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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Election automation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_recent_and_upcoming_election_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_recent_and_upcoming_election_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Comparison of recent and upcoming election years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparison_of_recent_and_upcoming_election_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral exercises subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_and_vice_presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_and_vice_presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Presidential and vice presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_and_vice_presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Congressional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senate_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Senate elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>House of Representatives elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barangay_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barangay_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Barangay elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barangay_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_regional_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_regional_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Autonomous regional elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_regional_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Other elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recall_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Recall elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Special elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Indirect elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Primary elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Constitutional Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referendums_and_plebiscites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendums_and_plebiscites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Referendums and plebiscites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendums_and_plebiscites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People's_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>People's Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaign finance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_watchdogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_watchdogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Election watchdogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_watchdogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Elections in the Philippines</b> are of several types. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice-president</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">senators</a> are elected for a six-year term, while the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">members of the House of Representatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors in the Philippines">governors</a>, vice-governors, <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan</a> (provincial board members), mayors, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_mayor" title="Deputy mayor">vice-mayors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">members of the Sangguniang Bayan</a> (city/municipal councilors), <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> officials, and the <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">members of the Sangguniang Kabataan</a> (youth councilors) are elected to serve for a three-year term. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> has <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> has 316 seats since 2022, of which 80% are contested in single seat <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral districts</a> and 20% are allotted to party-lists according to a modified <a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a> with remainders disregarded and a three-seat cap. These party list seats are only accessible to marginalized and under-represented groups and parties, local parties, and sectoral wings of major parties that represent the marginalized. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> allows the House of Representatives to have more than 250 members by statute without a need for a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> has 24 members who are elected on a nationwide <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> basis; they do not represent any geographical district. Half of the Senate is renewed every three years. </p><p>The Philippines has a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, with numerous parties in which no one party normally has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a> (COMELEC) is responsible for running the elections. </p><p>Under the Constitution, elections for the members of Congress and local positions (except barangay officials) occur every second <a href="/wiki/Monday" title="Monday">Monday</a> of every third year after May 1992, and presidential and vice presidential elections occur every second Monday of May every sixth year after May 1992. All elected officials, except those at the barangay level, start (and end) their terms of office on June 30 of the election year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were a few attempts to nationally elect local officials during the Spanish colonial period. Following the defeat of Spain in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and the Philippines later in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a> (which was established by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>), multiple had been elections held throughout peaceful areas of the country for provincial and local officials. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg/150px-02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg/225px-02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg/300px-02502jfPlaza_Publika_de_Baliuag_Bulacanfvf_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Plaza <a href="/wiki/Baliwag" title="Baliwag">Baliwag</a> historical marker</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG/150px-Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG/225px-Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG/300px-Baliuagmuseumjf1694_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bulwagang Francisco Guerrero</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg/150px-Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg/225px-Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg/300px-Mayors_of_Bulacan_Baliwag_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Francisco Guerrero</figcaption></figure> <p>The Philippine-American civil and military authorities supervised the first municipal elections, having chosen Baliuag as the site of the <a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899 Philippine local elections</a>, the first Philippine elections of May 7, 1899. Francisco Guererro was elected the First Presidente Municipal.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Filipinos gathered at the plaza of the St. Augustine Church after the Holy Mass, and thereafter the officials were selected based on the qualifications for voters set by the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>, an attempt was made to elect a national legislature but the former did not control the whole Philippine archipelago so no nationwide election could be held. The first fully national election for a fully elected legislative body <a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">was in 1907</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a>, the elected chamber of the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Legislature" title="Philippine Legislature">Philippine Legislature</a> during the American colonial period. Starting in 1909, periodic local and Philippine Assembly elections were done concurrently until 1916, until the <a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Jones Law</a> reorganized the Philippine Legislature to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, both now popularly elected. This setup continued until the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a> authorized the then U.S. territory to draft a constitution. The ensuing 1935 constitution instituted the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, and with it the presidency, vice presidency, and the unicameral <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Philippines" title="National Assembly of the Philippines">National Assembly</a>, then elections were done for these offices later that year. </p><p>The National Assembly amended the constitution, reconstituting a bicameral <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>, in 1941. The first elections under this setup was done <a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">later that year</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> intervened, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>, with elections done <a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">in 1943</a> for its own <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Second_Philippine_Republic)" title="National Assembly (Second Philippine Republic)">National Assembly</a>. In 1945, the Americans defeated the Japanese, President <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> declared the dissolution of the Second Republic, and the Commonwealth was reestablished. Commonwealth elections meant for 1945 were done <a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">in April 1946</a>, and independence was granted on July 4, 1946. </p><p>From 1947 to 1971, there were biennial elections: every two years, eight out of 24 senators were elected (this setup started in 1951, with 16, then 8 senators elected in 1946 and 1947, respectively), and for every four years starting in 1949, the presidency, vice presidency and the entire House of Representatives were at stake, while for every four years starting 1947, local offices were at stake. </p><p>On September 23, 1972, President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">declared martial law</a>. The constitutional convention, which had earlier been elected <a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">in 1970</a>, submitted its draft constitution. <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">A plebiscite</a> approved this constitution in 1973. A series of referendums consolidated Marcos's rule, and the first local elections were done <a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_Sangguniang_Bayan_elections" title="1975 Philippine Sangguniang Bayan elections">in 1975</a>. The first parliamentary election to the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Batasang Pambansa">Batasang Pambansa</a>, the national parliament, was done <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">in 1978</a>. The first presidential election under the 1973 constitution was done <a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">in 1981</a>. A special <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">"snap" presidential election</a> was held in 1986, with Marcos being declared as the winner. There were allegations of massive fraud, and the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> drove Marcos from power. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> succeeded Marcos as president. A new constitution was approved in a plebiscite <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">in 1987</a>. Legislative elections were done <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">later that year</a>, then for every three years thereafter in 1992. Unlike in the 1941 amendments to the 1935 constitution, 12 senators, all members of the House of Representatives, and local officials are to be elected every three years; 24 senators were elected in 1987 and 1992, and 12 were subsequently elected starting in 1995. The president and vice president now have six-year terms, and were first elected in 1992. <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representatives</a> were first elected in 1998. This is the current setup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting">Voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualification">Qualification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qualification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every citizen 18 years old or above on election day who has been a resident of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> for at least a year and for at least six months in the place where she or he is registered, and who is not otherwise disqualified by law, may vote. To actually vote, a citizen has to <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_Philippines" title="Voter registration in the Philippines">register</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The COMELEC has a registration period of several months prior to the election. Those who are not registered do not appear on the voters' list and are ineligible to vote despite being otherwise qualified to do so. </p><p>People aged 15 to 30 may vote in <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a> elections. As with their adult counterparts, the COMELEC has a registration period a few months prior to the election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absentee_voters">Absentee voters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Absentee voters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee voters</a> are divided into two types: the local absentee voters and the overseas absentee voters. Local absentee voters include people who are working during election day. These include soldiers, policemen, government employees, mediamen and the like. Overseas absentee voters are <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipinos" title="Overseas Filipinos">Filipinos residing abroad</a>. They are eligible to vote for national positions only (president, vice-president, senators and party-list representatives).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overseas absentee voters may vote in Philippine embassies and consulates, and voting begins as early as 4 months prior to the election. The voting can be as long as 6 months in very few situations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process">Process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_process_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral process in the Philippines">Electoral process in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballot_boxes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ballot_boxes.jpg/220px-Ballot_boxes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ballot_boxes.jpg/330px-Ballot_boxes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ballot_boxes.jpg/440px-Ballot_boxes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ballot_boxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot boxes">Ballot boxes</a> used for the <a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007 Philippine Barangay Elections</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once a registered voter finds their name in the voters' list and locates the correct precinct, they may queue in line for the distribution of the ballot. </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2008 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">general election in Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) on August 11, 2008</a>, voters have to write the names of the candidates next to the positions in which they are running. COMELEC-approved nicknames may be used by the voters in writing the names. After the polling period ends, the Board of Election Inspectors (or the teachers manning the polling precinct) counts the ballots by hand. Once all the ballots are counted, the election returns will now be sent to the city or municipal Board of Canvassers, political parties and other groups. </p><p>The city or municipal Board of Canvassers canvasses the votes from all polling precincts within their jurisdiction and prepares two documents: a Statement of Votes (SOV) in which all votes from all candidates in all positions per precinct is listed; and a Certificate of Canvass (COC), a document showing the vote totals of all candidates within the Board of Canvassers' jurisdiction. </p><p>If the city or municipal Board of Canvassers' jurisdiction is an independent city with its own congressional district, they will send their SOV and COC to the national Board of Canvassers (the COMELEC for senate and party-list elections, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> for presidential and vice presidential elections). If it is otherwise, they will send their SOV and COC to the provincial Board of Canvassers where the votes as stated from the city or municipal COC will be canvassed. The provincial Board of Canvassers sends their SOV and COC to the national Board of Canvassers once canvassing is done. The national Board of Canvassers then canvasses all COCs and declares the winners for national positions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_automation">Election automation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Election automation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_in_the_Philippines" title="Vote counting in the Philippines">Vote counting in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_(Marcos_Highway,_Marikina;_04-22-2022).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg/220px-COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg/330px-COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg/440px-COMELEC_Smartmatic_VCM_Demo_SM_Marikina_subo_%28Marcos_Highway%2C_Marikina%3B_04-22-2022%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Ballot being inserted in a vote counting machine (VCM).</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2008 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2008 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election</a>, the voters have to shade the oval that was indicated before the candidate's name, and a <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machine</a> manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Smartmatic" title="Smartmatic">Smartmatic</a> automatically counts each ballot as it is fed into it. The results are then printed as the election return and sent electronically to the city or municipal Board of Canvassers. </p><p>In 2016, for the third time in a row, the Philippines automated their elections using electronic vote counting machines. The deployment of 92,500 of these machines was the largest in the world. Brazil and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, countries which also use technology to process their votes, employ e-voting instead of an automated count.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 2019 elections, the COMELEC presented its source code for review by accredited U.S. software testing company Pro V&V in an effort to make the automated elections transparent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 2025 mid-term elections, the COMELEC and Miru Systems Co. Ltd, on March 11, 2024 signed the 2025 automated election system (AES) service contract with <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">Transparency Audit/Count</a> (FASTrAC) at <a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Gobernador" title="Palacio del Gobernador">Palacio del Gobernador</a>. On February 22, 2024, the Comelec <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">En banc</a> held that the Miru Systems Co Ltd, Integrated Computer Systems, St. Timothy Construction Corporation, and Centerpoint Solutions Technologies, Inc. (MIRU-ICS-STCC-CPSTI) is the "Single Calculated and Responsive Bid" with a bid offer of PHP17,988,878,226.55. The contract includes 110,000 automated counting machines, election management systems, consolidation and canvassing systems, ballot printing, ballot boxes and other peripherals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_recent_and_upcoming_election_years">Comparison of recent and upcoming election years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison of recent and upcoming election years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National and local elections are held on the second Monday of May every third year starting 1992. The presidential and vice-presidential elections are held every six years. Election days in which the president and vice president and <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> officials are not elected are called "<a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">midterm elections</a>"; Election days in which the president and vice president are elected are called "presidential elections". Barangay-level officials, although are no longer elected in the same year as the other officials since 2022, are elected separately the succeeding months (see below). </p><p>From 1949 to 1971, election days are held every second Tuesday of November of every odd-numbered year with the presidential and vice presidential election held the every fourth year starting from 1951. </p><p>Barangay-level elections, starting from 2007, are usually held every three years during the last Monday of October, although these elections are frequently postponed (and incumbents' terms are extended) as a cost-saving measure. Elections for the positions in the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> (BARMM), starting from 2011, are held every three years during the second Monday of May. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:100%; margin:0 auto 15px; text-align:center;"> <caption>Basic rotation of Philippine general elections (<a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed terms only</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="8%">Year </th> <th width="12%">2022 </th> <th width="12%">2023 </th> <th width="12%">2024 </th> <th width="12%">2025 </th> <th width="12%">2026 </th> <th width="12%">2027 </th> <th width="12%">2028 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Type </th> <td style="align:center">Presidential </td> <td style="align:center">Barangay </td> <td rowspan="8" style="align:center">None </td> <td style="align:center">Midterm (May)<br />Barangay (December) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="8" style="align:center">None </td> <td>Presidential (May)<br />Barangay (December) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">President</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">Yes</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="align:center">None </td> <td rowspan="2" style="align:center">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine presidential election (page does not exist)">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vice president </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">Yes</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine presidential election (page does not exist)">Yes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Philippine_senatorial_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine senatorial elections">Senate</a> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">12 seats</a><sup id="cite_ref-even_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-even-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2025 Philippine Senate election">12 seats</a><sup id="cite_ref-odd_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odd-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_Senate_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine Senate election (page does not exist)">12 seats</a><sup id="cite_ref-even_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-even-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>House </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">All seats</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections">All seats</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine House of Representatives elections (page does not exist)">All seats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bangsamoro </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Postponed to 2025<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Bangsamoro_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Bangsamoro general election (page does not exist)">All seats</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Bangsamoro_general_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Bangsamoro general election (page does not exist)">All seats</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Local<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">All positions</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">All positions</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">All positions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">Barangay and SK</a> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Postponed to 2023<sup id="cite_ref-2023bsk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023bsk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">All positions</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2025 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">All positions</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2028_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2028 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections (page does not exist)">All positions</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-even-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-even_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-even_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seats contested during even-numbered years</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odd-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odd_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seats contested during odd-numbered years</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> (BARMM) elections were postponed to May 2025 to give the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Transition_Authority" title="Bangsamoro Transition Authority">Bangsamoro Transition Authority</a> more time to complete transitional programs and projects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Provinces, cities, and municipalities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023bsk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023bsk_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Originally scheduled to be held in December 2022 but was postponed in October that year to October 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>2022</th> <th>2023 </th> <th>2024</th> <th>2025 </th> <th>2026</th> <th>2027</th> <th>2028 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Type </th> <td>Presidential</td> <td>Barangay </td> <td rowspan="7">None</td> <td>Midterm (May)<br />Barangay (December) </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6">None</td> <td>Presidential (May)<br />Barangay (December) </td></tr> <tr> <th>President and vice president </th> <td rowspan="3"><b>June 30</b></td> <td rowspan="5">None</td> <td>None</td> <td rowspan="5"><b>June 30</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Senate </th> <td rowspan="4"><b>June 30</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>House of Representatives </th></tr> <tr> <th>Bangsamoro (Regional) </th> <td>None </td></tr> <tr> <th>Provinces, cities, and municipalities </th> <td><b>June 30</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Barangays </th> <td>None </td> <td>Immediately after proclamation</td> <td>None </td> <td><b>January 1</b></td> <td colspan="2">None </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_exercises">Electoral exercises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electoral exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>President</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice president</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senators</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>House of Representatives (district)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>House of Representatives (party-list)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Governor</td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice governor</td> <td>1* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Board members</td> <td>1 to 7* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mayor</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vice mayor</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Councilors</td> <td>4 to 12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total presidential</th> <th>22 to 39 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total midterm</th> <th>20 to 37 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Parliament (district)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parliament (party-list)</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Bangsamoro</th> <th>2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Punong Barangay</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barangay councilor (kagawad)</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total barangay</th> <th>8 </th></tr> <tr> <td>SK chairman</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SK councilor (kagawad)</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total SK</th> <th>8 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">*Independent cities do not elect provincial officials. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a presidential election year, a voter may vote for as much as 34 names and a party-list organization. In Bangsamoro elections, a voter may vote for a member of the Bangsamoro Parliament from one's district, and a party-list. In barangay elections, a voter may vote for eight names. A voter for the <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a> (SK, youth council) may vote for eight names; an SK voter may also vote for barangay officials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_and_vice_presidential_elections">Presidential and vice presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Presidential and vice presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine presidential election">Philippine presidential election</a></div> <p>Elections for positions in the Executive Department of the Philippine government (i.e. Presidents and Vice Presidents) is regulated by Article VII, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Terms for positions with the Executive Department run for 6 years; with Presidents only allowed to serve 1 term of service, and Vice Presidents with 2 terms of service. This same Section (4) in the Article (VII) indicates when elections are done: during the "second Monday of May" and their public service begins at noontime of the "thirtieth day of June... and shall end on the same date, six years thereafter."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each voter is entitled to one vote <i>each</i> for the duration of the election. The voter may split his or her ticket. The candidate with the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">most votes wins</a> the position; there is no <a href="/wiki/Run-off_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-off election">run-off election</a>, and the president and vice president may come from different parties. If two or more candidates emerge with an equal and highest number of votes, one of them will be elected by the Senate and the House of Representatives, voting separately. </p><p>The first presidential and vice-presidential election in the Philippines was the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a> of 1897; this was for the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> was elected as leader. The first presidential election in which the presidency of the Philippines was at stake was on January 1, 1899, when the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> elected Aguinaldo as president. </p><p>The first presidential election via a <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct election</a> was on <a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">September 16, 1935</a> where Aguinaldo was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>. The first presidential election in the current constitution was on <a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">June 30, 1992</a> where <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a> defeated six other candidates. </p><p>Previous President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> is the only president to <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">serve more than 6 years</a> under the 1987 Constitution. She served as president for almost 10 years due to <a href="/wiki/Second_EDSA_Revolution" title="Second EDSA Revolution">political instability in 2001</a>, rising to Presidency from her Vice President position on January 20, 2001. A clause within the Section 4, Article VII allowed her to run for presidency in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_elections">Congressional elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Congressional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senate_elections">Senate elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Senate elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_senatorial_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine senatorial elections">Philippine senatorial elections</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> has 24 members, and 12 members are elected every election; hence, each voter is entitled to twelve votes for the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> in every election. The voter may not complete the twelve votes for the Senate, but s/he must not surpass the twelve votes or else his/her ballot for that position will be <a href="/wiki/Null_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Null vote">nullified</a>. With the entire country as one <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> district, the <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">twelve candidates with the most votes</a> are elected. This is often not <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a> to the results. </p><p>From 1951 to 1971, instead of 12 senators elected every three years, the electorate voted for eight senators every two years in the same format. From 1941 to 1949, all elections to the senate were by block voting: the voters may write a name for every seat contested, or they can write the name of the party, which would then give <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">all of the voters' votes</a> to that party's ticket. Compounded with the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>'s dominance, this caused a sweep of 24 seats for them in <a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1941 Philippine Senate election">1941</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1916 to 1934, voting was via <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Senatorial districts of the Philippines">senatorial districts</a>; voters vote for one candidate every three years, except for the first election in 1916 where they'd vote for two candidates; the second-placed candidate would only serve for three years. </p><p>The first Senate election was <a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">in 1916</a>. The first election under the current constitution was <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1987 Philippine Senate election">in 1987</a>, while the first election where 12 seats are contested was <a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">in 1995</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Representatives_elections">House of Representatives elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: House of Representatives elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each voter has two votes in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel vote</a>: 80% of seats are from <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member districts</a>, and 20% are from the <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list</a> system. The vote totals in either election do not influence the number of seats a party wins. A party usually is barred from joining both elections unless granted permission by the Commission on Elections. </p><p>A voter may vote a representative from the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">congressional district</a> of residence. Each district has <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">one seat</a>. The candidate with the <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">highest number of votes in a district</a> wins that district's seat. </p><p>A voter may also vote a party-list organization. The voter <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">votes for the party, not for the candidate</a>, and the voter is restricted to one vote. All votes are tallied in an <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a> basis, and parties with at least 2% of the vote wins at least one seat in the House. At least two more seats may be granted if the party's proportion of the vote compared to the remaining seats compensates it to get those seats. If there are still spare seats (the party-list representatives comprise 20% of the House), the parties with less than 2% of the vote will get one seat each in descending order until all seats are filled. A party-list organization is limited to representing marginalized sectors of society such as youth, laborers, women, and the like. Each organization submits a list, in ranked order, to the Commission on Elections. This list determines who among the nominees are elected. </p><p>Previously, the calculation for the winners in the party-list election was different: the winning parties should have 2% of the national vote and are awarded one seat; any additional 2% is given an additional seat until the maximum of three seats per party is filled up. Since only a few parties surpassed the 2% <a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">election threshold</a>, the number of party-list representatives was always less than 20% of the House's membership. </p><p>The party-list system was first used in 1998; from 1987 to 1995, the president with the concurrence of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Appointments (Philippines)">Commission on Appointments</a>, appointed the sectoral representatives. Sectoral representatives were first elected during <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_sectoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary sectoral election">1978</a>. </p><p>The first legislative election was for the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a> on <a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">June 23–September 10, 1898</a>. The first election for an entirely elected body was on <a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">July 30, 1907</a>; this was also the first general election in the Philippines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Synchronized with the national elections are the local elections. The voter may vote for any of the following: </p> <ul><li>Provincial-level: <ul><li>One governor</li> <li>One vice governor</li> <li>One to seven <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Sangguniang Panlalawigan</a> members (provincial board)</li></ul></li> <li>City- or municipal-level: <ul><li>One mayor</li> <li>One vice mayor</li> <li>Four to twelve <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">Sangguniang Panlungsod</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Sangguniang Bayan</a> members (city or municipal council, respectively)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>If the city the voter is residing in a <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Classification" title="Cities of the Philippines">highly urbanized city, or independent component city</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a>, the voter can not vote for any of the provincial-level positions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Sangguniang Panlalawigan</a> (provincial board), <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">Sangguniang Panlungsod</a> (city council) and <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Sangguniang Bayan</a> (municipal council)'s manner of election is identical with that of the Senate. In some cities and provinces, they are split into districts (not necessarily the same as the congressional district) in which separate board members/council members are elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barangay_elections">Barangay elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Barangay elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">Barangay elections</a> are held every three years, although usually not in the same time as elections for other positions. Terms of incumbent barangay officials are often extended when Congress suspend the barangay elections as a cost-saving measure. The barangay-level positions are: </p> <ul><li>One <a href="/wiki/Punong_Barangay" class="mw-redirect" title="Punong Barangay">Punong Barangay</a> (barangay captain)</li> <li>Seven <a href="/wiki/Barangay_Kagawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay Kagawad">Barangay Kagawads</a> (councilors; regular members of the <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Sangguniang Barangay</a>)</li> <li>One <a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a> (SK) chairperson (youth council chairperson)</li> <li>Seven SK kagawads (councilors)</li></ul> <p>The SK elections have been postponed or scheduled separately from barangay elections in the past. </p><p>The manner of election of the Sangguniang Kabataan in the barangay is identical to the one used in the Senate. Each barangay is entitled to one SK. The SK chairperson is also an ex officio member of the Sangguniang Barangay. </p><p>During the Spanish era, there was no elected or appointed national legislature representing the Philippines. The natives were allowed to elect the <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_barangay" title="Cabeza de barangay">cabeza de barangay</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> (village) chief, but the electorate was almost always from the <a href="/wiki/Principalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalia">principalia</a> or the ruling class. Originally hereditary, the position of cabeza de barangay become elective by 1768. In each town, a <a href="/wiki/Gobernadorcillo" title="Gobernadorcillo">gobernadorcillo</a> serves as the representative of the Spanish government. It is elected by the 12 most senior cabezas, and the outgoing gobernadorcillo. The position of gobernardocillo was made elective in 1786. Elections are scheduled independently per town. This system of governance persisted until the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Maura_Law" title="Maura Law">Maura Law</a> in 1893. The first (and only) election under this new system was on <a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">January 1, 1895</a>. </p><p>When the Americans defeated the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, and the Filipinos in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, the Americans began holding elections in pacified areas. The first such elections, which are open to all males above 21 years of age, was held on <a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">May 7, 1899</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomous_regional_elections">Autonomous regional elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Autonomous regional elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first general election for the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> was scheduled to be in 2022, but was postponed to 2025 to give the <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Transition_Authority" title="Bangsamoro Transition Authority">Bangsamoro Transition Authority</a> more time to finish its task in restructuring the Bangsamoro government.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections to the 80-member <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a> shall be similar to how the members of the House of Representatives are elected, and are expected to be synchronized with the congressional and local elections. </p><p>One-half of the membership (40) will be elected via the party-list system, and not more than 40% of the seats (32) are via single-member parliamentary districts. Not more than 10% of the seats are <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">reserved seats</a>, 2 seats for non-Moro indigenous peoples and settler communities, and one seat each for women, youth, traditional leaders and the Ulama, with these seats should be not less than 8 seats. </p><p>The Bangsamoro Parliament shall elect the chief minister, the regional head of government, and the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a> (governor), the ceremonial head of the region. </p><p>In the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao</a> which was replaced by the Bangsamoro, voters elected the regional governor and regional vice governor via the plurality system, and members of the <a href="/wiki/ARMM_Regional_Legislative_Assembly" title="ARMM Regional Legislative Assembly">Regional Legislative Assembly</a> via plurality-at-large voting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_elections">Other elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recall_elections">Recall elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Recall elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elected local government officials may be <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recalled</a>. A recall election may be called if there is a petition of at least 25% of the registered voters in that LGU. An amendment to the law where a majority of all members of a preparatory recall assembly, composed of all elected local officials within a local government unit (LGU), endorse a recall, was repealed. The recalled official is not allowed to resign when facing a recall election, but may participate in it; the candidate with the highest number of votes wins the recall election. </p><p>The president, vice president, members of Congress and cannot be removed via recall. The president and vice president can be removed by <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a>, while members of Congress can be removed via expulsion within their ranks. </p><p>The last recall election above the <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a> level was the <a href="/wiki/2015_Puerto_Princesa_mayoral_recall_election" title="2015 Puerto Princesa mayoral recall election">2015 Puerto Princesa mayoral recall election</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_elections">Special elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Special elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of special elections in the Philippines">List of special elections in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The term "special election" in the Philippines may mean either of the following: </p> <ul><li>An election that was supposedly held with the general election but was delayed;</li> <li>An election to elect a new official after the predecessor left office (known as "<a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a>" elsewhere)</li></ul> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> and of unaffiliated members of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a> can be elected under the second type of special election whenever the predecessor leaves office, except when the next regularly scheduled election is less than a year away. A special election for president and vice president can only be called if both offices are vacant at the same time, and is outside the 18 months prior to the next regularly scheduled presidential election. Replacement of vacancies in legislatures governed by the Local Government Code is done via appointment, and not by special elections. </p><p>The most recent special election to elect a vacancy to the House of Representatives was held in <a href="/wiki/2023_Cavite%27s_7th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2023 Cavite's 7th congressional district special election">February 2023 for Cavite's 7th congressional district</a>. The last special election for the presidency was in <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indirect_elections">Indirect elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indirect elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The barangay and SK chairmen, and the city and municipal councilors have a series of indirect elections among themselves to determine their representatives of the local legislature immediately above their level. </p><p>The barangay SK chairpersons in a city or municipality elect among themselves a president that will sit as an <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> member of the city or municipal council. The city (if applicable) and municipal SK presidents then elect among themselves a president that will sit in the provincial board as an <i>ex officio</i> member. Finally, provincial and city (which are not under the jurisdiction of a province) chairpersons elect among themselves the SK national federation president that will sit as an <i>ex officio</i> member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Commission_(Philippines)" title="National Youth Commission (Philippines)">National Youth Commission</a>. </p><p>The manner of representation of the different barangay chairmen in the municipal, city and provincial legislatures as <i>ex officio</i> members is identical with the way how the SK chairpersons are represented; the provincial and city (which are not under the jurisdiction of a province) chairpersons elect amongst themselves the president of the National League of the Barangays (<a href="/wiki/Liga_ng_mga_Barangay" title="Liga ng mga Barangay">Liga ng mga Barangay</a>). </p><p>The city (if applicable) and municipal councilors will vote among themselves which will be their representative to the provincial board. Councilors will also elect among themselves the officers of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Councilors_League" title="Philippine Councilors League">Philippine Councilors League</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_elections">Primary elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Primary elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary elections do not currently exist in the Philippines. The leaders of the various political parties select the candidates themselves, and party membership is liquid. In some cases, if a politician is not chosen to be a candidate, he can join another party (such as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, a Liberal, jumped ship to the Nacionalistas in 1965 when the Liberals picked incumbent <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> as their presidential candidate), or create their own party (such as <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a>, when he created Lakas ng Tao (now <a href="/wiki/Lakas_Kampi_CMD" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakas Kampi CMD">Lakas Kampi CMD</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Mitra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramon Mitra">Ramon Mitra</a> as their presidential candidate in 1992). </p><p>Primary elections did exist in the Third Republic era in the Liberal and Nacionalista parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_Conventions">Constitutional Conventions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Constitutional Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Philippines)">Constitutional Convention (Philippines)</a></div> <p>Calling a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Convention (Philippines)">Constitutional Convention</a> is one of the ways to amend or revise the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution of the Philippines</a>. While voting is expected to be via the existing <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">legislative districts</a>, Congress decides on how many delegates would be elected, thus how many delegates would be distributed per district. The election is nonpartisan. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970 Constitutional Convention election</a>, each district had 2 to 16 delegates, elected via <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">plurality-at-large voting</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934 Constitutional Convention election</a>, each district had 2 to 14 delegates, also elected via plurality-at-large-voting. </p><p>The body that proposed the current constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Commission_of_1986" title="Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986">Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986</a>, was appointed by the President, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines">Malolos Congress</a> was partly elected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendums_and_plebiscites">Referendums and plebiscites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Referendums and plebiscites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Referendums and plebiscites are conducted to pass certain laws. Any amendments or revision to the constitution, merging, creation and abolition of local government units and autonomous regions and the like are validated via plebiscites. For a referendum and plebiscite to pass, the votes in favor must be greater in number than those which are opposed; there is no requirement for how high the <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> should be in such referendums or plebiscites. </p><p>The terms "referendum" and "plebiscite" mean different things in the context of Philippine political discourse: </p> <ul><li>Referendum is the power of the electorate to approve or reject a legislation through an election called for the purpose.</li> <li>Plebiscite is the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or rejected by the people. <ul><li>It is also the term used in determining the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a>, municipalities, cities, provinces, and autonomous regions.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>A referendum is passed if it is approved by a majority of the votes cast; a defeat means the law sought to be rejected or amended remains to be in full effect. </p><p>There had been two "waves" of national referendums in the Philippines: the first was during the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth period</a>, and the latter was during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">martial law period</a>. Locally, the most common plebiscites are on creating new provinces and the upgrading of a municipality into a city. </p><p>The last provincial-level plebiscite was in 2023 for the <a href="/wiki/2023_San_Jose_del_Monte_conversion_plebiscite" title="2023 San Jose del Monte conversion plebiscite">conversion of San Jose del Monte as a highly urbanized city</a>; the last national plebiscite was in 1987 for the <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">approval of the constitution</a> endorsed by the 1986 Constitutional Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People's_Initiative"><span id="People.27s_Initiative"></span>People's Initiative</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: People's Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Initiative">People's Initiative</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiatives</a> (locally known as "people's initiative") are governed by the Initiative and Referendum Act of 1989, allowing the people to propose amendments or revisions to the constitution, or propose new laws.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> ruled in 1997 that the law was "fatally defective" as far as amending the constitution is concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People's Initiative can also be used to propose new laws are allowed if there is a petition of at least 10% of all registered voters in the country, with at least 3% in every <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Legislative districts of the Philippines">legislative district</a>. A plebiscite will be called it meets such requirements. A people's initiative in the national level has never made it past the stage verification of signatures. This is also possible locally, with varying requirements for each level of local government. </p><p>The first and only People's Initiative was in Barangay Milagrosa in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, which sought to stop the influx of informal settlers and the sale of illegal drugs in that barangay in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_finance">Campaign finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Campaign finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Omnibus Election Code bans persons or organizations who hold contracts with the government from contributing to candidates' election campaigns. In addition, under Comelec Resolution No. 10772 and the Corporation Code of the Philippines, corporations are allowed to make campaign donations of up to 5% of its taxable income.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_watchdogs">Election watchdogs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Election watchdogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">mass media</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Citizens%27_Movement_for_Free_Elections" title="National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections">National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections</a> (NAMFREL), the <a href="/wiki/Parish_Pastoral_Council_for_Responsible_Voting" title="Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting">Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting</a> (PPCRV),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kontra_Daya" title="Kontra Daya">Kontra Daya</a> are groups that work as watchdogs during elections in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other election watchdogs set up by civil society organizations are the Automated Election System (AES) Watch, Legal Network for Truthful Elections (Lente) and the Workers' Electoral Watch (We Watch).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral calendar">Electoral calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-vii/">"THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE VI"</a>. <i>www.officialgazette.gov.ph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706231213/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph:80/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-vii/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Baliuag+marks+108+years+of+town+elections&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Balabo&rft.aufirst=Dino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fnews-feature%2F397512%2Fbaliuag-marks-108-years-town-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/news-feature/397512/baliuag-marks-108-years-town-elections">"Baliuag marks 108 years of town elections"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Baliuag+marks+108+years+of+town+elections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fnews-feature%2F397512%2Fbaliuag-marks-108-years-town-elections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ottawape.dfa.gov.ph/images/stories/2016/OAV_Notice/OFOVNotice08172016_small.jpg">"NOTICE OF REGISTRATION AND ELECTION"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Election+watchdog+groups+are+rarin%E2%80%99+to+go%2C+too&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Aning&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F407395%2Felection-watchdog-groups-are-rarin-to-go-too&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comelec.gov.ph">Official website of the Commission on Elections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615030927/http://malacanang.gov.ph/76776-electoral-almanac-ph/"><i>Philippine Electoral Almanac</i></a> (Revised and Expanded ed.). Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malacanang.gov.ph/76776-electoral-almanac-ph/">the original</a> on June 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Electoral+Almanac&rft.edition=Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=Presidential+Communications+Development+and+Strategic+Planning+Office&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalacanang.gov.ph%2F76776-electoral-almanac-ph%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElections+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Philippines&#124;alt=Philippines_Elections_and_referendums_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_elections" title="Template:Philippine elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_elections" title="Template talk:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Philippines&#124;alt=Philippines_Elections_and_referendums_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">referendums</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1919 Philippine legislative election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1922 Philippine legislative election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1925 Philippine legislative election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1928 Philippine legislative election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_general_election" title="1935 Philippine general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_general_election" title="1953 Philippine general election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_general_election" title="1957 Philippine general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_general_election" title="1961 Philippine general election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_general_election" title="2001 Philippine general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1941 Philippine presidential election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1949 Philippine presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1919 Philippine Senate elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1922 Philippine Senate elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1925 Philippine Senate elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1928 Philippine Senate elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1931 Philippine Senate elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1934 Philippine Senate elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1941 Philippine Senate election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1946 Philippine Senate election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1947 Philippine Senate election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1949 Philippine Senate election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1951 Philippine Senate election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1953 Philippine Senate election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1955 Philippine Senate election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1957 Philippine Senate election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1959 Philippine Senate election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1961 Philippine Senate election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1963 Philippine Senate election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1965 Philippine Senate election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1969 Philippine Senate election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1971 Philippine Senate election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1987 Philippine Senate election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1992 Philippine Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1998 Philippine Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2001 Philippine Senate election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2004 Philippine Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2007 Philippine Senate election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2016 Philippine Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2019 Philippine Senate election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2025 Philippine Senate election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1919 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1925 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1931 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1935 Philippine legislative election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1938 Philippine legislative election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1941 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1949 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1953 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1957 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1961 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1965 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1969 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1987 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1995 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2001 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)" title="Constitutional convention (Philippines)">Constitutional conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Philippine_local_elections" title="1905 Philippine local elections">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_local_elections" title="1937 Philippine local elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_local_elections" title="1980 Philippine local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_local_elections" title="2013 Philippine local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_local_elections" title="2019 Philippine local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1989 Philippine barangay elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1994 Philippine barangay elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1997 Philippine barangay elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1599_Philippines_sovereignty_referendums" title="1599 Philippines sovereignty referendums">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1935 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1939 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscites" title="1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1947 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1967 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Philippine constitutional referendum">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of elections in the Philippines">Per year</a></li> <li>Per type <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">Senatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of special elections in the Philippines">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_local_elections" title="Template:Philippine local elections">Local elections and plebiscites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Local_elections_and_plebiscites_in_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_local_elections" title="Template:Philippine local elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_local_elections" title="Template talk:Philippine local elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_local_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine local elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Local_elections_and_plebiscites_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Local_elections">Local elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines#Local_plebiscites" title="Referendums in the Philippines">plebiscites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Philippine_local_elections" title="1905 Philippine local elections">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_local_elections" title="1937 Philippine local elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_Sangguniang_Bayan_elections" title="1975 Philippine Sangguniang Bayan elections">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_local_elections" title="1980 Philippine local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_local_elections" title="2013 Philippine local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_local_elections" title="2019 Philippine local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regional</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Sangguniang_Pampook_elections" title="1979 Sangguniang Pampook elections">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Sangguniang_Pampook_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Sangguniang Pampook elections (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="1990 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="1993 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="1996 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2001 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2005 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2008 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2013 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_general_election" title="2016 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao general election">2016</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Bangsamoro_Parliament_election" title="2025 Bangsamoro Parliament election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Philippine_provincial_governors" title="List of current Philippine provincial governors">Gubernatorial</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1905_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1905 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1908 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine gubernatorial elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2010 Philippine gubernatorial elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2013 Philippine gubernatorial elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2019 Philippine gubernatorial elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_gubernatorial_elections" title="2022 Philippine gubernatorial elections">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1989 Philippine barangay elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1994 Philippine barangay elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1997 Philippine barangay elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Kabataan" title="Sangguniang Kabataan">Sangguniang Kabataan</a> elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections" title="1975 Philippine Kabataang Barangay elections">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_Kabataang_Barangay_elections" title="1980 Philippine Kabataang Barangay elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="1992 Philippine Sangguniang Kabataan elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Philippine_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="1996 Philippine Sangguniang Kabataan elections">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional-level plebiscites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_Southern_Philippines_autonomy_plebiscite" title="1977 Southern Philippines autonomy plebiscite">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Southern_Philippines_regional_plebiscite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Southern Philippines regional plebiscite (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_creation_plebiscite" title="1989 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao creation plebiscite">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Cordillera_autonomy_plebiscite" title="1990 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Cordillera_autonomy_plebiscite" title="1998 Cordillera autonomy plebiscite">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao_expansion_and_inclusion_plebiscite" title="2001 Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao expansion and inclusion plebiscite">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bangsamoro_autonomy_plebiscite" title="2019 Bangsamoro autonomy plebiscite">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial-level plebiscites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Samar_division_plebiscite" title="1965 Samar division plebiscite">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Agusan_division_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Agusan division plebiscite">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Quirino_sub-provincial_creation_plebiscite" title="1969 Quirino sub-provincial creation plebiscite">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Quirino_provincial_creation_plebiscite" title="1971 Quirino provincial creation plebiscite">1971 (Quirino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Siquijor_creation_plebiscite" title="1971 Siquijor creation plebiscite">1971 (Siquijor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum#On_form_of_local_government" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Southern_Philippines_autonomy_plebiscite" title="1977 Southern Philippines autonomy plebiscite">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_Aurora_creation_plebiscite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 Aurora creation plebiscite (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Lanao_del_Norte_capital_plebiscite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Lanao del Norte capital plebiscite (page does not exist)">1982 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_Maguindanao_capital_plebiscite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 Maguindanao capital plebiscite (page does not exist)">1982 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Negros_del_Norte_creation_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Negros del Norte creation plebiscite">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_provincial_creation_plebiscites" title="1992 Philippine provincial creation plebiscites">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Kalinga-Apayao_division_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Kalinga-Apayao division plebiscite">1995 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Isabela_division_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Isabela division plebiscite">1995 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Compostela_Valley_creation_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Compostela Valley creation plebiscite">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Zamboanga_Sibugay_creation_plebiscite" title="2001 Zamboanga Sibugay creation plebiscite">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Shariff_Kabunsuan_creation_plebiscite" title="2006 Shariff Kabunsuan creation plebiscite">2006 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Dinagat_Islands_creation_plebiscite" title="2006 Dinagat Islands creation plebiscite">2006 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Quezon_del_Sur_creation_plebiscite" title="2008 Quezon del Sur creation plebiscite">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Davao_Occidental_creation_plebiscite" title="2013 Davao Occidental creation plebiscite">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Compostela_Valley_renaming_plebiscite" title="2019 Compostela Valley renaming plebiscite">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Palawan_division_plebiscite" title="2021 Palawan division plebiscite">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Maguindanao_division_plebiscite" title="2022 Maguindanao division plebiscite">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_San_Jose_del_Monte_conversion_plebiscite" title="2023 San Jose del Monte conversion plebiscite">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal- and city-level plebiscites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Special_Geographic_Area_plebiscites" title="2024 Special Geographic Area plebiscites">2024 (Special Geographic Area)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: Elections in <a href="/wiki/Template:Bangsamoro_elections" title="Template:Bangsamoro elections">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bicol_Region_elections" title="Template:Bicol Region elections">Bicol Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cagayan_Valley_elections" title="Template:Cagayan Valley elections">Cagayan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Calabarzon_elections" title="Template:Calabarzon elections">Calabarzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Caraga_elections" title="Template:Caraga elections">Caraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Luzon_elections" title="Template:Central Luzon elections">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Visayas_elections" title="Template:Central Visayas elections">Central Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cordillera_Administrative_Region_elections" title="Template:Cordillera Administrative Region elections">Cordillera Administrative Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Davao_Region_elections" title="Template:Davao Region elections">Davao Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Visayas_elections" title="Template:Eastern Visayas elections">Eastern Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ilocos_Region_elections" title="Template:Ilocos Region elections">Ilocos Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Manila_elections" title="Template:Metro Manila elections">Metro Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mimaropa_elections" title="Template:Mimaropa elections">Mimaropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Negros_Island_Region_elections" title="Template:Negros Island Region elections">Negros Island Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Mindanao_elections" title="Template:Northern Mindanao elections">Northern Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Soccsksargen_elections" title="Template:Soccsksargen elections">Soccsksargen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Visayas_elections" title="Template:Western Visayas elections">Western Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zamboanga_Peninsula_elections" title="Template:Zamboanga Peninsula elections">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elections_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elections_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elections in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Afghanistan" title="Elections in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Azerbaijan" title="Elections in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bahrain" title="Elections in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cambodia" title="Elections in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_East_Timor" title="Elections in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jordan" title="Elections in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kazakhstan" title="Elections in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kuwait" title="Elections in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Elections in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Maldives" title="Elections in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Myanmar" title="Elections in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tajikistan" title="Elections in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkmenistan" title="Elections in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uzbekistan" title="Elections in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vietnam" title="Elections in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Yemen" title="Elections in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Abkhazia" title="Elections in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Elections in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Ossetia" title="Elections in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elections in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Macau" title="Elections in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a 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