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development and commercial expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_development_and_commercial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolution_and_the_Fisheries_Code_of_1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolution_and_the_Fisheries_Code_of_1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Devolution and the Fisheries Code of 1998 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolution_and_the_Fisheries_Code_of_1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fisheries within 15km of the shore</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A long net going from the shore to the ocean being carried by a line of people along each side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg/300px-Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg/450px-Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg/600px-Fishing_Philippines_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption>Fishing in <a href="/wiki/Currimao" title="Currimao">Currimao</a></figcaption></figure> The municipal fisheries in the Philippines are the <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Fisheries in the Philippines">Philippine fisheries</a> that fall under the jurisdiction of local governments, namely <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">cities and municipalities</a>. This includes all fisheries on inland waters, and in waters within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of the coast. While the term may technically include <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">aquaculture activities</a>, it is usually used to discuss capture fisheries. Municipal fisheries are restricted to boats of 3 <a href="/wiki/Gross_tonnage" title="Gross tonnage">gross tonnes</a> or smaller, and commercial fishing vessels are generally prohibited from fishing in these waters. A variety of commodities are caught within municipal waters, from high-value products such as <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> to smaller species caught for domestic consumption. Most municipal fisherfolk work on an individual basis, some with simple fishing methods. While municipal fisheries are crucial for domestic nutrition and livelihoods, most fisherfolk are poor. While municipal fisheries once made up the majority of fishery output, by 2020 they produced only about a fifth of national production. Municipal fisheries have historically been heavily overfished, especially as fishing industrialized after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Various efforts were made over time to ensure the sustainability of municipal fisheries, with current law under the Fisheries Code of 1998 banning commercial fishing from municipal waters and charging local governments with ensuring fisheries are sustainable. Local governments can implement more stringent regulations than the national baseline, as well as establish <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">protected areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">closed seasons</a> within their waters. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_subsectors">Definition and subsectors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and subsectors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph_Territorial_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing the waters under Philippine sovereignty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/220px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/330px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ph_Territorial_Map.png/440px-Ph_Territorial_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption>Territorial waters and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> of the Philippines</figcaption></figure> The Philippines is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelagic_state" title="Archipelagic state">archipelagic state</a> whose over 7,000 islands of roughly 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-FAOResources-1">[1]</a> are surrounded by 36,289 kilometres (22,549 mi) of coastline<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 15  supporting a large coastal population.<a href="#cite_note-CMAMPA-3">[3]</a>: 2  The <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Fisheries in the Philippines">fisheries in the Philippines</a> that are either inland or within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of the shore are classified as municipal fisheries, falling under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_municipalities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines">cities and municipalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 44  The marine subsector is much larger.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 68  Inland waters include 246,063 hectares (608,030 acres) of swamplands (106,328 hectares (262,740 acres) freshwater, 137,735 hectares (340,350 acres) brackish), 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) of lakes, 31,000 hectares (77,000 acres) of rivers, and 19,000 hectares (47,000 acres) of reservoirs.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 15  There are 23 lakes over 100 hectares (250 acres) in the country.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 18  74% of all lake area comes from just three: the 90,000-hectare (220,000-acre) <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>, the 34,304-hectare (84,770-acre) <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lanao" title="Lake Lanao">Lake Lanao</a>, and the 24,400-hectare (60,000-acre) <a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Other notable lakes include <a href="/wiki/Naujan_Lake" title="Naujan Lake">Naujan Lake</a> (7,576.32 hectares (18,721.5 acres)), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buhi" title="Lake Buhi">Lake Buhi</a> (1,630.30 hectares (4,028.6 acres)), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bato" title="Lake Bato">Lake Bato</a> (2,617.81 hectares (6,468.7 acres)), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mainit" title="Lake Mainit">Lake Mainit</a> (14,202.31 hectares (35,094.7 acres)), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wood" title="Lake Wood">Lake Wood</a> (687.37 hectares (1,698.5 acres)), <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dapao" title="Lake Dapao">Lake Dapao</a> (974.14 hectares (2,407.2 acres)), and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buluan" title="Lake Buluan">Lake Buluan</a> (5,032.73 hectares (12,436.1 acres)).<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: 8  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A green net filled with fish being carried up a beach" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg/220px-1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg/330px-1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg/440px-1093San_Isidro_Agoo_Beach_Road_La_Union_48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Fishing with a <a href="/wiki/Beach_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach seine">beach seine</a></figcaption></figure> Coastal waters include 184,600 square kilometres (71,300 sq mi) on continental shelf of 200 metres (660 ft) deep or less.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 15  Highly productive due to large amounts of sunlight, and stable and warm temperatures,<a href="#cite_note-CMAMPA-3">[3]</a>: 4–5  the country's marine waters are highly diverse and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Verde_Island_Passage" title="Verde Island Passage">Verde Island Passage</a> is possibly the most diverse marine area on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 8  There are 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 15  Reef fish provide between 15% and 30% of municipal fisheries catch,<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 65  with some islands relying on reefs for as much as 70% of their catch.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIsrael-9">[9]</a>: 136  There are 19 seagrass species, with <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">seagrass meadows</a> covering up to 24% of territorial waters.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 17  The value of marine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> is thought to be around US$966.6 billion.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 13  Municipal fisheries are defined as "fishing in coastal and inland waters with or without the use of boats that are 3 gross tonnes or less".<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 44  These boats can be motorized, or non-motorized using paddles or sails.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAguilar-11">[11]</a>: 118–119  Municipal fisherfolk as defined by the Philippine Fisheries Act of 1998 are those directly or indirectly involved in municipal fisheries. This has strong overlaps with the concepts of "artisanal fisheries" and "small-scale fisheries".<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 3  Fisherfolk include those working in capture fishing, aquaculture, vending, gleaning, and processing, and other activities related to fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 20–23  About half of registered municipal fisherfolk are involved in capture fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 9  The <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> areas have significant numbers of small-scale fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Zondervan2022-12">[12]</a>: 4  While <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">aquaculture</a> generally occurs in municipal waters, it is generally distinct from capture fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Resources">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Municipal fisheries commodities caught in 2022<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 76  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Commodity</th> <th>Volume (metric tons)</th> <th>Value (PhP) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">140,103.26</td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,898,439,330 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,234.43</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,038,427,320 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_scad" title="Bigeye scad">Bigeye scad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,693.27</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,984,019,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,126.25</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,529,873,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,085.92</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,814,707,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,243.03</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,153,945,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Decapterus" title="Decapterus">Roundscad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,230.16</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,353,897,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,135.03</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,176,632,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemipteridae" title="Nemipteridae">Threadfin bream</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,025.99</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,536,034,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,227.72</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,295,086,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td style="text-align:right;">521,407.16</td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,877,481,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TOTAL</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,126,260.26</td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,633,024,410 </td></tr></tbody></table> The most caught and most valuable product fished is <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>. Other important marine fisheries include those of <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_scad" title="Bigeye scad">bigeye scad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 84  Inland, the most produced and valuable commodity is <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Channa_striata" title="Channa striata">mudfish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Snails</a> are the third most caught by volume but have far less value than any of the other top 10 largest inland catches.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 92  Small pelagic species are the most commonly caught for low-cost domestic consumption, while large <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> species are often of higher value.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Large pelagic species found in the country include three <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">shallow water</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> species: the <a href="/wiki/Frigate_tuna" title="Frigate tuna">frigate tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bullet_tuna" title="Bullet tuna">bullet tuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euthynnus_affinis" title="Euthynnus affinis">eastern little tuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TunaPlan-14">[14]</a>: 13  The most fished small pelagic species is <a href="/wiki/Sardinella_lemuru" title="Sardinella lemuru">Bali sardinella</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Decapterus" title="Decapterus">roundscad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_scad" title="Bigeye scad">bigeye scad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 63  Commonly fished demersal species are <a href="/wiki/Nemipteridae" title="Nemipteridae">threadfin bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiognathidae" title="Leiognathidae">slipmouths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portunus_pelagicus" title="Portunus pelagicus">blue crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">groupers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbitfish" title="Rabbitfish">rabbitfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephippidae" title="Ephippidae">spadefish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 63  The cheap but nutritious sardine fishery consists of nine species, although there are six main ones: <a href="/wiki/Sardinella_lemuru" title="Sardinella lemuru">Bali sardinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldstripe_sardinella" title="Goldstripe sardinella">Goldstripe sardinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinella_albella" title="Sardinella albella">white sardinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amblygaster_sirm" title="Amblygaster sirm">spotted sardinella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escualosa_thoracata" title="Escualosa thoracata">white sardine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sardinella_fimbriata" title="Sardinella fimbriata">fimbriated sardines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 16  The most fished small pelagic species is <a href="/wiki/Sardinella_lemuru" title="Sardinella lemuru">Bali sardinella</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Decapterus" title="Decapterus">roundscad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_scad" title="Bigeye scad">bigeye scad</a> (and others of the <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">Carangidae</a> family), <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Stolephorus" title="Stolephorus">Stolephorus</a> genus). Other small pelagics include mackerels of the <a href="/wiki/Rastrelliger" title="Rastrelliger">Rastrelliger</a> genus, round herrings of the <a href="/wiki/Clupeidae" title="Clupeidae">Clupeidae</a> family, fusiliers of the <a href="/wiki/Caesionidae" title="Caesionidae">Caesionidae</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">flying fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfbeak" title="Halfbeak">halfbeaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_oil_sardine" title="Indian oil sardine">Indian oil sardines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mackerel" title="Indian mackerel">Indian mackerel</a>. Their presence is generally seasonal. From 1991 to 2001, 37% of small pelagic fish caught were from municipal fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Suh2020-16">[16]</a>: 8 <a href="#cite_note-TurbulentZaragozaSmall-17">[17]</a>: 32–33  The country has 51 <a href="/wiki/Portunidae" title="Portunidae">swimming crab</a> species, 7 of which are fished for market. The blue crab <a href="/wiki/Portunus_pelagicus" title="Portunus pelagicus">Portunus pelagicus</a> makes up 90% of all catches, with the rest is mostly made up of <a href="/wiki/Portunus_sanguinolentus" title="Portunus sanguinolentus">Portunus sanguinolentus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charybdis_feriata" title="Charybdis feriata">Charybdis feriata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charybdis_natator" title="Charybdis natator">Charybdis natator</a>, Scylla oceanica,<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scylla_serrata" title="Scylla serrata">Scylla serrata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Podophthalmus_vigil" title="Podophthalmus vigil">Podophthalmus vigil</a>. Non-marketed species are often caught as by-catch, or in the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thalamita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thalamita (page does not exist)">Thalamita</a> species, by hand.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIngles-20">[19]</a>: 47  There are significant fisheries for the <a href="/wiki/Acetes" title="Acetes">Acetes</a> shrimp, <a href="/wiki/Penaeus_monodon" title="Penaeus monodon">Penaeus monodon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penaeus_merguiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penaeus merguiensis (page does not exist)">Penaeus merguiensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penaeus_semisulcatus" title="Penaeus semisulcatus">Penaeus semisulcatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metapenaeus_ensis" title="Metapenaeus ensis">Metapenaeus ensis</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trachypenaeus_fulvus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trachypenaeus fulvus (page does not exist)">Trachypenaeus fulvus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBell-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShrimpTrawl-22">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a> species harvested include species from the <a href="/wiki/Loliginidae" title="Loliginidae">Loliginidae</a> family, such as <a href="/wiki/Uroteuthis_bartschi" title="Uroteuthis bartschi">Uroteuthis bartschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uroteuthis_duvaucelii" title="Uroteuthis duvaucelii">Uroteuthis duvaucelii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordtip_squid" title="Swordtip squid">Swordtip squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uroteuthis_singhalensis" title="Uroteuthis singhalensis">Uroteuthis singhalensis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bigfin_reef_squid" title="Bigfin reef squid">bigfin reef squid</a>. Also present are <a href="/wiki/Sepia_pharaonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepia pharaonis">Sepia pharaonis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sepia_esculenta" title="Sepia esculenta">Sepia esculenta</a>. Octopus species include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphioctopus_membranaceus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphioctopus membranaceus (page does not exist)">Amphioctopus membranaceus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hernando1981-23">[22]</a> Other harvested commodities include <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tripneustes_gratilla" title="Tripneustes gratilla">Tripneustes gratilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">sea cucumbers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Holothuria_scabra" title="Holothuria scabra">Holothuria scabra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trochidae" title="Trochidae">Trochidae</a> and related species such as <a href="/wiki/Rochia_nilotica" title="Rochia nilotica">Rochia nilotica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">windowpane oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haliotis_asinina" title="Haliotis asinina">Haliotis asinina</a>), and seven species of giant clams: <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridacna gigas">Tridacna gigas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_derasa" title="Tridacna derasa">Tridacna derasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_squamosa" title="Tridacna squamosa">Tridacna squamosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxima_clam" title="Maxima clam">Tridacna maxima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_crocea" title="Tridacna crocea">Tridacna crocea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopus_hippopus" title="Hippopus hippopus">Hippopus hippopus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippopus_porcellanus" title="Hippopus porcellanus">Hippopus porcellanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentJuinio-24">[23]</a>: 241–242 <a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBell-21">[20]</a> There is also a specific market for ornamental shells.<a href="#cite_note-Floren2003-25">[24]</a> Snails were at one point harvested in large quantities through dredging in Laguna de Bay to feed local duck farms. After years of decreasing collection, they formed 50% of the lake's output by weight in 1973, but only 3% of the output's value.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Person walking through ankle-deep waters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg/170px-%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg/255px-%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg/340px-%E3%83%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E6%8E%A1%E6%8D%95%E3%81%AE%E6%A7%98%E5%AD%90%E3%80%82%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6%E3%80%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Hand collection of <a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mactan" title="Mactan">Mactan</a></figcaption></figure> Most municipal fishing is done on an individual basis. Common fishing gear includes <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">gillnets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">handlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">fish traps</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringnet (page does not exist)">ringnets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> The cost involved in capture fisheries are mostly operational, with less than 10% being fixed costs like licenses, taxes, and fees.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 30  As of 2020, there were 267,807 municipal fishing vessels,<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 47  most of which are <a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">bangka</a> that are either motorized or sail/paddle powered. Some municipal fishing is also carried out from bamboo rafts called <a href="/wiki/Payao_(fishing)" title="Payao (fishing)">payao</a> which function as <a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device" title="Fish aggregating device">fish aggregating devices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reefs</a> are also used to aggregate catch in municipal waters. Such devices are usually owned by a specific person or company, and can boost catch by around 35%.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBabaran-27">[26]</a>: 238  Large <a href="/wiki/Fishing_light_attractor" title="Fishing light attractor">fishing light attractors</a> known as "superlights" are used to attract species such as the squid <a href="/wiki/Uroteuthis_bartschi" title="Uroteuthis bartschi">Uroteuthis bartschi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a> Most inland fishing boats, which ply brackish waters, estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, and rivers, are smaller than 3 gross tonnes. Common inland fishing gear includes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover_pot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cover pot (page does not exist)">cover pots</a>, fish traps, pole-and-<a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">line</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lift_net" title="Lift net">lift nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Push_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Push net">push nets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skimming_net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skimming net (page does not exist)">skimming nets</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cover_net&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cover net (page does not exist)">cover nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">gillnets</a>, dredging tools, <a href="/wiki/Beach_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach seine">beach seines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_net" title="Cast net">cast nets</a>, and ringnets. In 2012, inland fisheries caught 62% fish, 33% mollusks (such as snails), and 5% crustaceans (such as shrimps and prawns).<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Some municipal fisherfolk continue to rely on traditional methods, including hook-and-line fishing, beach seines, small nets and traps, fish corrals, hand spears, and the manual collection of seaweed and invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 19  Otter and beam trawling now mostly target shrimp. Trawls small enough to be deployed by boats smaller than 3 GT are known as baby trawls.<a href="#cite_note-OceanaTrawling-29">[28]</a>: 2  Those boats smaller than 2 GT are also sometimes called mini-trawlers.<a href="#cite_note-ShrimpTrawl-22">[21]</a> Municipal fishery catch is usually sold directly in smaller <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_Philippines" title="List of ports in the Philippines">ports</a>, sometimes to middlemen who transport them to nearby communities.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productivity">Productivity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Productivity">edit</a>]</div> As of 2020, 22.34% of the country's total fisheries production was from municipal capture fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 21  This came from 952,188.62 tons of marine fisheries and 150,073.74 tons of inland fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2020-2">[2]</a>: 45  The municipal fisheries sector grew 2.65% from 2021 to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 68  Inland capture fisheries saw the capture of an average of 0.26 million tons a year in the 1980s, which decreased to 0.19 million tons in the 1990s, and 0.15 million tons in the 2000s. The 0.16 million tons produced in 2018 was about 1% of the global inland catch.<a href="#cite_note-FAO2020-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region">By region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By region">edit</a>]</div> From 2013 to 2022, municipal capture fishery production has declined across 10 of the 17 regions, most significantly in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a> region where production decreased 42.61% (32,867.51 metric tons) over that time. Production in Bangsamoro, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a> went against the overall trend, increasing during this time.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 72  In 2022, the region with the highest productivity from municipal fisheries is <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a>, which has the second largest marine municipal fisheries sector, producing 120,723.92 metric tons in 2022, and the largest inland municipal fisheries sector, producing 65,440.61 metric tons in 2022. The <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a> has the second largest overall municipal fishery, almost completely from its 123,284.58 metric ton marine municipal fishery, although the municipal fisheries of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a> region were of the second greatest value. The inland <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a> has a small inland municipal fisheries sector producing only 539.15 metric tons. The only other region with more productive inland fisheries than coastal fisheries is <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a>, with a 35,047.27 metric ton inland fishery and a 31,871.12 metric ton marine fishery in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 68–69  <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Amount and value of municipal fisheries catch per region in 2022<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 69  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Marine fisheries (metric tons)</th> <th>Inland fisheries (metric tons)</th> <th>Marine fisheries (PhP)</th> <th>Inland fisheries (PhP) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,493.18</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,716.25</td> <td style="text-align:right;">806,483,020</td> <td style="text-align:right;">146,227,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">539.15</td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,211,450</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">I</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,770.63</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,807.07</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,387,896,840</td> <td style="text-align:right;">303,949,350 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">II</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,932.40</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,522.37</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,272,175,050</td> <td style="text-align:right;">871,916,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">III</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,695.21</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,483.42</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,670,860,740</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,067,105,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">IV-A</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,871.12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,047.27</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,592,740,410</td> <td style="text-align:right;">784,713,930 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">MIMAROPA</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">102,459.13</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,211.78</td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,614,397,790</td> <td style="text-align:right;">214,294,360 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">V</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,243.18</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,811.11</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,876,222,510</td> <td style="text-align:right;">222,051,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">VI</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,436.01</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,712.32</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,907,295,260</td> <td style="text-align:right;">405,672,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">VII</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,187.28</td> <td style="text-align:right;">81.19</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,933,652,510</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,535,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">VIII</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,235.38</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,303.15</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,407,903,860</td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,972,650 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">IX</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">123,284.58</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,195.41</td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,178,811,040</td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,328,010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">X</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,758.77</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,948.17</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,151,007,090</td> <td style="text-align:right;">245,590,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">XI</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,256.12</td> <td style="text-align:right;">71.57</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,420,888,390</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,610,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">XII</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,987.59</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,828.52</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,639,284,520</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,562,476,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">XIII</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,574.19</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,632.21</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,749,218,390</td> <td style="text-align:right;">378,830,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">BARMM</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,723.92</td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,440.61</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,084,364,520</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,309,336,370 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts">Impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impacts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic">Socioeconomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Registered fisherfolk by region before 2022<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 19  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region</th> <th>Male</th> <th>Female</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">NCR</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,396</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,831</td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">CAR</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,321</td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,726</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Region 1</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,174</td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,920</td> <td style="text-align:right;">118,094 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Region 2</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,730</td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,822</td> <td style="text-align:right;">127,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Region 3</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,515</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,367</td> <td style="text-align:right;">139,882 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Region 4A</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">119,426</td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,259</td> <td style="text-align:right;">164,685 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Region 4B</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">120,930</td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,475</td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Region 5</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">152,524</td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,761</td> <td style="text-align:right;">210,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Region 6</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">131,457</td> <td style="text-align:right;">76,445</td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,902 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Region 7</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">104,136</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,351</td> <td style="text-align:right;">150,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Region 8</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">131,883</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,576</td> <td style="text-align:right;">167,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Region 9</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">60,308</td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,997</td> <td style="text-align:right;">95,305 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Region 10</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,475</td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,936</td> <td style="text-align:right;">90,411 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Region 11</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,085</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,218</td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,303 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Region 12</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,590</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,856</td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,446 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Region 13</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,676</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,377</td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,053 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">BARMM</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">160,268</td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,627</td> <td style="text-align:right;">247,895 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th style="text-align:right;">1,523,894</th> <th style="text-align:right;">666,544</th> <th style="text-align:right;">2,190,438 </th></tr></tbody></table> Municipal fisheries are crucial to food security in the Philippines and are an important livelihood for many in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 8  Calculations of fisheries values often miss small-scale consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Salayo2000-31">[30]</a>: 4  Around 80% of those employed in fishing are thought to be small-scale <a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">artisanal</a> fisherfolk.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 8 <a href="#cite_note-FAOFinancing-32">[31]</a>: 3  Most small-scale fisherfolk have few if any savings,<a href="#cite_note-FAOFinancing-32">[31]</a>: 4  and most municipal fishing equipment is uninsured.<a href="#cite_note-FAOFinancing-32">[31]</a>: 5  Small-scale fisherfolk are thus very vulnerable to natural disasters such as <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cabico2023-33">[32]</a> Fisherfolk remain a relatively <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">poor community</a>. This is partially due to declining catches, with average daily income decreasing from the equivalent of 20 kilograms (44 lb) of fish in the 1970s to 2 kilograms (4.4 lb) in 2000. As of 2009, 41.4% were considered to be in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Artisanal fishing is the second lowest-paid occupation after farming.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a> In 2018, average fisherfolk income was PhP 188,488.60 (PhP 15,707.38 a month). This varied regionally, being highest in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>. Of fisherfolk, 26.2% were considered in poverty, as opposed to 12.1% of the national population. Fisherfolk poverty continuously decreased from 2006 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: 16–19  In 2021, fisherfolk income in Metro Manila averaged PhP 25,752.50, and was lowest in Bangsamoro where the average was PhP 12,894.17. The overall decrease in poverty during the 2010s reversed in 2021 when 30.6% were considered in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: xi  Municipal fisherfolk may fish as a part-time complement to other work, such as agricultural labor. This may be due to fishing being impractical during monsoon periods with rough seas,<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 49  or when fishing is halted during a seasonal closure.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 54  Fisherfolk may sell their best quality catch, keeping low-quality catch or none for family consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 52  Households headed by a fisher spent proportionally more on food, alcohol, and tobacco than the average household.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIsrael-9">[9]</a>: 134–135  They are also larger than average while being less educated and having less access to water, sanitation, and electricity.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> The depletion of fisheries in different parts of the country has exacerbated the precarious economic situation of many fisherfolk in some local areas.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 13  As fisheries have depleted, fisherfolk have had to travel further away from the shore, which means the cost of catching each fish is higher. Some fisherfolk may simply be unable to afford the equipment needed to fish further out to sea. Decreasing fish populations have occurred alongside increasing coastal human populations.<a href="#cite_note-CulturalSurvival-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 43  Small margins mean that fisherfolk are vulnerable to rising oil prices, as it is common for around 80% of income to be spent on fuel. There are limited government initiatives to subsidize fuel to up to PhP 3,000.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The government has developed specific plans to try and address fisherfolk poverty, including programs aimed at providing alternative livelihoods and improving fisheries management.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentSantosPoverty-37">[36]</a> There are calls to set up a national registry of artisanal fisherfolk to assist in government aid efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Cabico2023-33">[32]</a> Some fisherfolk are organized into cooperatives, with almost 4,000 such cooperatives being registered in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 25  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria,_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A person pulling finger-length silver fish from a net" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg/170px-Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg/255px-Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg/340px-Subsistence_fishing_in_Claveria%2C_Cagayan_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Small fish caught in <a href="/wiki/Claveria,_Cagayan" title="Claveria, Cagayan">Claveria, Cagayan</a></figcaption></figure> The development of more productive fisheries created social stratification, with commercial fishing boat owners of a higher class than their employed laborers and those in small-scale fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 39–40  While commercial fisherfolk are meant to fish only outside of municipal waters (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the shore), there are some conflicts between municipal and commercial fisherfolk.<a href="#cite_note-SEAFDECLamarca-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silvestre1997-40">[39]</a>: 70  Key fishery species are caught by both municipal and commercial fisheries, with commercial fisheries taking 61.2% of the 10 most caught species in 2012 while municipal fisheries caught 38.8%.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> So long as it does not conflict with national regulations and the water is deeper than 7 fathoms, local governments may permit small commercial ships to fish 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the shore.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 54  The increase of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial fishing in the Philippines">commercial fishing</a> over time and the concurrent collapse of municipal fishing have contributed to malnourishment. Where both fisheries compete for the same species, more are now caught by the commercial sector.<a href="#cite_note-Green2003-42">[41]</a>: 31–33  Within a fishery, a small number of commercial vessels owned by a small number of households can capture a lopsided amount of the available catch than the larger number of small-scale fisherfolk in the same area, and make greater profit from each catch.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentSilvestre-43">[42]</a>: 159  Trawling is known to destroy passive fishing equipment, such as fish traps.<a href="#cite_note-OceanaTrawling-29">[28]</a>: 3  There is female participation in fishing and in fishing boat ownership, as well as in related roles such as gathering fry, preparing and repairing gear, processing catches, and marketing. Women often serve as middlemen, buying fish from ports and selling small amounts door-to-door.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 51  Where women are involved directly in fishing, it tends to be those inland or close to the coast. Women are often involved in fisheries management, being viewed as better at managing conflict.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The low participation of women in those fishing from boats, perhaps 10%, results in women often being not included in statistics on fisherfolk. The catch of women is also more likely to be used directly for sustenance than that caught by men. Women may not be able to access markets of similar profitability to men and are underrepresented in leadership positions.<a href="#cite_note-Torell2021-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental">edit</a>]</div> Human pressures occur alongside natural pressures such as those formed by the <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a>. Catch rates in coral reef fisheries shrunk from over 10 kilograms (22 lb) a day in the 1950s to less than 5 kilograms (11 lb) in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 65  Both municipal and commercial fisheries are overfished, and mangrove areas are in decline. The causes for damage include <a href="/wiki/Dynamite_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamite fishing">dynamite fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_fishing" title="Cyanide fishing">cyanide fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">bycatch</a>, and fishing with small-gapped nets.<a href="#cite_note-SEAFDECLamarca-39">[38]</a> Many sedentary and slow-moving, and thus easily harvested, invertebrate species have had local populations destroyed. The giant clam <a href="/wiki/Hippopus_porcellanus" title="Hippopus porcellanus">Hippopus porcellanus</a> has been driven almost extinct, while <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridacna gigas">Tridacna gigas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tridacna_derasa" title="Tridacna derasa">Tridacna derasa</a> are overharvested.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentJuinio-24">[23]</a>: 241  Some inland fisheries have been significantly overfished. The <a href="/wiki/Sinarapan" title="Sinarapan">sinarapan</a>, which may be the smallest commercially harvested fish, was driven almost extinct by overfishing in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buhi" title="Lake Buhi">Lake Buhi</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gobiopterus_lacustris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gobiopterus lacustris (page does not exist)">Gobiopterus lacustris</a> has been almost wiped out of Laguna de Bay.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Bycatch in crab gillnets can reach up to 45% of the catch, and much is thrown out. Of the crabs caught, around 3 of every 10 caught are immature, and 1 or 2 are egg-bearing females. Gillnets in the <a href="/wiki/Malampaya_Sound" title="Malampaya Sound">Malampaya Sound</a> have entangled dolphins, including the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_dolphin" title="Irrawaddy dolphin">Irrawaddy dolphin</a>. Up to a quarter of gillnets are lost each year, becoming <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">ghost nets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIngles-20">[19]</a>: 52  <a href="/wiki/Drift_netting" title="Drift netting">Drift nets</a> catch cetaceans and turtles, as do some other fishing methods, while dugong is known to become trapped in fish corrals.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlava-46">[45]</a>: 112–113  Some shrimp fishing is exempted from regulations prohibiting fine mesh nets.<a href="#cite_note-ShrimpTrawl-22">[21]</a> Perhaps 25-30% of intended catch is lost during processing,<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> mostly within the commercial fishing sector due to a lack of cold storage.<a href="#cite_note-Salayo2000-31">[30]</a>: 4, 20  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Municipal marine capture fisheries by fish species in 2012<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Species</th> <th>Volume (metric tonnes)</th> <th>% of total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_scad" title="Bigeye scad">Bigeye scad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,058.85</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_oil_sardine" title="Indian oil sardine">Indian oil sardine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,898.40</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Round_scad" title="Round scad">Round scad</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,328.55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frigate_tuna" title="Frigate tuna">Frigate tuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,118.78</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardinella_fimbriata" title="Sardinella fimbriata">Fimbriated sardines</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,088.01</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">Yellowfin tuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,757.33</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,014.82</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_mackerel" title="Indian mackerel">Indian mackerel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,530.25</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,388.69</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">Skipjack tuna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,355.02</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leiognathidae" title="Leiognathidae">Slipmouth</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">39,286.37</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td style="text-align:right;">513,601.48</td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,083,426.55</td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Inland capture fisheries by fish species in 2012<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Major Species</th> <th>Volume (tonnes)</th> <th>As % of total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,439.27</td> <td style="text-align:right;">38.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,807.82</td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Channa_striata" title="Channa striata">Mudfish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,703.17</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gourami" title="Gourami">Gourami</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,608.42</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,768.40</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Goby" title="Goby">gobies</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,412.21</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,601.09</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leiopotherapon_plumbeus" title="Leiopotherapon plumbeus">Silver perch</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,196.90</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arius_manillensis" title="Arius manillensis">Manila sea catfish</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,874.69</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freshwater <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,149.18</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,901.20</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td style="text-align:right;">122,236.59</td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_policies_and_legislation">National policies and legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National policies and legislation">edit</a>]</div> Fishing is expressly meant to be managed through the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a> to ensure ecosystem sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 13  Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>, marine resources are intended to be used exclusively by Filipinos.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBenavente-47">[46]</a>: 266  The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Code_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Code of 1991">Local Government Code of 1991</a> (RA 7160) defines the roles of local government units in the management of municipal waters.<a href="#cite_note-SEAFDECLamarca-39">[38]</a> The Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (RA 8435) calls for the development of the fisheries sector to ensure food availability, create economies of scale, and create value-added products.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 22  In 1992, the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (RA 7586) created a common framework for protected areas, including marine ones.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 220 <a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 11, 21  RA 8550 forms the basis of current fisheries law, replacing all prior laws that might contradict it. The primary goal of this act was <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, and its balance of ecosystem protection and fishing allowance was intended to achieve long-term sustainability. Within the framework of this national law, fisheries management in municipal waters continues to be devolved to municipal authorities acting under the Local Government Code. At municipal, provincial, and national levels, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) are established through Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) No. 196 from 2000 and its later amendments. These provide an institutional framework for the cooperation of local and national governments with fisherfolk and other stakeholders. In some areas, like <a href="/wiki/Apo_Island" title="Apo Island">Apo Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Vicente,_Palawan" title="San Vicente, Palawan">San Vicente, Palawan</a>, this cooperation has led to sustainable coastal management.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Representing the private sector is the government-funded National Agricultural and Fisheries Council.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentHermesCAM-51">[50]</a>: 274  Handline fishing is regulated by Republic Act 9379 (the Handline Fishing law).<a href="#cite_note-TunaPlan-14">[14]</a>: 25  The Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (RA 9147) mandates habitat use is sustainable.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 29  Together with BFAR Fisheries Administrative Order 233-1 of 2010, it also promotes the protection of native species, including those important for fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Aya2019-52">[51]</a> Other relevant acts include Memorandum Circular 2018–59 on Policies and Guidelines on the Regulation and Monitoring of Fishery Activities in Municipal Waters, Fisheries Administrative Order No. 155. Regulating the use of fine-meshed nets in fishing (amended by Fisheries Administrative Order No. 155-1), Fisheries Administrative Order No. 201. banning fishing with active gear in municipal waters, and Fisheries Administrative Order No. 223/BFAR Circular No. 253-1 which created a moratorium on licenses for new fishing gear for one year.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 30–31  The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a> (DENR) has responsibility for some aspects of coastal management, such as the use of mangrove forests and monitoring pollution. DENR also provides technical support to local governments for aspects of coastal management that fall under local government responsibility. BFAR also provides technical support to local governments.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentJatulan-53">[52]</a> DENR has a general responsibility for environmental protection in both coastal and marine environments, sharing responsibility with local authorities where relevant.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 207  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government_management">Local government management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Local government management">edit</a>]</div> The Local Government Code charges cities and municipalities with managing all licensing and fees for municipal waters. Executive Order 305 charges them with registering fishing vessels smaller than 3 gross tons. Some licensing is done at the barangay level. Each local government can implement this in their own chosen manner, with there being no prescribed standard. Due to this, many local governments license based on demand, rather than through evidence-based management principles.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 54–55  On the city and municipal level, the responsible bodies for legislation are the Sangguniang Bayan/Sangguniang Panlungsod. Local laws must be in line with national laws and policy.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 207  Local governments issue Municipal Fisheries Ordinances to cover their waters. (Provincial governments coordinate municipalities, but do not exercise direct authority over fisheries.) Municipal waters are delineated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Mapping_and_Resource_Information_Authority" title="National Mapping and Resource Information Authority">National Mapping and Resource Information Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a> Although local governments are responsible for registering municipal fisherfolk, BFAR has implemented programs to assist them with this.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 21 <a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 55  Municipal authorities may pass regulations with more protection than those mandated by national law, but cannot regulate for weaker protections.<a href="#cite_note-CMAMPA-3">[3]</a>: 68  Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Management Councils were established through Executive Order 240.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> These can be created at the barangay level, or the city/municipality level. Through these councils, fisherfolk and other stakeholders are involved in the development of local government management policies for marine resources and the issuance of fisheries licenses. As of 2022, 1,094 had been established.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 48–49  Local governments are expected to maintain an annually updated registry of municipal fisherfolk in collaboration with relevant FARMCs. They are also responsible for registering fishing vessels.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 3–4  The issuance of <a href="/wiki/Fishing_license" title="Fishing license">fishing licenses</a> is not comprehensive enough to effectively function as a management tool.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> While registration and licensing are theoretically separate processes, the registration process is effectively the licensing process for municipal fisherfolk.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 1  Registration processes differ per locality, although some governments sharing bodies of water cooperate on standard rules and regulations.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 4, 15  Registration is only possible after living in the municipality for six months, and individual governments can add further requirements.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 5, 15  Registration occurs at the barangay level, and lists of registered persons are available to the public.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 90  Boats larger than 3 GT must be registered with the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Philippine Coast Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseCommercial-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisherman%27s_craft,_Philippines_1899_(IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small thin outrigger boat with nine men, some holding bows and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg/220px-Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg/330px-Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg/440px-Fisherman%27s_craft%2C_Philippines_1899_%28IA_conquestphilippine00marcrich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">negrito</a> fishing boat in 1899</figcaption></figure> There are some special cases of fisheries management responsibility. Fisheries in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a> are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority" title="Laguna Lake Development Authority">Laguna Lake Development Authority</a>. Municipal registration in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> is coordinated with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palawan_Council_for_Sustainable_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palawan Council for Sustainable Development (page does not exist)">Palawan Council for Sustainable Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> has its own fisheries powers. The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples%27_Rights_Act_of_1997" title="Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997">Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act of 1997</a> provides some control over natural resources to recognized <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous groups</a> in their ancestral lands, meaning they can fish in recognized lands without registering so long as they follow fishing regulations, and other fisherfolk require special consent to fish in these areas.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 52–54  Ports can be managed by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Ports_Authority" title="Philippine Ports Authority">Philippine Ports Authority</a> or by the local government in which they are situated. The enforcement of laws is shared between many local and national bodies.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techniques">Techniques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Techniques">edit</a>]</div> Management tools included within the Fisheries Code of 1998 include harvest limits, vessel monitoring, compliance and penalty measures, fishing gear registration, and catch documentation.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 28  Other laws and ordinances delivered through means such as Fishery Administrative Orders, Presidential Decrees, and Letters of Instruction include those affecting technology (gear) legality and regulation, spatial restrictions, temporal restrictions, and commodity-specific regulations.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentSilvestre-43">[42]</a>: 162  Most management is area-based or temporal, limiting all operations within a certain space and/or timeframe, or regulated by species.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Restrictions on gear can include regulations on <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing net</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a> size, <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">fish hook</a> size, <a href="/wiki/Fishing_light_attractor" title="Fishing light attractor">fishing light attractor</a> strength, and bans on fishing methods like trawling.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Fishing with explosives, poison, <a href="/wiki/Muro-ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Muro-ami">muro-ami</a> nets, and flammable substances to scare fish is banned nationally. There are minimum mesh sizes for different species, ranging from 1.9 cm (0.75 in) to 3.5 cm (1.4 in). In municipal waters, <a href="/wiki/Pa-aling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa-aling">pa-aling</a> nets, lights of too high a wattage, and active gear (gear used by moving such as trawls) are banned.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 31–33  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with different colors to indicate different uses for various parts of coastal waters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG/220px-Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG/330px-Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG/440px-Lanuza_Bay_fishing_zones.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Coastal use zones of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanuza_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanuza Bay (page does not exist)">Lanuza Bay</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">aquaculture spots</a>, and general fishing zones</figcaption></figure> Simple to establish,<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 219  marine protected areas have become a common tool to protect coral reefs.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoStewardship-56">[55]</a> While some are national parks, many are created through local and community processes.<a href="#cite_note-CMAMPA-3">[3]</a>: 64  The Fisheries Code of 1998 calls for 15% of municipal waters to be protected, in addition to protected mangrove areas.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 220  These should be established and managed by local governments in consultation with relevant FARMCs. National protected seascapes are established under the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act (RA 7586) and are managed by the DENR in collaboration with relevant local governments.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentHermesMPA-57">[56]</a> Some local governments establish a number of separated small protected areas, for example one in each barangay.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAdan-58">[57]</a> Marine protected areas are often no-take, banning all forms of fishing completely, yet they can often be acceptable to local communities who might participate in setting their size and boundaries. Their ability to generate positive spillover effects, increasing fish stocks in the surrounding water, is also recognized by some communities. Some protected areas can also provide alternative livelihoods through <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlcala-59">[58]</a> Many MPAs in the Philippines include both a core no-take area, and a surrounding area with regulated activities.<a href="#cite_note-CMAMPA-3">[3]</a>: 66  Altogether, there are perhaps up to 1,800 marine protected areas of some kind in the country, where they are also known as Marine Sanctuaries, Marine Reserves, and Marine Parks. These have different levels of fishing restrictions and different levels of enforcement and effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muallil2019-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks2009-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maliao2009-64">[63]</a> In addition to fishery protection, they provide alternative livelihood opportunities relating to tourism, as well as generating community pride.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The large number of MPAs mean some form networks of protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-Lowry2009-66">[65]</a> Closed seasons for specific species are enabled by the Philippine Fisheries Code.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 30  In 2015, a closed season was implemented to product roundscad around the <a href="/wiki/Calamian_Islands" title="Calamian Islands">Calamian Islands</a> from November 1 to January 31 through joint DA-DILG Administrative Order 1.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: 61  There is a similar policy in the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_River" title="Cagayan River">Cagayan River</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/Lobed_river_mullet" title="Lobed river mullet">lobed river mullet</a>, which was established through Fisheries Administrative Order 31 of 1952.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 4  From December 2011 to February 2012 the fishing of <a href="/wiki/Sardinella" title="Sardinella">Sardinella</a> was banned. Species-level restrictions may also be more nuanced, for example banning the capture of full-sized breeding milkfish.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> There are efforts in various places around the country to restore giant clam populations through artificial seeding.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentJuinio-24">[23]</a>: 242  The establishment of marine protected areas and closed seasons helps conserve target populations but also interrupts livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> On the local level, closed seasons may be imposed on municipal waters by the local government in consultation with the local FARMC. Local governments are also able to use other tools, such as establishing MPAs, imposing fees, and regulating gear use.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 177  Local management often takes place through an integrated coastal management approach that accounts for different species and stakeholders. A ban on harvesting the sea urchin <a href="/wiki/Tripneustes_gratilla" title="Tripneustes gratilla">Tripneustes gratilla</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bolinao" title="Bolinao">Bolinao</a> did not lead to a recovery of the species.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 66–67  Attempts have been made to supplement the wild populations with captively bred sea urchins.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentJuinio-24">[23]</a>: 242  The rabbitfish <a href="/wiki/Siganus_fuscescens" title="Siganus fuscescens">Siganus fuscescens</a> fishery in the same area has received a local closed season, which was similarly ineffective. Proposals for a no-take zone marine protected area were initially opposed by fisherfolk, although small areas have been established due to agreement on the usefulness of safe breeding areas. Opposition to the 1986 ban of <a href="/wiki/Muro-ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Muro-ami">muro-ami</a> fishing led to the development of a modified method, <a href="/wiki/Pa-aling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa-aling">pa-aling</a>, which was restricted to certain areas and monitored.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 66–67  The use of kayakas, essentially smaller muro-ami, was also banned.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 32  A closed season effort in <a href="/wiki/Palompon" title="Palompon">Palompon</a> succeeded in reviving the local rabbitfish population.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 88  Giving local governments responsibilities for fishery management has historically complicated the management of transboundary ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentDizon-68">[67]</a> Since 2019 Philippine waters have been divided into 12 Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs).<a href="#cite_note-OCEANA_FMA-69">[68]</a> The FMAs were established through Fisheries Administrative Order No. 263,<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 92  and allow for regional differentiation in fishing rules and regulations.<a href="#cite_note-OCEANA_FMA-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A number of men in blue uniforms with guns on the roof and deck of a wooden boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg/220px-US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg/330px-US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg/440px-US_Navy_110701-N-NJ145-300_Philippine_navy_sailors_board_a_fishing_vessel_during_a_tactical_boarding_training_exercise_with_U.S._Coast_Guard_Mariti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> sailors practicing boarding a fishing ship</figcaption></figure> Effective fisheries management remains a challenge due to the many interlocking factors affecting fisheries, and diverse bodies responsible for enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 349–350  The small scale of most fishery activities impedes monitoring and regulation.<a href="#cite_note-Garchitorena2022-71">[70]</a> Boats registered as commercial vessels may not be large enough or properly equipped to fish those waters, leading to unprevented illegal fishing in municipal waters.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 348  Philippine environmental law is often regarded as very high quality while facing a consistent challenge in implementation and enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 208–209  The prevention of <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> (IUU) is well established within fisheries legislation, being the key focus of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (fully named "An Act to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing"). Perhaps 80,000-125,000 municipal fishing vessels are thought to be unregistered, and some vessels registered as municipal fishing vessels may be fishing commercially.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 10–11  Management at the local level is often hampered by a lack of capacity, political will, enforcement, and transparency.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 68  Local governments receive some funds from the national government and have their own revenue-generating powers, which include revenues generated through their management of municipal waters. However, management of fisheries competes with other priorities and is often underfunded. National funding formulas take into account land area but not water area. Imposing fees on municipal water exploitation may produce political backlash.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentEisma-72">[71]</a> Compliance is often affected by community and fisherfolk acceptance, as well as by the design of the regulation and the attention paid to enforcement measures.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 207–208  Adhering to closed seasons is particularly challenging for subsistence fisherfolk with no alternative livelihood options.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentArmadaLimits-73">[72]</a> Similarly, dynamite fishing has been hard to prohibit due to the perception that it does not harm others, especially compared to the harm observed through legal fishing means such as trawling. Protections against marine wildlife such as dolphins are sometimes ignored as dolphins are seen as competitors.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 209  Enforcement for MPAs is patchy, with as few as 16% seeing strict enforcement, although designated areas are preserved better than other areas.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 221–222  Commercial fisheries illegally operating in municipal waters have reduced catches in many coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a> The presence of bright lights at night time is often an indicator of illegal fishing in municipal waters.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 16  Commercial vessels are also known to fish around fish aggregating devices in municipal waters, drawn by high yields.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBabaran-27">[26]</a>: 239  This can be hard to police, especially when faced with a lack of political will or funding. Community-based law enforcement thus supplements government enforcement activities.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 178  This can fill gaps left when local governments are unable to carry out enforcement and national bodies cannot or will not assume responsibility, but actions such as citizen arrests do face the risk of countersuits.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 212  Under a program known as <a href="/wiki/Bantay_Dagat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantay Dagat">Bantay Dagat</a>, local fishermen are encouraged to report illegal fishing activities.<a href="#cite_note-Cabico2023-33">[32]</a> These organizations report directly to the mayor of the relevant local government.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentTrudeau-74">[73]</a> Bantay Dagat patrols provide monitoring services and meet with law enforcement to provide evidence, while also being able to conduct apprehension activities. They also run IEC activities in their local communities. As of January 17, 2002, there were 19,525 trained participants of Bantay Dagat throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 45  There have been controversial political initiatives to modify Section 18 of the Fisheries Code and allow some commercial fisheries to operate in municipal waters.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_plans_and_research">Management plans and research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Management plans and research">edit</a>]</div> A Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan (CNFIDP) was put in place for 2006–2025.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> The 2016 to 2020 edition included a plan to develop more Community Fish Landing Centers.<a href="#cite_note-TunaPlan-14">[14]</a>: 8, 19  Community Fish Landing Centers are created through the cooperation of BFAR, the <a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Poverty_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anti-Poverty Commission">National Anti-Poverty Commission</a>, PFDA, and local governments, with the aim of improving the livelihoods of local fisherfolk. They are used to distribute equipment, as well as provide training.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 40  The most recent CNFIDP revision was issued for 2021–2025.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> A National Wetlands Action Plan for the Philippines was put in place from 2011 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Plans to tackle IUU fishing include the 2013 National Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing and BFAR's 2019-2023 Fisheries Law Enforcement Operations Action Plan (Fisheries Administrative Order 271 of 2018).<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 14  Due to the decrease of sardine populations and their importance to coastal communities, a National Sardines Management Plan was signed by Agriculture Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Dar" title="William Dar">William Dar</a> in May 2020 following the recommendation of the National Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council.<a href="#cite_note-Miraflor2021-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Due to the establishment of the FMAs, the sardine plan is expected to be integrated into individual FMA plans that are then adopted by local governments.<a href="#cite_note-SardinePlan-15">[15]</a>: 92–93  By September 2021, there were calls for FMA 7 to adopt the plan.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> By December 2021, FMA 7 was the only FMA that had done so.<a href="#cite_note-Miraflor2021-78">[77]</a> The Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) handled government research until 1987 when the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD) was created.<a href="#cite_note-Salayo2000-31">[30]</a>: 7  The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 saw the creation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Fisheries_Research_and_Development_Institute_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Philippines) (page does not exist)">National Fisheries Research and Development Institute</a> under BFAR. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Council_for_Agriculture,_Aquatic,_and_Natural_Resources_Research_and_Development" title="Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development">Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development</a> provides some research funding and coordination on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Technology_(Philippines)" title="Department of Science and Technology (Philippines)">Department of Science and Technology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Agricultural_Research" title="Bureau of Agricultural Research">Bureau of Agricultural Research</a> (under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Agriculture_(Philippines)" title="Department of Agriculture (Philippines)">Department of Agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Research universities include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Visayas" title="University of the Philippines Visayas">University of the Philippines Visayas</a>, the Marine Science Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_State_University" title="Central Luzon State University">Central Luzon State University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao_State_University" title="Mindanao State University">Mindanao State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> BFAR runs a scholarship program to fund the takeup of a Bachelor of Fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 26  Research into sustainability has mostly focused on small-scale fisheries in Luzon and the Visayas, with comparatively less research having taken place for commercial fisheries and in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-Zondervan2022-12">[12]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Threats">edit</a>]</div> Philippine fisheries face a mixture of environmental, socioeconomic, and institutional challenges. Environmental damage to fisheries habitats has occurred alongside fishery depletion.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 345  Coral reef quality has degraded across the country, and by 2014 no coral reefs in the country had 75% or more of their area being covered by live coral. Half of all mangroves have been lost, in part due to direct conversion to aquaculture.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 11–12 <a href="#cite_note-Silvestre1997-40">[39]</a>: 64  This is despite the protection of mangrove forests bringing about positive economic outcomes for local fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIsrael-9">[9]</a>: 135  At least half of all seagrass beds have been degraded or lost.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 347  Invasive fish species have caused some damage to local ecosystems, however, the strictly economic value of these species has outweighed these losses.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">fish kill</a> events are an issue, and fisheries face significant risk from <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. Environmental damage from <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">degradation of habitats</a> such as coasts, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, and mangroves threaten fish populations.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Boat discharge and <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> have damaged coastal ecosystems, especially sentitive seagrass.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentFortes-81">[80]</a> Mariculture also introduces nutrient pollution into the water that can lead to <a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">fish kills</a>. Water quality varies throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentMcGlone-82">[81]</a> Pollution has also increased due to the overall increase in shipping.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 207  <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a> is likely to damage the country's fisheries, slowing the growth of the industry compared to current conditions. Its effect is likely to differ between species, for example heavily impacting anchovies and tuna. It is also expected to decrease potential income among those who might purchase fish.<a href="#cite_note-Suh2020-16">[16]</a>: 7–10  Typhoons and other tropical storms cause direct damage to many fisherfolk, as well as to communal infrastructure such as ports.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 51–52  Invasive species can threaten native fisheries. The presence of the invasive <a href="/wiki/Clown_featherback" title="Clown featherback">clown featherback</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a>, possibly washed into the lake by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana" title="Typhoon Ketsana">Typhoon Ketsana</a> in 2009, reduced the native populations of <a href="/wiki/Leiopotherapon_plumbeus" title="Leiopotherapon plumbeus">Leiopotherapon plumbeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead carp</a>, milkfish, and Nile tilapia, among other species. Clown featherback are worth less than these species, so as their presence in catch has increased to perhaps 40%, incomes have decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Aya2019-52">[51]</a> Socioeconomic challenges have occurred as decreasing incomes and inequitable resource access have exacerbated poverty and created resource conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 345  Overfishing affects all commonly fished species. This means increasing effort is needed to catch the same amount of fish, although exceptions exist around historically less-fished waters around parts of Palawan, Mindanao, and the East Coastcoast.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Fishing efforts exceed <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">maximum sustainable yields</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 346 Fishing vessels have had to move further out to sea as nearshore fisheries became depleted.<a href="#cite_note-Garchitorena2022-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 346  Overexploitation of demersal fisheries through trawling since at least the 1960s, with some stocks now almost wiped out.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> In addition to an overall loss of up to 90% of overall biomass,<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 346  demersal ecosystems have also seen their <a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">species composition</a> altered.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentArmada-83">[82]</a>: 43  In total, perhaps 75% of all fisheries are depleted.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Trawl catch per hour has declined over time.<a href="#cite_note-OceanaTrawling-29">[28]</a>: 3  Around 70% of fisheres are considered overfished.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Over time, the percentage of fish caught that are larger species has decreased.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Squid have also been widely caught in juvenile stages.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The introduction of payao, while increasing tuna fisheries, increased the catch of juvenile tuna, with some locations seeing 90% of catch being under a year old.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentZaragozaLarge-87">[86]</a> In some areas, juveniles are deliberately caught, a process which not only weakens populations but can cause considerable by-catch.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentLuna-70">[69]</a>: 347  <a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing practices</a> include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compressor_fishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compressor fishing (page does not exist)">compressor fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">spearfishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">blast fishing</a>. These direct impacts occur alongside habitat degradation of coral reefs, seagrasses, and mangrove forests.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> One study in 2000 found that blast fishing earned US$170 million, but caused US$1,640 million in environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLaw-88">[87]</a>: 2  In some places, increasing environmental awareness and the depletion of fish stocks have resulted in a decrease in blast fishing.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_fishing" title="Cyanide fishing">Cyanide fishing</a> was thought to be used by perhaps 4,000 individuals as of 2013.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 14  A USAID study estimated that local governments lost 3,000-9,500 metric tons of fish to IUU activities each year.<a href="#cite_note-USAID2021-10">[10]</a>: 16  The live fish trade for food sees the use of cyanide fishing to capture fish.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> It has also had a direct impact on leopard coral grouper populations. This species is slow-growing, and its exploitation has been linked to localized decreases in average body size.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentMamauag-90">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental fish">ornamental fish</a> trade also uses cyanide fishing to capture live fish. The value of the trade was PhP 300 million in 2001. It is relatively understudied but is thought to have a highly localized impact on target species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Whitetail_dascyllus" title="Whitetail dascyllus">whitetail dascyllus</a>, especially as the mortality rate of caught fishes may reach 80%.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentOchavillo-91">[90]</a>: 60–63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="History of fisheries in the Philippines">History of fisheries in the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> What is now the Philippines has a long history of coastal fishing communities, with folklore referencing relationships with fish and fishing.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentPauly-92">[91]</a>: 15  Control of coastal resources was likely exercised by <a href="/wiki/Precolonial_barangay" title="Precolonial barangay">barangay</a> chiefs. During <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish rule</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Law_of_Waters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Law of Waters (page does not exist)">Spanish Law of Waters</a> was passed in 1866 which gave control of all coastal resources to the Manila authorities, from whom they could be leased for use. However, for most resources, there was no management, and so exploitation was effectively unrestricted. Chinese immigration during this period introduced new fishing equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Salamb%C3%A1w" title="Salambáw">Salambáw</a> nets that allowed for larger catches to supply growing urban populations.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 26–28 <a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 175  At the end of the 19th century, sapyaw/sapiao nets began to spread, and other new net types followed.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 32  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A structure made of wooden walls isolating some areas in the sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg/220px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg/330px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg/440px-Philippine_Island_-_Manila_-_NARA_-_68156526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>A fish trap in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> in 1933</figcaption></figure> A growing population during <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American rule</a> saw demand for fish increase. <a href="/wiki/Beam_trawling" class="mw-redirect" title="Beam trawling">Beam trawling</a> was introduced by Japanese fishermen in the early 20th century, as well as <a href="/wiki/Muro-ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Muro-ami">muro-ami</a> nets.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 29, 32  This increase in productivity and increased demand led to the development of larger towns whose economy was based upon fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 31  Dynamite fishing is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a> as far back as World War I.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGuidote-54">[53]</a>: 207  The Fisheries Act of 1932 (Act 4003) restricted fishing access to American and Filipino companies and created the concept of municipal waters, which reached 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) from the shore,<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 175 <a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 2  within which only municipal governments could create fish ponds and corrals, catch milkfish fry, and license ships smaller than 3 tons.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 43  The law was the introduction of registration and licensing.<a href="#cite_note-USAIDLicenseMunicipal-41">[40]</a>: 1  Later laws shifted control over fish ponds and corrals back to the national government.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 43–44  The first closed season was established in 1939, covering parts of the Visayan Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Napata2020-93">[92]</a> In the early 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian carp">Eurasian carp</a> was introduced into natural lakes in Mindanao.<a href="#cite_note-FAOAquaculture-94">[93]</a> The fishing of milkfish in the sea was banned on August 5, 1949, through Fisheries Administrative Order 25 in order to ensure fry would be available to stock inland lakes and aquaculture.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> By the 1940s there were already at least 55 different types of fishing gear in use, broadly divided into hand instruments, barriers and traps, lines, and nets.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 27, 84–87  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technological_development_and_commercial_expansion">Technological development and commercial expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Technological development and commercial expansion">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, municipal fisheries were 150% larger than commercial ones.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 2  The rapid development and adoption of new technology greatly increased fishery intensity. Active gear, such as trawl nets, began to supplant passive gear, such as fish corals, although passive gear remained common in small-scale fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 33  Trawl nets increased in efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentArmada-83">[82]</a>: 42  <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">Motorboats</a> began to spread, increasing range and mobility.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 34  In capture fisheries, <a href="/wiki/Otter_trawler" class="mw-redirect" title="Otter trawler">otter trawlers</a> began to be widely adopted, and in the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Purse_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Purse seine">purse seines</a> became more common.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 31  By the mid-1960s, production was double what it was in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 2  Overall, fishing efforts had an almost sixfold increase from this period to the mid-1980s.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentZaragozaSmall-17">[17]</a>: 32  Some fisheries in <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> were likely already close to being overfished during the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentArmada-83">[82]</a>: 43  The technological development of the industry benefited existing capital holders, and commercial production soon began to outstrip the previously dominant municipal fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 176  The government encouraged this increasing output, without regard to environmental sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 30  <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fisheries</a> peaked in the late 1960s in most areas, although some fisheries continued to grow around Palawan, the southern <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a>, and a small part of the East coast.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2003-42">[41]</a>: 7  A number of provinces banned trawling at various points starting from 1954, until May 1983 when Letter of Instruction 1328 banned trawling within 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of the shore or in water shallower than 7 fathoms nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-OceanaTrawling-29">[28]</a>: 4  The 1970s saw crab fisheries expand beyond artisanal tools, leading to a rapid reduction in crab populations due to trawling.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIngles-20">[19]</a>: 47  Demersal catches did not increase after 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Silvestre1997-40">[39]</a>: 66  Distribution technology, by roads and by sea, also improved during this time, providing larger markets for catches.<a href="#cite_note-Spoehr1984-38">[37]</a>: 36  Capture fisheries grew steadily until the mid-1970s, and starting growing again in the mid-1980s until the 1990s. While municipal catches decreased during parts of this period, increasing commercial catches compensated for this.<a href="#cite_note-Silvestre1997-40">[39]</a>: 66  Presidential Decree 704 (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_Decree_of_1975&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisheries Decree of 1975 (page does not exist)">Fisheries Decree of 1975</a>) was the most significant fishery law since 1932,<a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 4  becoming the new basis for Philippine fisheries law upon its issuance on May 16, 1975.<a href="#cite_note-BFARLegislations-96">[95]</a>: 2  This decree maintained the established definition of municipal waters as being 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the shore, although this did not at the time exclude commercial fishing from these waters.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentSantosWaters-97">[96]</a> While municipal authorities were nominally accorded some powers, all municipal ordinances and licensing required approval by the national government.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 44  Similarly, aquaculture in municipal waters remained under the jurisdiction of BFAR (except in Laguna de Bay, where it remained the responsibility of the LLDA).<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 63  This decree promoted the exploitation of fisheries, although environmental problems had begun to become apparent, and the government began to tentatively look into coastal management near the end of that decade.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 5  An Integrated Fisheries Development Plan (IFDP) was developed in 1976, aiming to both increase fish supply and improve distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 63  During the 1970s, incomes among fisherfolk declined, and there was not enough data to set up effective management strategies.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentPauly-92">[91]</a>: 18  The average income reduced to halfway below the poverty threshold.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 73  Commercial operations outcompeted small-scale fisherfolk exploiting the same fisheries, further diminishing the already shrinking fish stocks available.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 176  While the number of ships in the commercial fleet was roughly stable, the average size of these ships increased.<a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 4  Municipal fishery production dropped to just 30% of the total. The capture of small pelagic fish plateaued after 1975, despite still-increasing fishing efforts.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 2  Capture effort for each municipal pelagic fish had already peaked in the 1950s. All fishing in the <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a> peaked per unit effort in the late 1970s, after which it declined.<a href="#cite_note-Green2003-42">[41]</a>: 7–9  In the late 1970s, the Biyayang Dagat program was introduced to provide loans to small-scale fisherfolk, however, they were often unable to provide sufficient collateral, and the program was later discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-CulturalSurvival-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 65, 74 <a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The 1970s also saw the first coastal resource management programs aimed at creating sustainability in fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 5  By 1980, a number of municipal fishing areas from throughout the country had been identified by BFAR as depleted. Municipal fisheries off <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a>, as well as within the <a href="/wiki/Malampaya_Sound" title="Malampaya Sound">Malampaya Sound</a>, had been closed to commercial fishing.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 22  Studies in Laguna de Bay from 1961 showed its productivity was decreasing. Towards the end of the decade, while overall value increased, this was due to an increase in fish pens. Capture fisheries decreased in productivity, with a small increase in shrimp capture being overshadowed with significant decreases in fish and snail capture. A 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) protected area was established southeast of <a href="/wiki/Talim_Island" title="Talim Island">Talim Island</a> to protect the fishery.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 23–24  Separate national data on inland fisheries was first published in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Smith1980-26">[25]</a>: 22  The 1980s saw a shift in management responsibilities from the national governments towards local governments.<a href="#cite_note-Zondervan2022-12">[12]</a>: 2  The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumilon_Marine_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumilon Marine Reserve (page does not exist)">Sumilon Marine Reserve</a> was set up in 1974, and Presidential Proclamation 1801 established the broader concept of marine reserves in 1978. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Galera" title="Puerto Galera">Puerto Galera</a> became a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserve">Biosphere Reserve</a> in 1977, the <a href="/wiki/Apo_Island" title="Apo Island">Apo Island</a> Marine Reserve was set up in 1985, and <a href="/wiki/Tubbataha_Reef" title="Tubbataha Reef">Tubbataha Reef</a> became a protected area in 1988 before becoming part of a Biosphere Reserve in 1990 and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 220 <a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 67  Trawling decreased starting in the 1980s due to the overfishing of demersal fisheries combined with increasing cost, becoming replaced by the cheaper <a href="/wiki/Danish_seine" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish seine">Danish seine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentArmada-83">[82]</a>: 42  The destructive muro-ami fishing technique was banned in 1986, but was soon replaced by the similar pa-aling method.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoDiversity-8">[8]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">Artificial reefs</a>, already used as <a href="/wiki/Fish_aggregating_device" title="Fish aggregating device">fish aggregating devices</a> since the 1950s, began to be officially encouraged as conservation and anti-trawling devices in the 1980s. Their impact was often mixed, and sometimes damaging.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBabaran-27">[26]</a>: 238–239  Captive giant clam breeding began in 1985, and research into breeding other vulnerable sessile invertebrates followed.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBell-21">[20]</a> Ornamental shell exports peaked in 1988, before declining significantly.<a href="#cite_note-Floren2003-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Devolution_and_the_Fisheries_Code_of_1998">Devolution and the Fisheries Code of 1998</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Devolution and the Fisheries Code of 1998">edit</a>]</div> The newly created <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 constitution</a> included a specific reference to the "preferential use" of fishing resources by "subsistence fishermen".<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 177 <a href="#cite_note-BFARLegislations-96">[95]</a>: 3  In 1991, local governments became empowered in areas including fishing through Republic Act 7160 (the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Code_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Code of 1991">Local Government Code of 1991</a>),<a href="#cite_note-SEAFDECLamarca-39">[38]</a> now explicitly able to regulate without national government approval.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 44  This enabled more specific management of these coastal areas, and coastal resource management with the aim of sustainability became more common.<a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 6  It also expanded municipal waters from 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) to 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), shifting commercial fishing further from the shore,<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBarut-100">[99]</a>: 25  although in a way that created legal uncertainty around commercial fishing licensing and activities.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 44–45  In 1992, the <a href="/wiki/National_Integrated_Protected_Areas_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Integrated Protected Areas System">National Integrated Protected Areas System</a> Act (RA 7586) created a common framework for protected areas, including marine ones.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentAlinoMPA-49">[48]</a>: 220 <a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 67 <a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 21  This came during a period of political conflict due to increasing disputes over fisheries resources and the spread of the understanding of sustainability.<a href="#cite_note-DENR-DA-101">[100]</a> The civilian coast guard was formed in 1997, and local governments gained some control over local police in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLaw-88">[87]</a>: 124  The 1990s saw a sharp increase in crab fishing, to fill demand created by the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> crab fishery.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentIngles-20">[19]</a>: 48  Overall marine landings were relatively flat from 1991 to 1995.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBarut-100">[99]</a>: 25  Despite absolute growth, production per capita when compared to the national population decreased.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Continued population growth led to increasing demand for seafood.<a href="#cite_note-Silvestre1997-40">[39]</a>: 62  Combined with decreasing fish catch, average consumption of seafood fell during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 4  Per capita consumption declined from around 40 kilograms (88 lb) in 1987 to 24 kilograms (53 lb) in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Green2003-42">[41]</a>: 13  In 1998, fisheries produced 2.7% of GDP (17.6% of agricultural activities), while providing 3% of employment, of which 68% was from manpower-intensive municipal fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-PSA-103">[102]</a> In 1998, fisheries laws were entirely overhauled through Republic Act 8550 (the Fisheries Code of 1998), which replaced all former laws and became the basis of further legislation going forward.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> The Fisheries Code of 1998 assigned management of these municipal waters fully to local governments, with the intention that their exploitation be mostly restricted to the residents of their municipality.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentGarcia-67">[66]</a>: 177  Following the fisheries code, trawling was treated as banned throughout all municipal waters.<a href="#cite_note-OceanaTrawling-29">[28]</a>: 4  The code also reinforced the concept of integrated coastal management, the importance of local management, and the inclusion of community stakeholders in fisheries management.<a href="#cite_note-CRMLegal-48">[47]</a>: 9  The legal debate around commercial fishing was clarified, assigning jurisdiction to local governments<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 48  who could allow boats up to 50 GT to fish from 10.1 kilometres (6.3 mi) off their shores.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 53  Also under the Fisheries Code of 1998, the formation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources_Management_Councils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (page does not exist)">Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils</a> (FARMCs) was mandated, providing local engagement in municipal lawmaking.<a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 52  The use of artificial reefs was banned in 1997, before being reallowed in 2001 under new guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-TurbulentBabaran-27">[26]</a>: 239 <a href="#cite_note-CRMMunicipal-13">[13]</a>: 99  By the 2000s, overfishing in some areas was severe enough that catches with hook-and-line techniques were 1/20th of what they were in the 1940s for the same amount of effort.<a href="#cite_note-Green2003-42">[41]</a>: 10  The 2000s saw an increase in integrated coastal management by local governments, with fisheries considered as part of a wider system alongside <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zondervan2022-12">[12]</a>: 2–3  Integrated Coastal Management was officially adopted as a national strategy in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-7years4seas-50">[49]</a>: 6  Both integrated coastal management and ecosystem-based fisheries management were amended into the Fisheries Code of 1998 through Republic Act 10654 of 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Zondervan2022-12">[12]</a>: 2–3  By 2012, around 1,614,000 people were employed in municipal fisheries. Municipal capture fisheries produced 51% of total capture fisheries production.<a href="#cite_note-FAOCountryProfile-5">[5]</a> Municipal fisheries and aquaculture combined produced 73% of all catch from 2011 to 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Cabico2023-33">[32]</a> From 2012 to 2021 aquaculture was far more productive than municipal fisheries, whose productivity was in turn slightly higher than that of commercial fisheries.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: 27  In terms of value the difference was not as large.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: 28  From 2013 to 2022 the overall volume of commodities produced from municipal fisheries decreased from 1.26 million metric tons to 1.13 million metric tons. However, the value of produced commodities increased from PhP 80.90 billion to PhP 127.63 billion.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 70  The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Fisheries_and_Aquatic_Resources" title="Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources">Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources</a> issued Fisheries Administrative Order 263 (FAO 263) in 2019, dividing Philippine waters into 12 Fisheries Management Areas taking into account geography and fish stock distribution. Under this system, each area is expected to have its own management body and scientific advisory group, which will prepare a Fisheries Management Area Plan that is responsive to the needs of that fishing management area.<a href="#cite_note-OCEANA_FMA-69">[68]</a> In addition to creating more tailored sustainability plans, the FMAs are intended to improve governance and the enforcement of fishery laws and regulations. Implementation of the new FMAs lagged behind the laws. By mid-2021, 11 FMAs had been established, although only 6 of the originally 12 FMAs had established scientific advisory groups, and funding and reporting structures were still undefined. Some of these delays were caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines</a>. The pandemic with its reduction in enforcement activities also saw an increase in IUU fishing in municipal waters. BFAR and USAID released tools to allow local communities to estimate the prevalence of IUU fishing in their local waters.<a href="#cite_note-Fabro2021-28">[27]</a> By 2022, all 12 management boards had been organized, and 11 scientific advisory groups had been set up.<a href="#cite_note-ArtisanalStatus-7">[7]</a>: 46  In 2021, municipal capture fisheries produced 1.13 million metric tons of product, 26.64% of total fisheries production. Nationally, 2.19 million people were employed in municipal fishing activities, of which 50.03% were in capture fisheries, 11.59% in <a href="/wiki/Gleaning" title="Gleaning">gleaning</a> activities, and 11.28% in aquaculture. Other fish processing and municipal fishing-related activities employed 189,562 people.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2021-6">[6]</a>: xviii–xx  In 2022 there were 2,302,648 fisherfolk registered with BFAR, of which 50.96% were in capture fisheries, 11.27% in aquaculture, 11.18% in gleaning, 6.83% in vending, and 1.96% in processing. Of these registered fisherfolk, 70% were men and 30% were women. Most are older: 9% are 30 or below, with 21.13% aged 31 to 40, 22.97% aged 51 to 60, and 24.42% older than that. The production of municipal fisheries was 1.13 million metric tons, 25.96% of all fisheries production.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: xi–xii  There were 375,995 municipal fishing vessels registered with local governments.<a href="#cite_note-BFAR2022-4">[4]</a>: 18  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Not always considered a separate species<a href="#cite_note-Keenan1998-18">[18]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FAOResources-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FAOResources_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilfredo_G._Yap1999" class="citation book cs1">Wilfredo G. 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Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. pp. 261–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92753-4-0" title="Special:BookSources/971-92753-4-0"><bdi>971-92753-4-0</bdi></a>. 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White; Rebecca Pestaño-Smith; Evelyn Deguit; Rupert Sievert; Rex Navarro (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oneocean.org/download/db_files/food_security.pdf">Coastal Resource Management For Food Security</a> (PDF). The Coastal Resource Management Project Philippines. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-91925-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-91925-4-2"><bdi>971-91925-4-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 1, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coastal+Resource+Management+For+Food+Security&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=The+Coastal+Resource+Management+Project+Philippines&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=971-91925-4-2&rft.au=Catherine+A.+Courtney&rft.au=J.A.+Atchue+III&rft.au=Marco+Carreon&rft.au=Alan+T.+White&rft.au=Rebecca+Pesta%C3%B1o-Smith&rft.au=Evelyn+Deguit&rft.au=Rupert+Sievert&rft.au=Rex+Navarro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foneocean.org%2Fdownload%2Fdb_files%2Ffood_security.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+fisheries+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSA-103"><a href="#cite_ref-PSA_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/fishery-resources">"Fishery Resources"</a>. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved May 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fishery+Resources&rft.pub=Philippine+Statistics+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsa.gov.ph%2Fcontent%2Ffishery-resources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+fisheries+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_MonteclaroKazuhiko_AnrakuSatoshi_Ishikawa2017" class="citation book cs1">Harold Monteclaro; Kazuhiko Anraku; Satoshi Ishikawa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/CAPABILITY/img/books/FieldGuidebook_on_PhilippineFishingGears.pdf">Field Guidebook on Philippine Fishing Gears</a> (PDF). Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906888-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906888-31-3"><bdi>978-4-906888-31-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guidebook+on+Philippine+Fishing+Gears&rft.pub=Research+Institute+for+Humanity+and+Nature&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-4-906888-31-3&rft.au=Harold+Monteclaro&rft.au=Kazuhiko+Anraku&rft.au=Satoshi+Ishikawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chikyu.ac.jp%2FCAPABILITY%2Fimg%2Fbooks%2FFieldGuidebook_on_PhilippineFishingGears.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMunicipal+fisheries+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Municipal_fisheries_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliament.bangsamoro.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Bill-No.-12-MP-Amilbahar-Mawallil-CREATING-THE-MINISTRY-OF-FISHERIES-AND-AQUATIC-RESOURCES.pdf">An Act Creating The Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Defining its Powers and Functions, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for Other Purposes</a>, in Bangsamoro</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishing_by_country" title="Template:Fishing by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishing_by_country" title="Template talk:Fishing by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_in_Australia" title="Seafood in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_and_pearling_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing and pearling in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bhutan" title="Fishing in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Brunei" title="Fishing industry in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cambodia#Fisheries" title="Agriculture in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic#Fishing" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_China" title="Fishing industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus#Fishing_and_forestry" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Denmark" title="Fishing industry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Greenland" title="Fishing industry in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Guernsey" title="Fishing in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_aquaculture_in_Hong_Kong" title="Agriculture and aquaculture in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing industry of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Libya#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Madagascar#Livestock_and_fishing" title="Agriculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_Maldives" title="Fishing industry in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Morocco" title="Fishing industry in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_New_Zealand" title="Fishing industry in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Oman#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Palau" title="Fishing industry in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Fisheries in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="Commercial fisheries in the Philippines">Commercial fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fisheries_in_the_Philippines" title="History of fisheries in the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Municipal fisheries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia#Fishing" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_Spain" title="Commercial fishing in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Switzerland" title="Fishing industry in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Thailand" title="Fishing industry in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Turkey" title="Fishing in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Turkmenistan" title="Fishing industry in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Fishing industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Vanuatu" title="Fishing in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Yemen" title="Fishing in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/90px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/135px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Macclesfield_Bank" title="Macclesfield Bank">Macclesfield Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Bank" title="Nazareth Bank">Nazareth Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_Bank" title="Princess Alice Bank">Princess Alice Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saya_de_Malha_Bank" title="Saya de Malha Bank">Saya de Malha Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soudan_Banks" title="Soudan Banks">Soudan Banks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">By species</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_king_crab_fishing" title="Alaskan king crab fishing">Alaskan king crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_salmon_fishery" title="Alaska salmon fishery">Alaskan salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_anchoveta" title="Peruvian anchoveta">Peruvian anchoveta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Commercial fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Rise" title="Chatham Rise">Chatham Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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