т. Т.3: Беларусы — Варанец / Рэдкал.: Г. П. Пашкоў і інш — Мн.: БелЭн, 1996. — Т. 3. — 511 с. — 10 000 экз. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9851100684" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 985-11-0068-4</a> (т. 3).</li></ul></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з "<a dir="ltr" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Біржа&oldid=4187749">https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Біржа&oldid=4187749</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Categories" title="Адмысловае:Categories">Катэгорыя</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Катэгорыя:Біржы">Біржы</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Схаваныя катэгорыі: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Катэгорыя:Вікіпедыя:Артыкулы да вікіфікацыі">Вікіпедыя:Артыкулы да вікіфікацыі</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96,_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96_ISBN" title="Катэгорыя:Старонкі, на якіх ужыты чароўныя спасылкі ISBN">Старонкі, на якіх ужыты чароўныя спасылкі ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Апошняе змяненне старонкі адбылося 12:44, 16 жніўня 2022.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Тэкст даступны на ўмовах <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.be">ліцэнзіі Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>, у асобных выпадках могуць дзейнічаць дадатковыя ўмовы. 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