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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-header{font-weight:normal}@media(max-width:640px){body.skin--responsive:not(.skin-monobook):not(.skin-timeless) .mw-parser-output .ib-election .notpageimage.noresize img{height:80px!important;width:auto!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-election .mw-file-description img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1978 Philippine parliamentary election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%28navy_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1969 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1969</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>April 7 and 27, 1978</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />179 (of the 189) seats in the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a><br />90 seats needed for a majority</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">First party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Second party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Third party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FE0000;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Marcos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/108px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/162px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg/217px-Ferdinand_Marcos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FFFF00;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg/106px-Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg/159px-Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg/212px-Ninoy_Aquino_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #000000;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scphil999jf_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG/121px-Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG/182px-Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG/243px-Scphil999jf_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="984" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">KBL</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">LABAN</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Pusyon_Bisaya" title="Pusyon Bisaya">Pusyon Bisaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Leader's seat </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">none </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Region IV-A</a> <i>(lost)</i> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Region VII</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><i>new party</i> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><i>new party</i> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><i>new party</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">150 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">0 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">13 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 150 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">147,885,493 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">21,541,600 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">9,495,416 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">71.13 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">10.36 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4.57 </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister</a>-designate</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">KBL</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional 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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a 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title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A parliamentary election was held in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> on April 7, 1978, for the election of the 165 regional representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a> (the nation's first parliament). The leading opposition party, the <a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</a> (LABAN), ran twenty-one candidates for the Metro Manila area. Their leading candidate was the jailed opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Ninoy Aquino</a>. Marcos regime's party known as the <a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">Kilusang Bagong Lipunan</a> (KBL), which was led by the then-First Lady <a href="/wiki/Imelda_Marcos" title="Imelda Marcos">Imelda Marcos</a>. Ninoy was allowed to run by his fellow partymates under the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a>, who boycotted the election and was not allowed to campaign, and so his family campaigned for him. The night before the election on April 6, 1978, a noise barrage was organized by the supporters of (LABAN) which occurred up to dawn. </p><p>These elections were followed by the <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_sectoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary sectoral election">sectoral election</a> on April 27, which elected additional 14 representatives. Another 10 representatives were appointed, bringing up the total number of representatives to 189. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philippines had been under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> since 1972, with incumbent president <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> ruling by decree. Prior to this, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> was being drafted by the <a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention">Constitutional Convention</a>, whose delegates were <a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">elected in 1970</a>. The Constitutional Convention approved the final draft of the constitution, which consisted of the abolition of the Philippine Congress and its replacement with an interim National Assembly consisting of the President, the Vice-President, the President of the Constitutional Convention, and members of the Senate and the House of Representatives in November 1972 and was <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">later ratified</a> on January 17, 1973, through so-called "citizens' assemblies". The Constitution was amended twice, on <a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_Martial_Law_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Philippine Martial Law referendum">July 27–28, 1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">February 27–28, 1975</a>. The Constitution was amended once again on <a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_martial_law_referendum_and_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1976 Philippine martial law referendum and constitutional plebiscite">October 16–17, 1976</a> with the passage of "Amendment No. 6", which changed the name of the Interim National Assembly into the "Interim Batasang Pambansa", more commonly as the "Batasan". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_system">Electoral system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electoral system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Batasang Pambansa has not more than 200 members, of which there are 190 seats for this election, of which 166 are elected via multi-member districts via <a href="/wiki/Plurality_block_voting" title="Plurality block voting">plurality block vote</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">Philippine Senate elections</a> in the past. Each <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a> corresponds to a parliamentary district, with the number of seats dependent on the region's population. </p><p>An additional 14 members are <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">reserved</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sectoral_representation_in_the_Philippines" title="Sectoral representation in the Philippines">sectoral seats</a>. There are three sectors: agricultural labor, industrial labor, and youth, each having 1 seat each from <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, 2 seats for <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and the youth sector having an additional 2 seats elected <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>. The seats are determined by electoral college within each sector, with the electoral colleges voting via <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post system</a>. </p><p>Finally, the president may choose members of the Cabinet to be members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakas_ng_Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lakas ng Bayan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</a></div> <p>In 1978, former Senators <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Roxas" title="Gerardo Roxas">Gerry Roxas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovito_Salonga" title="Jovito Salonga">Jovito Salonga</a> opted for the opposition <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> boycott the elections. Having initially agreed to the boycott due to "the government already [having] the forces in its command and the entire machinery of politics which [they] do not have", former Senator <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a> later changed his mind and opted to take part in the elections to have the chance to "talk to the people," having been imprisoned for almost six (6) years.<sup id="cite_ref-FTN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aquino was then able to field twenty other candidates for the seats in Region IV-A (<a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>) under a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a> political party, dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</a></i> ("People's Power"). The party's acronym was "LABAN" ("fight" in <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>). </p><p>On March 10, 1978, he was entitled to one television interview on <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">GTV</a>'s <i>Face the Nation</i> (hosted by <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Nathanielsz" title="Ronnie Nathanielsz">Ronnie Nathanielsz</a>) in his prison at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bonifacio" title="Fort Bonifacio">Fort Bonifacio</a>, and proved to a startled and impressed populace that imprisonment had neither dulled his rapier-like tongue nor dampened his fighting spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Aquino, he wanted to give the people a vehicle to express their frustration or their anger "if there is any," while recognizing that should all twenty-one opposition candidates win, as they are a still minority in the Batasan, "the only job in this particular combat now is fiscalization... Mr. Marcos will profound the thesis of government, we will supply the antithesis so that in the clash of ideas, the people will have the synthesis."<sup id="cite_ref-FTN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 6, 1978, the eve of elections, supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</a> (LABAN) came out in protest by asking bystanders and cars to make noise in support the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan">Kilusang Bagong Lipunan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kilusang Bagong Lipunan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Marcos created the <a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">Kilusang Bagong Lipunan</a> (New Society Movement) as his political vehicle for the elections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="Results of the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election">Results of the 1978 Philippine parliamentary election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_elections">District elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: District elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="5" style="text-align:center;color:black;background:#F8F9FA"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg/358px-1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="358" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg/537px-1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg/716px-1978_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_results.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col">Votes</th><th scope="col">%</th><th scope="col">Seats</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FE0000"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Kilusang_Bagong_Lipunan" title="Kilusang Bagong Lipunan">Kilusang Bagong Lipunan</a></td><td style="text-align:right">147,885,493</td><td style="text-align:right">71.13</td><td style="text-align:right">137</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFFF00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Lakas_ng_Bayan" title="Lakas ng Bayan">Lakas ng Bayan</a></td><td style="text-align:right">21,541,600</td><td style="text-align:right">10.36</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:purple"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pusyon_Bisaya" title="Pusyon Bisaya">Pusyon Bisaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right">9,495,416</td><td style="text-align:right">4.57</td><td style="text-align:right">13</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#a02c2cff"></td><td>Bagong Lipunan-Kilusan ng Nagkakaisang Nacionalista, Liberal</td><td style="text-align:right">7,981,060</td><td style="text-align:right">3.84</td><td style="text-align:right">14</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:purple"></td><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mindanao_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mindanao Alliance (page does not exist)">Mindanao Alliance</a></td><td style="text-align:right">6,685,224</td><td style="text-align:right">3.22</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0000FF"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Saro" title="Bicol Saro">Bicol Saro</a></td><td style="text-align:right">2,105,599</td><td style="text-align:right">1.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Young Philippines</td><td style="text-align:right">1,471,381</td><td style="text-align:right">0.71</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Concerned Citizens' Aggrupation</td><td style="text-align:right">1,374,549</td><td style="text-align:right">0.66</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#98fb98"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">688,130</td><td style="text-align:right">0.33</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Emancipated Scientists</td><td style="text-align:right">392,819</td><td style="text-align:right">0.19</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Partido ng Bagong Pilipino</td><td style="text-align:right">140,365</td><td style="text-align:right">0.07</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Democratic Party</td><td style="text-align:right">112,140</td><td style="text-align:right">0.05</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Philippine Labor Party</td><td style="text-align:right">94,287</td><td style="text-align:right">0.05</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Confederation of Ilocano Associations</td><td style="text-align:right">81,594</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Consumers Party</td><td style="text-align:right">69,216</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Citizens Union Progress Party</td><td style="text-align:right">44,893</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Youth Democratic Movement</td><td style="text-align:right">40,571</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Sovereign Citizens Party</td><td style="text-align:right">18,814</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Partido Sambayanang Pilipino</td><td style="text-align:right">15,050</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Lapiang Bagong Silang</td><td style="text-align:right">11,457</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F8F9FA"></td><td>Bagong Anyo ng Buhay</td><td style="text-align:right">11,190</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DCDCDC"></td><td>Independent</td><td style="text-align:right">7,633,851</td><td style="text-align:right">3.67</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sectoral_representation_in_the_Philippines" title="Sectoral representation in the Philippines">Sectoral seats</a></td><td colspan="2"></td><td style="text-align:right">14</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">Appointed seats</td><td colspan="2"></td><td style="text-align:right">10</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">207,894,699</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">190</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="5" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>21,464,213</td><td>85.52</td><td></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Graham and Santos<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Teehankee<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Vote share</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">KBL</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FE0000; width:71.13%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">71.13%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">LABAN</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FFFF00; width:10.36%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.36%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">PB</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:4.57%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.57%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">BLKNNL</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#a02c2cff; width:3.84%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.84%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">MA</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:3.22%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.22%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:6.88%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.88%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin:0; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="notheme barbox" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:600px; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">District seats</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:410px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">KBL</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FE0000; width:82.53%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">82.53%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">LABAN</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#FFFF00; width:0.00%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.00%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">PB</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:7.83%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.83%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">BLKNNL</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#a02c2cff; width:8.43%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.43%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">MA</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.60%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:0.60%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.60%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectoral_election">Sectoral election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sectoral election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A separate election was held for the 14 members of the Batasang Pambansa's sectoral representatives. </p><p>This was via <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>, with youth, industrial labor and agricultural labor as the three sectors. Each sector shall elect among themselves an electoral council, the members coming from provinces and cities. Each electoral council elected two members from <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, and a member each from <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, with two additional seats from the youth sector elected at-large, for a total of 14 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allegations_of_fraud">Allegations of fraud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Allegations of fraud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marcos said that fraud was committed by "both sides" during the elections, but not on a scale that would have affected the results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jovito Salonga disagreed with the assessment and said that he did not observe people celebrating KBL’s victory because they felt "like they’ve been cheated."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine elections">Philippine elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDhKhI0LJYw&t=351s">"NINOY AQUINO's "FACE THE NATION" FULL INTERVIEW! (3/10/1978)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJuico" class="citation news cs1">Juico, Philip Ella. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bworldonline.com/opinion/2022/02/02/427424/how-things-have-turned-upside-down/">"How things have turned upside down"</a>. <i>BusinessWorld</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BusinessWorld&rft.atitle=How+things+have+turned+upside+down&rft.aulast=Juico&rft.aufirst=Philip+Ella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bworldonline.com%2Fopinion%2F2022%2F02%2F02%2F427424%2Fhow-things-have-turned-upside-down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-first-election/">"Martial Law in the Philippines: The first election"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martial+Law+in+the+Philippines%3A+The+first+election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartiallawmuseum.ph%2Fmagaral%2Fthe-first-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieter_NohlenFlorian_GrotzChristof_HartmannGraham_Hassall2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen" title="Dieter Nohlen">Dieter Nohlen</a>; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos (November 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YK8SDAAAQBAJ"><i><br />Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199249596" title="Special:BookSources/9780199249596"><bdi>9780199249596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cbr+%2F%3EElections+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+A+Data+Handbook%3A+Volume+II%3A+South+East+Asia%2C+East+Asia%2C+and+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=2001-11-15&rft.isbn=9780199249596&rft.au=Dieter+Nohlen&rft.au=Florian+Grotz&rft.au=Christof+Hartmann&rft.au=Graham+Hassall&rft.au=Soliman+M.+Santos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYK8SDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulio_Teehankee" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julio_Teehankee" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio Teehankee">Julio Teehankee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2006/09/Electoral%20Politics%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf">"Electoral Politics in the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. quezon.ph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Politics+in+the+Philippines&rft.pub=quezon.ph&rft.au=Julio+Teehankee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quezon.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2006%2F09%2FElectoral%2520Politics%2520in%2520the%2520Philippines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/02/07/presidential-decree-no-1296-s-1978/">"Presidential Decree No. 1296, s. 1978 | GOVPH"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Presidential+Decree+No.+1296%2C+s.+1978+%7C+GOVPH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F1978%2F02%2F07%2Fpresidential-decree-no-1296-s-1978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguel_Paolo2020" class="citation web cs1">Miguel Paolo, Reyes (November 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://verafiles.org/articles/marcoses-history-rejecting-election-defeats">"The Marcoses: A history of rejecting election defeats"</a>. <i>VERA Files</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VERA+Files&rft.atitle=The+Marcoses%3A+A+history+of+rejecting+election+defeats&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft.aulast=Miguel+Paolo&rft.aufirst=Reyes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fverafiles.org%2Farticles%2Fmarcoses-history-rejecting-election-defeats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Philippine Commission on Elections — Records and Statistics Division</li> <li>Philippine House of Representatives Congressional Library</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPobre2000" class="citation book cs1">Pobre, Cesar P. (2000). <i>Philippine Legislature 100 Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/971-92245-0-9"><bdi>971-92245-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Legislature+100+Years&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=971-92245-0-9&rft.aulast=Pobre&rft.aufirst=Cesar+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachado1979" class="citation journal cs1">Machado, Kit G. (February 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643779">"The Philippines 1978: Authoritarian Consolidation Continues"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 131–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643779">10.2307/2643779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643779">2643779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+1978%3A+Authoritarian+Consolidation+Continues&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-140&rft.date=1979-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Machado&rft.aufirst=Kit+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-first-election/">"The first election"</a>. Martial Law Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+first+election&rft.pub=Martial+Law+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartiallawmuseum.ph%2Fmagaral%2Fthe-first-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1978+Philippine+parliamentary+election" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comelec.gov.ph/">Official website of the Commission on Elections</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_elections" title="Template talk:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border&#124;link=Philippines&#124;alt=Philippines_Elections_and_referendums_in_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">referendums</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1919 Philippine legislative election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1922 Philippine legislative election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1925 Philippine legislative election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1928 Philippine legislative election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine legislative election (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_general_election" title="1935 Philippine general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_general_election" title="1946 Philippine general election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_general_election" title="1949 Philippine general election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_general_election" title="1953 Philippine general election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_general_election" title="1957 Philippine general election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_general_election" title="1961 Philippine general election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_general_election" title="1965 Philippine general election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_general_election" title="1969 Philippine general election">1969</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1987 Philippine legislative election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_general_election" title="1992 Philippine general election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_general_election" title="1995 Philippine general election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_general_election" title="1998 Philippine general election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_general_election" title="2001 Philippine general election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_general_election" title="2004 Philippine general election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_general_election" title="2007 Philippine general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_general_election" title="2010 Philippine general election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_general_election" title="2013 Philippine general election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election" title="2016 Philippine general election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1935 Philippine presidential election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1941 Philippine presidential election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1946 Philippine presidential election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1949 Philippine presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1953 Philippine presidential election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1957 Philippine presidential election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1965 Philippine presidential election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1969 Philippine presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1992 Philippine presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2016 Philippine presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1919 Philippine Senate elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1922 Philippine Senate elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1925 Philippine Senate elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1928 Philippine Senate elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1931 Philippine Senate elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1934 Philippine Senate elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1941 Philippine Senate election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1946 Philippine Senate election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1947 Philippine Senate election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1949 Philippine Senate election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1951 Philippine Senate election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1953 Philippine Senate election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1955 Philippine Senate election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1957 Philippine Senate election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1959 Philippine Senate election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1961 Philippine Senate election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1963 Philippine Senate election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1965 Philippine Senate election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1969 Philippine Senate election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1971 Philippine Senate election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1987 Philippine Senate election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1992 Philippine Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1998 Philippine Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2001 Philippine Senate election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2004 Philippine Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2007 Philippine Senate election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2010 Philippine Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2013 Philippine Senate election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2016 Philippine Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2019 Philippine Senate election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2025 Philippine Senate election">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1898_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1898 Philippine legislative election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1909 Philippine Assembly elections">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1912 Philippine Assembly elections">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1916 Philippine Assembly elections">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1919 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1925 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1928 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1931 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1934 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1935 Philippine legislative election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1938 Philippine legislative election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1941 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Philippine_legislative_election" title="1943 Philippine legislative election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1949 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1953 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1957 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1961 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1965 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1969 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1969</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1987 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1995 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 Philippine House of Representatives elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2001 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2004 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2007 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2019 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2025 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(Philippines)" title="Constitutional convention (Philippines)">Constitutional conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Philippine_Constitutional_Convention_election" title="1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election">1970</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1895_Philippine_municipal_elections" title="1895 Philippine municipal elections">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_Philippine_local_elections" title="1899 Philippine local elections">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Philippine_local_elections" title="1905 Philippine local elections">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1909_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1909 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1912_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1912 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1919_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1919 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1922_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1922 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1925_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1925 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1928_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1928 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_local_elections" title="1937 Philippine local elections">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Philippine_local_elections" title="1980 Philippine local elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Philippine_local_elections" title="1988 Philippine local elections">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_Philippine_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 Philippine local elections (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_local_elections" title="2013 Philippine local elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Philippine_local_elections" title="2016 Philippine local elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_local_elections" title="2019 Philippine local elections">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_local_elections" title="2022 Philippine local elections">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_local_elections" title="2025 Philippine local elections">2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_Philippine_barrio_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 Philippine barrio elections (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1982 Philippine barangay elections">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1989 Philippine barangay elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1994 Philippine barangay elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="1997 Philippine barangay elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2002 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2007 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2010 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Referendums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1599_Philippines_sovereignty_referendums" title="1599 Philippines sovereignty referendums">1599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1935 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Philippine_women%27s_suffrage_plebiscite" title="1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1939 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscites" title="1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1947 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1967 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1973 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Philippine_martial_law_referendum" title="1973 Philippine martial law referendum">1973 (Jul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Philippine_executive_and_legislative_powers_referendum" title="1975 Philippine executive and legislative powers referendum">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Philippine_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Philippine constitutional referendum">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Philippine_presidential_referendum" title="1977 Philippine presidential referendum">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1981 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1981 (Apr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1984 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of elections in the Philippines">Per year</a></li> <li>Per type <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Senate_elections" title="Philippine Senate elections">Senatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="List of special elections in the Philippines">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_local_elections" title="Template:Philippine local elections">Local elections and plebiscites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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