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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_and_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Theory and notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composers_–_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composers_–_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Composers – timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composers_–_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_period_(1400–1470)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_period_(1400–1470)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early period (1400–1470)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_period_(1400–1470)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_period_(1470–1530)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_period_(1470–1530)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle period (1470–1530)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_period_(1470–1530)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_period_(1530–1600)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_period_(1530–1600)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late period (1530–1600)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_period_(1530–1600)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Late period (1530–1600) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Late_period_(1530–1600)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mannerism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mannerism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mannerism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mannerism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_the_Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_the_Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transition to the Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_the_Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Percussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Percussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Percussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Percussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodwinds_(aerophones)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodwinds_(aerophones)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Woodwinds (aerophones)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodwinds_(aerophones)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Renaissance music</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancemusik" title="Renaissancemusik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Renaissancemusik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="موسيقى عصر النهضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى عصر النهضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Renacimientu" title="Música del Renacimientu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música del Renacimientu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ренесансова музика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ренесансова музика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Renaixement" title="Música del Renaixement – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música del Renaixement" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesan%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_hudba" title="Renesanční hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Renesanční hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_y_Dadeni" title="Cerddoriaeth y Dadeni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth y Dadeni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A6ssancemusik" title="Renæssancemusik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Renæssancemusik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_der_Renaissance" title="Musik der Renaissance – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musik der Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessanssmuusika" title="Renessanssmuusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Renessanssmuusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αναγεννησιακή μουσική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγεννησιακή μουσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Renacimiento" title="Música del Renacimiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música del Renacimiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanca_muziko" title="Renesanca muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Renesanca muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizkundeko_musika" title="Pizkundeko musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pizkundeko musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="موسیقی رنسانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موسیقی رنسانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_de_la_Renaissance" title="Musique de la Renaissance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique de la Renaissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_renacentista" title="Música renacentista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música renacentista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%83%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="르네상스 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="르네상스 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վերածննդի երաժշտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերածննդի երաժշտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Renaisans" title="Musik Renaisans – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Renaisans" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_rinascimentale" title="Musica rinascimentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica rinascimentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="מוזיקת רנסאנס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת רנסאנס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Renascentiae" title="Musica Renascentiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica Renascentiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesanso_muzika" title="Renesanso muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Renesanso muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancemeziek" title="Renaissancemeziek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Renaissancemeziek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesz%C3%A1nsz_zene" title="Reneszánsz zene – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reneszánsz zene" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzik_era_pembaharuan" title="Muzik era pembaharuan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzik era pembaharuan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancemuziek" title="Renaissancemuziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Renaissancemuziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="ルネサンス音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルネサンス音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikk_i_renessansen" title="Musikk i renessansen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Musikk i renessansen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessansemusikk" title="Renessansemusikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Renessansemusikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A" title="د رنسانس دورې موسيقي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د رنسانس دورې موسيقي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_renesansu" title="Muzyka renesansu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka renesansu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_renascentista" title="Música renascentista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música renascentista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Музыка эпохи Возрождения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка эпохи Возрождения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzika_e_Rilindjes_Evropiane" title="Muzika e Rilindjes Evropiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzika e Rilindjes Evropiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Renaissance music" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesan%C4%8Dn%C3%A1_hudba" title="Renesančná hudba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Renesančná hudba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesan%C4%8Dna_glasba" title="Renesančna glasba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Renesančna glasba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansna_muzika" title="Renesansna muzika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Renesansna muzika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renesansna_muzika" title="Renesansna muzika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Renesansna muzika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renessanssin_musiikki" title="Renessanssin musiikki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Renessanssin musiikki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansens_musik" title="Renässansens musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Renässansens musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikang_Renasimiyento" title="Musikang Renasimiyento – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Musikang Renasimiyento" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6nesans_m%C3%BCzi%C4%9Fi" title="Rönesans müziği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rönesans müziği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Музика доби Відродження – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музика доби Відродження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_nh%E1%BA%A1c_th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%C6%B0ng" title="Âm nhạc thời kỳ Phục 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searchaux" style="display:none">Western musical period between the 15th and 17th centuries</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Concert_A22894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Concert_A22894.jpg/300px-The_Concert_A22894.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Concert_A22894.jpg/450px-The_Concert_A22894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Concert_A22894.jpg/600px-The_Concert_A22894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16219" data-file-height="9666" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>, <i>The Concert</i> (1623), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington D.C.</figcaption></figure> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:darkblue"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Overview</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></div><hr /></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Movements and schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioseffo_Zarlino" title="Gioseffo Zarlino">Zarlino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">Chanson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">← Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music →</a></b></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Template:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Template talk:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#d6d6ff;font-size:120%;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.2em;">Major eras of<br /><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–1400</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music#Transitioning_to_the_Renaissance" title="Medieval music">Transition to Renaissance</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1600</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1750</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Transition to Classical</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730–1820</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1910</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Transition to Modernism</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;padding-bottom:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  •  <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Template talk:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Western_art_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Western art music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Renaissance music</b> is traditionally understood to cover European music of the 15th and 16th centuries, later than the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era as it is understood in other disciplines. Rather than starting from the early 14th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">ars nova</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Trecento" title="Music of the Trecento">Trecento music</a> was treated by <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a> as a coda to <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval music</a> and the new era dated from the rise of <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triadic</a> harmony and the spread of the <i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_angloise" title="Contenance angloise">contenance angloise</a></i> style from the British Isles to the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a>. A convenient watershed for its end is the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> period. </p><p>The period may be roughly subdivided, with an early period corresponding to the career of <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1397</span>–1474) and the cultivation of <a href="/wiki/Cantilena" title="Cantilena">cantilena</a> style, a middle dominated by <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a> and the four-part textures favored by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a> (1410s or '20s–1497) and <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> (late 1450s–1521), and culminating during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in the florid <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Palestrina</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525</span>–1594) and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman School</a>. </p><p>Music was increasingly freed from medieval constraints, and more variety was permitted in range, rhythm, harmony, form, and notation. On the other hand, rules of <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a> became more constrained, particularly with regard to treatment of <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonances</a>. In the Renaissance, music became a vehicle for personal expression. Composers found ways to make vocal music more expressive of the texts they were setting. <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular music</a> absorbed techniques from <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred music</a>, and vice versa. Popular secular forms such as the chanson and <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a> spread throughout Europe. Courts employed virtuoso performers, both singers and instrumentalists. Music also became more self-sufficient with its availability in printed form, existing for its own sake. </p><p>Precursor versions of many familiar modern instruments (including the violin, guitar, <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and keyboard instruments) developed into new forms during the Renaissance. These instruments were modified to respond to the evolution of musical ideas, and they presented new possibilities for composers and musicians to explore. Early forms of modern woodwind and brass instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a> also appeared, extending the range of sonic color and increasing the sound of instrumental ensembles. During the 15th century, the sound of full <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triads</a> became common, and towards the end of the 16th century the system of <a href="/wiki/Church_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Church mode">church modes</a> began to break down entirely, giving way to <a href="/wiki/Functional_tonality" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional tonality">functional tonality</a> (the system in which songs and pieces are based on musical "keys"), which would dominate Western art music for the next three centuries. </p><p>From the Renaissance era, notated secular and sacred music survives in quantity, including vocal and instrumental works and mixed vocal/instrumental works. A wide range of musical styles and genres flourished during the Renaissance, including masses, motets, madrigals, chansons, accompanied songs, instrumental dances, and many others. Beginning in the late 20th century, numerous <a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">early music</a> ensembles were formed. Ensembles specializing in music of the Renaissance era give concert tours and make recordings, using modern reproductions of historical instruments and using singing and performing styles which <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">musicologists</a> believe were used during the era. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main characteristics of Renaissance music are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Music based on <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modes</a>.</li> <li>Rich texture, with four or more independent melodic parts being performed simultaneously. These interweaving melodic lines, a style called <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, is one of the defining features of Renaissance music.</li> <li>Blending, rather than contrasting, melodic lines in the musical texture.</li> <li>Harmony that placed a greater concern on the smooth flow of the music and its <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">progression of chords</a>.</li></ul> <p>The development of polyphony produced the notable changes in musical instruments that mark the Renaissance musically from the Middle Ages. Its use encouraged the development of larger ensembles and demanded sets of instruments that would blend together across the whole vocal range.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontagun.d._2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontagun.d.-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most pronounced features of early Renaissance European art music was the increasing reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">interval</a> of the third and its inversion, the sixth. (In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, thirds and sixths had been considered dissonances; and consonances were derived only of the perfect intervals: the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fourth" title="Perfect fourth">perfect fourth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_fifth" title="Perfect fifth">perfect fifth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>). <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">Polyphony</a>—the use of multiple, independent melodic lines played simultaneously—became increasingly elaborate throughout the 14th century, with highly independent voices in both vocal music and instrumental music. The beginning of the 15th century showed simplification, with the composers often striving for smoothness in the melodic parts. This was possible because of a greatly increased vocal range in music. Previously, in the Middle Ages, the narrow vocal range necessitated frequent crossing of parts, thus requiring a greater contrast between them to distinguish the different parts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal character</a> of Renaissance music—later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal</a> approach developing in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a> era—began to break down towards the end of the (Renaissance) period with the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Root_(chord)" title="Root (chord)">root motions</a> of fifths or fourths; (see <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">Circle of fifths</a> for details). An example of a <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">chord progression</a> in which the chord roots move by the interval of a fourth is the chord progression in the key of C Major: "D minor/G Major/C Major"—these are all triads; three-note chords. The movement from the D minor chord to the G Major chord is an interval of a perfect fourth. The movement from the G Major chord to the C Major chord is also an interval of a perfect fourth. This later developed into one of the defining characteristics of tonality during the Baroque era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in the other arts, the music of the period was significantly influenced by the developments which define the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a> period: the rise of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> thought; the recovery of the literary and artistic heritage of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>; increased innovation and discovery; the growth of commercial enterprises; the rise of a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> class; and the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> style of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Flemish school">Franco-Flemish school</a>. </p><p>The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in 1439 made it cheaper and easier to distribute music and music theory texts on a wider geographic scale and to more people. Prior to the invention of printing, written music and music theory texts had to be hand-copied, a time-consuming and expensive process. Demand for music as entertainment and as a leisure activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class. Dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chansons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a> throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style which culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a>. Relative political stability and prosperity in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, along with a flourishing system of <a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">music education</a> in the area's many churches and cathedrals allowed the training of large numbers of singers, instrumentalists, and composers. These musicians were highly sought throughout Europe, particularly in Italy, where churches and aristocratic courts hired them as composers, performers, and teachers. Since the printing press made it easier to disseminate printed music, by the end of the 16th century, Italy had absorbed the northern musical influences with <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Rome, and other cities becoming centers of musical activity. This reversed the situation from a hundred years earlier. Opera, a dramatic staged genre in which singers are accompanied by instruments, arose at this time in Florence. Opera was developed as a deliberate attempt to resurrect the music of ancient Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genres">Genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principal liturgical (church-based) musical forms, which remained in use throughout the Renaissance period, were <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>, with some other developments towards the end of the era, especially as composers of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacred music</a> began to adopt <a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">secular</a> (non-religious) musical forms (such as the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigal</a>) for religious use. The 15th and 16th century masses had two kinds of sources that were used: <a href="/wiki/Monophony" title="Monophony">monophonic</a> (a single melody line) and <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> (multiple, independent melodic lines), with two main forms of elaboration, based on <i><a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a></i> practice or, beginning some time around 1500, the new style of "pervasive imitation", in which composers would write music in which the different voices or parts would imitate the melodic and/or rhythmic motifs performed by other voices or parts. Several main types of masses were used: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_mass" title="Cyclic mass">Cyclic mass</a> (tenor mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrase_mass" title="Paraphrase mass">Paraphrase mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_mass" title="Parody mass">Imitation mass</a></li></ul> <p>Masses were normally titled by the source from which they borrowed. <i><a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">Cantus firmus</a></i> mass uses the same monophonic melody, usually drawn from chant and usually in the tenor and most often in longer note values than the other voices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sacred genres were the <a href="/wiki/Madrigale_spirituale" title="Madrigale spirituale">madrigale spirituale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Laude">laude</a>. </p><p>During the period, secular (non-religious) music had an increasing distribution, with a wide variety of forms, but one must be cautious about assuming an explosion in variety: since printing made music more widely available, much more has survived from this era than from the preceding Medieval era, and probably a rich store of popular music of the late Middle Ages is lost. Secular music was music that was independent of churches. The main types were the German <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Frottola" title="Frottola">frottola</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/Chanson" title="Chanson">chanson</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigal</a>, and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">villancico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other secular vocal genres included the <a href="/wiki/Caccia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caccia (music)">caccia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">virelai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergerette" title="Bergerette">bergerette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musique_mesur%C3%A9e" title="Musique mesurée">musique mesurée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanella" title="Villanella">villanella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villotta" title="Villotta">villotta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lute_song" title="Lute song">lute song</a>. Mixed forms such as the <a href="/wiki/Motet-chanson" title="Motet-chanson">motet-chanson</a> and the secular motet also appeared. </p><p>Purely instrumental music included <a href="/wiki/Consort_of_instruments" title="Consort of instruments">consort</a> music for <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viols</a> and other instruments, and dances for various ensembles. Common instrumental genres were the <a href="/wiki/Toccata" title="Toccata">toccata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a>. Dances played by instrumental ensembles (or sometimes sung) included the <a href="/wiki/Basse_danse" title="Basse danse">basse danse</a> (It. <i>bassadanza</i>), <a href="/wiki/Tourdion" title="Tourdion">tourdion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltarello" title="Saltarello">saltarello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">pavane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galliard" title="Galliard">galliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allemande" title="Allemande">allemande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bransle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bransle">bransle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canarie_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canarie (dance)">canarie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piva_(dance)" title="Piva (dance)">piva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lavolta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavolta">lavolta</a>. Music of many genres could be arranged for a solo instrument such as the lute, vihuela, harp, or keyboard. Such arrangements were called <a href="/wiki/Intabulation" title="Intabulation">intabulations</a> (It. <i>intavolatura</i>, Ger. <i>Intabulierung</i>). </p><p>Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_comedy" title="Madrigal comedy">madrigal comedy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">intermedio</a> are heard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_and_notation">Theory and notation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory and notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_mensural_notation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_mensural_notation.gif/250px-White_mensural_notation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_mensural_notation.gif/375px-White_mensural_notation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/White_mensural_notation.gif/500px-White_mensural_notation.gif 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Ockeghem, Kyrie "Au travail suis," excerpt, showing white mensural notation.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bent" title="Margaret Bent">Margaret Bent</a>: "Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Music_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Music notation">notation</a> is under-prescriptive by our [modern] standards; when translated into modern form it acquires a prescriptive weight that overspecifies and distorts its original openness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBent200025_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBent200025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renaissance compositions were notated only in individual parts; scores were extremely rare, and <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">barlines</a> were not used. <a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note values</a> were generally larger than are in use today; the primary unit of <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Semibreve" class="mw-redirect" title="Semibreve">semibreve</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Whole_note" title="Whole note">whole note</a>. As had been the case since the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars Nova">Ars Nova</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a>), there could be either two or three of these for each <a href="/wiki/Double_whole_note" title="Double whole note">breve</a> (a double-whole note), which may be looked on as equivalent to the modern "measure," though it was itself a note value and a measure is not. The situation can be considered this way: it is the same as the rule by which in modern music a quarter-note may equal either two eighth-notes or three, which would be written as a "triplet." By the same reckoning, there could be two or three of the next smallest note, the "minim," (equivalent to the modern "half note") to each semibreve. </p><p>These different permutations were called "perfect/imperfect tempus" at the level of the breve–semibreve relationship, "perfect/imperfect prolation" at the level of the semibreve–minim, and existed in all possible combinations with each other. Three-to-one was called "perfect," and two-to-one "imperfect." Rules existed also whereby single notes could be halved or doubled in value ("imperfected" or "altered," respectively) when preceded or followed by other certain notes. Notes with black noteheads (such as <a href="/wiki/Quarter_note" title="Quarter note">quarter notes</a>) occurred less often. This development of <a href="/wiki/White_mensural_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="White mensural notation">white mensural notation</a> may be a result of the increased use of paper (rather than <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>), as the weaker paper was less able to withstand the scratching required to fill in solid noteheads; notation of previous times, written on vellum, had been black. Other colors, and later, filled-in notes, were used routinely as well, mainly to enforce the aforementioned imperfections or alterations and to call for other temporary rhythmical changes. </p><p>Accidentals (e.g. added sharps, flats and naturals that change the notes) were not always specified, somewhat as in certain fingering notations for guitar-family instruments (<a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">tablatures</a>) today. However, Renaissance musicians would have been highly trained in <a href="/wiki/Dyadic_counterpoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyadic counterpoint">dyadic counterpoint</a> and thus possessed this and other information necessary to read a score correctly, even if the accidentals were not written in. As such, "what modern notation requires [accidentals] would then have been perfectly apparent without notation to a singer versed in counterpoint." (See <a href="/wiki/Musica_ficta" title="Musica ficta">musica ficta</a>.) A singer would interpret his or her part by figuring cadential formulas with other parts in mind, and when singing together, musicians would avoid parallel octaves and parallel fifths or alter their cadential parts in light of decisions by other musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBent200025_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBent200025-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is through contemporary tablatures for various plucked instruments that we have gained much information about which accidentals were performed by the original practitioners. </p><p>For information on specific theorists, see <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franchinus_Gaffurius" title="Franchinus Gaffurius">Franchinus Gaffurius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Glarean" title="Heinrich Glarean">Heinrich Glarean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Aron" title="Pietro Aron">Pietro Aron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Vicentino" title="Nicola Vicentino">Nicola Vicentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Tomás de Santa María">Tomás de Santa María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioseffo_Zarlino" title="Gioseffo Zarlino">Gioseffo Zarlino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">Vincenzo Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Artusi" title="Giovanni Artusi">Giovanni Artusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Nucius" title="Johannes Nucius">Johannes Nucius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cerone" title="Pietro Cerone">Pietro Cerone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composers_–_timeline"><span id="Composers_.E2.80.93_timeline"></span>Composers – timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composers – timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_fec92h7tjwvbdy4ubj1trirhr80v2p0"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" coords="638,1198,758,1219" title="Orlando Gibbons" alt="Orlando Gibbons" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" coords="598,1178,734,1199" title="Michael Praetorius" alt="Michael Praetorius" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" coords="594,1159,691,1179" title="John Cooper (composer)" alt="John Cooper (composer)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" coords="584,1136,742,1160" title="Claudio Monteverdi" alt="Claudio Monteverdi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" coords="584,1116,716,1140" title="Thomas Campion" alt="Thomas Campion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fernandes" coords="581,1099,706,1120" title="Gaspar Fernandes" alt="Gaspar Fernandes" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" 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title="Pierre de Manchicourt" alt="Pierre de Manchicourt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hans_Newsidler" coords="385,606,499,626" title="Hans Newsidler" alt="Hans Newsidler" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" coords="375,586,483,607" title="Thomas Tallis" alt="Thomas Tallis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" coords="375,566,494,587" title="Christopher Tye" alt="Christopher Tye" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" coords="358,546,510,567" title="Cristóbal de Morales" alt="Cristóbal de Morales" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" coords="341,527,455,547" title="Costanzo Festa" alt="Costanzo Festa" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Taverner" coords="324,507,432,528" title="John Taverner" alt="John Taverner" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" coords="324,487,443,508" title="Adrian Willaert" alt="Adrian Willaert" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" coords="324,467,460,488" title="Thomas Crecquillon" alt="Thomas Crecquillon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" coords="324,448,443,468" title="Nicolas Gombert" alt="Nicolas Gombert" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" coords="307,428,437,449" title="Clément Janequin" alt="Clément Janequin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" coords="290,408,421,429" title="Philippe Verdelot" alt="Philippe Verdelot" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" coords="273,388,387,409" title="Antoine Brumel" alt="Antoine Brumel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" coords="273,369,398,389" title="Antonius Divitis" alt="Antonius Divitis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" coords="256,349,387,370" title="Antoine de Févin" alt="Antoine de Févin" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" coords="243,329,362,350" title="Martin Agricola" alt="Martin Agricola" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Escobar" coords="239,309,364,330" title="Pedro de Escobar" alt="Pedro de Escobar" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pierre_de_La_Rue" coords="222,290,347,310" title="Pierre de La Rue" alt="Pierre de La Rue" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" coords="219,270,316,291" title="Jean Mouton" alt="Jean Mouton" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" coords="189,250,302,271" title="Heinrich Isaac" alt="Heinrich Isaac" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" coords="189,228,334,252" title="Josquin des Prez" alt="Josquin des Prez" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" coords="189,211,297,231" title="Jacob Obrecht" alt="Jacob Obrecht" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" coords="175,191,311,212" title="Alexander Agricola" alt="Alexander Agricola" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" coords="172,171,291,192" title="Loyset Compère" alt="Loyset Compère" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" coords="121,151,240,172" title="Antoine Busnois" alt="Antoine Busnois" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" coords="97,132,194,152" title="Walter Frye" alt="Walter Frye" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" coords="70,109,222,133" title="Johannes Ockeghem" alt="Johannes Ockeghem" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" coords="20,92,139,113" title="Gilles Binchois" alt="Gilles Binchois" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" coords="20,70,158,94" title="Guillaume Dufay" alt="Guillaume Dufay" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_Dunstable" coords="20,50,151,74" title="John Dunstable" alt="John Dunstable" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" coords="20,33,122,54" title="Leonel Power" alt="Leonel Power" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" coords="20,13,178,34" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein" alt="Oswald von Wolkenstein" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_fec92h7tjwvbdy4ubj1trirhr80v2p0" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/fec92h7tjwvbdy4ubj1trirhr80v2p0.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_period_(1400–1470)"><span id="Early_period_.281400.E2.80.931470.29"></span>Early period (1400–1470)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early period (1400–1470)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The key composers from the early Renaissance era also wrote in a late Medieval style, and as such, they are transitional figures. <a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a> (c. 1370s or 1380s–1445) was an English composer of the late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval</a> and early Renaissance music eras. Along with <a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a>, he was one of the major figures in English music in the early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolba1990140_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolba1990140-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006544_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006544-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power is the composer best represented in the <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Hall_Manuscript" title="Old Hall Manuscript">Old Hall Manuscript</a></i>, one of the only undamaged sources of English music from the early 15th century. He was one of the first composers to set separate movements of the <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_of_the_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinary of the mass">ordinary of the mass</a> which were thematically unified and intended for contiguous performance. The Old Hall Manuscript contains his mass based on the <a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphon">Marian antiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a>, in which the antiphon is stated literally in the tenor voice in each movement, without melodic ornaments. This is the only cyclic setting of the mass ordinary which can be attributed to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentn.d._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentn.d.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote mass cycles, fragments, and single movements and a variety of other sacred works. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a> (c. 1390–1453) was an English composer of <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> music of the late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">medieval</a> era and early Renaissance periods. He was one of the most famous composers active in the early 15th century, a near-contemporary of Power, and was widely influential, not only in England but on the continent, especially in the developing style of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a>. Dunstaple's influence on the continent's musical vocabulary was enormous, particularly considering the relative paucity of his (attributable) works. He was recognized for possessing something never heard before in music of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Contenance_Angloise" class="mw-redirect" title="Contenance Angloise">la contenance angloise</a></i> ("the English countenance"), a term used by the poet <a href="/wiki/Martin_le_Franc" title="Martin le Franc">Martin le Franc</a> in his <i>Le Champion des Dames.</i> Le Franc added that the style influenced <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Dufay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Binchois</a>. Writing a few decades later in about 1476, the Flemish composer and music theorist <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Tinctoris</a> reaffirmed the powerful influence Dunstaple had, stressing the "new art" that Dunstaple had inspired. Tinctoris hailed Dunstaple as the <i>fons et origo</i> of the style, its "wellspring and origin."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2019)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i>contenance angloise</i>, while not defined by Martin le Franc, was probably a reference to Dunstaple's stylistic trait of using full <a href="/wiki/Triad_(music)" title="Triad (music)">triadic harmony</a> (three note chords), along with a liking for the <a href="/wiki/Major_third" title="Major third">interval of the third</a>. Assuming that he had been on the continent with the Duke of Bedford, Dunstaple would have been introduced to French <i><a href="/wiki/Fauxbourdon" title="Fauxbourdon">fauxbourdon</a></i>; borrowing some of the sonorities, he created elegant harmonies in his own music using thirds and sixths (an example of a third interval is the notes C and E; an example of a sixth interval is the notes C and A). Taken together, these are seen as defining characteristics of early Renaissance music. Many of these traits may have originated in England, taking root in the Burgundian School around the middle of the century. </p><p>Because numerous copies of Dunstaple's works have been found in Italian and German manuscripts, his fame across Europe must have been widespread. Of the works attributed to him only about fifty survive, among which are two complete masses, three connected mass sections, fourteen individual mass sections, twelve complete isorhythmic <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a> and seven settings of <a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphon">Marian antiphons</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma redemptoris Mater</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina, Mater misericordiae</a></i>. Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using a single melody as <i><a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a>.</i> A good example of this technique is his <i>Missa Rex seculorum</i>. He is believed to have written secular (non-religious) music, but no songs in the vernacular can be attributed to him with any degree of certainty. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a> (c. 1376–1445) is one of the most important composers of the early German Renaissance. He is best known for his well-written melodies, and for his use of three themes: travel, God and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClassen2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClassen2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>–1460) was a Dutch composer, one of the earliest members of the Burgundian school and one of the three most famous composers of the early 15th century. While often ranked behind his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Dufay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume Dufay">Guillaume Dufay</a> and John Dunstaple by contemporary scholars, his works were still cited, borrowed and used as source material after his death. Binchois is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2014)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be a fine melodist, writing carefully shaped lines which are easy to sing and memorable. His tunes appeared in copies decades after his death and were often used as sources for <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a> composition by later composers. Most of his music, even his sacred music, is simple and clear in outline, sometimes even ascetic (monk-like). A greater contrast between Binchois and the extreme complexity of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">ars subtilior</a></i> of the prior (fourteenth) century would be hard to imagine. Most of his secular songs are <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondeau (music)">rondeaux</a>, which became the most common song form during the century. He rarely wrote in <a href="/wiki/Strophic_form" title="Strophic form">strophic form</a>, and his melodies are generally independent of the rhyme scheme of the verses they are set to. Binchois wrote music for the court, secular songs of love and <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> that met the expectations and satisfied the taste of the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> who employed him, and evidently loved his music accordingly. About half of his extant secular music is found in the Oxford Bodleian Library. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1397</span>–1474) was a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a> composer of the early Renaissance. The central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a>, he was regarded by his contemporaries as the leading composer in Europe in the mid-15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchart2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchart2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Du Fay composed in most of the common forms of the day, including <a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, simple chant settings in <a href="/wiki/Fauxbourdon" title="Fauxbourdon">fauxbourdon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphons</a> within the area of sacred music, and <a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rondeau (music)">rondeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballade_(forme_fixe)" title="Ballade (forme fixe)">ballades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virelai" title="Virelai">virelais</a> and a few other chanson types within the realm of secular music. None of his surviving music is specifically instrumental, although instruments were certainly used for some of his secular music, especially for the lower parts; all of his sacred music is vocal. Instruments may have been used to reinforce the voices in actual performance for almost any of his works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Seven complete masses, 28 individual mass movements, 15 settings of chant used in mass propers, three Magnificats, two Benedicamus Domino settings, 15 antiphon settings (six of them <a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphon">Marian antiphons</a>), 27 hymns, 22 motets (13 of these <a href="/wiki/Isorhythm" title="Isorhythm">isorhythmic</a> in the more angular, austere 14th-century style which gave way to more melodic, sensuous treble-dominated part-writing with phrases ending in the <a href="/wiki/Landini_cadence" title="Landini cadence">"under-third" cadence</a> in Du Fay's youth) and 87 chansons definitely by him have survived.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avemarisstella.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Avemarisstella.png/300px-Avemarisstella.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Avemarisstella.png/450px-Avemarisstella.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Avemarisstella.png/600px-Avemarisstella.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Portion of Du Fay's setting of <i>Ave maris stella</i>, in fauxbourdon. The top line is a paraphrase of the chant; the middle line, designated "fauxbourdon", (not written) follows the top line but exactly a perfect fourth below. The bottom line is often, but not always, a sixth below the top line; it is embellished, and reaches cadences on the octave.<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Avemarisstella.mid\/Avemarisstella.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Avemarisstella.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Avemarisstella.mid/Avemarisstella.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Avemarisstella.mid" title="File:Avemarisstella.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of Du Fay's compositions were simple settings of chant, obviously designed for liturgical use, probably as substitutes for the unadorned chant, and can be seen as chant harmonizations. Often the harmonization used a technique of parallel writing known as <a href="/wiki/Fauxbourdon" title="Fauxbourdon">fauxbourdon</a>, as in the following example, a setting of the Marian antiphon <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></i>. Du Fay may have been the first composer to use the term "fauxbourdon" for this simpler compositional style, prominent in 15th-century liturgical music in general and that of the Burgundian school in particular. Most of Du Fay's secular (non-religious) songs follow the <a href="/wiki/Formes_fixes" title="Formes fixes">formes fixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rondeau_(forme_fixe)" title="Rondeau (forme fixe)">rondeau</a>, ballade, and virelai), which dominated secular European music of the 14th and 15th centuries. He also wrote a handful of Italian <a href="/wiki/Ballata" title="Ballata">ballate</a>, almost certainly while he was in Italy. As is the case with his motets, many of the songs were written for specific occasions, and many are datable, thus supplying useful biographical information. Most of his songs are for three voices, using a texture dominated by the highest voice; the other two voices, unsupplied with text, were probably played by instruments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Du Fay was one of the last composers to make use of late-medieval polyphonic structural techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Isorhythm" title="Isorhythm">isorhythm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunrow1974_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunrow1974-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the first to employ the more mellifluous harmonies, phrasing and melodies characteristic of the early Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer1983_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer1983-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His compositions within the larger genres (masses, motets and chansons) are mostly similar to each other; his renown is largely due to what was perceived as his perfect control of the forms in which he worked, as well as his gift for memorable and singable melody. During the 15th century, he was universally regarded as the greatest composer of his time, an opinion that has largely survived to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_period_(1470–1530)"><span id="Middle_period_.281470.E2.80.931530.29"></span>Middle period (1470–1530)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle period (1470–1530)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josquin_des_Prez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Josquin_des_Prez.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>1611 <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> of Josquin des Prez, copied from a now-lost oil painting done during his lifetime</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450/1455</span> – 27 August 1521) gradually acquired the reputation as the greatest composer of the age, his mastery of technique and expression universally imitated and admired. Writers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> wrote about his reputation and fame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_period_(1530–1600)"><span id="Late_period_.281530.E2.80.931600.29"></span>Late period (1530–1600)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late period (1530–1600)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Marco_(evening_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg/300px-San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg/450px-San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg/600px-San_Marco_%28evening_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>San Marco in the evening. The spacious, resonant interior was one of the inspirations for the music of the Venetian School.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, from about 1530 until around 1600, an impressive polychoral style developed, which gave Europe some of the grandest, most sonorous music composed up until that time, with multiple choirs of singers, brass and strings in different spatial locations in the Basilica <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco di Venezia">San Marco di Venezia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School</a>). These multiple revolutions spread over Europe in the next several decades, beginning in Germany and then moving to Spain, France, and England somewhat later, demarcating the beginning of what we now know as the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> musical era. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman School</a> was a group of composers of predominantly church music in Rome, spanning the late Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Many of the composers had a direct connection to the Vatican and the papal chapel, though they worked at several churches; stylistically they are often contrasted with the Venetian School of composers, a concurrent movement which was much more progressive. By far the most famous composer of the Roman School is Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. While best known as a prolific composer of masses and motets, he was also an important madrigalist. His ability to bring together the functional needs of the Catholic Church with the prevailing musical styles during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> period gave him his enduring fame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brief but intense flowering of the musical madrigal in England, mostly from 1588 to 1627, along with the composers who produced them, is known as the <a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a>. The English madrigals were a cappella, predominantly light in style, and generally began as either copies or direct translations of Italian models. Most were for three to six voices. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Musica_reservata" title="Musica reservata">Musica reservata</a></i> is either a style or a performance practice in a cappella vocal music of the latter half of the 16th century, mainly in Italy and southern Germany, involving refinement, exclusivity, and intense emotional expression of sung text.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultivation of European music in the Americas began in the 16th century soon after the arrival of the Spanish, and the conquest of Mexico. Although fashioned in European style, uniquely Mexican hybrid works based on native Mexican language and European musical practice appeared very early. Musical practices in New Spain continually coincided with European tendencies throughout the subsequent Baroque and Classical music periods. Among these New World composers were <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Franco" title="Hernando Franco">Hernando Franco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Salazar_(composer)" title="Antonio de Salazar (composer)">Antonio de Salazar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">Manuel de Zumaya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition, writers since 1932 have observed what they call a <i><a href="/wiki/Seconda_pratica" title="Seconda pratica">seconda prattica</a></i> (an innovative practice involving monodic style and freedom in treatment of dissonance, both justified by the expressive setting of texts) during the late 16th and early 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mannerism">Mannerism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mannerism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 16th century, as the Renaissance era closed, an extremely <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">manneristic</a> style developed. In secular music, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigal</a>, there was a trend towards complexity and even extreme chromaticism (as exemplified in madrigals of <a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzaschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Marenzio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Gesualdo</a>). The term <i>mannerism</i> derives from art history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_the_Baroque">Transition to the Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transition to the Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music</a></div> <p>Beginning in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, there was an attempt to revive the dramatic and musical forms of Ancient Greece, through the means of <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a>, a form of declaimed music over a simple accompaniment; a more extreme contrast with the preceding polyphonic style would be hard to find; this was also, at least at the outset, a secular trend. These musicians were known as the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a>. </p><p>We have already noted some of the musical developments that helped to usher in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>, but for further explanation of this transition, see <a href="/wiki/Antiphon" title="Antiphon">antiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigal</a>, and opera, as well as the works given under "Sources and further reading." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_medieval_musical_instruments" title="List of European medieval musical instruments">List of European medieval musical instruments</a>, many of which overlap with Renaissance</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg/220px-The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg/330px-The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg/440px-The_Early_Music_Shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>Selection of Renaissance instruments</figcaption></figure> <p>Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind. </p><p>Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self-accompanied with a drone, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into <i>haut</i> (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and <i>bas</i> (quieter, more intimate instruments).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowles1954119_et_passim_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles1954119_et_passim-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two groups of instruments could play freely in both types of ensembles: the <a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a>, and the tabor and <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d._4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 16th century, instruments were considered to be less important than voices. They were used for dances and to accompany vocal music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instrumental music remained subordinated to vocal music, and much of its repertory was in varying ways derived from or dependent on vocal models.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organs">Organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various kinds of organs were commonly used in the Renaissance, from large <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)#Chamber_organ" title="Organ (music)">church organs</a> to small <a href="/wiki/Portative_organ" title="Portative organ">portatives</a> and reed organs called <a href="/wiki/Regal_(instrument)" title="Regal (instrument)">regals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brass">Brass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals. Some of the more common brass instruments that were played: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slide_trumpet" title="Slide trumpet">Slide trumpet</a>: Similar to the trombone of today except that instead of a section of the body sliding, only a small part of the body near the mouthpiece and the mouthpiece itself is stationary. Also, the body was an S-shape so it was rather unwieldy, but was suitable for the slow dance music which it was most commonly used for.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">Cornett</a>: Made of wood and played like the recorder (by blowing in one end and moving the fingers up and down the outside) but using a cup mouthpiece like a trumpet.</li> <li>Trumpet: Early trumpets had no valves, and were limited to the tones present in the <a href="/wiki/Overtone_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtone series">overtone series</a>. They were also made in different sizes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">Sackbut</a> (sometimes sackbutt or sagbutt): A different name for the trombone,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced the slide trumpet by the middle of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesseler1950passim_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesseler1950passim-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg/220px-Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg/330px-Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Hurdy-Gurdy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Modern French hurdy-gurdy</figcaption></figure> <p>As a family, strings were used in many circumstances, both sacred and secular. A few members of this family include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">Viol</a>: This instrument, developed in the 15th century, commonly has six strings. It was usually played with a bow. It has structural qualities similar to the Spanish plucked <a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">vihuela</a> (called <i>viola da mano</i> in Italy); its main separating trait is its larger size. This changed the posture of the musician in order to rest it against the floor or between the legs in a manner similar to the cello. Its similarities to the vihuela were sharp waist-cuts, similar frets, a flat back, thin ribs, and identical tuning. When played in this fashion, it was sometimes referred to as "viola da gamba", in order to distinguish it from viols played "on the arm": <a href="/wiki/Violin_family" title="Violin family">viole da braccio</a>, which evolved into the violin family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a>: Its construction is similar to a small harp, although instead of being plucked, it is strummed with a plectrum. Its strings varied in quantity from four, seven, and ten, depending on the era. It was played with the right hand, while the left hand silenced the notes that were not desired. Newer lyres were modified to be played with a bow.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Irish harp">Irish Harp</a>: Also called the Clàrsach in Scottish Gaelic, or the Cláirseach in Irish, during the Middle Ages it was the most popular instrument of Ireland and Scotland. Due to its significance in Irish history, it is seen even on the <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> label and is Ireland's national symbol even to this day. To be played it is usually plucked.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Its size can vary greatly from a harp that can be played in one's lap to a full-size harp that is placed on the floor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">Hurdy-gurdy</a>: (Also known as the wheel fiddle), in which the strings are sounded by a wheel which the strings pass over. Its functionality can be compared to that of a mechanical violin, in that its bow (wheel) is turned by a crank. Its distinctive sound is mainly because of its "drone strings" which provide a constant pitch similar in their sound to that of bagpipes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">mandore</a>: these instruments were used throughout Europe. Forerunners of modern instruments including the mandolin and guitar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lira_da_braccio" title="Lira da braccio">Lira da braccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandora_(instrument)" title="Bandora (instrument)">Bandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpharion" title="Orpharion">Orpharion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginal" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginal">Virginal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Percussion">Percussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Percussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Renaissance percussion instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, <a href="/wiki/Cymbal#Ancient_cymbals" title="Cymbal">cymbals</a>, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">Tambourine</a>: The tambourine is a frame drum. The skin that surrounds the frame is called the vellum and produces the beat by striking the surface with the knuckles, fingertips, or hand. It could also be played by shaking the instrument, allowing the tambourine's jingles or pellet bells (if it has either) to "clank" and "jingle".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Jew's harp</a>: An instrument that produces sound using shapes of the mouth and attempting to pronounce different vowels with one's mouth. The loop at the bent end of the tongue of the instrument is plucked in different scales of vibration creating different tones.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodwinds_(aerophones)"><span id="Woodwinds_.28aerophones.29"></span>Woodwinds (aerophones)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Woodwinds (aerophones)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/200px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/300px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg/400px-Musicians_from_%27Procession_in_honour_of_Our_Lady_of_Sablon_in_Brussels%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption>Musicians from 'Procession in honour of Our Lady of Sablon in Brussels.' Early 17th-century Flemish <a href="/wiki/Alta_cappella" title="Alta cappella">alta cappella</a>. From left to right: bass <a href="/wiki/Dulcian" title="Dulcian">dulcian</a>, alto <a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">shawm</a>, treble cornett, soprano shawm, alto shawm, tenor <a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Woodwind instruments (aerophones) produce sound by means of a vibrating column of air within the pipe. Holes along the pipe allow the player to control the length of the column of air, and hence the pitch. There are several ways of making the air column vibrate, which ways define the subcategories of woodwind instruments. </p><p>A player may blow across a mouth hole, as in a transverse flute, or into a whistle mouthpiece, as in a recorder (a duct flute); into a single-reed mouthpiece, as in a modern-day clarinet or saxophone; or into a double-reed mouthpiece, as in an oboe or bassoon. All three methods of tone production can be found in Renaissance woodwinds. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">Shawm</a>: A typical oriental<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> shawm is keyless and is about a foot long with seven finger holes and a thumb hole. The pipes were also most commonly made of wood and many of them had carvings and decorations on them. It was the most popular double reed instrument of the Renaissance period; it was commonly used in the streets with drums and trumpets because of its brilliant, piercing, and often deafening sound. To play the shawm a person puts the entire reed in their mouth, puffs out their cheeks, and blows into the pipe whilst breathing through their nose.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png/220px-Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png/330px-Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png/440px-Barocke_Blockfl%C3%B6ten.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance recorders</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Reedpipe:<sup id="cite_ref-GroveReedpipe_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GroveReedpipe-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Made from a single short length of cane with a mouthpiece, four or five finger holes, and reed fashioned from it. The reed is made by cutting out a small tongue, but leaving the base attached. It is the predecessor of the saxophone and the clarinet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornpipe (musical instrument)">Hornpipe</a>: Same as reed pipe but with a bell at the end.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagpipe">Bagpipe</a>/Bladderpipe: Believed by the faithful to have been invented by herdsmen who thought using a bag made out of sheep or goat skin would provide continuing air pressure so that when its player is obliged to take a breath, the player need only squeeze the bag tucked underneath their arm to continue the tone. The mouth pipe has a simple round piece of leather hinged on to the bag end of the pipe and acts like a non-return valve. The reed is located inside the long mouthpiece, which would have been known as a <a href="/wiki/Bocal" title="Bocal">bocal</a>, had it been made of metal and had the reed been on the outside instead of the inside.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panpipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Panpipe">Panpipe</a>: Employs a number of wooden tubes with a stopper at one end and open on the other. Each tube is a different size (thereby producing a different tone), giving it a range of an octave and a half. The player can then place their lips against the desired tube and blow across it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_flute" title="Transverse flute">Transverse flute</a>: The transverse flute is similar to the modern flute with a mouth hole near the stoppered end and finger holes along the body. The player blows across the mouth hole and holds the flute to either the right or left side.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder (instrument)">Recorder</a>: The recorder was a common instrument during the Renaissance period. Rather than a reed, it uses a whistle mouthpiece as its main source of sound production. It is usually made with seven finger holes and a thumb hole.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">Music of the French Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Music in the Elizabethan era</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2010_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuller2010">Fuller 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontagun.d.-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontagun.d._2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontagun.d.">Montagu n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOED2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOED2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOED2005">OED 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d._4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurkholdern.d._4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurkholdern.d.">Burkholder n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBent200025-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBent200025_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBent200025_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBent2000">Bent 2000</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStolba1990140-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStolba1990140_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStolba1990">Stolba 1990</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006544-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006544_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006">Emmerson and Clayton-Emmerson 2006</a>, 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBentn.d.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBentn.d._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBentn.d.">Bent n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClassen2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClassen2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClassen2008">Classen 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlanchart2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlanchart2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlanchart2001">Planchart 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunrow1974-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunrow1974_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunrow1974">Munrow 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPryer1983-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPryer1983_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPryer1983">Pryer 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Light+of+the+Fifteenth+Century%3A+Guillaume+Dufay&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2Fxxi.3.279&rft.issn=0027-4631&rft.aulast=BORREN&rft.aufirst=CHARLES+VAN+DEN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmq%2Farticle-abstract%2FXXI%2F3%2F279%2F1113465%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke" class="citation web cs1">Duke, Charis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=Guillaume+Dufay%3A+Biography+%26+Music&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Charis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fguillaume-dufay-biography-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d._15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d.">Lockwood, O'Regan, and Owens n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1957" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Willene (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3686320">"A Contribution to Sources of Musica reservata"</a>. <i>Revue belge de Musicologie / Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Muziekwetenschap</i>. <b>11</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3686320">10.2307/3686320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0771-6788">0771-6788</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3686320">3686320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Musicologie+%2F+Belgisch+Tijdschrift+voor+Muziekwetenschap&rft.atitle=A+Contribution+to+Sources+of+Musica+reservata&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1957&rft.issn=0771-6788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3686320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3686320&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Willene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3686320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.2017_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.2017">Anon. 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowles1954119_et_passim-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowles1954119_et_passim_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowles1954">Bowles 1954</a>, 119 et passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d.-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon.n.d._19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBesseler1950passim-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBesseler1950passim_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBesseler1950">Besseler 1950</a>, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroveReedpipe-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GroveReedpipe_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechter1984" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schechter, John M. (1984). "Reedpipe". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments</i>. Vol. 3. p. 226. <q>...later studies of ancient and folk instruments...tend to restrict the term to instruments in which the sound is produced through vibration of a reed (single, double or free), the pipe itself...made from reed or cane...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reedpipe&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.pages=226&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.2017">Anon. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seconda%20prattica">Seconda prattica</a>". Merriam-Webster.com, 2017 (accessed 13 September 2017).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAnon.n.d.">Anon. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sackbut.com/">What's with the Name?</a>". Sackbut.com website, n.d. (accessed 14 October 2014).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFAtlas1998">Atlas, Allan W. <i>Renaissance Music</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97169-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97169-4">0-393-97169-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBaines1975">Baines, Anthony, ed. <i>Musical Instruments Through the Ages</i>. New York: Walker and Company, 1975.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBent2000">Bent, Margaret. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yy9pAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis</a>". In <i>Tonal Structures of Early Music</i>, [second edition], edited by Cristle Collins Judd.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Criticism and Analysis of Early Music 1. New York and London: Garland, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3638-9">978-0-8153-3638-9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815323884" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815323884">978-0815323884</a> Reissued as ebook 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-70462-9">978-1-135-70462-9</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBentn.d.">Bent, Margaret. "Power, Leonel". Grove Music Online, edited by Deane Root. S.l.: Oxford Music Online, n.d. (accessed June 23, 2015).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBessaraboff1941">Bessaraboff, Nicholas. <i>Ancient European Musical Instruments</i>, first edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBesseler1950">Besseler, Heinrich. 1950. "Die Entstehung der Posaune". <i>Acta Musicologica</i>, 22, fasc. 1–2 (January–June): 8–35.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBowles1954">Bowles, Edmund A. 1954. "Haut and Bas: The Grouping of Musical Instruments in the Middle Ages". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Musicology#Musica_Disciplina" title="American Institute of Musicology">Musica Disciplina</a></i> 8:115–40.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBrown1976">Brown, Howard M. <i>Music in the Renaissance</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-608497-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-608497-4">0-13-608497-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBurkholdern.d.">J. Peter Burkholder. "Borrowing." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, n.d. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFClassen2008">Classen, Albrecht. "The Irrepressibility of Sex Yesterday and Today". In <i>Sexuality in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times</i>, edited by Albrecht Classen, 44–47. S.l.: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020940-2">978-3-11-020940-2</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFEmmerson_and_Clayton-Emmerson2006">Emmerson, Richard Kenneth, and Sandra Clayton-Emmerson. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DqhHVb2zp7oC&">Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia</a></i>. [New York?]: Routledge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97385-4">978-0-415-97385-4</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenlon1989" class="citation book cs1">Fenlon, Iain, ed. (1989). <i>The Renaissance: from the 1470s to the End of the 16th Century</i>. Man & Music. Vol. 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-773417-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-773417-7"><bdi>978-0-13-773417-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance%3A+from+the+1470s+to+the+End+of+the+16th+Century&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.series=Man+%26+Music&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-13-773417-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFuller2010">Fuller, Richard. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpfuller.com/gcse/music/renaissance.html">Renaissance Music (1450–1600)</a>. GCSE Music Notes, at rpfuller.com (14 January, accessed 14 October 2014).</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGleason_and_Becker1998">Gleason, Harold and Becker, Warren. <i>Music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance</i> (Music Literature Outlines Series I). Bloomington, IN: Frangipani Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89917-034-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89917-034-X">0-89917-034-X</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFJudd1998">Judd, Cristle Collins, ed. <i>Tonal Structures of Early Music</i>. New York: Garland Publishing, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2388-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-2388-3">0-8153-2388-3</a></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFLockwood,_O'Regan,_and_Owensn.d.">Lockwood, Lewis, Noel O’Regan, and <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Ann_Owens" title="Jessie Ann Owens">Jessie Ann Owens</a>. "Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online, n.d. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMontagun.d.">Montagu, Jeremy. "Renaissance instruments". <i>The Oxford Companion to Music</i>, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford Music Online. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMunrow1974"><a href="/wiki/David_Munrow" title="David Munrow">Munrow, David</a>. Notes for the recording of <i>Dufay: Misss "Se la face ay pale"</i>. Early Music Consort of London. (1974)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2013)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFMunrow1976">Munrow, David. <i>Instruments of the Middle Ages and Renaissance</i>. London: Oxford University Press, 1976.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOED2005">OED. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Renaissance" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Renaissance">"Renaissance"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Renaissance&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DRenaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOngaro2003">Ongaro, Giulio. <i>Music of the Renaissance</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2003.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanchart2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Planchart" title="Alejandro Planchart">Planchart, Alejandro Enrique</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000008268">"Du Fay [Dufay; Du Fayt], Guillaume"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08268">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Du+Fay+%5BDufay%3B+Du+Fayt%5D%2C+Guillaume&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.08268&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Planchart&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000008268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/90/">Wikilibrary</a> access, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFPryer1983">Pryer A. 1983. "Dufay". In <i>The New Oxford Companion to Music</i>, edited by Arnold<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReese1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Reese" title="Gustave Reese">Reese, Gustave</a> (1959). <i>Music in the Renaissance</i> (revised ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09530-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09530-2"><bdi>978-0-393-09530-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Renaissance&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-393-09530-2&rft.aulast=Reese&rft.aufirst=Gustave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolba1990" class="citation book cs1">Stolba, Marie (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentofwes0000stol_f7b0"><i>The Development of Western Music: A History</i></a></span>. Dubuque: W.C. Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-00182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-00182-5"><bdi>978-0-697-00182-5</bdi></a>. <q>Leonel Power (c. 1375–1445) was one of the two leading composers of English music between 1410 and 1445. The other was John Dunstaple.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Western+Music%3A+A+History&rft.place=Dubuque&rft.pub=W.C.+Brown&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-697-00182-5&rft.aulast=Stolba&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentofwes0000stol_f7b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARenaissance+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFStrunk1950">Strunk, Oliver. <i>Source Readings in Music History</i>. New York: W.W. Norton, 1950.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFOrpheon_Foundatiojnn.d."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpheon.org/">Orpheon Foundation, Vienna, Austria</a></cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pandora.com/stations/4261fafc275e3f8543b00e90ad6f206fe7c5e7241f96d370">Pandora Radio: Renaissance Period</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientfm.com">Ancient FM</a> (online radio featuring medieval and renaissance music)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325001220/http://www.music.iastate.edu/antiqua/instrumt.html">Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Instruments</a> – descriptions, photos, and sounds.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoasm.org/Welcome.html">"Here of A Sunday Morning"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nowstar.com">Renaissance Period Music</a> Collection of music from 5 countries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gonartren.blogspot.com/">"The Renaissance Channel"</a> – Renaissance Music Videos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eiderway.com/BeforeandAfter.html">"Before and After Internet Radio"</a> – Medieval, Renaissance, Modern Classical music</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rism.info">Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM)</a>, a free, searchable database of worldwide locations for music manuscripts up to c. 1800</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wqxr.org/story/listen-these-knives-can-carry-tune">WQXR: Renaissance Notation Knives</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern performance</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnwaites.com/index2.shtml">City of Lincoln Waites</a> <i>The Mayor of Lincoln's Own Band of Musick</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pantagruel.de/">Pantagruel</a> – A Renaissance Musicke Ensemble</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070601174246/http://stellafortuna.yecompaynyeofcheualrye.com/">Stella Fortuna: Medieval Minstrels (1370)</a> <i>from Ye Compaynye of Cheualrye Re-enactment Society. Photos and Audio Download.</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waits.org.uk/">The Waits Website</a> – Renaissance Civic Bands of Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feriasexta.se/">Ensemble Feria VI</a> – Six voices and a viola da gamba</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance_music907" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_music" title="Template talk:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance_music907" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">List of Renaissance composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_period_(1400–1470)">Early (1400–1470)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Frye" title="Walter Frye">Walter Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Japart" title="Jean Japart">Jean Japart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Martini" title="Johannes Martini">Johannes Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonel_Power" title="Leonel Power">Leonel Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_van_Weerbeke" title="Gaspar van Weerbeke">Gaspar van Weerbeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_von_Wolkenstein" title="Oswald von Wolkenstein">Oswald von Wolkenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_period_(1470–1530)">Middle (1470–1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Festa" title="Costanzo Festa">Costanzo Festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Janequin" title="Clément Janequin">Clément Janequin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taverner" title="John Taverner">John Taverner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Verdelot" title="Philippe Verdelot">Philippe Verdelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Late_period_(1530–1600)">Late (1530)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Antonio de Cabezón">Antonio de Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacobus Clemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Goudimel" title="Claude Goudimel">Claude Goudimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Guerrero_(composer)" title="Francisco Guerrero (composer)">Francisco Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Le_Jeune" title="Claude Le Jeune">Claude Le Jeune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lusitano" title="Vicente Lusitano">Vicente Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Neusidler" title="Hans Neusidler">Hans Neusidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tye" title="Christopher Tye">Christopher Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Luis_de_Victoria" title="Tomás Luis de Victoria">Tomás Luis de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mannerism">Mannerism</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a><br />c.1600</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Campion" title="Thomas Campion">Thomas Campion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cooper_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cooper (composer)">John Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">John Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gesualdo" title="Carlo Gesualdo">Carlo Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Leo_Hassler" title="Hans Leo Hassler">Hans Leo Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzzasco_Luzzaschi" title="Luzzasco Luzzaschi">Luzzasco Luzzaschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist_(music)" title="Colorist (music)">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Madrigal_School" title="English Madrigal School">English Madrigal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Camerata" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedio" title="Intermedio">Intermedio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offertory" title="Offertory">Offertory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavane" title="Pavane">Pavane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Early music of the British Isles">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus#Renaissance_music" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_Elizabethan_era" title="Music in the Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance#Music" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music:_16th_century_to_the_present" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music#Early_music_to_the_seventeenth_century" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal#Medieval_music" title="Music history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Renaissance_and_Baroque_Periods" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">Music publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Andreae" title="Hieronymus Andreae">Hieronymus Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Antico" title="Andrea Antico">Andrea Antico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Attaingnant" title="Pierre Attaingnant">Pierre Attaingnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Baldini" title="Vittorio Baldini">Vittorio Baldini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bathen" title="Jacob Bathen">Jacob Bathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerio_Dorico" title="Valerio Dorico">Valerio Dorico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gardano" title="Antonio Gardano">Antonio Gardano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Petrucci" title="Ottaviano Petrucci">Ottaviano Petrucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Phalesius_the_Elder" title="Petrus Phalesius the Elder">Petrus Phalesius the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Scotto" title="Girolamo Scotto">Girolamo Scotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tielman_Susato" title="Tielman Susato">Tielman Susato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vautrollier" title="Thomas Vautrollier">Thomas Vautrollier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_music" title="Template:Medieval music">Medieval music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance_music" title="Category:Renaissance music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_classical_music777" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_music" title="Template:Classical music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_music" title="Template talk:Classical music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_classical_music777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_A_to_B" title="List of music students by teacher: A to B">A to B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_C_to_F" title="List of music students by teacher: C to F">C to F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_G_to_J" title="List of music students by teacher: G to J">G to J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_K_to_M" title="List of music students by teacher: K to M">K to M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_N_to_Q" title="List of music students by teacher: N to Q">N to G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_R_to_S" title="List of music students by teacher: R to S">R to S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_students_by_teacher:_T_to_Z" title="List of music students by teacher: T to Z">T to Z</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_music" title="Category:Classical music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Classical_music" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Classical music">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Renaissance183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Renaissance_navbox" title="Template talk:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Renaissance navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Renaissance183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Renaissance" title="Category:Renaissance">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Outline of the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_studies" title="Renaissance studies">Renaissance studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By field</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Renaissance" title="Brick Renaissance">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture" title="French Renaissance architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes" title="History of Italian Renaissance domes">Italian domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Renaissance architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism_(Spanish_architecture)" title="Purism (Spanish architecture)">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_architecture" title="Spanish Renaissance architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance_architecture" title="Venetian Renaissance architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_dance" title="Renaissance dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanism_in_France" title="Humanism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism_in_Northern_Europe" title="Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Renaissance_and_Golden_Age_literature" title="Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age literature">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance_literature" title="French Renaissance literature">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance_literature" title="Spanish Renaissance literature">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Renaissance" title="Medical Renaissance">Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre#Renaissance_theatre" title="History of theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#The_Renaissance_by_region" title="Outline of the Renaissance">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art_in_Bergamo_and_Brescia" title="Renaissance art in Bergamo and Brescia">Bergamo and Brescia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Ferrara" title="Renaissance in Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Lombardy" title="Renaissance in Lombardy">Lombardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Renaissance" title="Roman Renaissance">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Papacy" title="Renaissance Papacy">Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Renaissance" title="Sicilian Renaissance">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Urbino" title="Renaissance in Urbino">Urbino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Renaissance" title="Venetian Renaissance">Venice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Renaissance" title="Saxon Renaissance">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_the_Low_Countries" title="Renaissance in the Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Poland" title="Renaissance in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iberian peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renaissance" title="Spanish Renaissance">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Spanish Golden Age</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Renaissance#Renaissance_lists" title="Outline of the Renaissance">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_composers" title="List of Renaissance composers">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_figures" title="List of Renaissance figures">Figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_humanists" title="List of Renaissance humanists">Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Renaissance_structures" title="List of Renaissance structures">Structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">Cloak and dagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_renaissances" title="Medieval renaissances">Medieval renaissances</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">12th century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Burgundian_School56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burgundian_School" title="Template:Burgundian School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burgundian_School" title="Template talk:Burgundian School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burgundian School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Burgundian_School56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_School" title="Burgundian School">Burgundian School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Basin" title="Adrien Basin">Adrien Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_de_Lantins" title="Arnold de Lantins">Arnold de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Binchois" title="Gilles Binchois">Gilles Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cesaris" title="Johannes Cesaris">Johannes Cesaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cousin_(composer)" title="Jean Cousin (composer)">Jean Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fontaine_(composer)" title="Pierre Fontaine (composer)">Pierre Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayne_van_Ghizeghem" title="Hayne van Ghizeghem">Hayne van Ghizeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grenon" title="Nicolas Grenon">Nicolas Grenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Joye" title="Gilles Joye">Gilles Joye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginaldus_Libert" title="Reginaldus Libert">Reginaldus Libert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Liebert" title="Clement Liebert">Clement Liebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morton_(composer)" title="Robert Morton (composer)">Robert Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Rouge" title="Guillaume le Rouge">Guillaume le Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tapissier" title="Johannes Tapissier">Johannes Tapissier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Vide" title="Jacobus Vide">Jacobus Vide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncertain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Lantins" title="Hugo de Lantins">Hugo de Lantins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Legrant" title="Johannes Legrant">Johannes Legrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Du_Fay" title="Guillaume Du Fay">Guillaume Du Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunstaple" title="John Dunstaple">John Dunstaple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burgundy" title="Music of Burgundy">Music of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Flemish_School" title="Franco-Flemish School">Franco-Flemish School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Flemish_School117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Flemish_School" title="Template:Franco-Flemish School"><abbr title="View this 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Binchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Busnois" title="Antoine Busnois">Antoine Busnois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Pullois" title="Johannes Pullois">Johannes Pullois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Agricola" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyset_Comp%C3%A8re" title="Loyset Compère">Loyset Compère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firminus_Caron" title="Firminus Caron">Firminus Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faugues" title="Guillaume Faugues">Guillaume Faugues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Ockeghem" title="Johannes Ockeghem">Johannes Ockeghem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbrianus_de_Orto" title="Marbrianus de Orto">Marbrianus de Orto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Prioris" title="Johannes Prioris">Johannes Prioris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Regis" title="Johannes Regis">Johannes Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tinctoris" title="Johannes Tinctoris">Johannes Tinctoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Brumel" title="Antoine Brumel">Antoine Brumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Divitis" title="Antonius Divitis">Antonius Divitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_F%C3%A9vin" title="Antoine de Févin">Antoine de Févin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mouton" title="Jean Mouton">Jean Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Obrecht" title="Jacob Obrecht">Jacob Obrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthaeus_Pipelare" title="Matthaeus Pipelare">Matthaeus Pipelare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josquin_des_Prez" title="Josquin des Prez">Josquin des Prez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Richafort" title="Jean Richafort">Jean Richafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_la_Rue" title="Pierre de la Rue">Pierre de la Rue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arcadelt" title="Jacques Arcadelt">Jacques Arcadelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacob Clemens non Papa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Gombert" title="Nicolas Gombert">Nicolas Gombert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Manchicourt" title="Pierre de Manchicourt">Pierre de Manchicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_di_Lasso" title="Orlando di Lasso">Orlando di Lasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolus_Luython" title="Carolus Luython">Carolus Luython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_de_Macque" title="Giovanni de Macque">Giovanni de Macque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Monte" title="Philippe de Monte">Philippe de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Regnart" title="Jacob Regnart">Jacob Regnart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rogier" title="Philippe Rogier">Philippe Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Vaet" title="Jacobus Vaet">Jacobus Vaet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaches_de_Wert" title="Giaches de Wert">Giaches de Wert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Venetian_School60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venetian_School_(music)" title="Template:Venetian School (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venetian_School_(music)" title="Template talk:Venetian School (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venetian_School_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venetian School (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venetian_School60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_School_(music)" title="Venetian School (music)">Venetian School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Willaert" title="Adrian Willaert">Adrian Willaert</a></b> (c.1490–1562)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Buus" title="Jacques Buus">Jacques Buus</a> (c.1500–1565)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Gabrieli" title="Andrea Gabrieli">Andrea Gabrieli</a></b> (c.1532–1585)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Vicentino" title="Nicola Vicentino">Nicola Vicentino</a> (1511–c.1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_de_Rore" title="Cipriano de Rore">Cipriano de Rore</a> (c.1515–1565)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gioseffo_Zarlino" title="Gioseffo Zarlino">Gioseffo Zarlino</a></b> (1517–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Donato" title="Baldassare Donato">Baldassare Donato</a> (1525–1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annibale_Padovano" title="Annibale Padovano">Annibale Padovano</a> (1527–1575)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Porta" title="Costanzo Porta">Costanzo Porta</a> (c.1529–1601)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Merulo" title="Claudio Merulo">Claudio Merulo</a> (1533–1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioseffo_Guami" title="Gioseffo Guami">Gioseffo Guami</a> (c.1540–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellavere" title="Vincenzo Bellavere">Vincenzo Bellavere</a> (d.1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Diruta" title="Girolamo Diruta">Girolamo Diruta</a> (c.1554–after 1610)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Dalla_Casa" title="Girolamo Dalla Casa">Girolamo Dalla Casa</a> (d.1601)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a></b> (c.1555–1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Croce" title="Giovanni Croce">Giovanni Croce</a> (c.1557–1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bassano" title="Giovanni Bassano">Giovanni Bassano</a> (c.1558–1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Martinengo" title="Giulio Cesare Martinengo">Giulio Cesare Martinengo</a> (c.1561–1613)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">Venetian polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_School16" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_School" title="Template:Roman School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_School" title="Template talk:Roman School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_School16" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_School" title="Roman School">Roman School</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Gregorio Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Anerio" title="Giovanni Francesco Anerio">Giovanni Francesco Anerio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English_Virginalist_School58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_Virginalist_School" title="Template:English Virginalist School"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_Virginalist_School" title="Template talk:English Virginalist School"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_Virginalist_School" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English Virginalist School"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English_Virginalist_School58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_Virginalist_School" title="English Virginalist School">English Virginalist School</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blitheman" title="John Blitheman">John Blitheman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull_(composer)" title="John Bull (composer)">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cosyn" title="Benjamin Cosyn">Benjamin Cosyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Farnaby" title="Giles Farnaby">Giles Farnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Farnaby" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Farnaby">Richard Farnaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Inglott" title="William Inglott">William Inglott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mundy_(composer)" title="John Mundy (composer)">John Munday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Peerson" title="Martin Peerson">Martin Peerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Philips" title="Peter Philips">Peter Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Richardson" title="Ferdinando Richardson">Ferdinando Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Strogers" title="Nicholas Strogers">Nicholas Strogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tisdale" title="William Tisdale">William Tisdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tomkins" title="Thomas Tomkins">Thomas Tomkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cromwell%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Anne Cromwell's Virginal Book">Anne Cromwell's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Matchett%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Clement Matchett's Virginal Book">Clement Matchett's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Rogers%27_Virginal_Book" title="Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book">Elizabeth Rogers' Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Virginal_Book" title="Fitzwilliam Virginal Book">Fitzwilliam Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Ladye_Nevells_Booke" title="My Ladye Nevells Booke">My Ladye Nevells Booke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_Inviolata" title="Parthenia Inviolata">Parthenia Inviolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenia_(music)" title="Parthenia (music)">Parthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Bunbury%27s_Virginal_Book" title="Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book">Priscilla Bunbury's Virginal Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_van_Soldt_Manuscript" title="Susanne van Soldt Manuscript">Susanne van Soldt Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Virginal_Manuscript" title="Dublin Virginal Manuscript">Dublin Virginal Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mulliner_Book" title="The Mulliner Book">The Mulliner Book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See Also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lute162" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lute" title="Template:Lute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lute" title="Template talk:Lute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lute162" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Goje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalam" title="Xalam">Xalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">Barbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipa" title="Bipa">Bipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biwa" title="Biwa">Biwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">Dombra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">Dutar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramyin" title="Dramyin">Dramyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">Komuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutiyapi" title="Kutiyapi">Kutiyapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">Oud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipa" title="Pipa">Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanb%C5%ABs" title="Qanbūs">Qanbūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqin" title="Qinqin">Qinqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_(instrument)" title="Rubab (instrument)">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanshin" title="Sanshin">Sanshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanxian" title="Sanxian">Sanxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamisen" title="Shamisen">Shamisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">Sitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Veena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">Yueqin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(instrument)" title="Angélique (instrument)">Angélique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archlute" title="Archlute">Archlute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobza" title="Cobza">Cobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobza" title="Kobza">Kobza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandore_(instrument)" title="Mandore (instrument)">Mandore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora" title="Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_lute" title="Swedish lute">Swedish lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torban" title="Torban">Torban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">Theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihuela" title="Vihuela">Vihuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citole" title="Citole">Citole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">Cittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_guitar" title="English guitar">English guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittern" title="Gittern">Gittern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_latina" title="Guitarra latina">Guitarra latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitarra_morisca" title="Guitarra morisca">Guitarra morisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BAd" title="Laúd">Laúd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_composers_for_lute" title="List of composers for lute">Composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lute_makers" title="Category:Lute makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lutenists_by_nationality" title="Category:Lutenists by nationality">Players</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lutes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lutes">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music956" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_topics" title="Template:Music topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_topics" title="Template talk:Music topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music956" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">Music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period" title="History of music in the biblical period">Biblical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klasik" title="Klasik">Afghan classical music—Klasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_classical_music" title="Andalusi classical music">Andalusi classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugham" title="Mugham">Azerbaijani Mugham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81g%C4%ABta" title="Mahāgīta">Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinpeat" title="Pinpeat">Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese traditional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Indonesian art music—Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagaku" title="Gagaku">Japanese court music—Gagaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_court_music" title="Korean court music">Korean court music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao classical music">Lao classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">Mandé art music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Ottoman music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Philippine art songs—Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibroch" title="Pibroch">Scottish Ceòl Mór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_dance" title="Kandyan dance">Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piphat" title="Piphat">Thai classical music—Piphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1c" title="Nhã nhạc">Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_music" title="Vernacular music">Vernacular<br />music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_music" title="Circus music">Circus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Psychedelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arched_Harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Arched Harp">Arched Harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">Angular harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_harpsichord" title="History of the harpsichord">History of the harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lute-family_instruments" title="History of lute-family instruments">History of lute-family instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafir" title="Nafir">Nafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_timpani_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries">Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_trumpet" title="History of the trumpet">History of the trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_violin" title="History of the violin">History of the violin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">Musician</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Ensembles</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Band (rock and pop)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup_band" title="Backup band">Backup band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">All-female band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">Big band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_band" title="Concert band">Concert band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">Military band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backing vocalist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">Composition</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_form" title="Musical form">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">Genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">Singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">Technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Education</a> and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Music" title="Bachelor of Music">Bachelor of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Music" title="Master of Music">Master of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Musical_Arts" title="Doctor of Musical Arts">Doctor of Musical Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_(music)" title="Method (music)">Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">Music archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history" title="Music history">Music history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_school" title="Composition school">Composition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_musicology" title="Computational musicology">Computational musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_musicology" title="New musicology">New musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album#Live" title="Album">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_album" title="Remix album">Remix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">Sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Music technology (electric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Music technology (electronic and digital)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording and reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_version" title="Cover version">Cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">Remix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_and_regional_genres_of_music" title="List of cultural and regional genres of music">Cultural and <br />regional genres</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:Music of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Africa" title="Category:Music of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Africa" title="Music of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Southern_Africa" title="Category:Music of Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_Asia" title="Music of Central Asia">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Music of South Asia">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Music of Southeast Asia">Southeast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Europe" title="Category:Music of Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_folk_music" title="Nordic folk music">Nordic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Central_America" title="Category:Music of Central America">Central American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_South_America" title="Category:Music of South America">South American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_North_America" title="Category:Music of North America">North American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Oceania" title="Category:Music of Oceania">Oceanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sovereign state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="8129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Andorra" title="Music of Andorra">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belgium" title="Music of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Comoros">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Music of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia" title="Music of Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland" title="Music of Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iceland" title="Music of Iceland">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liechtenstein" title="Music of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Luxembourg" title="Music of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta" title="Music of Malta">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Monaco" title="Music of Monaco">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands" title="Music of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland" title="Music of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_San_Marino" title="Music of San Marino">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovakia" title="Music of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of 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href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ukraine" title="Music of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a 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music genres and styles">Music genres and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_songs" title="Lists of songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_music" title="Fictional music">Fictional music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Music and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a 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