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<span>Ecosystem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecosystem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecosystem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangroves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangroves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mangroves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangroves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coral_reefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coral_reefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Coral reefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coral_reefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seagrass_beds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seagrass_beds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seagrass beds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seagrass_beds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upland_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upland_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Upland forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upland_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Key developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Key_developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Key developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Key_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_reclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_reclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Land reclamation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_reclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Land conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterfront_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterfront_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Waterfront development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterfront_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rehabilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beach_nourishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_nourishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Beach nourishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beach_nourishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Water quality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_quality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water quality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_soil_erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_soil_erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Effects of soil erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_soil_erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Future</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_level_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sea level rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manila Bay</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="خليج مانيلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خليج مانيلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sola_nin_Manila" title="Sola nin Manila – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sola nin Manila" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badia_de_Manila" title="Badia de Manila – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Badia de Manila" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luok_sa_Manila" title="Luok sa Manila – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Luok sa Manila" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilsk%C3%A1_z%C3%A1toka" title="Manilská zátoka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manilská zátoka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilabugten" title="Manilabugten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manilabugten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilabucht" title="Manilabucht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Manilabucht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_de_Manila" title="Bahía de Manila – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bahía de Manila" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="خلیج مانیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلیج مانیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_Manille" title="Baie de Manille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baie de Manille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baai_fan_Manilla" title="Baai fan Manilla – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baai fan Manilla" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%8C" title="마닐라만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마닐라만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="मनिला खाड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनिला खाड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luek_Manila" title="Luek Manila – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Luek Manila" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Manila" title="Teluk Manila – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teluk Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baia_di_Manila" title="Baia di Manila – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baia di Manila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מפרץ מנילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפרץ מנילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Manila Bay" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%88%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Манила шығанағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манила шығанағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilas_l%C4%ABcis" title="Manilas līcis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Manilas līcis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilos_%C4%AFlanka" title="Manilos įlanka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Manilos įlanka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%89%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="മനില ഉൾക്കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനില ഉൾക്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluk_Manila" title="Teluk Manila – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teluk Manila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baai_van_Manilla" title="Baai van Manilla – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baai van Manilla" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A9%E6%B9%BE" title="マニラ湾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マニラ湾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilabukten" title="Manilabukten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Manilabukten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zatoka_Manilska" title="Zatoka Manilska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zatoka Manilska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C3%ADa_de_Manila" title="Baía de Manila – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baía de Manila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Манила (бухта) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Манила (бухта)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2)" title="Манила 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manila_Bay&params=14_31_00_N_120_46_00_E_dim:400km_region:PH_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°31′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°46′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.51667°N 120.76667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.51667; 120.76667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural harbor on the island of Luzon, Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the man-made beach, see <a href="/wiki/Manila_Dolomite_Beach" title="Manila Dolomite Beach"> Manila Bay Beach</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Manila Bay</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Look ng Maynila</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay,_Manila,_The_Philippines_(29657831394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg/264px-Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg/396px-Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg/528px-Earth_from_Space_Manila_Bay%2C_Manila%2C_The_Philippines_%2829657831394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6752" data-file-height="9356" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Satellite image of Manila Bay (upper half of photo) in 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_relief_location_map_(Luzon_mainland).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Bay is located in Luzon"><img alt="Manila Bay is located in Luzon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/256px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/384px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg/512px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28Luzon_mainland%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="529" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.921%;left:26.271%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Manila Bay"><img alt="Manila Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Manila Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Luzon</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippines_relief_location_map_(square).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manila Bay is located in Philippines"><img alt="Manila Bay is located in Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/256px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/384px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg/512px-Philippines_relief_location_map_%28square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="1332" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.546%;left:39.341%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Manila Bay"><img alt="Manila Bay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Manila Bay</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the Philippines</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Philippines</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manila_Bay&params=14_31_00_N_120_46_00_E_dim:400km_region:PH_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°31′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°46′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.51667°N 120.76667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.51667; 120.76667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">River sources</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Imus River</li><li><a href="/wiki/Zapote_River_(Philippines)" title="Zapote River (Philippines)">Zapote River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Metro_Manila)" title="San Juan River (Metro Manila)">San Juan River</a></li><li>Malimango River</li><li>Cañas River</li><li>Timalan River</li><li>Labac River</li><li>Maragondon River</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tullahan_River" title="Tullahan River">Tullahan River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angat_River" title="Angat River">Angat River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_River" title="Pampanga River">Pampanga River</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">19 km (12 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">48 km (30 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 km<sup>2</sup> (770 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caballo_Island" title="Caballo Island">Caballo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frank" title="Fort Frank">Carabao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(Philippines)" title="Fort Drum (Philippines)">El Fraile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/La_Monja_Island" title="La Monja Island">La Monja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limbones_Island" title="Limbones Island">Limbones</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abucay" title="Abucay">Abucay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bacoor" title="Bacoor">Bacoor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balanga,_Bataan" title="Balanga, Bataan">Balanga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bulakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulakan">Bulakan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hagonoy,_Bulacan" title="Hagonoy, Bulacan">Hagonoy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_Bataan" title="Hermosa, Bataan">Hermosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Limay,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Limay, Bataan">Limay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lubao,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubao, Pampanga">Lubao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Macabebe" title="Macabebe">Macabebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maragondon,_Cavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maragondon, Cavite">Maragondon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mariveles,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariveles, Bataan">Mariveles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Naic" title="Naic">Naic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Noveleta" title="Noveleta">Noveleta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Obando,_Bulacan" title="Obando, Bulacan">Obando</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orani,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Orani, Bataan">Orani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orion,_Bataan" title="Orion, Bataan">Orion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paombong" title="Paombong">Paombong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pilar,_Bataan" title="Pilar, Bataan">Pilar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rosario,_Cavite" title="Rosario, Cavite">Rosario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Samal,_Bataan" title="Samal, Bataan">Samal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sasmuan" title="Sasmuan">Sasmuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanza" title="Tanza">Tanza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manila Bay</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Look ng Maynila</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Bahía de Manila</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbor">natural harbor</a> that serves the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Port of Manila</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>), in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Strategically located around the <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">capital city</a> of the Philippines, Manila Bay facilitated commerce and trade between the Philippines and its neighboring countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the gateway for socio-economic development even prior to <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish occupation</a>. With an area of 1,994 km<sup>2</sup> (769.9 sq mi), and a coastline of 190 km (118.1 mi), Manila Bay is situated in the western part of Luzon and is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> on the east, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> on the north, and <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> on the west and northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manila Bay drains approximately 17,000 km<sup>2</sup> (6,563.7 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> area, with the <a href="/wiki/Pampanga_River" title="Pampanga River">Pampanga River</a> contributing about 49% of the freshwater influx. With an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), it is estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic meters (28.9 cubic km). Entrance to the bay is 19 km (11.8 mi) wide and expands to a width of 48 km (29.8 mi). However, width of the bay varies from 22 km (13.7 mi) at its mouth and expanding to 60 km (37.3 mi) at its widest point.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands of <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caballo_Island" title="Caballo Island">Caballo</a> divides the entrance into two channels,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 2 mi (3.2 km) towards the North and 6.5 mi (10.5 km) wide on the South side. <a href="/wiki/Mariveles,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariveles, Bataan">Mariveles</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a>, is an anchorage just inside the northern entrance and <a href="/wiki/Sangley_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangley Point">Sangley Point</a> is the former location of <a href="/wiki/Cavite_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite Naval Base">Cavite Naval Base</a>. On either side of the bay are <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> peaks topped with <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> foliage: 40 km to the north is the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> and to the south is the province of <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. </p><p>Across the entrance to Manila Bay are several islands, the largest of which is Corregidor, located 3 kilometers from Bataan and, along with the island of Caballo, separates the mouth of the bay into the North and South Channels. In the south channel is <a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(Philippines)" title="Fort Drum (Philippines)">El Fraile Island</a> and outside the entrance, and to the south, is <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a> Island. El Fraile, a rocky island some 4 acres (1.6 ha) in area, supports the massive concrete and steel ruins of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(El_Fraile_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)">Fort Drum</a>, an island fortress constructed by the United States Army to defend the southern entrance of the bay. To the immediate north and south are additional harbors, upon which both local and international ports are situated. Large number of ships at the North and South harbors facilitate maritime activities in the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being smaller of the two harbors, the North Harbor is used for inter-island shipping while the South Harbor is used for large ocean-going vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manila Bay was connected to <a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a> (pronounced "bai") approximately 3,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recurring episodic uplifts along the <a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_Fault_System#West_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikina Valley Fault System">West Marikina Valley Fault</a><sup id="cite_ref-j&s_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j&s-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused the two to break up. Interaction between Manila Bay and Laguna de Bay today occurs only through the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>. The bay was the setting for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> in 1898, in which American troops led by Commodore George Dewey seized the area. This battle showcased the United States' naval strength. All major Spanish ships were destroyed and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Castro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Castro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its proud historic past and abundant marine life,<sup id="cite_ref-MMDA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMDA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manila Bay became the ocean portal and Filipino epicenter for government, economy and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Castro_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Castro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> at the close of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima" title="Battle of Tsushima">Battle of Tsushima</a> in 1905, three surviving Russian protected cruisers (the <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora">Aurora</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Zhemchug" title="Russian cruiser Zhemchug">Zhemchug</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Oleg" title="Russian cruiser Oleg">Oleg</a>)</i> managed to make port in then-<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>-controlled Manila for repairs. However, because the US was neutral in this conflict, the trio of warships and their crews remained interned by the U.S. until the war officially came to an end in September 1905. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a> was captured by the Japanese forces based in Manila Bay. Much earlier, various other battles were fought from this naval base, including the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a> in 1646, which finally ended Dutch attempts to seize the Philippines. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Bay_Sunset_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/220px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/330px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG/440px-Manila_Bay_Sunset_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sunset at Manila Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>The bay remains important for commerce and industry, including fishing, although rapid urban growth and industrialization are contributing to a decline in water quality and deteriorating marine habitats. It also serves a focus for recreation for <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and is a popular destination for walks and for viewing the sunset. Much of the land fronting the bay along <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> is reclaimed land which now includes important sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Senate">Philippine Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mall_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mall of Asia">Mall of Asia</a>. </p><p>On September 27, 2011, the sea walls of Manila Bay were destroyed by the storm surge caused by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Pedring" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoon Pedring">Typhoon Pedring</a>. Even the United States Embassy, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Pambata" title="Museo Pambata">Museo Pambata</a> and Sofitel Philippine Plaza were submerged by the flooding. It was estimated that the damage would cost P30 million to repair.<sup id="cite_ref-gma_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gma-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2012, the sea walls were once again opened to the public, having been redesigned to withstand a strong storm surge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecosystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coastal and marine habitats in the area include upland forests, mangrove, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass and coral reefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_(LPPCHEA)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Lone_Egret_at_the_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>An egret in a mangrove area along Manila Bay.</figcaption></figure> <p>A total of 19,139 birds belonging to 330 families and 99 species were observed at various monitoring sites along the bay area.<sup id="cite_ref-PEMSEA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMSEA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The endangered Chinese Egret (<a href="/wiki/Egretta_eulophotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Egretta eulophotes">Egretta eulophotes</a>) and Black-winged <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo-shrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuckoo-shrike">cuckoo-shrike</a> were sighted in the area. A large number of migratory birds, catfish and mackerels<sup id="cite_ref-martinezgoss_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinezgoss-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were once abundant in these waters. Their decline ushered in the appearance of squid, shrimp, and small pelagic species such as herrings and anchovies.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mangroves">Mangroves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mangroves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_(LPPCHEA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg/220px-Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg/330px-Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg/440px-Looming_Urbanization_near_Las_Pi%C3%B1as-Para%C3%B1aque_Critical_Habitat_and_Ecotourism_Area_%28LPPCHEA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mangrove trees along Manila Bay.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mangrove ecosystem around Manila Bay has both ecological and socioeconomic uses with its association of unique plant and animal species. Of the original 54,000 hectares of mangroves existing at the turn of the 20th century, only 794 hectares are remaining as recorded in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-bfar_1995_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfar_1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of the mangrove swamps remaining in Pampanga Bay are of considerable value for research and conservation education.<sup id="cite_ref-nwrc_1983_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwrc_1983-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As natural habitats, mangroves considerably help in acting as a protective buffer against cyclones and storms. </p><p>Predominant in the bay area are <a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a> (gray or white mangrove) together with 15 species of mangroves belonging to 9 families that grow there. In the Bataan area, species of mangrove swamps that are found thriving include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_apiculata" title="Rhizophora apiculata">Rhizophora apiculata</a></i> (<i>bakhaw lalaki</i> in Filipino)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mucronata" title="Rhizophora mucronata">Rhizophora mucronata</a></i> (Asiatic mangrove)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_marina" title="Avicennia marina">Avicennia marina</a></i> (gray or white mangrove)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nypa_fruticans" title="Nypa fruticans">Nypa fruticans</a></i> (nipa palm)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_alba" title="Sonneratia alba">Sonneratia alba</a></i> (no common name)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scyphiphora_hydrophyllacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea">Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea</a></i> (<i>nilad</i> in Filipino)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonneratia_acida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonneratia acida">Sonneratia acida</a></i> (<i>pagatpat</i> in Filipino)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_ilicifolius" title="Acanthus ilicifolius">Acanthus ilicifolius</a></i> (holly-leaved acanthus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Excoecaria_agallocha" title="Excoecaria agallocha">Excoecaria agallocha</a></i> (milky mangrove)</li></ul> <p>Plantations of <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></i> (coconut palm) co-exists with the mangroves found in these areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetlands">Wetlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Covering about 4,600 hectares, wetlands<sup id="cite_ref-bfar_1995_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfar_1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around Manila Bay are useful in:<sup id="cite_ref-alonzo_1987_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alonzo_1987-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>providing food and habitat for fish, shorebirds and wildlife;</li> <li>maintaining and improving water quality of rivers, lakes and estuaries,</li> <li>acting as reservoir for watersheds, and</li> <li>protecting adjacent and downstream properties of the area from potential flood damage</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflats</a>, sand flats, <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, beaches and rocky shores form part of the wetlands in Manila Bay. Found mostly along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga, mudflats are suitable habitats for shellfish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coral_reefs">Coral reefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coral reefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contributing to the balanced functioning of the ecosystem around Manila Bay, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the area provide sanctuary for fishes. Consequently, its decline through the years has directly affected the fish yield.<sup id="cite_ref-iclarm_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iclarm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seagrass_beds">Seagrass beds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seagrass beds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a diverse ecosystem, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">seagrass beds</a> provide shelter for fishes and other marine life forms. Like the coral reefs, most of the seagrass beds in Manila Bay are found near its mouth, most notably in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orion,_Bataan" title="Orion, Bataan">Orion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariveles" title="Mariveles">Mariveles</a>, and Corregidor Island.<sup id="cite_ref-bfar_1995_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfar_1995-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upland_forests">Upland forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Upland forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the watershed of Manila Bay <a href="/wiki/Upland_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland forest">upland forests</a> abound which are sources of food, timber, fuel wood and other products, as well as habitats for wildlife. These forests provide protection from soil erosion and help maintain the water levels and water quality in rivers and streams. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Makiling" title="Mount Makiling">Mount Makiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angat_Dam" title="Angat Dam">Angat Dam</a> watershed, <a href="/wiki/La_Mesa_Dam_and_Reservoir" title="La Mesa Dam and Reservoir">La Mesa Dam</a> watershed, Mounts Palay-Palay / Mataas na Gulod, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Arayat" title="Mount Arayat">Mount Arayat</a> and other portions of national parks located in Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal and Tarlac form part of these upland forest ecosystem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_developments">Key developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roxas_Blvd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roxas_Blvd.JPG/220px-Roxas_Blvd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roxas_Blvd.JPG/330px-Roxas_Blvd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Roxas_Blvd.JPG/440px-Roxas_Blvd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4525" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a> facing Manila Bay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG/220px-WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG/330px-WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG/440px-WTMP_Team_Waka_Waka_A-29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Baywalk.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_(Fort_San_Felipe,_Cavite_City;_2017-04-03).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg/220px-Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg/330px-Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg/440px-Metro_Manila_view_from_Manila_Bay_-_Makati_and_Pasay_%28Fort_San_Felipe%2C_Cavite_City%3B_2017-04-03%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Manila skyline from Manila Bay</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_reclamation">Land reclamation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Land reclamation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Land reclamation in Metro Manila</a></div> <p>Largely intended for use in human settlement and industrial development, land reclamation projects contributed to the reduction of mangroves around the area, as well as significant reduction in Metro Manila's shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1944 to 1991, approximately 600 m of shoreline have been reclaimed in the northern part.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) said that there are 7,000 hectares of foreshore areas in Cavite and 5,000 hectares of shallow coastal waters to expand <a href="/wiki/Sangley_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangley Point">Sangley Point</a> naval base as part of reclamation projects, which are mostly funded by foreign investors.<sup id="cite_ref-WJP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_conversion">Land conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Land conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">Conversion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> and mudflat areas into <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fishponds</a> have impacted the physical features of the bay whereby what used to be irregular shoreline in 1944 has become more linear by 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shoreline retreat continued as man-made structures such as fish pens occupied the coastal areas, with <a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">progradation</a> dominant from 1977 to 1991. Most area of the bay, except those near the ports, are largely used as a major fishing ground, with fisheries and aquaculture as the dominant source of livelihood for the inhabitants in the coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1990, approximately 1,200 hectares of mangroves were cleared, with the land converted for aquaculture or used as salt beds.<sup id="cite_ref-PEMSEA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMSEA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993 much of the fisheries resources steadily declined due to overfishing and overharvesting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterfront_development">Waterfront development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Waterfront development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With then Mayor <a href="/wiki/Lito_Atienza" title="Lito Atienza">Lito Atienza</a>'s program <i>Buhayin ang Maynila</i> (Revitalize Manila) in 2002, the local government made the initiative of enhancing the seaside promenade of Manila through urban renewal, upkeep and improvements. What later became known as Baywalk, the facelift of the 2 km strip of central public space aimed at creating a venue for social interaction and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With reference to its colonial history,<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manila's waterfront expresses power through the dominant classes<sup id="cite_ref-debarros_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debarros-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which uses the Baywalk for exercise, fishing or socialization. The mix of land utilization and social activity provides public access to the edge of the sea, and counters vagrancy and mendicancy.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviving Manila's waterfront through the Baywalk injected vibrance and historic appreciation into the public space with the statues of <a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Lacson" title="Arsenio Lacson">Arsenio Lacson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninoy_Aquino" title="Ninoy Aquino">Ninoy Aquino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evelio_Javier" title="Evelio Javier">Evelio Javier</a> placed in key areas. </p><p>At the onset, lack of funds hampered the revival of the Baywalk.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, planning for the Baywalk means understanding and regulating diversity of functions with appropriate policy.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manila Bay and its corresponding resources are considered critical recipients of environmental protection. As indicated in the 1987 Constitution (Article II, Section 16) there exists legal basis for environmental protection with the provision that: <i>“the State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.”</i><sup id="cite_ref-Oposa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oposa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manila Bay Declaration 2001 recognized Manila Bay as a source of food, employment and income for the people as well as the gateway for tourism and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-mbemp_2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbemp_2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> was adopted in 2001 and enforced in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-ville_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation">Rehabilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rehabilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the issues generally associated with developing countries, such as poverty, over-population and food security, there is surprisingly a growing concern for the environmental vitality of Manila Bay. Rehabilitation, which in this case refers to an attempt to improve an aquatic system and prevent further damage to the natural ecosystems,<sup id="cite_ref-cooke_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooke-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a responsibility assumed both by government and non-government organizations. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> for example had issued the Metro Manila Development Authority an order to "demolish illegal structures and dwellings along riverbanks and waterways connected to Manila Bay by 2015" in March 2011<sup id="cite_ref-abs-cbn_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-cbn-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an attempt to decrease mass occurrences of water pollution. Projects involving the wider communities include organization of the "Manila Bay Clean Up Run," which essentially supports the Philippine Environment Agencies with their objectives to raise funding and awareness towards the rehabilitation of Manila Bay's natural environments. </p><p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources" title="Department of Environment and Natural Resources">Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a> started a rehabilitation program that is being administered by different government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the rehabilitation, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_International_Pyromusical_Competition" title="Philippine International Pyromusical Competition">10th Philippine International Pyromusical Competition</a> that was scheduled on February 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia" title="SM Mall of Asia">SM Mall of Asia</a> bayside area was postponed before being moved to <a href="/wiki/SM_City_Clark" title="SM City Clark">SM City Clark</a> on February 23, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beach_nourishment">Beach nourishment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Beach nourishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manila_Dolomite_Beach" title="Manila Dolomite Beach">Manila Dolomite Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_Bay_beach_(Roxas_Boulevard,_Manila;_09-19-2020)_wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/220px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/330px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg/440px-Manila_Bay_beach_%28Roxas_Boulevard%2C_Manila%3B_09-19-2020%29_wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The beach during its temporary opening in September 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early September 2020, work began on Manila Bay Beach, which was constructed through the process of <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a>, which a common practice in the creation of beaches around the world. It is part of an overall <a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">integrated coastal zone management</a> aimed at <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal defense</a> of the Manila Bay rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-MGBDolomite_Impact_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGBDolomite_Impact-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Manila Bay Beach project came to wider public attention, the project has received criticism from environment and heritage conservationist groups. Among these include the timing of the project which was implemented amidst the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and concerns of adverse environmental effects caused by dumping <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> on the polluted Manila Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-approved_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-approved-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Mines_and_Geosciences_Bureau" title="Mines and Geosciences Bureau">Mines and Geosciences Bureau</a>, the project will benefit tourism, commerce and the environment. It will also protect coastal properties from erosion and storm surges, and <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a> is preferred over hard beach stabilizing structures (such as <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groyne" title="Groyne">groynes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-MGBDolomite_Impact_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGBDolomite_Impact-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Philippines)" title="Department of Health (Philippines)">Department of Health</a> released a statement that the use of dolomite is not a known health hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-dolomitewont_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dolomitewont-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a> projects, the area can serve as additional habitat for a number of species such as sea turtles, as well as sea birds and beach flora.<sup id="cite_ref-Beach_Nourisment_Benefits_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beach_Nourisment_Benefits-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the beach was first opened to the public, a flock of <a href="/wiki/Egret" title="Egret">egrets</a> were seen at the beach area.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water quality significantly improved, especially around the beach area. The DENR reported significant drop of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_coliform" title="Fecal coliform">fecal coliform</a> level in the waters around the beach, from 2.2 million mpn/100ml last January 4, 2021 to 523,000 mpn/100 ml in February 2021, based on the average count from three monitoring stations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg/220px-Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg/330px-Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg/440px-Fort_Drum_and_Mariveles_Range.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2247" /></a><figcaption>The proposed <a href="/wiki/Bataan-Cavite_Interlink_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge">Bataan-Cavite Interlink Bridge</a> will provide a permanent road link between the provinces of Bataan and Cavite. It will have a U-turn near Corregidor Island for future connection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plans of constructing a <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bridge%E2%80%93tunnel" title="Bridge–tunnel">bridge-tunnel</a> that crosses Manila Bay have been around since 1987. In January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic and Development Authority</a> approved the plan to construct the <a href="/wiki/Bataan%E2%80%93Cavite_Interlink_Bridge" title="Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge">Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge</a>, also known as Manila Bay Bridge, which is expected to cross Manila Bay and connect the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. The detailed engineering design and marine geophysical surveys for the bridge are currently being completed before the start of the construction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_quality">Water quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Water quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Successive changes in and around Manila Bay are largely due to the intertwining impacts of continued industrialization, unrelenting increase in population, and incessant human activities catering to livelihood and habitation. These factors are directly degrading the overall environment of Manila Bay and these impacts are manifested in the continued deterioration of the <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> within the bay. Several industries operate along the bay in the highly urbanized Metro Manila area, while there are shipyard facilities in Cavite and<sup id="cite_ref-pemsea_2001_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pemsea_2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bajet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bajet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bataan, several more heavy industries, refineries and a power plant are present. At the shipping ports and ferry terminals, an average of 30,000 ships arrive and depart annually to transport passengers, manufactured goods and raw materials.<sup id="cite_ref-mbemp_2001_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mbemp_2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrial waste discharges<sup id="cite_ref-pemsea_2001_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pemsea_2001-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and discharges of untreated domestic wastes from drainage and sewer outlets<sup id="cite_ref-acorda_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acorda-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have contributed to the severe decline in the quality of water and sediments in the bay as well as impacted on the existing marine habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity">Salinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2011 study by Jacinto et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-jacinto_2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacinto_2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manila Bay has an average surface <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> of 32.6 psu (practical salinity unit). Due to the river influx, the areas near the coasts have low salinity especially in the vicinity of the mouth of the Pasig River in the eastern part of the bay. The bay's salinity is also affected by strong seasonal variations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_soil_erosion">Effects of soil erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effects of soil erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As indicated by the exposed roots of the coconut trees, continuing <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> has been a major factor in the changing shoreline of Manila Bay. Apart from soil erosion, other environmental processes such as siltation and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> have also contributed to changing the bay's coastline. In some parts of the bay, however, erosion are prevented by seawalls and breakers particularly in areas where land has been reclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the presence of ports, sea-based sources of pollution around the bay are from ships and motorized boats. Twelve oil spills were recorded in 1995, but it was in 1999 where the highest total volume of oil spill occurred in the Manila South Harbor and Limay, Bataan.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased presence of oil and grease in the waters are attributed to maritime activities at the harbors, together with the presence of oil terminals and the discharges from industries.<sup id="cite_ref-PEMSEA_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEMSEA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors directly impacted the health of Manila Bay's waters. </p><p>Aside from oil spills, trace metals such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> at the surface of the water<sup id="cite_ref-velas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-velas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were found at the bay coming from sea-based and land-based (e.g., domestic sewage, industrial effluents, runoff, combustion emissions, and mining operations)<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sources. </p><p>In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> in surface sediment<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (<a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>). <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAH) found in Manila Bay sediments have been influenced by human activities. PAH come principally from petrogenic sources (e.g., oil discharges from ships, refineries and industries) and pyrolytic sources (from combustion sources).<sup id="cite_ref-santi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pesticide residues from rice paddy water draining into irrigation canals, which later on empty into river systems and eventually flowing into the surrounding lakes reaches the waters of Manila Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-carvalho_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carvalho-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounds from these pesticide residues find themselves in food items with metamidophos, <a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">endosulfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">chlorpyrifos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diazinon" title="Diazinon">diazinon</a> among the common contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-carvalho_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carvalho-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While chronic toxic effects on inhabitants of the bay are not found, impairment of marine <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a><sup id="cite_ref-carvalho_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carvalho-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were more evident. </p><p>In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> congeners, compounds common in transformers, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluids</a>, paint additives and pesticides were determined in sediments and oysters sampled from Manila Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-ville_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ville-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in the nutrient concentration and presence of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> in the bay, from the 1980s, through to the 1990s and beyond are not only attributed to agricultural runoff and river discharges but also on fertilizers from fishponds.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 2024, the oil tanker MT <i>Terra Nova</i>, carrying around 1.5 million liters of industrial fuel, capsized in Manila Bay during <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Gaemi" title="Typhoon Gaemi">Typhoon Gaemi</a>, causing an oil spill with a length of four kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_rise">Sea level rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sea level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> poses a great threat in the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> of Manila Bay and its bordering cities. With recent studies predicting that the sea level could rise between .75 and 1.9 metres by 2100<sup id="cite_ref-fuchs_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuchs-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considering the vast landscape of development, growing industries and overly dense population, the exponential assets exposed to flood-prone zones is a dire issue. The Philippine Country Study to Address Climate Change has depicted a proactive approach to this environmental issue through governance of a detailed impact assessment covering the following elements:<sup id="cite_ref-perez_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Physical Environment</i> </p> <ul><li>Tidal regimes including low and high levels of water circulation</li> <li>Outlining of seasons to depict periods of high and low rainfall</li></ul> <p><i>Habitat and Species</i> </p> <ul><li>Identification of coral species, mangrove forests, ecosystems within the coastlines, as well as nearby agricultural land</li></ul> <p><i>Vulnerability Analysis</i> </p> <ul><li>Vulnerability maps were drawn to outline townscape in accelerated sea level timelines. Using such resources pinpoints the populated areas and natural habitats most likely to be inundated as a result of global warming</li></ul> <p>In 2010, at the occasion of the first Inter-LGU Forum on Tidal Flooding in Manila, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> ambassador Robert Brinks recommended to close Manila Bay and build <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a> in order to protect Manila and the surrounding provinces from the sea level rise that is expected as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. However, he also noted that closing Manila Bay by means of a dyke would also require a new harbor location to replace the Port of Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the low profile of <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a> and its objectives within the nation of the Philippines, official awareness of global warming and the investment to applicable research is in itself triumphant. Further steps to meet the challenge of rehabilitation and sea-level rise within Manila Bay may include additional research to gain insight to the complex nature of existent ecosystems; investment to coastal protection means such as the implementation of concrete walls;<sup id="cite_ref-perez_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perez-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laws and policies dedicated to the protection of habitats and restriction or zoning of developments; as well as public educational programs to increase the intensity of conservation support. Long-term goals for Manila Bay would ideally include the decrease or termination of nearby highly polluting enterprises, implementation effective standards for waste-water discharge and an overall improved <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events">Notable events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a> – a series of five naval battles fought in Manila Bay, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> in 1646, in which the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> repelled various attempts by forces of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> to invade Manila, during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> – one of the most decisive <a href="/wiki/Naval_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battles">naval battles</a> in history and marked the end of the Spanish colonial period in Philippine history, it took place on 1 May 1898, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.</li> <li>The Ruby Rose Barrameda murder case – Ruby Rose Barrameda-Jimenez was the sister of a <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> actress (Rochelle Barrameda) who went missing in <a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> on 14 March 2007 while making a family visit.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrameda-Jimenez's body was found on 10 June 2009, over two years after she disappeared.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Manila" title="Naval Base Manila">Naval Base Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Metro_Manila" title="Bay City, Metro Manila">Bay City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Bay Beach">Manila Bay Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_river_rehabilitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasig river rehabilitation">Pasig river rehabilitation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Bay&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(A)-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(A)_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacinto, G.S., Azanza, R.V., Velasquez, I.B. and Siringan, F.P.(2006)."Manila Bay:Environmental Challenges and Opportunities" in Wolanski, E.(ed.) The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands. p309-328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacinto_et_al_(B)-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacinto_et_al_(B)_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacinto, G.S., Velasquez, I.B., San Diego-McGlone, M.L., Villanoy, C.L. and Siringan, F.B.(2006)."Biophysical Environment of Manila Bay - Then and Now", in Wolanski, E.(ed.)The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer: Dordrecht, Netherlands. p. 293-307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j&s-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j&s_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaraula, C.B., Siringan, F.P. (2004). Multi-proxy reconstruction of Late Quaternary evolution of Laguna de Bai, Philippines. (Submitted to Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Castro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Castro_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Castro_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Castro, J.A.I. (2010). "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection". Ecology Law Quarterly. (37) pp 797-804</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMDA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMDA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MMDA-Metro Manila Development Authority versus Concerned Residents of Manila Bay. (2008) in de Castro, J.A.I. "Cleaning Up Manila Bay: Mandamus as a Tool for Environmental Protection." G.R. Nos. 171947-48, 574 SCRA 661, 665 Philippines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gma-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gma_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/233611/manila-cleans-up-after-typhoon-pedring/story/">"Manila cleans up after typhoon 'Pedring'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i>. 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Manila" title="Template:Metro Manila"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metro_Manila" title="Template talk:Metro Manila"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metro_Manila" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metro Manila"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metro_Manila" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">National Capital Region of the Philippines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">capital city</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Metro_Manila" title="Administrative divisions of Metro Manila">Administrative divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabon" title="Malabon">Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaluyong" title="Mandaluyong">Mandaluyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina" title="Marikina">Marikina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntinlupa" title="Muntinlupa">Muntinlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navotas" title="Navotas">Navotas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila" title="San Juan, Metro Manila">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taguig" title="Taguig">Taguig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenzuela,_Metro_Manila" title="Valenzuela, Metro Manila">Valenzuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barangays_of_Metro_Manila" title="List of barangays of Metro Manila">Barangays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legislative_districts_of_Metro_Manila" title="Category:Legislative districts of Metro Manila">Legislative districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manila" title="Geography of Manila">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_River" title="Marikina River">Marikina River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay" title="Laguna de Bay">Laguna de Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)" title="Sierra Madre (Philippines)">Sierra Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mesa_Watershed_Reservation" title="La Mesa Watershed Reservation">La Mesa Watershed Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikina_Valley_Fault_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikina Valley Fault System">Marikina Valley Fault System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_estuaries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of rivers and estuaries in Metro Manila">Rivers and esteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of islands in the Greater Manila Area">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of parks in Metro Manila">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of beaches in the Greater Manila Area">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slums_in_Metro_Manila" title="Slums in Metro Manila">Slums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_City,_Metro_Manila" title="Bay City, Metro Manila">Bay City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggahan_Floodway" title="Manggahan Floodway">Manggahan Floodway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manila_Area" title="Greater Manila Area">Greater Manila Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Manila" title="Mega Manila">Mega Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Metro_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Metro Manila">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Metro_Manila" title="Governor of Metro Manila">Governor</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Manila" title="Prehistory of Manila">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynila_(historical_polity)" title="Maynila (historical polity)">Maynila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(historical_polity)" title="Tondo (historical polity)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namayan" title="Namayan">Namayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_(province)" title="Manila (province)">Province of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila–Acapulco Galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Battles of La Naval de Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Luzon_earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 Luzon earthquakes">1880 Luzon earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1899)" title="Battle of Manila (1899)">Battle of Manila (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Province of Rizal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_Manila" title="City of Greater Manila">City of Greater Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre" title="Manila massacre">Manila massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Man" title="City of Man">City of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">World Youth Day 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_of_the_Pasig_River" title="Rehabilitation of the Pasig River">Rehabilitation of the Pasig River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings" title="Rizal Day bombings">Rizal Day bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Ketsana" title="Typhoon Ketsana">Typhoon Ketsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Metro_Manila" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Manila" title="Timeline of Manila">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_buildings_and_structures_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of oldest buildings and structures in Metro Manila">Oldest buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_markers_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of historical markers of the Philippines in Metro Manila">Historical markers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makati_Central_Business_District" title="Makati Central Business District">Makati CBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayala_Avenue" title="Ayala Avenue">Ayala Avenue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortigas_Center" title="Ortigas Center">Ortigas Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Global_City" title="Bonifacio Global City">Bonifacio Global City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binondo" title="Binondo">Binondo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escolta_Street" title="Escolta Street">Escolta Street</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Philippine Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Commodity_Exchange" title="Manila Commodity Exchange">Manila Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Mint" title="Manila Mint">Manila Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Metro_Manila" title="Tourism in Metro Manila">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Manila_attractions" title="Template:Manila attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of hotels in Metro Manila">Hotels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Metro_Manila" title="Gambling in Metro Manila">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_City" title="Entertainment City">Entertainment City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixed-use_developments_in_Metro_Manila" title="Category:Mixed-use developments in Metro Manila">Mixed-use developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila">Skyscrapers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public services and utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of hospitals in Metro Manila">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_Police_Office" title="National Capital Region Police Office">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meralco" title="Meralco">Manila Electric Company (Meralco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Waterworks_and_Sewerage_System" title="Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System">Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization_in_Metro_Manila" title="Water privatization in Metro Manila">Water privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Water" title="Manila Water">Manila Water Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maynilad_Water_Services" title="Maynilad Water Services">Maynilad Water Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Rehabilitation_Commission" title="Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission">Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority" title="Laguna Lake Development Authority">Laguna Lake Development Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of colleges and universities in Metro Manila">Colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Belt" title="University Belt">University Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of schools in Metro Manila">Primary and secondary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_schools_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of international schools in Metro Manila">International schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of libraries in Metro Manila">Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_events_in_Metro_Manila" title="Annual events in Metro Manila">Annual events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of cemeteries in Metro Manila">Cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinemas_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of cinemas in Metro Manila">Cinemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of museums in Metro Manila">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of public art in Metro Manila">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_buildings_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of religious buildings in Metro Manila">Religious buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_churches_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Roman Catholic churches in Metro Manila">Roman Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of shopping malls in Metro Manila">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Manila" title="List of songs about Manila">Songs about Manila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sporting_events_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of sporting events in the Greater Manila Area">Sporting events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_venues_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of sports venues in the Greater Manila Area">Sports venues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_concert_halls_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of theaters and concert halls in Metro Manila">Theaters and concert halls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Art_Deco_theaters_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of Art Deco theaters in Metro Manila">Art Deco theaters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_published_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of newspapers published in Metro Manila">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Manila_TV" title="Template:Metro Manila TV">Television stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of radio stations in Metro Manila">Radio stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_(Philippines)" title="Department of Transportation (Philippines)">Department of Transportation (DOTr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">MMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Authority" title="Light Rail Transit Authority">LRTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways" title="Philippine National Railways">PNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_International_Airport_Authority" title="Manila International Airport Authority">MIAA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of roads in Metro Manila">Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of bus routes in Metro Manila">Bus routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_Point-to-Point_Bus_Service" title="Premium Point-to-Point Bus Service">P2P routes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Metro_Manila#Intermodal_terminals" title="Transportation in Metro Manila">Intermodal terminals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Light_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Light Rail Transit System">LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Metro_Rail_Transit_System" title="Manila Metro Rail Transit System">MRT</a></li></ul></li> <li>Water <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Manila" title="Port of Manila">Port of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasig_River_Ferry_Service" title="Pasig River Ferry Service">Pasig River Ferry Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Greater_Manila_Area" title="List of airports in the Greater Manila Area">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Metro_Manila" title="Traffic in Metro Manila">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Manila" title="Imperial Manila">Imperial Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_Manila" title="Nicknames of Manila">Nicknames of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Metro_Manila" title="List of people from Metro Manila">Notable Manileños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sister_cities_in_Metro_Manila" title="List of sister cities in Metro Manila">Sister cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila_Dream_Plan" title="Metro Manila Dream Plan">Metro Manila Dream Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Plan_of_Manila" title="Burnham Plan of Manila">Burnham Plan of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Plan" title="Frost Plan">Frost Plan of Quezon City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Metro_Manila" title="Outline of Metro Manila">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Metro_Manila-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Metro Manila-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Metro_Manila" title="Category:Metro Manila">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676154#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676154#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315131840">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260317/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh91005003">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6179433">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536799605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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