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and early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monastic_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monastic_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Monastic life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monastic_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life,_ministry,_and_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life,_ministry,_and_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Later life, ministry, and the Reformation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life,_ministry,_and_the_Reformation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life, ministry, and the Reformation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life,_ministry,_and_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Wittenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Wittenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 University of Wittenberg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Wittenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectures_on_Psalms_and_justification_by_faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectures_on_Psalms_and_justification_by_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Lectures on Psalms and justification by faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectures_on_Psalms_and_justification_by_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Start_of_the_Reformation:_1516–1517" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Start_of_the_Reformation:_1516–1517"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Start of the Reformation: 1516–1517 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Start_of_the_Reformation:_1516–1517-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breach_with_the_papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breach_with_the_papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Breach with the papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breach_with_the_papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excommunication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excommunication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Excommunication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excommunication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_of_Worms_(1521)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_of_Worms_(1521)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Diet of Worms (1521) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_of_Worms_(1521)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartburg_Castle_(1521)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartburg_Castle_(1521)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Wartburg Castle (1521) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartburg_Castle_(1521)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Wittenberg_and_Peasants'_War:_1522–1525" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Wittenberg_and_Peasants'_War:_1522–1525"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Return to Wittenberg and Peasants' War: 1522–1525 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Wittenberg_and_Peasants'_War:_1522–1525-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organising_the_church:_1525–1529" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organising_the_church:_1525–1529"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Organising the church: 1525–1529 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organising_the_church:_1525–1529-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catechisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catechisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Catechisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catechisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation_of_the_Old_Testament:_1534–1535" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_of_the_Old_Testament:_1534–1535"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Translation of the Old Testament: 1534–1535 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_of_the_Old_Testament:_1534–1535-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hymnodist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hymnodist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Hymnodist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hymnodist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_soul_after_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_soul_after_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 On the soul after death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_soul_after_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacramentarian_controversy_and_the_Marburg_Colloquy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacramentarian_controversy_and_the_Marburg_Colloquy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacramentarian_controversy_and_the_Marburg_Colloquy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology_of_faith_and_reason" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology_of_faith_and_reason"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 Epistemology of faith and reason </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology_of_faith_and_reason-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.17 On Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antinomian_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinomian_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.18 Antinomian controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinomian_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bigamy_of_Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse:_1539–1540" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bigamy_of_Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse:_1539–1540"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.19 Bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse: 1539–1540 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bigamy_of_Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse:_1539–1540-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Jewish_polemics_and_antisemitism:_1543–1544" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Jewish_polemics_and_antisemitism:_1543–1544"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.20 Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Jewish_polemics_and_antisemitism:_1543–1544-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years,_illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years,_illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.21 Final years, illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years,_illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_influence_within_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_influence_within_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Posthumous influence within Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_influence_within_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy and commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luther_and_the_swan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luther_and_the_swan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Luther and the swan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luther_and_the_swan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_and_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_and_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Works and editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_and_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Martin Luther</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 184 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-184" aria-hidden="true" > 184 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%89%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ማርቲን ሉተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርቲን ሉተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="مارتن لوثر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن لوثر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Lutero" title="Martín Lutero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Martín Lutero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարին Լութեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մարին Լութեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Lutero" title="Martín Lutero – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martín Lutero" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lut%C3%A9ro" title="Martin Lutéro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Martin Lutéro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лутер, Мартин – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лутер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter" title="Martin Lüter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Lüter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارتین لوتر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین لوتر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মার্টিন লুথার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন লুথার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Марцін Лютэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Лютэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Мартын Лютэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мартын Лютэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лутер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мартин Лутер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%AD_Luter" title="Martí Luter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martí Luter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μαρτίνος Λούθηρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρτίνος Λούθηρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Lutero" title="Martín Lutero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martín Lutero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteno_Lutero" title="Marteno Lutero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marteno Lutero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارتین لوتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین لوتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten_Luther" title="Marten Luther – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marten Luther" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti%C3%B1o_Lutero" title="Martiño Lutero – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martiño Lutero" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="馬丁·路德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82" title="𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌹𐌽𐌿𐍃 𐌻𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌹𐍂" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन ल्यूथर – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मार्टिन ल्यूथर" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4_%EB%A3%A8%ED%84%B0" title="마르틴 루터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르틴 루터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարտին Լյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Լյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लुथर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन लुथर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteinn_L%C3%BAther" title="Marteinn Lúther – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marteinn Lúther" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="מרטין לותר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין לותר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ಲೂಥರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಟಿನ್ ಲೂಥರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ლუთერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარტინ ლუთერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4rc%C3%ABn_L%C3%ABter" title="Môrcën Lëter – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Môrcën Lëter" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%B1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лӱтер, Мартин – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Лӱтер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Lutherus" title="Martinus Lutherus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Lutherus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_Luters" title="Mārtiņš Luters – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mārtiņš Luters" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter" title="Martin Lüter – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Martin Lüter" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_M%C3%A1rton" title="Luther Márton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Luther Márton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лутер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мартин Лутер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lotera" title="Martin Lotera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Martin Lotera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC" title="മാർട്ടിൻ ലൂഥർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ ലൂഥർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luteru" title="Martin Luteru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Martin Luteru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन ल्युथर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्टिन ल्युथर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მარტინ ლუთერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარტინ ლუთერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%B1" title="مارتين لوثر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتين لوثر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارتین لوتر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین لوتر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="မာတင် လူသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာတင် လူသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Luther" title="Maarten Luther – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Maarten Luther" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maarten_Luther" title="Maarten Luther – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Maarten Luther" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लुथर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मार्टिन लुथर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="マルティン・ルター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティン・ルター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лютер, Мартин – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лютер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%AEn_Luth%C3%A8r" title="Martîn Luthèr – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Martîn Luthèr" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਲੂਥਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਟਿਨ ਲੂਥਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="مارٹن لوتھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن لوتھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارټين لوتر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارټين لوتر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luter" title="Martin Luter – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Martin Luter" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Luter" title="Marcin Luter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marcin Luter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinho_Lutero" title="Martinho Lutero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martinho Lutero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартін Лутер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мартін Лутер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лютер, Мартин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лютер, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лютер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мартин Лютер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%E2%80%A2%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="Martin Luther馬丁•路德 – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Martin Luther馬丁•路德" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matini_Luteru" title="Matini Luteru – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Matini Luteru" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्टिन लूथर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मार्टिन लूथर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱴᱤᱱ ᱞᱩᱛᱷᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luteru" title="Martin Luteru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Martin Luteru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luter" title="Martin Luter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Luter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luter" title="Martin Luter – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Martin Luter" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="مارتن لووتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مارتن لووتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартин Лутер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мартин Лутер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Luther" title="Martti Luther – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martti Luther" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ட்டின் லூதர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ட்டின் லூதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BCter" title="Martin Lüter – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Martin Lüter" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్టిన్ లూథర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มาร์ติน ลูเทอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ติน ลูเทอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_L%C3%BDuter" title="Martin Lýuter – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Martin Lýuter" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мартін Лютер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Лютер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="مارٹن لوتھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن لوتھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lutero" title="Martin Lutero – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Martin Lutero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCter_Martin" title="Lüter Martin – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lüter Martin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheri_Martin" title="Lutheri Martin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lutheri Martin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬丁·路德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="马丁·路德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马丁·路德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Martin Luther" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maerten_Luther" title="Maerten Luther – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Maerten Luther" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martins_Liuteris" title="Martins Liuteris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Martins Liuteris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German priest, theologian and author (1483–1546)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Martin Luther (disambiguation)">Martin Luther (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a></div><div class="fn">Martin Luther</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Augustine">OSA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/220px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/330px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/440px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3400" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Martin Luther, 1528</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Martin Luder</div> 10 November 1483 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a>, County of Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1546(1546-02-18) (aged 62) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Eisleben, County of Mansfeld, Holy Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Artium Baccalaureus</a>, 1502; <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Artium Magister</a>, 1505) <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Theology" title="Bachelor of Theology">Biblicus Baccalaureus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Studies">Bible</a>, 1508; <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Theology" title="Bachelor of Theology">Sententiarius Baccalaureus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sentences" title="Sentences">Sentences</a>, 1509; <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Theologiæ Doctor</a> in Bible, 1512)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> (1517)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theologian</a></li><li>Author</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">Hymnwriter</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1525)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hans (Johannes)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Luther" title="Elisabeth Luther">Elisabeth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena</a></li><li>Martin</li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul</a></li><li>Margarethe</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Theological work</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tradition or movement</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology#Prolegomena:_Scripture_as_a_primary_basis_of_Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Prolegomena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Diaconal ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Johannes (or Johann) Bonemilch von Laasphe, Auxiliary Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Mainz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz">Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mainz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 1507</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Cathedral Church of St. Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hieronymus (or Jerome) Schultz <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">OPraem</a>, Bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Brandenburg" title="Diocese of Brandenburg">Diocese of Brandenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">3/4 April 1507</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data">Cathedral Church of St. Mary, Erfurt, Holy Roman Empire</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Martin_Luther_Signature.svg/150px-Martin_Luther_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Martin_Luther_Signature.svg/225px-Martin_Luther_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Martin_Luther_Signature.svg/300px-Martin_Luther_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="258" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheranism" title="Category:Lutheranism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_rose" title="Luther's rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/125px-Lutherrose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/188px-Lutherrose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lutherrose.svg/250px-Lutherrose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_start_of_the_Reformation">Start of the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrine and theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed#Lutheran_Church" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Apology of the Augsburg Confession">Apology of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_the_Power_and_Primacy_of_the_Pope" title="Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope">Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a></li></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran theology">Distinctive theological concepts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Lutheran_Christology" title="Scholastic Lutheran Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity#Lutheranism" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Two states of the Church</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_providence#Lutheran_theology" title="Divine providence">Divine Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Other relevant topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a> and worship</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_(Lutheran_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism (Lutheran Church)">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confession (Lutheran Church)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage#Protestantism" title="Christian views on marriage">Matrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders#Lutheranism" title="Holy orders">Holy Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">Divine Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matins_in_Lutheranism" title="Matins in Lutheranism">Matins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespers_in_Lutheranism" title="Vespers in Lutheranism">Vespers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar_(Lutheran)" title="Liturgical calendar (Lutheran)">Liturgical calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody">Lutheran hymnwriters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_church_music_during_and_after_the_Reformation#Emergence_of_Protestant_church_music" title="Protestant church music during and after the Reformation">Normative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Evangelical_Lutheran_Conference" title="Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference">Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference</a></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Confessional_and_Missional_Lutheran_Forum" title="Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum">Global Confessional & Missional Lutheran Forum</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lutheran_Council" title="International Lutheran Council">International Lutheran Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lutheran_denominations" title="List of Lutheran denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism_by_region" title="Lutheranism by region">Lutheranism by region</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church_Lutheranism" title="High church Lutheranism">High church Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;">Missionaries <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Campanius" title="John Campanius">John Campanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Callenberg" title="Johann Heinrich Callenberg">Johann Heinrich Callenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henkel" title="Paul Henkel">Paul Henkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Frederick_Heyer" title="John Christian Frederick Heyer">John Christian Frederick Heyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Graul" title="Karl Graul">Karl Graul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Olsen_Skrefsrud" title="Lars Olsen Skrefsrud">Lars Olsen Skrefsrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Olaf_Bodding" title="Paul Olaf Bodding">Paul Olaf Bodding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keyser" title="Christian Keyser">Christian Keyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christensen_(bishop)" title="Jens Christensen (bishop)">Jens Christensen</a></li></ul> </div> Bible Translators <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Translation_of_the_Bible">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiodoro_de_Reina" title="Casiodoro de Reina">Casiodoro de Reina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Yri" title="Kjell Magne Yri">Kjell Magne Yri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimos_Nesib" title="Onesimos Nesib">Onesimos Nesib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aster_Ganno" title="Aster Ganno">Aster Ganno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Osvald_Vider%C3%B8" title="Kristian Osvald Viderø">Kristian Osvald Viderø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_Dahl" title="Jákup Dahl">Jákup Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ziegenbalg" title="Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg">Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Phillip_Fabricius#Bible_translation" title="Johann Phillip Fabricius">Johann Phillip Fabricius</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Constantine_(priest)" title="George Constantine (priest)">George Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Roh%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Jozef Roháček">Jozef Roháček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Avetaranian" title="Johannes Avetaranian">Johannes Avetaranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0brandur_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Guðbrandur Þorláksson">Guðbrandur Þorláksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Kurdish" title="Bible translations into Kurdish">Ludvig Olsen Fossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Hans Egede</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Egede" title="Paul Egede">Paul Egede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Fabricius" title="Otto Fabricius">Otto Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nils_Vibe_Stockfleth" title="Nils Vibe Stockfleth">Nils Vibe Stockfleth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martti_Rautanen" title="Martti Rautanen">Martti Rautanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ingwer_Nommensen" title="Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen">Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Krelj" title="Sebastian Krelj">Sebastian Krelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Bible_Society" title="Norwegian Bible Society">Norwegian Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Bible_Society" title="Swedish Bible Society">Swedish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ludwik_Zasadius" title="Samuel Ludwik Zasadius">Samuel Ludwik Zasadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapolionis" title="Stanislovas Rapolionis">Stanislovas Rapolionis</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_M._Norlie" title="Olaf M. Norlie">Olaf M. Norlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Bretk%C5%ABnas" title="Jonas Bretkūnas">Jonas Bretkūnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Paludan_Smith_Schreuder" title="Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder">Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Brucioli" title="Antonio Brucioli">Antonio Brucioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs#Language_and_culture" title="Sorbs">Mikołaj Jakubica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Bel" title="Matthias Bel">Matthias Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Ernst_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Johann Ernst Glück">Johann Ernst Glück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Beck" title="William F. Beck">William F. Beck</a></li></ul> </div> Theologians <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther</a> / <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Tausen" title="Hans Tausen">Hans Tausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">Johannes Andreas Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">Johann Wilhelm Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">Charles Porterfield Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Sasse" title="Hermann Sasse">Hermann Sasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Pannenberg" title="Wolfhart Pannenberg">Wolfhart Pannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheranism" title="Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheranism" title="Template talk:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Martin Luther <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Augustine">OSA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈluːθər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LOO-thər</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈmaʁtiːn ˈlʊtɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/De-Martin_Luther.ogg\/De-Martin_Luther.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Martin Luther.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/De-Martin_Luther.ogg/De-Martin_Luther.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Martin_Luther.ogg" title="File:De-Martin Luther.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 10 November 1483<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> – 18 February 1546) was a German priest, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, author, <a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">hymnwriter</a>, professor, and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Augustinian friar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Luther was the seminal figure of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> beliefs form the basis of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christian history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Luther was ordained to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priesthood</a> in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, in particular the view on <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>. Luther attempted to resolve these differences amicably, first proposing an academic discussion of the practice and efficacy of indulgences in <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, which he authored in 1517. In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> demanded that Luther renounce all of his writings, and when Luther refused to do so, <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunicated</a> him in January 1521. Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> condemned Luther as an outlaw at the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a>. When Luther died in 1546, Pope Leo X's excommunication was still in effect. Luther taught that <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> and, consequently, <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a> are not earned by good deeds; rather, they are received only as the free gift of God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace#Grace_in_the_Protestant_Reformation" title="Divine grace">grace</a> through the believer's <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity#Lutheranism" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Luther's theology</a> challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the <a href="/wiki/Bible#Christian_Bibles" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">only source</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">divinely revealed</a> knowledge,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">sacerdotalism</a> by considering all baptized Christians to be a <a href="/wiki/Universal_priesthood#History_within_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal priesthood">holy priesthood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther's translation of the Bible</a> into <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Latin</a> made the Bible vastly more accessible to the laity, which had a tremendous impact on both the church and German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of the <a href="/wiki/German_language#Modern_German" title="German language">German language</a>, added several principles to the art of translation,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and influenced the writing of an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation, the <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-8">[8]</a> His hymns <a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">influenced the development</a> of singing in Protestant churches.<a href="#cite_note-Bainton269-9">[9]</a> His marriage to <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a>, a former nun, set a model for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">clerical marriage</a>, allowing Protestant <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">clergy</a> to marry.<a href="#cite_note-Bainton223-10">[10]</a> In two later works, Luther expressed <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">anti-Judaistic views</a>, calling for the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and the burning of <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> These works also targeted <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism#Zwickau_prophets_and_the_German_Peasants'_War" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism#Following_the_Reformation" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Based upon his teachings, despite the fact that Luther did not directly advocate the murder of Jews,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> some historians contend that his rhetoric contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Germany">antisemitism in Germany</a> and the emergence, centuries later, of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wallman1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grunberger1971-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther,_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg/220px-Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg/330px-Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg/440px-Hans_and_Margarethe_Luther%2C_by_Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Portraits of Luther's parents, Hans and Margarethe Luther, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> in 1527</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg/220px-Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg/330px-Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg/440px-Augustinerkloster_Erfurt_19-05-2011_DSCF6253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>In July 1505, Luther entered <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherhaus,_Wittenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/220px-Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/330px-Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg/440px-Lutherhaus%2C_Wittenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Luther's residence at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>, where he began teaching <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> in 1508</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther,_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder_-_Martin_Luther%2C_Bust_in_Three-Quarter_View_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>A 1520 engraving of Luther as a <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a></figcaption></figure> Martin Luther was born on 10 November 1483 to Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther)<a href="#cite_note-Marty1-19">[19]</a> and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann) in <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mansfeld" title="House of Mansfeld">County of Mansfeld</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Luther was <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> the next morning on the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast day</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a>. In 1484, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Mansfeld" title="Mansfeld">Mansfeld</a>, where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters<a href="#cite_note-Brecht3-20">[20]</a> and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council; in 1492, he was elected as a town councilor.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marty1-19">[19]</a> The religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Martin Marty</a> describes Luther's mother as a hard-working woman of "trading-class stock and middling means", contrary to Luther's enemies, who labeled her a whore and bath attendant.<a href="#cite_note-Marty1-19">[19]</a> He had several brothers and sisters and is known to have been close to one of them, Jacob.<a href="#cite_note-Marty3-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Hans Luther, Martin's father, was determined to see Martin, his eldest son, become a lawyer. He sent Martin to Latin schools in Mansfeld, then <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> in 1497, where he attended the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, a school operated by a <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> in 1498.<a href="#cite_note-RuppEB-23">[23]</a> The three schools focused on the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">trivium</a>": grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Luther later compared his education there to <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marty2-24">[24]</a> In 1501, at age 17, Martin entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erfurt" title="University of Erfurt">University of Erfurt</a>, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.<a href="#cite_note-Marty4-25">[25]</a> He was made to wake at 4 a.m. for "a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises."<a href="#cite_note-Marty4-25">[25]</a> He received his master's degree in 1505.<a href="#cite_note-Marty5-26">[26]</a> In accordance with his father's wishes, Luther enrolled in law but dropped out almost immediately, believing that law was an uncertain profession.<a href="#cite_note-Marty5-26">[26]</a> Luther instead sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy, expressing interest in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Biel" title="Gabriel Biel">Gabriel Biel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marty5-26">[26]</a> He was deeply influenced by two tutors, <a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a> von Usingen and Jodocus Trutfetter, who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers<a href="#cite_note-Marty5-26">[26]</a> and to test everything himself by experience.<a href="#cite_note-Marty6-27">[27]</a> Philosophy proved to be unsatisfying to Luther because it offered assurance about the use of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> but none about loving <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, which Luther believed was more important. Reason could not lead men to God, Luther felt, and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with Aristotle over Aristotle's emphasis on reason.<a href="#cite_note-Marty6-27">[27]</a> For Luther, reason could be used to question men and institutions, but not God. Human beings could learn about God only through divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>, he believed, leading him to view <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a> as increasingly important.<a href="#cite_note-Marty6-27">[27]</a> On 2 July 1505, while Luther was returning to university on horseback following a trip home, a <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> bolt struck near him during a thunderstorm. He later told his father that he was terrified of death and divine judgment, and he cried out, "Help! <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anna</a>, I will become a monk!"<a href="#cite_note-Brecht48-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> He came to view his cry for help as a vow that he could never break. He withdrew from the university, sold his books, and entered <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> on 17 July 1505.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> One friend blamed the decision on Luther's sadness over the deaths of two friends. Luther himself seemed saddened by the move. Those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the Black Cloister. "This day you see me, and then, not ever again," he said.<a href="#cite_note-Marty6-27">[27]</a> His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education.<a href="#cite_note-Marty7-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monastic_life">Monastic life</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_as_an_Augustinian_Monk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="6088" /></a><figcaption>A posthumous portrait of Luther as an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Augustine">Augustinian</a> friar<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> Luther dedicated himself to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Rule of Saint Augustine">Augustinian order</a>, devoting himself to <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, long hours in <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, and frequent <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bainton40-33">[33]</a> Luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair. He said, "I lost touch with Christ the Savior and Comforter, and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul."<a href="#cite_note-Kittelson79-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a>, his superior, concluded that Luther needed more work to distract him from excessive introspection and ordered him to pursue an academic career.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On 3 April 1507, Jerome Schultz, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brandenburg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg">Bishop of Brandenburg</a>, ordained Luther in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Cathedral" title="Erfurt Cathedral">Erfurt Cathedral</a>. The following year, in 1508, Luther began teaching <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bainton44-36">[36]</a> He received two bachelor's degrees, one in biblical studies on 9 March 1508, and another in the <a href="/wiki/Sentences" title="Sentences">Sentences</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> in 1509.<a href="#cite_note-Brecht93-37">[37]</a> On 19 October 1512, he was awarded his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Doctor of Theology</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life,_ministry,_and_the_Reformation">Later life, ministry, and the Reformation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</h3></div> On 21 October 1512, Luther was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wittenberg">University of Wittenberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brecht12-38">[38]</a> succeeding von Staupitz as chair of theology.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> He spent the rest of his career in this position at the University of Wittenberg. In 1515, he was made provincial <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, which required him to visit and oversee eleven monasteries in his province.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lectures_on_Psalms_and_justification_by_faith">Lectures on Psalms and justification by faith</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg/170px-Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg/255px-Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg/340px-Luther_at_Erfurt_-_Justification_by_Faith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Luther at Erfurt, an 1861 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noel_Paton" title="Joseph Noel Paton">Joseph Noel Paton</a> depicting Luther discovering the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a> (by faith alone)</figcaption></figure> From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, and on the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteousness</a> by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity. The most important for Luther was the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by faith alone through God's grace. He began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wriedt-41">[41]</a> "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification", he writes, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness."<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. This teaching by Luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication <a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a>, which was written in response to <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Erasmus#On_Free_Will_(1524)" title="Works of Erasmus">On Free Will</a> by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a> (1524). Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with God, Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually is the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," he writes. "Faith is that which brings the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> through the merits of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-faith-44">[44]</a> Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God; the experience of being justified by faith was "as though I had been born again." His entry into Paradise, no less, was a discovery about "the righteousness of God"—a discovery that "the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He explains his concept of "justification" in the <a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>: <blockquote> The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law, or merit. Therefore, it is clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> 13:31).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Start_of_the_Reformation:_1516–1517">Start of the Reformation: 1516–1517</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History of Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History of Lutheranism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png/220px-Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png/330px-Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png/440px-Jeorg_Breu_Elder_A_Question_to_a_Mintmaker_c1500.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">sale of indulgences</a> shown in A Question to a Mintmaker, a <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Elder" title="Jörg Breu the Elder">Jörg Breu the Elder</a> of Augsburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1530</figcaption></figure> In 1516, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Tetzel" title="Johann Tetzel">Johann Tetzel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican friar</a>, was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money in order to rebuild <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albrecht von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz</a>, who, already deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute the considerable sum of ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> toward the rebuilding of the basilica. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to his bishop, Albrecht von Brandenburg, protesting against the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences",<a href="#cite_note-title-50">[a]</a> which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire."<a href="#cite_note-HillerbrandIndulgences-51">[50]</a> Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a>, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?"<a href="#cite_note-HillerbrandIndulgences-51">[50]</a> Luther objected to a saying attributed to Tetzel that, "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory (also attested as 'into heaven') springs."<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> He insisted that, since <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">forgiveness</a> was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolved</a> buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in following Christ on account of such false assurances. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/220px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/330px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg/440px-Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="3555" /></a><figcaption>Luther's theses are engraved into the door of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscription above informs the reader that the original door was destroyed by a fire, and that in 1857, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> ordered that a replacement be made.</figcaption></figure> According to one account, Luther nailed his Ninety-five Theses to the door of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> on 31 October 1517. Scholars Walter Krämer, Götz Trenkler, Gerhard Ritter, and Gerhard Prause contend that the story of the posting on the door, although it has become one of the pillars of history, has little foundation in truth.<a href="#cite_note-Krämer-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prause-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-56">[55]</a> The story is based on comments made by Luther's collaborator <a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a>, though it is thought that he was not in Wittenberg at the time.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Roland_Bainton" title="Roland Bainton">Roland Bainton</a>, on the other hand, it is true.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The Latin Theses were printed in several locations in Germany in 1517. In January 1518 friends of Luther translated the Ninety-five Theses into German.<a href="#cite_note-Brecht204-59">[58]</a> Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany. Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a> as early as 1519. Students thronged to Wittenberg to hear Luther speak. He published a short commentary on <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> and his Work on the Psalms. This early part of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Three of his best-known works were published in 1520: <a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breach_with_the_papacy">Breach with the papacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulla-contra-errores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/170px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/255px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bulla-contra-errores.jpg/340px-Bulla-contra-errores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>'s Bull against the errors of Martin Luther, 1521, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></figcaption></figure> Archbishop Albrecht did not reply to Luther's letter containing the Ninety-five Theses. He had the theses checked for heresy and in December 1517 forwarded them to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> He needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his <a href="/wiki/Benefice#Pluralism" title="Benefice">tenure of more than one bishopric</a>. As Luther later notes, "the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St. Peter's Church in Rome".<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Pope Leo X was used to reformers and heretics,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> and he responded slowly, "with great care as is proper."<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against Luther, which served only to harden the reformer's anti-papal theology. First, the Dominican theologian <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mazzolini" title="Sylvester Mazzolini">Sylvester Mazzolini</a> drafted a heresy case against Luther, whom Leo then summoned to Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Elector Frederick</a> persuaded the pope to have Luther examined at Augsburg, where the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> was held.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Over a three-day period in October 1518 where he stayed at <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg" title="St. Anne's Church, Augsburg">St. Anne's Priory</a>, Luther defended himself under questioning by <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cardinal Cajetan</a>. The pope's right to issue indulgences was at the centre of the dispute between the two men.<a href="#cite_note-Reformation500-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ex-Classics-67">[66]</a> The hearings degenerated into a shouting match. More than writing his theses, Luther's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope: "His Holiness abuses Scripture", retorted Luther. "I deny that he is above Scripture".<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Cajetan's original instructions had been to arrest Luther if he failed to recant, but the legate desisted from doing so.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> With help from the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelite friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Langenmantel" title="Christoph Langenmantel">Christoph Langenmantel</a>, Luther slipped out of the city at night, unbeknownst to Cajetan.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg/220px-Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg/330px-Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg/440px-Luther-vor-Cajetan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Luther (right) meeting <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cajetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cajetan">Cardinal Cajetan</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> In January 1519, at <a href="/wiki/Altenburg" title="Altenburg">Altenburg</a> in Saxony, the papal nuncio <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a> adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector and promised to remain silent if his opponents did.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a>, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">disputation</a> with Luther's colleague <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and invited Luther to speak.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that popes do not have the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">church councils</a> were infallible.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> For this, Eck branded Luther a new <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning#Christian_states" title="Death by burning">burned at the stake</a> in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excommunication">Excommunication</h3></div> On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> (edict) <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a> that he risked <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">excommunication</a> unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a>, within 60 days. That autumn, Eck proclaimed the bull in <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a> and other towns. Von Miltitz attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and <a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">decretals</a> in Wittenberg on 10 December 1520,<a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand463-76">[75]</a> an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull <a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a>, Methodists and the Catholic Church's <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a> agreed (in 1999 and 2006, respectively) on a "common understanding of justification by God's grace through faith in Christ," the Catholic Church has never lifted the 1521 excommunication.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_of_Worms_(1521)">Diet of Worms (1521)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/220px-Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/330px-Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg/440px-Luther_at_the_Diet_of_Worms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Luther Before the Diet of Worms, an 1877 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Anton_von_Werner" title="Anton von Werner">Anton von Werner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin-Luther-Denkmal,_Worms.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/220px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/330px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG/440px-Martin-Luther-Denkmal%2C_Worms.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument in Worms</a>, a statue of Luther surrounded by the figures of his lay protectors and earlier Church reformers, including <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></figcaption></figure> The enforcement of the ban on the Ninety-five Theses fell to the secular authorities. On 17 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a>. This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, a town on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Charles V</a> presiding. Prince <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick III, Elector of Saxony</a>, obtained a <a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">safe conduct</a> for Luther to and from the meeting. Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Greiffenklau_zu_Vollrads" title="Richard von Greiffenklau zu Vollrads">Archbishop of Trier</a>, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day: <blockquote> Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted, and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and will not recant anything since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> </blockquote> At the end of this speech, Luther raised his arm "in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout." Michael Mullett considers this speech as a "world classic of epoch-making oratory."<a href="#cite_note-mullettp25-82">[81]</a> Eck informed Luther that he was acting like a heretic, saying, <blockquote>Martin, there is no one of the heresies which have torn the bosom of the church, which has not derived its origin from the various interpretation of the Scripture. The Bible itself is the arsenal whence each innovator has drawn his deceptive arguments. It was with Biblical texts that <a href="/wiki/Pelagius" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> maintained their doctrines. Arius, for instance, found the negation of the eternity of the Word—an eternity which you admit, in this verse of the New Testament—Joseph knew not his wife till she had brought forth her first-born son; and he said, in the same way that you say, that this passage enchained him. When the fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> condemned this proposition of Jan Hus—The church of Jesus Christ is only the community of the elect, they condemned an error; for the church, like a good mother, embraces within her arms all who bear the name of Christian, all who are called to enjoy the celestial beatitude.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></blockquote> Luther refused to recant his writings. He is sometimes also quoted as saying: "Here I stand. I can do no other". Recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable since they were inserted before "May God help me" only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> However, Mullett suggests that given his nature, "we are free to believe that Luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words."<a href="#cite_note-mullettp25-82">[81]</a> Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The emperor presented the final draft of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Worms">Edict of Worms</a> on 25 May 1521, declaring Luther an <a href="/wiki/Outlaw#In_other_countries" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a>, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic."<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartburg_Castle_(1521)">Wartburg Castle (1521)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/220px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/330px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg/440px-Wartburg_Eisenach_DSCN3512.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg/220px-WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg/330px-WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg/440px-WartburgLutherstube1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3496" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a> room where Luther translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> into <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a>; an original first edition is kept in the case on the desk.</figcaption></figure> Luther's disappearance during his return to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen impersonating highway robbers. They escorted Luther to the security of the <a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> During his stay at Wartburg, which he referred to as "my <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a>",<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Luther translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> from Greek into German and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings. These included a renewed attack on <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Mainz" title="Elector of Mainz">Archbishop of Mainz</a>, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates,<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and a Refutation of the Argument of Latomus, in which he expounded the principle of justification to <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Latomus" title="Jacobus Latomus">Jacobus Latomus</a>, an orthodox theologian from <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Louvain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In this work, one of his most emphatic statements on faith, he argued that every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> All humans are sinners by nature, he explained, and <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity#Luther_and_Lutheran_theology" title="Grace in Christianity">God's grace</a> alone (which cannot be earned) can make them just. On 1 August 1521, Luther wrote to Melanchthon on the same theme: "Be a sinner, and let your sins be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides."<a href="#cite_note-sinsbestrong-91">[90]</a> In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practice. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> His essay On Confession, Whether the Pope has the Power to Require It rejected compulsory <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> and encouraged private confession and <a href="/wiki/Absolution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Absolution">absolution</a>, since "every Christian is a confessor."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In November, Luther wrote The Judgement of Martin Luther on Monastic Vows. He assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin, because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_(Leipzig).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg/255px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg/340px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_Luthers_als_Junker_J%C3%B6rg_%28Leipzig%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Luther disguised as "<a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> Jörg" in 1521</figcaption></figure> Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zwilling" title="Gabriel Zwilling">Gabriel Zwilling</a>, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Wittenberg became even more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a>, arrived, preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">adult baptism</a>, and Christ's imminent return.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> When the town council asked Luther to return, he decided it was his duty to act.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Wittenberg_and_Peasants'_War:_1522–1525">Return to Wittenberg and Peasants' War: 1522–1525</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG/220px-Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG/330px-Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG/440px-Wittenberg_Lutherhaus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a>, Luther's residence in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a></figcaption></figure> Luther secretly returned to <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> on 6 March 1522. He wrote to the Elector: "During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing, but only by my personal presence and living word."<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> For eight days in <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, beginning on Invocavit Sunday, 9 March, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons". In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core <a href="/wiki/Christian_values#New_Testament_teaching" title="Christian values">Christian values</a> such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <blockquote>Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell and says with malignant looks and frightful grin: "Ah, how wise these madmen are to play my game! Let them go on; I shall reap the benefit. I delight in it." But when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field, then he shudders and shakes for fear.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_IV-100">[99]</a></blockquote> The effect of Luther's intervention was immediate. After the sixth sermon, the Wittenberg jurist Jerome Schurf wrote to the elector: "Oh, what joy has Dr. Martin's return spread among us! His words, through divine mercy, are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth."<a href="#cite_note-Schaff_IV-100">[99]</a> Luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices. By working alongside the authorities to restore public order, he signaled his reinvention as a conservative force within the Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> After banishing the Zwickau prophets, he faced a battle against both the established Church and the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/170px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/255px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg/340px-Titelblatt_12_Artikel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Articles" title="Twelve Articles">Twelve Articles</a> of peasants' demands, issued in 1525</figcaption></figure> Despite his victory in Wittenberg, Luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield. Preachers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> and Zwickau prophet <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Storch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Storch">Nicholas Storch</a> found support amongst poorer townspeople and peasants between 1521 and 1525. There had been <a href="/wiki/Popular_revolts_in_late-medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe">revolts by the peasantry</a> on smaller scales since the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Luther's pamphlets against the Church and the hierarchy, often worded with "liberal" phraseology, led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Revolts broke out in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> in 1524, even drawing support from disaffected nobles, many of whom were in debt. Gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as Müntzer in Thuringia, and Hipler and Lotzer in the south-west, the revolts turned into war.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Luther sympathised with some of the peasants' grievances, as he showed in his response to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Articles" title="Twelve Articles">Twelve Articles</a> in May 1525, but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> During a tour of Thuringia, he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents, monasteries, bishops' palaces, and libraries. In <a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a>, written on his return to Wittenberg, he gave his interpretation of the Gospel teaching on wealth, condemned the violence as the devil's work, and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs: <blockquote> Therefore let everyone who can, smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful, or devilish than a rebel ... For baptism does not make men free in body and property, but in soul; and the gospel does not make goods common, except in the case of those who, of their own <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Lutheranism" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, do what the apostles and disciples did in Acts 4 [:32–37]. They did not demand, as do our insane peasants in their raging, that the goods of others—of Pilate and Herod—should be common, but only their own goods. Our peasants, however, want to make the goods of other men common, and keep their own for themselves. Fine Christians they are! I think there is not a devil left in hell; they have all gone into the peasants. Their raving has gone beyond all measure.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> </blockquote> Without Luther's backing for the uprising, many rebels laid down their weapons; others felt betrayed. Their defeat by the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankenhausen" title="Battle of Frankenhausen">Battle of Frankenhausen</a> on 15 May 1525, followed by Müntzer's execution, brought the revolutionary stage of the Reformation to a close.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Thereafter, radicalism found a refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> movement and other religious movements, while Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In 1526 Luther wrote: "I, Martin Luther, have during the rebellion slain all the peasants, for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead."<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_(Christie%E2%80%99s_2001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg/255px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg/340px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Bildnis_der_Katharina_von_Bora_%28Christie%E2%80%99s_2001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>A 1526 portrait of <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a>, Luther's wife, by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Martin_Luther_at_his_Desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3347" /></a><figcaption>Luther at his desk with family portraits</figcaption></figure> Luther married <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a>, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_nuns" title="Cistercian nuns">Cistercian convent</a> in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into marriage."<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> At the time of their marriage, Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old. On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged, with <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>, Johannes Apel, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> and his wife as witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Scheible147-113">[112]</a> On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen.<a href="#cite_note-Scheible147-113">[112]</a> The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out and were made up two weeks later on 27 June.<a href="#cite_note-Scheible147-113">[112]</a> Some priests and former members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a> had already married, including Andreas Karlstadt and Justus Jonas, but Luther's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> He had long condemned <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">vows of celibacy</a> on biblical grounds, but his decision to marry surprised many, not least Melanchthon, who called it reckless.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Luther had written to <a href="/wiki/George_Spalatin" title="George Spalatin">George Spalatin</a> on 30 November 1524, "I shall never take a wife, as I feel at present. Not that I am insensible to my flesh or sex (for I am neither wood nor stone); but my mind is averse to wedlock because I daily expect the death of a heretic."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Before marrying, Luther had been living on the plainest food, and, as he admitted himself, his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Luther and his wife moved into a former monastery, "<a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">The Black Cloister</a>," a wedding present from Elector <a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John the Steadfast</a>. They embarked on what appears to have been a happy and successful marriage, though money was often short.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Katharina bore six children: Hans – June 1526; <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Luther" title="Elisabeth Luther">Elisabeth</a> – 10 December 1527, who died within a few months; <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalene</a> – 1529, who died in Luther's arms in 1542; Martin – 1531; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul</a> – January 1533; and Margaret – 1534; and she helped the couple earn a living by farming and taking in boarders.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Luther confided to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stifel" title="Michael Stifel">Michael Stiefel</a> on 11 August 1526: "My Katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that I would not exchange my poverty for the riches of <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organising_the_church:_1525–1529">Organising the church: 1525–1529</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg/170px-Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg/255px-Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg/340px-Kirchenordnung_Mecklenburg_1650.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Church orders, Mecklenburg 1650</figcaption></figure> By 1526, Luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church. His biblical ideal of congregations choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> According to Bainton: "Luther's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality. If he were forced to choose, he would take his stand with the masses, and this was the direction in which he moved."<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> From 1525 to 1529, he established a supervisory church body, laid down a new form of <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">worship service</a>, and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two <a href="/wiki/Catechism#Lutheran_catechisms" title="Catechism">catechisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2000-123">[122]</a> To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change. He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Electorate of Saxony</a>, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely with the new elector, John the Steadfast, to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership "was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The elector authorised a <a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">visitation</a> of the church, a power formerly exercised by bishops.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> At times, Luther's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements. For example, the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528), drafted by Melanchthon with Luther's approval, stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a> challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luther's thought and practice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/220px-Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/330px-Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg/440px-Luckau_Nikolaikirche_Abendmahlsbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>Lutheran church liturgy and sacraments</figcaption></figure> In response to demands for a German <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">liturgy</a>, Luther wrote a <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">German Mass</a>, which he published in early 1526.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> He did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the Latin Mass but as an alternative for the "simple people", a "public stimulation for people to believe and become Christians."<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Luther based his order on the Catholic service but omitted "everything that smacks of sacrifice", and the Mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> He retained the <a href="/wiki/Elevation_(liturgy)" title="Elevation (liturgy)">elevation of the host</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalice#Christian" title="Chalice">chalice</a>, while trappings such as the Mass <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestments</a>, altar, and candles were made optional, allowing freedom of ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Some reformers, including followers of <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, considered Luther's service too papistic, and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the Catholic Mass.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Luther's service, however, included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in German, as well as parts of the liturgy, including Luther's unison setting of the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Creed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> To reach the simple people and the young, Luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of catechism.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> He also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The former included the "<a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">flood prayer</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Birkholz-138">[137]</a> Luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the Electorate of Saxony, which began in 1527.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> They also assessed the standard of pastoral care and Christian education in the territory. "Merciful God, what misery I have seen," Luther writes, "the common people knowing nothing at all of Christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching."<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catechisms">Catechisms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MartinLutherWindow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MartinLutherWindow.jpg/170px-MartinLutherWindow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MartinLutherWindow.jpg/255px-MartinLutherWindow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/MartinLutherWindow.jpg/340px-MartinLutherWindow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption>A stained glass portrayal of Luther</figcaption></figure> Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a>, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a>, to be memorised by the people.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#I._THE_TEN_COMMANDMENTS," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Ten Commandments</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#II._THE_CREED," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Apostles' Creed</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#III._THE_LORD'S_PRAYER," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">The Lord's Prayer</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#IV._THE_SACRAMENT_OF_HOLY_BAPTISM," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">baptism</a>, and the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism#VI._THE_SACRAMENT_OF_THE_ALTAR," class="extiw" title="s:Luther's Small Catechism">Lord's Supper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">learned by rote</a>, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the <a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">Bondage of the Will</a> and the Catechism."<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible. Luther's Small Catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children; likewise the Large Catechism was effective for pastors.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Using the German vernacular, they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarian</a> language. He rewrote each article of the Creed to express the character of the Father, the Son, or the Holy Spirit. Luther's goal was to enable the <a href="/wiki/Catechumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumen">catechumens</a> to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the Trinity, each of which works in the catechumen's life.<a href="#cite_note-James_Arne_Nestingen_1996-147">[146]</a> That is, Luther depicts the Trinity not as a doctrine to be learned, but as persons to be known. Luther's treatment of the Apostles' Creed must be understood in the context of the Decalogue (the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>) and The Lord's Prayer, which are also part of the Lutheran catechetical teaching.<a href="#cite_note-James_Arne_Nestingen_1996-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_of_the_Old_Testament:_1534–1535">Translation of the Old Testament: 1534–1535</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutherbibel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/220px-Lutherbibel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/330px-Lutherbibel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Lutherbibel.jpg/440px-Lutherbibel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Luther's 1534 Bible</figcaption></figure> Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534, when the whole Bible was published. He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Others had previously translated the Bible into German, but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Two of the earlier translations were the Mentelin Bible (1456)<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> and the Koberger Bible (1484).<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> There were as many as fourteen in High German, four in Low German, four in Dutch, and various other translations in other languages before the Bible of Luther.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance."<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation. As such, it contributed a <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German#Chancery_languages" title="Early New High German">distinct flavor</a> to the German language and literature.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach</a> that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a>, a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Luther did not include <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Metzger1994-158">[157]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Johannine Comma</a> in his translation, rejecting it as a forgery. It was inserted into the text by others after Luther's death.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hymnodist">Hymnodist</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns by Martin Luther</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EinFesteBurg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/220px-EinFesteBurg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/330px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/EinFesteBurg.jpg/440px-EinFesteBurg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>An early printing of Luther's hymn "<a href="/wiki/Ein_feste_Burg_ist_unser_Gott" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott">Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott</a>"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg" title="File:Ein' Feste Burg.ogg">Ein feste Burg sung in German</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="161" data-mwtitle="Ein'_Feste_Burg.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg/Ein%27_Feste_Burg.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The German text of "Ein feste Burg" ("A Mighty Fortress") sung to the isometric, more widely known arrangement of its traditional melody</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Luther was a prolific <a href="/wiki/Hymnwriter" title="Hymnwriter">hymnodist</a>, authoring hymns such as "Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" ("<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>") and "<a href="/wiki/Vom_Himmel_hoch,_da_komm_ich_her" title="Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her">Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her</a>" ("From Heaven Above to Earth I Come").<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Luther connected high art and folk music, also all classes, clergy and laity, men, women and children. His tool of choice for this connection was the singing of German hymns in connection with worship, school, home, and the public arena.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005-162">[161]</a> He often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute, later recreated as the <a href="/wiki/Waldzither" title="Waldzither">waldzither</a> that became a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_instruments_(music)" title="List of national instruments (music)">national instrument</a> of Germany in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Luther's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding Reformation. This behavior started with his learning of the execution of <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Essen_and_Hendrik_Vos" title="Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos">Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos</a>, the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views, prompting Luther to write the hymn "<a href="/wiki/Ein_neues_Lied_wir_heben_an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein neues Lied wir heben an">Ein neues Lied wir heben an</a>" ("A New Song We Raise"), which is generally known in English by John C. Messenger's translation by the title and first line "Flung to the Heedless Winds" and sung to the tune Ibstone composed in 1875 by Maria C. Tiddeman.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Luther's 1524 creedal hymn "<a href="/wiki/Wir_glauben_all_an_einen_Gott" title="Wir glauben all an einen Gott">Wir glauben all an einen Gott</a>" ("We All Believe in One True God") is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring Luther's 1529 three-part explanation of the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism. Luther's hymn, adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn, gained widespread use in vernacular Lutheran liturgies as early as 1525. Sixteenth-century Lutheran hymnals also included "Wir glauben all" among the catechetical hymns, although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as Trinitarian rather than catechetical, and 20th-century Lutherans rarely used the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005-162">[161]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:402px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg/141px-Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg/212px-Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg/282px-Luther_Vaterunser_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="1158" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:402px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg/143px-Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg/215px-Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg/286px-Luther_Vaterunser_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="3488" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Autograph of "<a href="/wiki/Vater_unser_im_Himmelreich" title="Vater unser im Himmelreich">Vater unser im Himmelreich</a>", with the only notes extant in Luther's handwriting</div></div></div></div> Luther's 1538 hymnic version of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Vater_unser_im_Himmelreich" title="Vater unser im Himmelreich">Vater unser im Himmelreich</a>", corresponds exactly to Luther's explanation of the prayer in the Small Catechism. The hymn functions both as a liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions. The extant manuscript shows multiple revisions, demonstrating Luther's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune. Other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the Lord's Prayer have adopted Luther's tune, although modern texts are considerably shorter.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> Luther wrote "<a href="/wiki/Aus_tiefer_Not_schrei_ich_zu_dir" title="Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir">Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir</a>" ("From depths of woe I cry to You") in 1523 as a hymnic version of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_130" title="Psalm 130">Psalm 130</a> and sent it as a sample to encourage his colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Speratus" title="Paul Speratus">Paul Speratus</a>, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the <a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">first Lutheran hymnal</a>. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of "grace alone" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Hegenwald" title="Erhard Hegenwald">Erhart Hegenwalt's</a> hymnic version of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Psalm 51</a>, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Luther wrote "<a href="/wiki/Ach_Gott,_vom_Himmel_sieh_darein" title="Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein">Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein</a>" ("Oh God, look down from heaven"). "<a href="/wiki/Nun_komm,_der_Heiden_Heiland" title="Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland">Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland</a>" (Now come, Savior of the gentiles), based on <a href="/wiki/Veni_redemptor_gentium" title="Veni redemptor gentium">Veni redemptor gentium</a>, became the main hymn (Hauptlied) for <a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a>. He transformed A solus ortus cardine to "<a href="/wiki/Christum_wir_sollen_loben_schon" title="Christum wir sollen loben schon">Christum wir sollen loben schon</a>" ("We should now praise Christ") and <a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus" title="Veni Creator Spiritus">Veni Creator Spiritus</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Komm,_Gott_Sch%C3%B6pfer,_Heiliger_Geist" title="Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist">Komm, Gott Schöpfer, Heiliger Geist</a>" ("Come, Holy Spirit, Lord God").<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> He wrote two hymns on the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Decalogue" class="extiw" title="s:The Decalogue">Ten Commandments</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Dies_sind_die_heilgen_Zehn_Gebot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot">Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot</a>" and "Mensch, willst du leben seliglich". His "<a href="/wiki/Gelobet_seist_du,_Jesu_Christ" title="Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ">Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ</a>" ("Praise be to You, Jesus Christ") became the main hymn for Christmas. He wrote for <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> "<a href="/wiki/Nun_bitten_wir_den_Heiligen_Geist" title="Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist">Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist</a>", and adopted for Easter "<a href="/wiki/Christ_ist_erstanden" title="Christ ist erstanden">Christ ist erstanden</a>" (Christ is risen), based on <a href="/wiki/Victimae_paschali_laudes" title="Victimae paschali laudes">Victimae paschali laudes</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Mit_Fried_und_Freud_ich_fahr_dahin" title="Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin">Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin</a>", a paraphrase of <a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a>, was intended for <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Purification</a>, but became also a funeral hymn. He paraphrased the <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Herr_Gott,_dich_loben_wir" title="Herr Gott, dich loben wir">Herr Gott, dich loben wir</a>" with a simplified form of the melody. It became known as the German Te Deum. Luther's 1541 hymn "<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" ("To Jordan came the Christ our Lord") reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the Small Catechism. Luther adopted a preexisting <a href="/wiki/Johann_Walter" title="Johann Walter">Johann Walter</a> tune associated with a hymnic setting of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_67" title="Psalm 67">Psalm 67</a>'s prayer for grace; Wolf Heintz's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the Lutheran Reformation in Halle in 1541. Preachers and composers of the 18th century, including <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J.S. Bach</a>, used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work, although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">pietism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005-162">[161]</a> Luther's hymns were included in early Lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the Reformation. He supplied four of eight songs of the First Lutheran hymnal Achtliederbuch, 18 of 26 songs of the <a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a>, and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by Johann Walter, <a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a>, all published in 1524. Luther's hymns inspired composers to write music. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> included several verses as <a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorales</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Bach_cantata" title="Bach cantata">cantatas</a> and based <a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata_(Bach)" title="Chorale cantata (Bach)">chorale cantatas</a> entirely on them, namely <a href="/wiki/BWV_4" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 4">Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4</a>, as early as possibly 1707, in his second annual cycle (1724 to 1725) <a href="/wiki/BWV_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 2">Ach Gott, vom Himmel sieh darein, BWV 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_7" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 7">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_62" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 62">Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland, BWV 62</a>, <a href="/wiki/BWV_91" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 91">Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ, BWV 91</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BWV_38" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 38">Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir, BWV 38</a>, later <a href="/wiki/BWV_80" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 80">Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, BWV 80</a>, and in 1735 <a href="/wiki/BWV_14" class="mw-redirect" title="BWV 14">Wär Gott nicht mit uns diese Zeit, BWV 14</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_the_soul_after_death">On the soul after death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg/220px-Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg/330px-Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg/440px-Epi_Michael-Meienburg-1555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Luther on the left with <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a> being raised by Jesus from the dead, painting by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, 1558</figcaption></figure> In contrast to the views of <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> throughout his life Luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death.<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> Accordingly, he disputed traditional interpretations of some Bible passages, such as the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Rich_man_and_Lazarus#Luther:_a_parable_of_the_conscience" title="Rich man and Lazarus">rich man and Lazarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> This also led Luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints: "It is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell, but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace."<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> He also rejected the existence of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, which involved Christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> He affirmed the continuity of one's personal identity beyond death. In his <a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a>, he described the saints as currently residing "in their graves and in heaven."<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The Lutheran theologian <a href="/wiki/Franz_Pieper" title="Franz Pieper">Franz Pieper</a> observes that Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a> (1755) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a> on this issue.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Luther's Commentary on Genesis contains a passage which concludes that "the soul does not sleep (anima non sic dormit), but wakes (sed vigilat) and experiences visions".<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Blackburne_(priest)" title="Francis Blackburne (priest)">Francis Blackburne</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/John_Jortin" title="John Jortin">John Jortin</a> misread this and other passages from Luther,<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Fritschel" title="Gottfried Fritschel">Gottfried Fritschel</a> points out that it actually refers to the soul of a man "in this life" (homo enim in hac vita) tired from his daily labour (defatigus diurno labore) who at night enters his bedchamber (sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Henry Eyster Jacobs' English translation from 1898 reads: <dl><dd>"Nevertheless, the sleep of this life and that of the future life differ; for in this life, man, fatigued by his daily labour, at nightfall goes to his couch, as in peace, to sleep there, and enjoys rest; nor does he know anything of evil, whether of fire or of murder."<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacramentarian_controversy_and_the_Marburg_Colloquy">Sacramentarian controversy and the Marburg Colloquy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg/220px-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg/330px-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg/440px-Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch_zu_Marburg_1529_August_Noack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>The Marburg Colloquy, by August Noack</figcaption></figure> In October 1529, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse</a>, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a>, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of the Lord's Supper, an issue crucial to Luther.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The theologians, including Zwingli, Melanchthon, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a>, differed on the significance of the words spoken by Jesus at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>: "This is my body which is for you" and "This cup is the new covenant in my blood" (<a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_11" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 11">1 Corinthians 11</a>:23–26).<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Luther insisted on the <a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a> of the body and blood of Christ in the consecrated bread and wine, which he called the <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">sacramental union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> while his opponents believed God to be only spiritually or symbolically present.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Zwingli, for example, denied Jesus' ability to be in more than one place at a time. Luther stressed the <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a> of Jesus' human nature.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> According to transcripts, the debate sometimes became confrontational. Citing Jesus' words "The flesh profiteth nothing" (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> 6.63), Zwingli said, "This passage breaks your neck". "Don't be too proud," Luther retorted, "German necks don't break that easily. This is Hesse, not Switzerland."<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> On his table Luther wrote the words "Hoc est corpus meum" ("This is my body") in chalk, to continually indicate his firm stance.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Despite the disagreements on the Eucharist, the Marburg Colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, and for the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a> the following year by leading Protestant nobles such as <a href="/wiki/John,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John, Elector of Saxony">John of Saxony</a>, Philip of Hesse, and <a href="/wiki/George,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach" title="George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach">George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a>. The Swiss cities, however, did not sign these agreements.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemology_of_faith_and_reason">Epistemology of faith and reason</h3></div> Some scholars have asserted that Luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason. He wrote, "All the articles of our Christian faith, which God has revealed to us in His Word, are in presence of reason sheerly impossible, absurd, and false."<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> and "[That] Reason in no way contributes to faith. [...] For reason is the greatest enemy that faith has; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things."<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> However, though seemingly contradictorily, he also wrote in the latter work that human reason "strives not against faith, when enlightened, but rather furthers and advances it",<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> bringing claims he was a <a href="/wiki/Fideism#Luther" title="Fideism">fideist</a> into dispute. Contemporary Lutheran scholarship, however, has found a different reality in Luther. Luther rather seeks to separate <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality#Lutheran_epistemology" title="Faith and rationality">faith and reason</a> in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_Islam">On Islam</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/220px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/330px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg/440px-OsmanenDeutscheKavallerie-1-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>The 16th-century battle between the Turks and the Christians</figcaption></figure> At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent#Conquests_in_Europe" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">besieging Vienna</a> with a vast <a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire#1520–1566:_Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a <a href="/wiki/Scourge#Metaphoric_use" title="Scourge">scourge</a> sent by God to punish Christians, as agents of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse#End_of_the_age" title="Apocalypse">apocalypse</a> that would destroy the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist#Protestant_Reformation" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, whom Luther believed to be the papacy and the Roman Church.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> He consistently rejected the idea of a <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion#Schmalkaldic_Wars_and_other_early_conflicts" title="European wars of religion">Holy War</a>, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name".<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> On the other hand, in keeping with his <a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine#In_Lutheran_theology" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">doctrine of the two kingdoms</a>, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> By 1529, in <a href="/wiki/On_War_against_the_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="On War against the Turk">On War against the Turk</a>, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran_translations#Latin" title="Quran translations">Qur'an</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk".<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Though Luther saw the Muslim religion as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live."<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinomian_controversy">Antinomian controversy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LutherPulpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LutherPulpit.jpg/170px-LutherPulpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LutherPulpit.jpg/255px-LutherPulpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/LutherPulpit.jpg/340px-LutherPulpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3883" /></a><figcaption>Pulpit of St Andreas Church, <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a> and Luther preached</figcaption></figure> Early in 1537, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a>—serving at the time as pastor in Luther's birthplace, Eisleben—preached a sermon in which he claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians. Based on this sermon and others by Agricola, Luther suspected that Agricola was behind certain anonymous <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomian</a> theses circulating in Wittenberg. These theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to Christians but belonged only to city hall.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against Agricola and the antinomians, four of which became the basis for <a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">disputations</a> between 1538 and 1540.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> He also responded to these assertions in other writings, such as his 1539 <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> to C. Güttel Against the Antinomians,<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> and his book On the Councils and the Church from the same year.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In his theses and disputations against the antinomians, Luther reviews and reaffirms, on the one hand, what has been called the "second use of the law," that is, the law as the Holy Spirit's tool to work sorrow over sin in man's heart, thus preparing him for Christ's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law, even if it is Christ's life, Christ's death for sin, or God's goodness experienced in creation.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Simply refusing to preach the Ten Commandments among Christians—thereby, as it were, removing the three letters l-a-w from the church—does not eliminate the accusing law.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> Claiming that the law—in any form—should not be preached to Christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> Luther also points out that the Ten Commandments—when considered not as God's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will, that is, of the natural law—positively teach how the Christian ought to live.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> This has traditionally been called the "third use of the law."<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> For Luther, also Christ's life, when understood as an example, is nothing more than an illustration of the Ten Commandments, which a Christian should follow in his or her <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocations</a> on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> The Ten Commandments, and the beginnings of the renewed life of Christians accorded to them by the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism#Baptism" title="Lutheranism">baptism</a>, are a present foreshadowing of the believers' future <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angel</a>-like life in heaven in the midst of this life.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> Luther's teaching of the Ten Commandments, therefore, has clear <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> overtones, which, characteristically for Luther, do not encourage world-flight but direct the Christian to service to the neighbor in the common, daily vocations of this perishing world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bigamy_of_Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse:_1539–1540">Bigamy of Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse: 1539–1540</h3></div> From December 1539, Luther became involved in the designs of <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Landgrave_of_Hesse#Bigamous_marriage" title="Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse">Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse</a> to marry a lady-in-waiting of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Christine_of_Saxony" title="Christine of Saxony">Christine of Saxony</a>. Philip solicited the approval of Luther, Melanchthon, and Bucer, citing as a precedent the <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">polygamy of the patriarchs</a>. The theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling, and they reluctantly advised the <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">landgrave</a> that if he was determined, he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter because divorce was worse than <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> As a result, on 4 March 1540, Philip married a second wife, <a href="/wiki/Margarethe_von_der_Saale" title="Margarethe von der Saale">Margarethe von der Saale</a>, with Melanchthon and Bucer among the witnesses. Philip's sister <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hesse,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony">Elisabeth</a> quickly made the scandal public, and Philip threatened to expose Luther's advice. Luther told him to "tell a good, strong lie" and deny the marriage completely, which Philip did.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Margarethe gave birth to nine children over a span of 17 years, giving Philip a total of 19 children. In the view of Luther's biographer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Martin Brecht</a>, "giving confessional advice for Philip of Hesse was one of the worst mistakes Luther made, and, next to the landgrave himself, who was directly responsible for it, history chiefly holds Luther accountable".<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> Brecht argues that Luther's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice, but that he miscalculated the political implications.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a> The affair caused lasting damage to Luther's reputation.<a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Jewish_polemics_and_antisemitism:_1543–1544">Anti-Jewish polemics and antisemitism: 1543–1544</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther and antisemitism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christianity and antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg/170px-1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg/255px-1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/1543_On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_by_Martin_Luther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The original title page of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a>, written by Martin Luther in 1543</figcaption></figure> Luther wrote negatively about <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> throughout his career.<a href="#cite_note-:2-222">[221]</a> Though Luther rarely encountered Jews, his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw Jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of Christ, and he lived in a locality which had expelled Jews roughly 90 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> He considered the Jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> In 1523, Luther advised kindness toward the Jews in That Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> When his efforts at conversion failed, he grew increasingly bitter toward them.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Luther's major works on the Jews were his 60,000-word treatise Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen (<a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a>), and Vom Schem Hamphoras und vom Geschlecht Christi (<a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">On the Holy Name and the Lineage of Christ</a>), both published in 1543, three years before his death.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Luther argued that the Jews were no longer the chosen people but "the devil's people", and referred to them with violent language.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Citing Deuteronomy 13, wherein <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to God, Luther called for a "scharfe Barmherzigkeit" ("sharp mercy") against the Jews "to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames."<a href="#cite_note-gritsch8687-230">[229]</a> Luther advocated setting <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> on fire, destroying Jewish <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">prayerbooks</a>, forbidding <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> from preaching, seizing Jews' property and money, and smashing up their homes, so that these "envenomed worms" would be forced into labour or expelled "for all time".<a href="#cite_note-:0-231">[230]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michael_(historian)" title="Robert Michael (historian)">Robert Michael</a>'s view, Luther's words "We are at fault in not slaying them" amounted to a sanction for murder.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> "God's anger with them is so intense," Luther concluded, "that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse, while sharp mercy will reform them but little. Therefore, in any case, away with them!"<a href="#cite_note-gritsch8687-230">[229]</a> Luther launched a polemic against vagrants in his 1528 preface to <a href="/wiki/Liber_Vagatorum" title="Liber Vagatorum">Liber Vagatorum</a>, saying that the Jews had contributed Hebrew words as a main basis of the <a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <a href="/wiki/Cryptolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptolect">cryptolect</a>. He warned in the admonitory preface Christians not to give them alms as it was, in his opinion, to forsake the truly poor.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> Luther spoke out against the Jews in Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia.<a href="#cite_note-Michael:Josel/Strasbourg-235">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josel_of_Rosheim" title="Josel of Rosheim">Josel of Rosheim</a>, the Jewish spokesman who tried to help the Jews of Saxony in 1537, later blamed their plight on "that priest whose name was Martin Luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell!—who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition."<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> Josel asked the city of Strasbourg to forbid the sale of Luther's anti-Jewish works: they refused initially but did so when a Lutheran pastor in <a href="/wiki/Hochfelden,_Bas-Rhin" title="Hochfelden, Bas-Rhin">Hochfelden</a> used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Michael:Josel/Strasbourg-235">[234]</a> Luther's influence persisted after his death. Throughout the 1580s, riots led to the expulsion of Jews from several German Lutheran states.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tovia_Singer" title="Tovia Singer">Tovia Singer</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> rabbi, remarking about Luther's attitude toward Jews, put it thus: "Among all the Church Fathers and Reformers, there was no mouth more vile, no tongue that uttered more vulgar curses against the Children of Israel than this founder of the Reformation."<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years,_illness_and_death">Final years, illness and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg/170px-DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg/255px-DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg/340px-DHM_-_Luther_auf_Totenbett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Luther on his deathbed, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther%27s_grave,_Schlosskirche,_Wittenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther%27s_grave%2C_Schlosskirche%2C_Wittenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Luther's grave in <a href="/wiki/Schlosskirche,_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlosskirche, Wittenberg">Schlosskirche, Wittenberg</a></figcaption></figure> Luther had been suffering from ill health for years, including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, fainting, <a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">tinnitus</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a> in one eye.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9019884-239">[238]</a> From 1531 to 1546, his health deteriorated further. In 1536, he began to suffer from <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease" title="Kidney stone disease">kidney and bladder stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, and an ear infection which ruptured an ear drum. In December 1544, he began to feel the effects of <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> His poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments. His wife Katharina was overheard saying, "Dear husband, you are too rude," and he responded, "They are teaching me to be rude."<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> In 1545 and 1546 Luther preached three times in the <a href="/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen" title="Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen">Market Church</a> in Halle, staying with his friend Justus Jonas during Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on 15 February 1546, three days before his death.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> It was "entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory," according to <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Léon Poliakov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a "fiery summons to drive the Jews bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians."<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> Luther said, "we want to practice Christian love toward them and pray that they convert," but also that they are "our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do so. And so often they do."<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> Luther's final journey, to Mansfeld, was taken because of his concern for his siblings' families continuing in their father Hans Luther's copper mining trade. Their livelihood was threatened by Count Albrecht of Mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control. The controversy that ensued involved all four Mansfeld counts: Albrecht, Philip, John George, and Gerhard. Luther journeyed to Mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement, and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion. The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 p.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his bed, he prayed, "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m. on 18 February, he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels. He thanked God for revealing his Son to him in whom he had believed. His companions, Justus Jonas and Michael Coelius, shouted loudly, "Reverend father, are you ready to die trusting in your Lord Jesus Christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name?" A distinct "Yes" was Luther's reply.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves60-247">[246]</a> An apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech, and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 February 1546, aged 62, in Eisleben, the city of his birth. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">Schlosskirche</a> in Wittenberg, in front of the pulpit.<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> The funeral was held by his friends <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a> and Philipp Melanchthon.<a href="#cite_note-MacKim19-249">[248]</a> A year later, troops of Luther's adversary Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor entered the town but were ordered by Charles not to disturb the grave.<a href="#cite_note-MacKim19-249">[248]</a> A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German. The statement reads: <blockquote><div class="poem"> <ol><li>No one can understand <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bucolics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucolics">Bucolics</a> unless he has been a shepherd for five years. No one can understand Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>, unless he has been a farmer for five years. </li> <li>No one can understand <a href="/wiki/Cicero%27s_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicero's Letters">Cicero's Letters</a> (or so I teach), unless he has busied himself in the affairs of some prominent state for twenty years. </li> <li>Know that no one can have indulged in the Holy Writers sufficiently, unless he has governed churches for a hundred years with the prophets, such as <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, Christ and the apostles. </li></ol> Do not assail this divine <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>; nay, rather prostrate revere the ground that it treads. We are beggars: this is true.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> </div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin Luther's Death House, considered the site of Luther's death since 1726. However the building where Luther actually died (at Markt 56, now the site of Hotel Graf von Mansfeld) was torn down in 1570.[251]"><img alt="Martin Luther's Death House, considered the site of Luther's death since 1726. However the building where Luther actually died (at Markt 56, now the site of Hotel Graf von Mansfeld) was torn down in 1570.[251]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg/90px-Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg/136px-Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg/181px-Luthers_Sterbehaus_Eisleben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a>, considered the site of Luther's death since 1726. However the building where Luther actually died (at Markt 56, now the site of Hotel Graf von Mansfeld) was torn down in 1570.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casts of Luther's face and hands at his death, in the Market Church in Halle[252]"><img alt="Casts of Luther's face and hands at his death, in the Market Church in Halle[252]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg/115px-Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg/173px-Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg/230px-Luther_death-hand_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="2429" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Casts of Luther's face and hands at his death, in the Market Church in Halle<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlosskirche_(Wittenberg).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schlosskirche in Wittenberg, where Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses, is also his gravesite."><img alt="Schlosskirche in Wittenberg, where Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses, is also his gravesite." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg/120px-Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg/180px-Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg/240px-Schlosskirche_%28Wittenberg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1695" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Castle_Church_in_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Church in Wittenberg">Schlosskirche</a> in Wittenberg, where Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses, is also his gravesite.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luther's tombstone beneath the pulpit in the Castle Church in Wittenberg"><img alt="Luther's tombstone beneath the pulpit in the Castle Church in Wittenberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg/90px-Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg/135px-Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg/180px-Luthertombstoneunderaltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luther's tombstone beneath the pulpit in the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Church_in_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Church in Wittenberg">Castle Church in Wittenberg</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luthergrab-WB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up of the grave with inscription in Latin"><img alt="Close-up of the grave with inscription in Latin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luthergrab-WB.jpg/120px-Luthergrab-WB.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luthergrab-WB.jpg/180px-Luthergrab-WB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Luthergrab-WB.jpg/240px-Luthergrab-WB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="601" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up of the grave with inscription in Latin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_influence_within_Nazism">Posthumous influence within Nazism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002,_Dresden,_Denkmal_Martin_Luther,_Frauenkirche,_Ruine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-60015-0002%2C_Dresden%2C_Denkmal_Martin_Luther%2C_Frauenkirche%2C_Ruine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The statue outside the <a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Dresden" title="Frauenkirche, Dresden">Frauenkirche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of the city in World War II</a></figcaption></figure> Luther was the most widely read author of his generation, and within Germany he acquired the status of a prophet.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> According to the prevailing opinion among historians,<a href="#cite_note-Wallman1-16">[16]</a> his anti-Jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-:1-255">[254]</a> and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an "ideal underpinning" for the Nazis' attacks on Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Grunberger1971-18">[18]</a> Reinhold Lewin writes that anybody who "wrote against the Jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to Luther." According to Michael, just about every anti-Jewish book printed in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> contained references to and quotations from Luther. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (albeit never a Lutheran, having been brought up Catholic) wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the Jews in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> presented a first edition of On the Jews and their Lies to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a>, editor of the Nazi newspaper <a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a>, on his birthday in 1937; the newspaper described it as the most radically antisemitic tract ever published.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> It was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg rallies</a> and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the Aryan Law by E.H. Schulz and R. Frercks.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow badge</a>, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a>, Bishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Sasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Sasse (page does not exist)">Martin Sasse</a>, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, for which <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, professor of the history of the church at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint."<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "There is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology. Nevertheless, his misguided agitation had the evil result that Luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the Jews, cloaking it with the authority of the Reformer." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Martin Brecht</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a></cite></div> </div> At the heart of scholarly debate about Luther's influence is whether it is <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the Nazis. Some scholars see Luther's influence as limited, and the Nazis' use of his work as opportunistic. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wallmann_(theologian)" title="Johannes Wallmann (theologian)">Johannes Wallmann</a> argues that Luther's writings against the Jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries, and that there was no continuity between Luther's thought and Nazi ideology.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Siemon-Netto" title="Uwe Siemon-Netto">Uwe Siemon-Netto</a> agreed, arguing that it was because the Nazis were already antisemites that they revived Luther's work.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-SiemonNetto2-264">[263]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_J._Hillerbrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans J. Hillerbrand (page does not exist)">Hans J. Hillerbrand</a> agreed that to focus on Luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of Nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HillerbrandEB-265">[264]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Bainton" title="Roland Bainton">Roland Bainton</a>, noted church historian and Luther biographer, wrote "One could wish that Luther had died before ever [On the Jews and Their Lies] was written. His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial."<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> However, Christopher J. Probst, in his book Demonizing the Jews: Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany (2012), shows that a large number of German Protestant clergy and theologians during the Nazi era used Luther's hostile publications towards the Jews and their Jewish religion to justify at least in part the antisemitic policies of the National Socialists.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> The pro-Nazi Christian group <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Christen" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Christen">Deutsche Christen</a> drew parallels between Martin Luther and the "Führer" <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Some scholars, such as Mark U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 (1983), suggest that since Luther's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated, it is possible they were at least partly the product of a state of mind. Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used "vulgarity and violence" for effect, both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against "Turks" (Muslims) and Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> Since the 1980s, Lutheran denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> Nevertheless, Professor Richard Geary, former professor of modern history at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> and the author of Hitler and Nazism, examined electoral trends in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a> between 1928 and 1933 and notes that, based on his research, the Nazi Party received disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_commemoration">Legacy and commemoration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/220px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/330px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg/440px-Countries_by_percentage_of_Protestants_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide Protestantism in 2010</figcaption></figure> Luther made effective use of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>'s printing press to spread his views. He switched from Latin to German in his writing to appeal to a broader audience. Between 1500 and 1530, Luther's works represented one fifth of all materials printed in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> In the 1530s and 1540s, printed images of Luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of Protestantism. In contrast to images of frail Catholic saints, Luther was presented as a stout man with a "double chin, strong mouth, piercing deep-set eyes, fleshy face, and squat neck." He was shown to be physically imposing, an equal in stature to the secular German princes with whom he would join forces to spread Lutheranism. His large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders. Images from this period include the woodcuts by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Brosamer" title="Hans Brosamer">Hans Brosamer</a> (1530) and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Younger" title="Lucas Cranach the Younger">Lucas Cranach the Younger</a> (1546).<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg/170px-Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg/255px-Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg/340px-Eisenach_Germany_Lutherdenkmal-Eisenach-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3155" data-file-height="4732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> Luther is honoured on 18 February with a commemoration in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran Calendar of Saints</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Calendar of Saints</a> he is <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(Anglicanism)" title="Commemoration (Anglicanism)">commemorated</a> on 31 October.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> Luther is honored in various ways by Christian traditions coming out directly from the Protestant Reformation, i.e. Lutheranism, the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. Branches of Protestantism that emerged afterwards vary in their remembrance and veneration of Luther, ranging from a complete lack of a single mention of him to a commemoration almost comparable to the way Lutherans commemorate and remember his persona. There is no known condemnation of Luther by Protestants themselves. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg/330px-Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg/440px-Martin_Luther_College_Aerial_Photo_-_2010s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_College" title="Martin Luther College">Martin Luther College</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> Various sites both inside and outside Germany (supposedly) visited by Martin Luther throughout his lifetime commemorate it with local memorials. <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> has two towns officially named after Luther, <a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt_Eisleben" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherstadt Eisleben">Lutherstadt Eisleben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt_Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherstadt Wittenberg">Lutherstadt Wittenberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mansfeld" title="Mansfeld">Mansfeld</a> is sometimes called Mansfeld-Lutherstadt, although the state government has not decided to put the <a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstadt</a> suffix in its official name. <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a> commemorates the publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517. It is a civic holiday in the German states of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. Two further states (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>) are pending a vote on introducing it. Slovenia celebrates it because of the profound contribution of the Reformation to its culture. Austria allows Protestant children not to go to school that day, and Protestant workers have a right to leave work in order to participate in a church service. Switzerland celebrates the holiday on the first Sunday after 31 October. It is also celebrated elsewhere around the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luther_and_the_swan">Luther and the swan</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luther with a swan (painting in the church at Strümpfelbach im Remstal, Weinstadt, Germany, by J. A. List)"><img alt="Luther with a swan (painting in the church at Strümpfelbach im Remstal, Weinstadt, Germany, by J. A. List)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg/76px-Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg/115px-Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg/153px-Str%C3%BCmpfelbach_im_Remstal_-_Kirche_-_Lutherbild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Luther with a swan (painting in the church at <a href="/wiki/Weinstadt#Strümpfelbach" title="Weinstadt">Strümpfelbach im Remstal</a>, Weinstadt, Germany, by J. A. List)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam,_ronde_lutherse_kerk_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swan weather vane, Round Lutheran Church, Amsterdam"><img alt="Swan weather vane, Round Lutheran Church, Amsterdam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg/96px-WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg/144px-WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg/192px-WLM_-_andrevanb_-_amsterdam%2C_ronde_lutherse_kerk_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swan weather vane, <a href="/wiki/Ronde_Lutherse_Kerk" title="Ronde Lutherse Kerk">Round Lutheran Church</a>, Amsterdam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Altar in St Martin's Church, Halberstadt, Germany. Luther and the swan are toward the top on the right."><img alt="Altar in St Martin's Church, Halberstadt, Germany. Luther and the swan are toward the top on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg/87px-Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg/131px-Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg/175px-Halberstadt_St_Martini_Altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="2853" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Altar in St Martin's Church, <a href="/wiki/Halberstadt" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a>, Germany. Luther and the swan are toward the top on the right.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin commemorating Luther (engraving by Georg Wilhelm Göbel, Saxony, 1706)"><img alt="Coin commemorating Luther (engraving by Georg Wilhelm Göbel, Saxony, 1706)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_tg_0004142_M%C3%BCnze_%5E_Gedenkm%C3%BCnze_%5E_Schaum%C3%BCnze_%5E_Medaille_%5E_Schwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="378" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin commemorating Luther (engraving by Georg Wilhelm Göbel, <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxony</a>, 1706)</div> </li> </ul> Luther is often depicted with a swan as his <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">attribute</a>, and Lutheran churches often have a swan for a weather vane. This association with the swan arises out of a prophecy reportedly made by the earlier reformer Jan Hus and endorsed by Luther. In the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Bohemian language</a> (now Czech), Hus's name meant <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husa" class="extiw" title="cz:Husa">"grey goose"</a>. In 1414, while imprisoned by the Council of Constance and anticipating his execution by burning for heresy, Hus prophesied, "Now they will roast a goose, but in a hundred years' time they'll hear a swan sing. They'd better listen to him." Luther published his Ninety-five Theses some 103 years later.<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_and_editions">Works and editions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Martin Luther bibliography</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG/170px-Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG/255px-Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG/340px-Luther_Weimar_Ausgabe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption>Various books of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar Edition</a> of Luther's works</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Erlangen Edition (Erlangener Ausgabe: "EA"), comprising the Exegetica opera latina – Latin exegetical works of Luther.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar Edition</a> (Weimarer Ausgabe) is the exhaustive, standard German edition of Luther's Latin and German works, indicated by the abbreviation "WA". This is continued into "WA Br" Weimarer Ausgabe, Briefwechsel (correspondence), "WA Tr" Weimarer Ausgabe, Tischreden (tabletalk) and "WA DB" Weimarer Ausgabe, Deutsche Bibel (German Bible).</li> <li>The American Edition (Luther's Works) is the most extensive English translation of Luther's writings, indicated either by the abbreviation "LW" or "AE". The first 55 volumes were published 1955–1986, and a twenty-volume extension (vols. 56–75) is planned of which volumes 58, 60, and 68 have appeared thus far.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/23px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/34px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG/46px-ChristianitySymbolWhite.PNG 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="201" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Evangelical_Christianity" title="Portal:Evangelical Christianity">Evangelical Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/28px-Reichskrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/42px-Reichskrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Reichskrone.jpg/56px-Reichskrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Portal:Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Luther's Marian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus_Eisenach" title="Lutherhaus Eisenach">Lutherhaus Eisenach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruder_Martin" title="Bruder Martin">Bruder Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochstratus_Ovans" title="Hochstratus Ovans">Hochstratus Ovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-title-50"><a href="#cite_ref-title_50-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: "Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum" – The first printings of the Theses use an <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">incipit</a> rather than a title which summarizes the content. Luther usually called them "meine Propositiones" (my propositions).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-49">[49]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther">"Luther"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227044730/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/martin%20luther">Archived</a> 27 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Luther himself, however, believed that he had been born in 1484. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHKhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16669-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Visionary+Reformer&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16669-9&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHKhCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Luther consistently referred to himself as a former monk. For example: "Thus formerly, when I was a monk, I used to hope that I would be able to pacify my conscience with the fastings, the <a href="/wiki/Praying" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying">praying</a>, and the vigils with which I used to afflict my body in a way to excite pity. But the more I sweat, the less quiet and peace I felt; for the true light had been removed from my eyes." Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 45–50, ed. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, and Helmut T. Lehmann, vol. 8 Luther's Works. (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1999), 5:326. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillerbrand2024" class="citation web cs1">Hillerbrand, Hans J. (14 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther">"Martin Luther"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMartin-Luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Ewald M. Plass, What Luther Says, 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, Luther and the Scriptures, (Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944), 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Luther, Martin. Concerning the Ministry (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Fahlbusch, Erwin and Bromiley, Geoffrey William. The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Grand Rapids, MI: Leiden, Netherlands: Wm. B. Eerdmans; Brill, 1999–2003, 1:244. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyndale-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyndale_8-0">^</a> Tyndale's New Testament, trans. from the Greek by William Tyndale in 1534 in a modern-spelling edition and with an introduction by David Daniell. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> Press, 1989, ix–x. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainton269-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainton269_9-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Bainton" title="Roland Bainton">Bainton, Roland</a>. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainton223-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainton223_10-0">^</a> Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Hendrix, Scott H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luthersem.edu/word&world/Archives/3-4_Luther/3-4_Hendrix.pdf">"The Controversial Luther"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110302005613/http://www2.luthersem.edu/word%26world/Archives/3-4_Luther/3-4_Hendrix.pdf">Archived</a> 2 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Word & World 3/4 (1983), Luther Seminary, St. Paul, MN. Also see Hillerbrand, Hans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521816483_CCOL0521816483A018">"The legacy of Martin Luther"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716031045/http://cco.cambridge.org/extract?id=ccol0521816483_CCOL0521816483A018">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in Hillerbrand, Hans & McKim, Donald K. (eds.) The Cambridge Companion to Luther. Cambridge University Press, 2003. In 1523, Luther wrote that Jesus Christ was born a Jew which discouraged mistreatment of the Jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> could be shown to speak of Jesus Christ. However, as the Reformation grew, Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity, and in the years his health deteriorated he grew more acerbic toward the Jews, writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the Anabaptists, <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Papacy" title="Reformation Papacy">pope</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Schaff, Philip: History of the Christian Church, Vol. VIII: Modern Christianity: The Swiss Reformation, William B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan, US, 1910, page 706. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Martin Brecht, Martin Luther (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985–1993), 3:336. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Luther's letter to Rabbi Josel as cited by Gordon Rupp, Martin Luther and the Jews (London: The Council of Christians and Jews, 1972), 14. According to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104181522/http://www.ntrmin.org/Luther%20and%20the%20Jews%20%28Web%29.htm">"Luther and the Jews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntrmin.org/Luther%20and%20the%20Jews%20(Web).htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther+and+the+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntrmin.org%2FLuther%2520and%2520the%2520Jews%2520%28Web%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988">, this paragraph is not available in the English edition of Luther's works. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSydow1999" class="citation web cs1">Sydow, Michael (1 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928132039/http://clclutheran.org/library/jtheo_arch/jtdec1999.pdf">"Journal of Theology: Martin Luther, Reformation Theologian and Educator"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clclutheran.org/library/jtheo_arch/jtdec1999.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Theology%3A+Martin+Luther%2C+Reformation+Theologian+and+Educator&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.aulast=Sydow&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclclutheran.org%2Flibrary%2Fjtheo_arch%2Fjtdec1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wallman1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wallman1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wallman1_16-1">b</a> "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a> and modern racially oriented antisemitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." Johannes Wallmann, "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a>, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> For similar views, see: <ul><li>Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lawrence_Rose" title="Paul Lawrence Rose">Rose, Paul Lawrence</a>. "Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner," (Princeton University Press, 1990), quoted in Berger, 28;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">Shirer, William</a>. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a>. A History of the Jews (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987), 242.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Poliakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Poliakov">Poliakov, Leon</a>. History of Anti-Semitism: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews. (N.P.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 216.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>. The World Must Know. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>, 1993, 2000), 8–9.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grunberger1971-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberger1971_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberger1971_18-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grunberger" title="Richard Grunberger">Grunberger, Richard</a>. The 12-Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany 1933–1945 (NP:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1971), 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marty1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty1_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty1_19-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht3-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Brecht3_20-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Brecht, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther">"Martin Luther | Biography, Reformation, Works, & Facts"</a>. 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Reformation%2C+Works%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMartin-Luther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty3-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty3_22-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-RuppEB-23"><a href="#cite_ref-RuppEB_23-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Rupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Rupp">Rupp, Ernst Gordon</a>. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty2_24-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty4-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marty4_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty4_25-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty5-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marty5_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty5_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty5_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty5_26-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty6-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marty6_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty6_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty6_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marty6_27-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht48-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Brecht48_28-0">^</a> Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:48. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecht1985" class="citation book cs1">Brecht, Martin (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hH6nI6Q6qBIC&q=Martin%20Luther%3A%20His%20road%20to%20Reformation%2C%201483-1521%20%20By%20Martin%20Brecht%20Help%20me%20saint%20Anne%20I%20will%20become%20a%20monk&pg=PA48">Google Books Archive of Martin Luther: His road to Reformation, 1483–1521 (By Martin Brecht)</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1414-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1414-1"><bdi>978-1-4514-1414-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Google+Books+Archive+of+Martin+Luther%3A+His+road+to+Reformation%2C+1483%E2%80%931521+%28By+Martin+Brecht%29&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1414-1&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhH6nI6Q6qBIC%26q%3DMartin%2520Luther%253A%2520His%2520road%2520to%2520Reformation%252C%25201483-1521%2520%2520By%2520Martin%2520Brecht%2520Help%2520me%2520saint%2520Anne%2520I%2520will%2520become%2520a%2520monk%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Schwiebert, E.G. Luther and His Times. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1950, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marty7-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Marty7_31-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_E._Marty" title="Martin E. Marty">Marty, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. Viking Penguin, 2004, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwiebert1948" class="citation journal cs1">Schwiebert, Ernest G (March 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160546">"The Reformation from a New Perspective"</a>. Church History. 17 (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3160546">10.2307/3160546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160546">3160546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Reformation+from+a+New+Perspective.&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1948-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3160546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160546%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schwiebert&rft.aufirst=Ernest+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3160546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainton40-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainton40_33-0">^</a> Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 40–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kittelson79-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Kittelson79_34-0">^</a> Kittelson, James. Luther The Reformer. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2021" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, Carter (2021). The European reformations (3rd ed.). Chichester, United Kingdom Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-64081-3"><bdi>978-1-119-64081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+reformations&rft.place=Chichester%2C+United+Kingdom+Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=53&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-119-64081-3&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainton44-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainton44_36-0">^</a> Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther. New York: Penguin, 1995, 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht93-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Brecht93_37-0">^</a> Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht12-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Brecht12_38-0">^</a> Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:112–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott H. (2015). Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Visionary+Reformer&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16669-9&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendrix, Scott H. (2015). Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16669-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Visionary+Reformer&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16669-9&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wriedt-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Wriedt_41-0">^</a> Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in The Cambridge Companion to Luther. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Bouman, Herbert J.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403013639/http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/dorman-luther.shtml">"The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions"</a>, Concordia Theological Monthly, 26 November 1955, No. 11:801. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Dorman, Ted M., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403013639/http://www.quodlibet.net/articles/dorman-luther.shtml">Justification as Healing: The Little-Known Luther"</a>, Quodlibet Journal: Volume 2 Number 3, Summer 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-faith-44"><a href="#cite_ref-faith_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-faith.txt">"Luther's Definition of Faith"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Definition+of+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ProjectWittenberg.org%2Fpub%2Fresources%2Ftext%2Fwittenberg%2Fluther%2Fluther-faith.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615015903/http://religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=155">"Justification by Faith: The Lutheran-Catholic Convergence"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=155">the original</a> on 15 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Lutheran-Catholic+Convergence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religion-online.org%2Fshowarticle.asp%3Ftitle%3D155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles," in Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions. Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Johann_Tetzel" title="Johann Tetzel">Johann Tetzel</a>," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> At first, "the pope demanded twelve thousand ducats for the twelve apostles. Albert offered seven thousand ducats for the seven deadly sins. They compromised on ten thousand, presumably not for the Ten Commandments". Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 75, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECummings200232-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECummings200232_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCummings2002">Cummings 2002</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-HillerbrandIndulgences-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HillerbrandIndulgences_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HillerbrandIndulgences_51-1">b</a> Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Thesis 55 of Tetzel's One Hundred and Six Theses. These "Anti-theses" were a reply to Luther's Ninety-five Theses and were drawn up by Tetzel's friend and former professor, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wimpina" title="Konrad Wimpina">Konrad Wimpina</a>. Theses 55 & 56 (responding to Luther's 27th Thesis) read: "For a soul to fly out, is for it to obtain the vision of God, which can be hindered by no interruption, therefore he errs who says that the soul cannot fly out before the coin can jingle in the bottom of the chest." In The reformation in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Vedder" title="Henry Clay Vedder">Henry Clay Vedder</a>, 1914, Macmillan Company, p. 405. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationinge00veddgoog/page/n465">[1]</a> Animam purgatam evolare, est eam visione dei potiri, quod nulla potest intercapedine impediri. Quisquis ergo dicit, non citius posse animam volare, quam in fundo cistae denarius possit tinnire, errat. In: D. Martini Lutheri, Opera Latina: Varii Argumenti, 1865, Henricus Schmidt, ed., Heyder and Zimmer, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a> & Erlangen, vol. 1, p. 300. (<a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">Print on demand</a> edition: <a href="/wiki/Nabu_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu Press">Nabu Press</a>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-142-40551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-142-40551-9">978-1-142-40551-9</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s633jfx_uEUC&pg=PA300">[2]</a> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Johann_Tetzel">"Johann Tetzel" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Tetzel&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krämer-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Krämer_53-0">^</a> Krämer, Walter and Trenkler, Götz. "Luther" in Lexicon van Hardnekkige Misverstanden. Uitgeverij Bert Bakker, 1997, 214:216. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritter-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Ritter_54-0">^</a> Ritter, Gerhard. Luther, Frankfurt 1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-Prause-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Prause_55-0">^</a> Gerhard Prause "Luthers Thesanschlag ist eine Legende,"in Niemand hat Kolumbus ausgelacht. Düsseldorf, 1986. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_56-0">^</a> Marshall, Peter 1517: Martin Luther and the Invention of the Reformation (Oxford University Press, 2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968201-0">978-0-19-968201-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2010" class="citation book cs1">Bekker, Henrik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41aJOjMZ3nwC&pg=PT125">Dresden Leipzig & Saxony Adventure Guide</a>. Hunter Publishing, Inc. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-950-5"><bdi>978-1-58843-950-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dresden+Leipzig+%26+Saxony+Adventure+Guide&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Hunter+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-950-5&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41aJOjMZ3nwC%26pg%3DPT125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), p. 79, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brecht204-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Brecht204_59-0">^</a> Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:204–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Spitz, Lewis W. The Renaissance and Reformation Movements, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Michael A. Mullett, Martin Luther, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26168-5">978-0-415-26168-5</a>, 78; Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10313-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10313-1">0-300-10313-1</a>, 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Mullett, 68–69; Oberman, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Richard Marius, Luther, London: Quartet, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-3192-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-3192-6">0-7043-3192-6</a>, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Papal Bull <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a>, 15 June 1520. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Mullett, 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reformation500-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Reformation500_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819111021/http://reformation500.csl.edu/timeline/luther-meets-with-cajetan-at-augsburg/">"Luther meets with Cajetan at Augsburg"</a>. Reformation 500 – Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. 11 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformation500.csl.edu/timeline/luther-meets-with-cajetan-at-augsburg/">the original</a> on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luther+meets+with+Cajetan+at+Augsburg&rft.pub=Reformation+500+%E2%80%93+Concordia+Seminary%2C+St.+Louis&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformation500.csl.edu%2Ftimeline%2Fluther-meets-with-cajetan-at-augsburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ex-Classics-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Ex-Classics_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe147.htm">"The Acts and Monuments of the Church – Martin Luther"</a>. exclassics.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Acts+and+Monuments+of+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Martin+Luther&rft.pub=exclassics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exclassics.com%2Ffoxe%2Ffoxe147.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), Chapter V, p. 96, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Mullett, 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Mullett, 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Oberman, 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mullett, 92–95; Roland H. Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther, New York: Mentor, 1955, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/220064892">220064892</a>, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Marius, 87–89; Bainton, Mentor edition, 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Marius, 93; Bainton, Mentor edition, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe: 1517–1559, London: Collins, 1963, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222872115">222872115</a>, 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand463-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand463_76-0">^</a> Brecht, Martin. (tr. Wolfgang Katenz) "Luther, Martin," in Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.) Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2:463. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingCannegietervan_er_Poll2016" class="citation book cs1">Becking, Bob; Cannegieter, Alex; van er Poll, Wilfred (2016). From Babylon to Eternity: The Exile Remembered and Constructed in Text and Tradition. Routledge. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90386-3"><bdi>978-1-134-90386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Babylon+to+Eternity%3A+The+Exile+Remembered+and+Constructed+in+Text+and+Tradition&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90386-3&rft.aulast=Becking&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft.au=Cannegieter%2C+Alex&rft.au=van+er+Poll%2C+Wilfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Wooden, Cindy. "Methodists adapt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification." 24 July 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> David Van Biema, "A Half-Millennium Rift," TIME, 6 July 1998, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Cindy Wooden, "Lutheran World Council OKs joint declaration on justification," The Pilot, 19 June 1998, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Brecht, 1:460. </li> <li id="cite_note-mullettp25-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mullettp25_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mullettp25_82-1">b</a> Mullett (1986), p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther" class="citation web cs1">Luther, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/luther/lutherbyluther.html#secondnarrative">"Life of Luther (Luther by Martin Luther)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+Luther+%28Luther+by+Martin+Luther%29&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fluther%2Flutherbyluther.html%23secondnarrative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Wilson, 153, 170; Marius, 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Bratcher, Dennis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crivoice.org/creededictworms.html">The Diet of Worms (1521)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003172831/http://www.crivoice.org/creededictworms.html">Archived</a> 3 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," in The Voice: Biblical and Theological Resources for Growing Christians. Retrieved 13 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Reformation Europe: 1517–1559, London: Fontana, 1963, 53; <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700, London: Allen Lane, 2003, 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in Luther's Works. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246; Mullett, 133. <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a>, had been exiled on the island of Patmos. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Brecht, 2:12–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Mullett, 132, 134; Wilson, 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Brecht, 2:7–9; Marius, 161–162; Marty, 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-sinsbestrong-91"><a href="#cite_ref-sinsbestrong_91-0">^</a> Martin Luther, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ProjectWittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/letsinsbe.txt">"Let Your Sins Be Strong," a Letter From Luther to Melanchthon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040119/http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/letsinsbe.txt">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, August 1521, Project Wittenberg, retrieved 1 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Brecht, 2:27–29; Mullett, 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Brecht, 2:18–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Marius, 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Mullett, 135–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Wilson, 192–202; Brecht, 2:34–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Bainton, Mentor edition, 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Letter of 7 March 1522. Schaff, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823185716/http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">Archived</a> 23 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Brecht, 2:57. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Brecht, 2:60; Bainton, Mentor edition, 165; Marius, 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff_IV-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_IV_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_IV_100-1">b</a> Schaff, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823185716/http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">Archived</a> 23 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Marius, 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Mullett, 141–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Michael Hughes, Early Modern Germany: 1477–1806, London: Macmillan, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-53774-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-53774-2">0-333-53774-2</a>, 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther, London: Edward Arnold, 1974, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5700-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-5700-3">0-7131-5700-3</a>, 132–133. Dickens cites as an example of Luther's "liberal" phraseology: "Therefore I declare that neither pope nor bishop nor any other person has the right to impose a syllable of law upon a Christian man without his own consent". </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Hughes, 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Hughes, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Jaroslav J. Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald, Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Pub. House and Fortress Press, 1955–1986), 46: 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Hughes, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Andrew Pettegree, Europe in the Sixteenth Century, Oxford: Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20704-X">0-631-20704-X</a>, 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Erlangen Edition of Luther's Works, Vol. 59, p. 284 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Wilson, 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Schaff, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823185716/http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/7_ch04.htm">Archived</a> 23 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheible147-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheible147_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheible147_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheible147_113-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheible1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scheible, Heinz (1997). Melanchthon. Eine Biographie (in German). Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-42223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-42223-2"><bdi>978-3-406-42223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melanchthon.+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-406-42223-2&rft.aulast=Scheible&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Lohse, Bernhard, Martin Luther: An Introduction to his Life and Work,, translated by Robert C. Schultz, Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-09357-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-09357-3">0-567-09357-3</a>, 32; Brecht, 2:196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Brecht, 2:199; Wilson, 234; Lohse, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.v.ii.html">"Luther's Marriage. 1525."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707101105/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.v.ii.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, History of the Christian Church, Volume VII, Modern Christianity, The German Reformation. § 77, rpt. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 17 May 2009; Mullett, 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Marty, 109; Bainton, Mentor edition, 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Brecht, 2: 202; Mullett, 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Oberman, 278–280; Wilson, 237; Marty, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Bainton, Mentor edition, 228; Schaff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.v.ii.html">"Luther's Marriage. 1525."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707101105/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.v.ii.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Brecht, 2: 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> MacCulloch, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Bainton, Mentor edition, 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schroeder2000-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Schroeder2000_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchroeder2000" class="citation book cs1">Schroeder, Steven (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfT6aQvkVfAC&pg=PA104">Between Freedom and Necessity: An Essay on the Place of Value</a>. Rodopi. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1302-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-1302-5"><bdi>978-90-420-1302-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Freedom+and+Necessity%3A+An+Essay+on+the+Place+of+Value&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-420-1302-5&rft.aulast=Schroeder&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfT6aQvkVfAC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Brecht, 2:260–63, 67; Mullett, 184–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Brecht, 2:267; Bainton, Mentor edition, 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Brecht, 2:267; MacCulloch, 165. On one occasion, Luther referred to the elector as an "emergency bishop" (Notbischof). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Mullett, 186–187; Brecht, 2:264–265, 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Brecht, 2:264–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Brecht, 2:268. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Brecht, 2:251–254; Bainton, Mentor edition, 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Brecht, 2:255. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Mullett, 183; Eric W. Gritsch, A History of Lutheranism, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3472-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3472-1">0-8006-3472-1</a>, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Brecht, 2:256; Mullett, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Brecht, 2:256; Bainton, Mentor edition, 265–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Brecht, 2:256; Bainton, Mentor edition, 269–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Brecht, 2:256–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Brecht, 2:258. </li> <li id="cite_note-Birkholz-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Birkholz_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkholz2016" class="citation web cs1">Birkholz, Mark (3 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lutheranreformation.org/history/luthers-flood-prayer/">"Luther's Flood Prayer"</a>. Lutheran Reformation. <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lutheran+Reformation&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Flood+Prayer&rft.date=2016-01-03&rft.aulast=Birkholz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flutheranreformation.org%2Fhistory%2Fluthers-flood-prayer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Brecht, 2:263. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Mullett, 186. Quoted from Luther's preface to the Small Catechism, 1529; MacCulloch, 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Marty, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Brecht, 2:273; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Marty, 123; Wilson, 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Luther, Martin. Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971, 50:172–173; Bainton, Mentor edition, 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Brecht, 2:277, 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See texts at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-luther.html#sw-hymn">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716175426/http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-luther.html#sw-hymn">Archived</a> 16 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Arne_Nestingen_1996-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Arne_Nestingen_1996_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Arne_Nestingen_1996_147-1">b</a> Charles P. Arand, "Luther on the Creed." <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a> 2006 20(1): 1–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0024-7499">0024-7499</a>; James Arne Nestingen, "Luther's Catechisms" The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation. Ed. Hans J. Hillerbrand. (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Mullett, 145; Lohse, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Mullett, 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/18191/">"Mentelin Bible"</a>. The Library of Congress. 1466. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Mentelin+Bible&rft.date=1466&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F18191%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/18183/">"Koberger Bible"</a>. World Digital Library. 1483. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Koberger+Bible&rft.date=1483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F18183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gow, Andrew C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2009.v9.a13">"The Contested History of a Book: The German Bible of the Later Middle Ages and Reformation in Legend, Ideology, and Scholarship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hebrew_Scriptures" title="Journal of Hebrew Scriptures">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures</a>. 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5508%2Fjhs.2009.v9.a13">10.5508/jhs.2009.v9.a13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1203-1542">1203-1542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hebrew+Scriptures&rft.atitle=The+Contested+History+of+a+Book%3A+The+German+Bible+of+the+Later+Middle+Ages+and+Reformation+in+Legend%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Scholarship&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5508%2Fjhs.2009.v9.a13&rft.issn=1203-1542&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5508%252Fjhs.2009.v9.a13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Wilson, 183; Brecht, 2:48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Mullett, 149; Wilson, 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Marius, 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Lohse, 112–117; Wilson, 183; Bainton, Mentor edition, 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Daniel Weissbort and Astradur Eysteinsson (eds.), Translation – Theory and Practice: A Historical Reader, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-871200-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-871200-6">0-19-871200-6</a>, 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Metzger1994-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Metzger1994_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1994" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (1994). A textual commentary on the Greek New Testament: a companion volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament (fourth revised edition) (2 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. 647–649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-438-06010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-438-06010-5"><bdi>978-3-438-06010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+textual+commentary+on+the+Greek+New+Testament%3A+a+companion+volume+to+the+United+Bible+Societies%27+Greek+New+Testament+%28fourth+revised+edition%29&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E649&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bibelgesellschaft&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-438-06010-5&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriticus1830" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Orme_(minister)" title="William Orme (minister)">Criticus, (Rev. William Orme)</a> (1830). Memoir of The Controversy respecting the Three Heavenly Witnesses, I John V.7. London: (1872, Boston, "a new edition, with notes and an appendix by Ezra Abbot"). p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+The+Controversy+respecting+the+Three+Heavenly+Witnesses%2C+I+John+V.7&rft.place=London&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=%281872%2C+Boston%2C+%22a+new+edition%2C+with+notes+and+an+appendix+by+Ezra+Abbot%22%29&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Criticus&rft.aufirst=%28Rev.+William+Orme%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">White, Andrew Dickson</a> (1896). A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology, Vol. 2. New York: Appleton. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Warfare+of+Science+with+Theology%2C+Vol.+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Appleton&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Dickson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> For a short collection see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-luther.html#sw-hymn">online hymns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716175426/http://www.projectwittenberg.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/wittenberg-luther.html#sw-hymn">Archived</a> 16 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005_162-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Boyd_Brown_2005_162-2">c</a> Christopher Boyd Brown, Singing the Gospel: Lutheran Hymns and the Success of the Reformation. (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studia-instrumentorum.de/MUSEUM/zistern.htm">"Waldzither – Bibliography of the 19th century"</a>. Studia Instrumentorum. Retrieved 23 March 2014. <q>Es ist eine unbedingte Notwendigkeit, dass der Deutsche zu seinen Liedern auch ein echt deutsches Begleitinstrument besitzt. Wie der Spanier seine Gitarre (fälschlich Laute genannt), der Italiener seine Mandoline, der Engländer das Banjo, der Russe die Balalaika usw. sein Nationalinstrument nennt, so sollte der Deutsche seine Laute, die Waldzither, welche schon von Dr. Martin Luther auf der Wartburg im Thüringer Walde (daher der Name Waldzither) gepflegt wurde, zu seinem Nationalinstrument machen. Liederheft von C.H. Böhm (Hamburg, March 1919)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waldzither+%E2%80%93+Bibliography+of+the+19th+century&rft.pub=Studia+Instrumentorum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studia-instrumentorum.de%2FMUSEUM%2Fzistern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014171540/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/f/l/u/flungtot.htm">"Flung to the heedless winds"</a>. Hymntime. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/f/l/u/flungtot.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hymntime&rft.atitle=Flung+to+the+heedless+winds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymntime.com%2Ftch%2Fhtm%2Ff%2Fl%2Fu%2Fflungtot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns." <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a> 1998 12(1): 79–88, 89–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Robin A. Leaver, "Luther's Catechism Hymns: 5. Baptism." <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Quarterly" title="Lutheran Quarterly">Lutheran Quarterly</a> 1998 12(2): 160–169, 170–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Christoph Markschies, Michael Trowitzsch: Luther zwischen den Zeiten – Eine Jenaer Ringvorlesung; Mohr Siebeck, 1999; pp. 215–219 (in German). </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Psychopannychia (the night banquet of the soul), manuscript Orléans 1534, Latin Strasbourg 1542, 2nd.ed. 1545, French, Geneva 1558, English 1581. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Liber de Anima 1562 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> D. Franz Pieper Christliche Dogmatik, 3 vols., (Saint Louis: CPH, 1920), 3:575: "Hieraus geht sicher so viel hervor, daß die abgeschiedenen Seelen der Gläubigen in einem Zustande des seligen Genießens Gottes sich befinden .... Ein Seelenschlaf, der ein Genießen Gottes einschließt (so Luther), ist nicht als irrige Lehre zu bezeichnen"; English translation: Francis Pieper, Christian Dogmatics, 3 vols., (Saint Louis: CPH, 1953), 3:512: "These texts surely make it evident that the departed souls of the believers are in a state of blessed enjoyment of God .... A sleep of the soul which includes enjoyment of God (says Luther) cannot be called a false doctrine." </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Sermons of Martin Luther: the House Postils, Eugene F.A. Klug, ed. and trans., 3 vols., (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1996), 2:240. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Weimarer Ausgabe 43, 360, 21–23 (to Genesis 25:7–10): also Exegetica opera latina Vol 5–6 1833 p. 120 and the English translation: Luther's Works, American Edition, 55 vols. (St. Louis: CPH), 4:313; "Sufficit igitur nobis haec cognitio, non egredi animas ex corporibus in periculum cruciatum et paenarum inferni, sed esse eis paratum cubiculum, in quo dormiant in pace." </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.12">"Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 12"</a>. Bookofconcord.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.12">the original</a> on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smalcald+Articles%2C+Part+II%2C+Article+II%2C+paragraph+12&rft.pub=Bookofconcord.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fsmalcald.php%23part2.2.12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.28">"Smalcald Articles, Part II, Article II, paragraph 28"</a>. Bookofconcord.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/smalcald.php#part2.2.28">the original</a> on 10 October 2008. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smalcald+Articles%2C+Part+II%2C+Article+II%2C+paragraph+28&rft.pub=Bookofconcord.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fsmalcald.php%23part2.2.28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Gerhard Loci Theologici, Locus de Morte, § 293 ff. Pieper writes: "Luther speaks more guardedly of the state of the soul between death and resurrection than do Gerhard and the later theologians, who transfer some things to the state between death and resurrection which can be said with certainty only of the state after the resurrection" (Christian Dogmatics, 3:512, footnote 21). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Article in the Berlinischer Zeitung 1755 in Complete Works ed. Karl Friedrich Theodor Lachmann – 1838 p. 59 "Was die Gegner auf alle diese Stellen antworten werden, ist leicht zu errathen. Sie werden sagen, daß Luther mit dem Worte Schlaf gar die Begriffe nicht verbinde, welche Herr R. damit verbindet. Wenn Luther sage, daß die Seele IS nach dem Tode schlafe, so denke er nichts mehr dabey, als was alle Leute denken, wenn sie den Tod des Schlafes Bruder nennen. Tode ruhe, leugneten auch die nicht, welche ihr Wachen behaupteten :c. Ueberhaupt ist mit Luthers Ansehen bey der ganzen Streitigkeit nichts zu gewinnen." </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Exegetica opera Latina, Volumes 5–6 Martin Luther, ed. Christopf Stephan Elsperger (Gottlieb) p. 120 "Differunt tamen somnus sive quies hujus vitae et futurae. Homo enim in hac vita defatigatus diurno labore, sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum tanquam in pace, ut ibi dormiat, et ea nocte fruitur quiete, neque quicquam scit de ullo malo sive incendii, sive caedis. Anima autem non sic dormit, sed vigilat, et patitur visiones loquelas Angelorum et Dei. Ideo somnus in futura vita profundior est quam in hac vita et tamen anima coram Deo vivit. Hac similitudine, quam habeo a somno viventia." (Commentary on Genesis – Enarrationes in Genesin, XXV, 1535–1545)" </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Blackburne A short historical view of the controversy concerning an intermediate state (1765) p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Fritschel" title="Gottfried Fritschel">Gottfried Fritschel</a>. Zeitschrift für die gesammte lutherische Theologie und Kirche p. 657 "Denn dass Luther mit den Worten "anima non sic dormit, sed vigilat et patitur visiones, loquelas Angelorum et Dei" nicht dasjenige leugnen will, was er an allen andern Stellen seiner Schriften vortragt" </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Henry Eyster Jacobs Martin Luther the Hero of the Reformation 1483 to 1546 (1898). Emphasis added. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Mullett, 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Brecht, 2:325–334; Mullett, 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Wilson, 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Ausgabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Ausgabe">Weimar Ausgabe</a> 26, 442; Luther's Works 37, 299–300. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Oberman, 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Marty, 140–141; Lohse, 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Quoted by Oberman, 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Brecht 2:329. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Oberman, 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Martin Luther, Werke, VIII </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Martin Luther, Table Talk. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Martin Luther, "On Justification CCXCIV", Table Talk </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Mallett, 198; Marius, 220. The siege was lifted on 14 October 1529, which Luther saw as a divine miracle. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Andrew Cunningham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLxDnAMaUgQC&pg=PA141">The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074525/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLxDnAMaUgQC&pg=PA141">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-46701-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-46701-2">0-521-46701-2</a>, 141; Mullett, 239–240; Marty, 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> From <a href="/wiki/On_War_against_the_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="On War against the Turk">On War against the Turk</a>, 1529, quoted in William P. Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87hQ2AjcttEC&pg=PA258">The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness</a>, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22323-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22323-0">0-664-22323-0</a>, 258; Lohse, 61; Marty, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Marty, 166; Marius, 219; Brecht, 2:365, 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Mullett, 238–239; Lohse, 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Brecht, 2:364. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Wilson, 257; Brecht, 2:364–365. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Brecht, 2:365; Mullett, 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Brecht, 3:354. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Daniel Goffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA109">The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074511/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uJzjatjTL4C&pg=PA109">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45908-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45908-7">0-521-45908-7</a>, 109; Mullett, 241; Marty, 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> From On war against the Turk, 1529, quoted in Roland E. Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&pg=PA208">Muslims and the Gospel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122074516/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjC7K1j_AT8C&pg=PA208">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Minneapolis: Kirk House Publishers, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932688-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-932688-07-2">1-932688-07-2</a>, 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Brecht, 3:355. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations, ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 23–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6">978-0-9748529-6-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal: Martin Luther's Complete Antinomian Theses and Disputations, ed. and tr. H. Sonntag, Minneapolis: Lutheran Press, 2008, 11–15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9748529-6-6">978-0-9748529-6-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Cf. Luther's Works 47:107–119. There he writes: "Dear God, should it be unbearable that the holy church confesses itself a sinner, believes in the forgiveness of sins, and asks for remission of sin in the Lord's Prayer? How can one know what sin is without the law and conscience? And how will we learn what Christ is, what he did for us, if we do not know what the law is that he fulfilled for us and what sin is, for which he made satisfaction?" (112–113). </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Cf. Luther's Works 41, 113–114, 143–144, 146–147. There he said about the antinomians: "They may be fine Easter preachers, but they are very poor Pentecost preachers, for they do not preach de sanctificatione et vivificatione Spiritus Sancti, "about the sanctification by the Holy Spirit," but solely about the redemption of Jesus Christ" (114). "Having rejected and being unable to understand the Ten Commandments, ... they see and yet they let the people go on in their public sins, without any renewal or reformation of their lives" (147). </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 33–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 170–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 76, 105–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 140, 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 75, 104–105, 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> The "first use of the law," accordingly, would be the law used as an external means of order and coercion in the political realm by means of bodily rewards and punishments. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal, 35: "The law, therefore, cannot be eliminated, but remains, prior to Christ as not fulfilled, after Christ as to be fulfilled, although this does not happen perfectly in this life even by the justified. ... This will happen perfectly first in the coming life." Cf. Luther, Only the Decalogue Is Eternal,, 43–44, 91–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3: 206. For a more extensive list of quotes from Luther on the topic of polygamy, see page 11 and following of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cuw.edu/academics/schools/arts-and-sciences/_assets/theological-journal/v3i1-Fall_2015.pdf">Luther's Authentic Voice on Polygamy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120194507/https://www.cuw.edu/academics/schools/arts-and-sciences/_assets/theological-journal/v3i1-Fall_2015.pdf">Archived</a> 20 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nathan R. Jastram, Concordia Theological Journal, Fall 2015/Spring 2016, Volume 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:212. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:214. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Brecht, Martin, Martin Luther, tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:205–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Oberman, Heiko, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-222"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_222-0">^</a> Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, 109; Mullett, 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Edwards, Mark. Luther's Last Battles. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Brecht</a>, 3:341–343; Mullett, 241; Marty, 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Brecht, 3:334; Marty, 169; Marius, 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1–2; Mullett, 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Brecht, 3:341–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Luther, On the Jews and their Lies, quoted in Michael, 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Luther, Vom Schem Hamphoras, quoted in Michael, 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-gritsch8687-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gritsch8687_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gritsch8687_230-1">b</a> Gritsch, Eric W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZzH7ZZM-94C&pg=PA86">Martin Luther's Anti-Semitism: Against His Better Judgment</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6676-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6676-9">978-0-8028-6676-9</a>. pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-231"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_231-0">^</a> Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, Luthers Werke. 47:268–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Luther, On the Jews and Their Lies, quoted in Robert Michael, "Luther, Luther Scholars, and the Jews," Encounter 46 (Autumn 1985) No. 4:343–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1988" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld, Moshe N. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSyLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">"Chapter 9. Early Yiddish in Non-Jewish Books"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dovid_Katz" title="Dovid Katz">Katz, Dovid</a> (ed.). Dialects of the Yiddish Language: Winter Studies in Yiddish, Volume 2. Papers from the Second Annual Oxford Winter Symposium in Yiddish Language and Literature, 14–16 December 1986. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080365640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080365640"><bdi>978-0080365640</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17727332">17727332</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+Early+Yiddish+in+Non-Jewish+Books&rft.btitle=Dialects+of+the+Yiddish+Language%3A+Winter+Studies+in+Yiddish%2C+Volume+2.+Papers+from+the+Second+Annual+Oxford+Winter+Symposium+in+Yiddish+Language+and+Literature%2C+14%E2%80%9316+December+1986&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17727332&rft.isbn=978-0080365640&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Moshe+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSyLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidine2017" class="citation book cs1">Considine, John P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmLODQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">"Chapter 5. first curiosity-driven wordlists: Rotwelsch"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/9269">Small Dictionaries and Curiosity: Lexicography and Fieldwork in Post-medieval Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198785019.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198785019.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198785019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198785019"><bdi>978-0198785019</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955312844">955312844</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+first+curiosity-driven+wordlists%3A+Rotwelsch&rft.btitle=Small+Dictionaries+and+Curiosity%3A+Lexicography+and+Fieldwork+in+Post-medieval+Europe&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955312844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198785019.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0198785019&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMmLODQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael:Josel/Strasbourg-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael:Josel/Strasbourg_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael:Josel/Strasbourg_235-1">b</a> Michael, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Quoted by Michael, 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Michael, 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2014" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Tovia (30 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://outreachjudaism.org/crucifixion-psalm/">"A Closer Look at the "Crucifixion Psalm""</a>. Outreach Judaism. Retrieved 20 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outreach+Judaism&rft.atitle=A+Closer+Look+at+the+%22Crucifixion+Psalm%22&rft.date=2014-04-30&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Tovia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foutreachjudaism.org%2Fcrucifixion-psalm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9019884-239"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9019884_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIversen_OH1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iversen OH (1996). "Martin Luther's somatic diseases. A short life-history 450 years after his death". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Norwegian_Medical_Association" title="Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association">Tidsskr. Nor. Legeforen.</a> (in Norwegian). 116 (30): 3643–3646. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9019884">9019884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskr.+Nor.+Legeforen.&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+somatic+diseases.+A+short+life-history+450+years+after+his+death&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3643-%3C%2Fspan%3E3646&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9019884&rft.au=Iversen+OH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Edwards, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Spitz, 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buergerstiftung-halle.de/bildung-im-voruebergehen/luther/">Die Beziehungen des Reformators Martin Luther zu Halle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707161754/https://www.buergerstiftung-halle.de/bildung-im-voruebergehen/luther/">Archived</a> 7 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> buergerstiftung-halle.de (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Luther, Martin. Sermon No. 8, "Predigt über Mat. 11:25, Eisleben gehalten," 15 February 1546, Luthers Werke, Weimar 1914, 51:196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a>. From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, Vanguard Press, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Mackinnon, James. Luther and the Reformation. Vol. IV, (New York): Russell & Russell, 1962, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Luther, Martin. Admonition against the Jews, added to his final sermon, cited in <a href="/wiki/Oberman,_Heiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oberman, Heiko">Oberman, Heiko</a>. Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New York: Image Books, 1989, p. 294. A complete translation of Luther's Admonition can be found in Wikisource. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Warning_Against_the_Jews_(1546)" class="extiw" title="s:Warning Against the Jews (1546)">s:Warning Against the Jews (1546)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeves60-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Reeves60_247-0">^</a> Reeves, Michael. "The Unquenchable Flame". Nottingham: IVP, 2009, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brecht,_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Brecht, Martin">Brecht, Martin</a>. Martin Luther. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:369–379. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKim19-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKim19_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKim19_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim2003" class="citation book cs1">McKim, Donald K. (2003). The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther. Cambridge companions to religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01673-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+Martin+Luther&rft.series=Cambridge+companions+to+religion&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01673-5&rft.aulast=McKim&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Kellermann, James A. (translator) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/beggars.txt">"The Last Written Words of Luther: Holy Ponderings of the Reverend Father Doctor Martin Luther"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004132238/http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/beggars.txt">Archived</a> 4 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 16 February 1546. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Original German and Latin of Luther's last written words is: "Wir sein pettler. Hoc est verum." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Bornkamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Bornkamm (page does not exist)">Heinrich Bornkamm</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Bornkamm" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Bornkamm">de</a>], Luther's World of Thought, tr. Martin H. Bertram (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1958), 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Dorfpredigten: Biblische Einsichten aus Deutschlands 'wildem Süden'. Ausgewählte Predigten aus den Jahren 1998 bis 2007 Teil II 2002–2007 by Thomas O.H. Kaiser, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_new=26979&int_sec=2">Martin Luther's Death Mask on View at Museum in Halle, Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529060226/http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_new=26979&int_sec=2">Archived</a> 29 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> artdaily.com </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Gritsch, 113–114; Michael, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-255"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_255-0">^</a> Berger, Ronald. Fathoming the Holocaust: A Social Problems Approach (New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 2002), 28; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a>. A History of the Jews (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1987), 242; <a href="/wiki/William_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shirer">Shirer, William</a>. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960). </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Himmler wrote: "what Luther said and wrote about the Jews. No judgment could be sharper." </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_H._Ellis" title="Marc H. Ellis">Ellis, Marc H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/PowerPoints/Christian%20Anti-Semitism%20(part%202).ppt">Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710100514/http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/PowerPoints/Christian%20Anti-Semitism%20%28part%202%29.ppt">Archived</a> 10 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (NP: Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004), Slide 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422212116/http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/hh.htm">"Hitler and the Holocaust"</a>. Baylor University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/hh.htm">the original</a> on 22 April 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Baylor+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.baylor.edu%2FAmerican_Jewish%2Feverythingthatusedtobehere%2Fresources%2Fhh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> See Noble, Graham. "Martin Luther and German anti-Semitism," History Review (2002) No. 42:1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666–667. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung," in Buttner (ed), Die Deutschen und die Jugendverfolg im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Brecht 3:351. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Wallmann, 72–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Siemon-Netto" title="Uwe Siemon-Netto">Siemon-Netto</a>, The Fabricated Luther, 17–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-SiemonNetto2-264"><a href="#cite_ref-SiemonNetto2_264-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Siemon-Netto" title="Uwe Siemon-Netto">Siemon-Netto</a>, "Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Witness 123 (2004) No. 4:19, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-HillerbrandEB-265"><a href="#cite_ref-HillerbrandEB_265-0">^</a> Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Hillerbrand writes: "His strident pronouncements against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history." </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Bainton, Roland: Here I Stand, (Nashville: Abingdon Press, New American Library, 1983), p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> For similar views, see: <ul><li>Briese, Russell. "Martin Luther and the Jews," Lutheran Forum (Summer 2000):32;</li> <li>Brecht, Martin Luther, 3:351;</li> <li>Edwards, Mark U. Jr. Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983, 139;</li> <li>Gritsch, Eric. "Was Luther Anti-Semitic?", Christian History, No. 3:39, 12.;</li> <li>Kittelson, James M., Luther the Reformer, 274;</li> <li>Oberman, Heiko. The Roots of Anti-Semitism: In the Age of Renaissance and Reformation. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984, 102;</li> <li>Rupp, Gordon. Martin Luther, 75;</li> <li>Siemon-Netto, Uwe. Lutheran Witness, 19.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Christopher J. Probst, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/academic-publications/full-list-of-academic-publications/demonizing-the-jews-luther-and-the-protestant-church-in-nazi-germany">Demonizing the Jews: Luther and the Protestant Church in Nazi Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311100051/http://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/academic-publications/full-list-of-academic-publications/demonizing-the-jews-luther-and-the-protestant-church-in-nazi-germany">Archived</a> 11 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Indiana University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00100-9">978-0-253-00100-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> "Der Deutsche Luthertag 1933 und die Deutschen Christen" by Hansjörg Buss. In: Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte Vol. 26, No. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Christopher_Probst" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Christopher Probst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologian.org.uk/churchhistory/lutherandthejews.html#_ftnref67">"Martin Luther and "The Jews" A Reappraisal"</a>. The Theologian. Retrieved 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther+and+%22The+Jews%22+A+Reappraisal&rft.pub=The+Theologian&rft.au=Dr.+Christopher+Probst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theologian.org.uk%2Fchurchhistory%2Flutherandthejews.html%23_ftnref67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Synod deplores and disassociates itself from Luther's negative statements about the Jewish people and the use of these statements to incite anti-Lutheran sentiment, from a summary of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsfw.edu/bsmith-cts/etext/lcms/Synod/resolutions.pdf">Official Missouri Synod Doctrinal Statements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225041133/http://www.ctsfw.edu/bsmith-cts/etext/lcms/Synod/resolutions.pdf">Archived</a> 25 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Lull, Timothy Martin Luther's Basic Theological Writings, Second Edition (2005), p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> See Merton P. Strommen et al., A Study of Generations (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing, 1972), p. 206. P. 208 also states "The clergy [ALC, LCA, or LCMS] are less likely to indicate anti-Semitic or racially prejudiced attitudes [compared to the laity]." </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Richard (Dick) Geary, "Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers' Party)", in <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>, 1 October 1998, Vol. 48, Issue 10, pp. 8–14 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418075104/https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/spenkuch/research/religion_nazis.pdf">"Special Interests at the Ballot Box? Religion and the Electoral Success of the Nazis"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/spenkuch/research/religion_nazis.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Interests+at+the+Ballot+Box%3F+Religion+and+the+Electoral+Success+of+the+Nazis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kellogg.northwestern.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fspenkuch%2Fresearch%2Freligion_nazis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Wall Street Journal, "The Monk Who Shook the World", Richard J. Evans, 31 March 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyndal_Roper" title="Lyndal Roper">Roper, Lyndal</a> (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.351">"Martin Luther's Body: The 'Stout Doctor' and His Biographers"</a>. American Historical Review. 115 (2): 351–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.351">10.1086/ahr.115.2.351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20509226">20509226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther%27s+Body%3A+The+%27Stout+Doctor%27+and+His+Biographers&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.date=2010-04&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20509226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.115.2.351&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=Lyndal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fahr.115.2.351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hamburger-reformation.de/hamburger-reformation/panorama-geschichten/luther-und-der-schwan">Luther und der Schwan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019013653/https://www.hamburger-reformation.de/hamburger-reformation/panorama-geschichten/luther-und-der-schwan">Archived</a> 19 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> hamburger-reformation.de, retrieved 19 October 2019 </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lutheranpress.com/the-swan/">The Swan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706123240/https://lutheranpress.com/the-swan/">Archived</a> 6 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lutheran Press, retrieved 6 July 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/early-music-history/article/lutheran-identity-of-josquins-missa-pange-lingua-renaissance-of-a-renaissance-mass/BB791A5089D9E675993F0AA00EC4E4B0">The Lutheran Identity of Josquin's Missa Pange Lingua (reference note 94)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706135913/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/early-music-history/article/lutheran-identity-of-josquins-missa-pange-lingua-renaissance-of-a-renaissance-mass/BB791A5089D9E675993F0AA00EC4E4B0">Archived</a> 6 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Early Music History, vol. 36, October 2017, pp. 193–249; CUP; retrieved 6 July 2020 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechttr._James_L._Schaaf1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Brecht" title="Martin Brecht">Brecht, Martin</a>; tr. James L. Schaaf (1985). Martin Luther. Vol. 1: His Road to Reformation, 1483–1521. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.pub=Philadelphia%3A+Fortress+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=tr.+James+L.+Schaaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechttr._James_L._Schaaf1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brecht, Martin; tr. James L. Schaaf (1994). Martin Luther. Vol. 2: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.pub=Philadelphia%3A+Fortress+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=tr.+James+L.+Schaaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrechttr._James_L._Schaaf1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Brecht, Martin; tr. James L. Schaaf (1999). Martin Luther. Vol. 3: The Preservation of the Church, 1532–1546. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.pub=Philadelphia%3A+Fortress+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=tr.+James+L.+Schaaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2002" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Brian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001/acprof-9780198187356">The Literary Culture of the Reformation: Grammar and Grace</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198187356.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-818735-6"><bdi>978-0-19-818735-6</bdi></a> – via Oxford Scholarship Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Culture+of+the+Reformation%3A+Grammar+and+Grace&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-818735-6&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198187356.001.0001%2Facprof-9780198187356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullett2004" class="citation book cs1">Mullett, Michael A. (2004). Martin Luther. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26168-5"><bdi>978-0-415-26168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-26168-5&rft.aulast=Mullett&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullett1986" class="citation book cs1">Mullett, Michael A. (1986). Luther. Methuen & Co (Lancashire Pamphlets). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10932-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10932-1"><bdi>978-0-415-10932-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luther&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co+%28Lancashire+Pamphlets%29&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10932-1&rft.aulast=Mullett&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (2007). Out of the Storm: The Life and Legacy of Martin Luther. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-180001-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-180001-7"><bdi>978-0-09-180001-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Storm%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Martin+Luther&rft.pub=London%3A+Hutchinson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-09-180001-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> For works by and about Luther, see <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(resources)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther (resources)">Martin Luther (resources)</a> or <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Luther%27s_works" class="extiw" title="s:Luther's works">Luther's works</a> at Wikisource. <ul><li>Atkinson, James (1968). Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism, in series, Pelican Book[s]. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. 352 pp.</li> <li>Bainton, Roland. Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1950), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155980">online</a></li> <li>Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther: His Road to Reformation 1483–1521 (vol 1, 1985); Martin Luther 1521–1532: Shaping and Defining the Reformation (vol 2, 1994); Martin Luther The Preservation of the Church Vol 3 1532–1546 (1999), a standard scholarly biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logos.com/product/120290/martin-brechts-martin-luther-a-biography">excerpts</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillenberger1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dillenberger" title="John Dillenberger">Dillenberger, John</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/martinluthersele00luth">Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings</a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/165808">165808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Selections+from+his+Writings&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F165808&rft.aulast=Dillenberger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmartinluthersele00luth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Erikson, Erik H. (1958). Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. New York: W.W. Norton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Herndon_Fife,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Herndon Fife, Jr.">Fife, Robert Herndon</a>. (1928). Young Luther: The Intellectual and Religious Development of Martin Luther to 1518. New York: Macmillan.</li> <li>Fife, Robert Herndon. (1957). The Revolt of Martin Luther. New York NY: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Friedenthal, Richard (1970). Luther, His Life and Times. Trans. from the German by John Nowell. First American ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. viii, 566 p. N.B.: Trans. of the author's Luther, sein Leben und seine Zeit.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLull1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Lull" title="Timothy Lull">Lull, Timothy</a> (1989). Martin Luther: Selections from his Writings. Minneapolis: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-3680-7"><bdi>978-0-8006-3680-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+Selections+from+his+Writings&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-3680-7&rft.aulast=Lull&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLullNelson2015" class="citation book cs1">Lull, Timothy F.; Nelson, Derek R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/40846">Resilient Reformer: The Life and Thought of Martin Luther</a>. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-9415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-9415-0"><bdi>978-1-4514-9415-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resilient+Reformer%3A+The+Life+and+Thought+of+Martin+Luther&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Fortress&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-9415-0&rft.aulast=Lull&rft.aufirst=Timothy+F.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Derek+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F40846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kolb, Robert; Dingel, Irene; Batka, Ľubomír (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of Martin Luther's Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960470-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960470-8">978-0-19-960470-8</a>.</li> <li>Luther, M. The Bondage of the Will. Eds. <a href="/wiki/J.I._Packer" class="mw-redirect" title="J.I. Packer">J.I. Packer</a> and O.R. Johnson. Old Tappan, NJ: Revell, 1957. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22724565">22724565</a>.</li> <li>Luther, Martin (1974). Selected Political Writings, ed. and with an introd. by J.M. Porter. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1079-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1079-2">0-8006-1079-2</a></li> <li>Luther's Works, 55 vols. Eds. H.T. Lehman and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Pelikan" title="Jaroslav Pelikan">J. Pelikan</a>. St Louis, Missouri, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1955–86. Also on CD-ROM. Minneapolis and St Louis: Fortress Press and Concordia Publishing House, 2002.</li> <li>Maritain, Jacques (1941). Three Reformers: Luther, Descartes, Rousseau. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. N.B.: Reprint of the ed. published by Muhlenberg Press.</li> <li>Nettl, Paul (1948). Luther and Music, trans. by Frida Best and Ralph Wood. New York: Russell & Russell, 1967, cop. 1948. vii, 174 p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Reu" title="Johann Michael Reu">Reu, Johann Michael</a> (1917). Thirty-five Years of Luther Research. Chicago: Wartburg Publishing House.</li> <li>Schalk, Carl F. (1988). Luther on Music: Paradigms of Praise. Saint Louis, Mo.: Concordia Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-570-01337-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-570-01337-2">0-570-01337-2</a></li> <li>Stang, William (1883). The Life of Martin Luther. Eighth ed. New York: Pustet & Co. N.B.: This is a work of Roman Catholic polemical nature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28%28subject%3A%22Luther%2C+Martin%22+OR+subject%3A%22Martin+Luther%22+OR+creator%3A%22Luther%2C+Martin%22+OR+creator%3A%22Martin+Luther%22+OR+creator%3A%22Luther%2C+M.%22+OR+title%3A%22Martin+Luther%22+OR+description%3A%22Luther%2C+Martin%22+OR+description%3A%22Martin+Luther%22%29+OR+%28%221483%E21546%22+AND+Luther%29%29+AND+%28-mediatype%3Asoftware%29+AND+NOT+%28%22Luther+King%22+OR+%22Luther+McCoy%22+OR+%22Jr.%22+OR+%281895+AND+1945%29+OR+%281748+AND+1826%29+%29+%29">Works by or about Martin Luther</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maartenluther.com/">Maarten Luther Werke</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1342">Works by Martin Luther</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" 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href="http://www.luther.de/en/index.html">Website about Martin Luther</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/luther">"Martin Luther"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martin+Luther&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fluther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartin+Luther" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martin Luther Collection: Early works attributed to Martin Luther, (285 titles). From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martin_Luther" title="Template talk:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martin_Luther" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martin Luther"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martin_Luther240" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_bibliography" title="Martin Luther bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resources_about_Martin_Luther" title="Resources about Martin Luther">Resources about Martin Luther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_Indulgences_and_Grace" title="Sermon on Indulgences and Grace">Sermon on Indulgences and Grace</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Christian_Nobility_of_the_German_Nation" title="To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation">To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Babylonian_Captivity_of_the_Church" title="On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church">On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Freedom_of_a_Christian" title="On the Freedom of a Christian">On the Freedom of a Christian</a> (1520)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Henry,_King_of_the_English" title="Against Henry, King of the English">Against Henry, King of the English</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a> (1522, 1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Sacrament" title="The Adoration of the Sacrament">The Adoration of the Sacrament</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_missae" title="Formula missae">Formula missae</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_prayer" title="Flood prayer">Flood prayer</a> (1523)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Murderous,_Thieving_Hordes_of_Peasants" title="Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants">Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Messe" title="Deutsche Messe">Deutsche Messe</a> (1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_Concerning_Christ%27s_Supper" title="Confession Concerning Christ's Supper">Confession Concerning Christ's Supper</a> (1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_War_Against_the_Turk" title="On War Against the Turk">On War Against the Turk</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Small Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Large_Catechism" title="Luther's Large Catechism">Large Catechism</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Simple_Way_to_Pray" title="A Simple Way to Pray">A Simple Way to Pray</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalcald_Articles" title="Smalcald Articles">Smalcald Articles</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Councils_and_the_Church" title="On the Councils and the Church">On the Councils and the Church</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vom_Schem_Hamphoras" title="Vom Schem Hamphoras">Vom Schem Hamphoras</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Luther's Table Talk</a> (1566)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_edition_of_Martin_Luther%27s_works" title="Weimar edition of Martin Luther's works">Weimar edition of Luther's works</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">List of hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a> (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Es_spricht_der_Unweisen_Mund_wohl" title="Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl">Es spricht der Unweisen Mund wohl</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gott_sei_gelobet_und_gebenedeiet" title="Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet">Gott sei gelobet und gebenedeiet</a>" (1524)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mighty_Fortress_Is_Our_God" title="A Mighty Fortress Is Our God">A Mighty Fortress Is Our God</a>" (1529)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sie_ist_mir_lieb,_die_werte_Magd" title="Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd">Sie ist mir lieb, die werte Magd</a>" (1535)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christ_unser_Herr_zum_Jordan_kam" title="Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam">Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam</a>" (1543)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate, 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine, 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem" title="Decet Romanum Pontificem">Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy, 1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession, 1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_canon" title="Luther's canon">Luther's canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology of Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel#Martin_Luther_and_Lutheran_theologians" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Mariology" title="Lutheran Mariology">Marian theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Lutheranism" title="Eucharist in Lutheranism">Eucharist in Lutheranism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Sacramental union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Institution#Lutheran_Churches" title="Words of Institution">Words of Institution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_during_the_Reformation" title="Propaganda during the Reformation">Propaganda during the Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%BCgend_von_S._Johanne_Chrysostomo" title="Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo">Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Luther" title="Magdalena Luther">Magdalena Luther</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Luther" title="Paul Luther">Paul Luther</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomaeus_Arnoldi" title="Bartholomaeus Arnoldi">Bartholomaeus Arnoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin#Influence_on_Luther" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_von_Staupitz" title="Johann von Staupitz">Johann von Staupitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Miltitz" title="Karl von Miltitz">Karl von Miltitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Karlstadt" title="Andreas Karlstadt">Andreas Karlstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_VII_von_Mansfeld" title="Albrecht VII von Mansfeld">Albrecht VII von Mansfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Luther sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church, Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadtkirche_Wittenberg" title="Stadtkirche Wittenberg">Stadtkirche Wittenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherhaus" title="Lutherhaus">Lutherhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutherstadt" title="Lutherstadt">Lutherstädte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Birth_House" title="Martin Luther's Birth House">Martin Luther's Birth House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther%27s_Death_House" title="Martin Luther's Death House">Martin Luther's Death House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanchthonhaus_(Wittenberg)" title="Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)">Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine%27s_Monastery_(Erfurt)" title="St. Augustine's Monastery (Erfurt)">St. Augustine's Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veste_Coburg" title="Veste Coburg">Veste Coburg (Fortress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Martin_Luther" title="List of films about Martin Luther">Film</a> and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1923_film)" title="Martin Luther (1923 film)">Martin Luther (1923 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1928_film)" title="Luther (1928 film)">Luther (1928 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_(1953_film)" title="Martin Luther (1953 film)">Martin Luther (1953 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(play)" title="Luther (play)">Luther (1961 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1964_film)" title="Luther (1964 film)">Luther (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(1974_film)" title="Luther (1974 film)">Luther (1974 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther,_Heretic" title="Martin Luther, Heretic">Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_(2003_film)" title="Luther (2003 film)">Luther (2003 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luther_and_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luther and I (page does not exist)">Luther and I (2017 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument" title="Luther Monument">Luther Monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Luther Monument (Washington, D.C.)">Luther Monument</a>, Washington D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Monument_(Worms)" title="Luther Monument (Worms)">Luther Monument</a>, Worms</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther_rose" title="Luther rose">Luther rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologia_Germanica" title="Theologia Germanica">Theologia Germanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Christian_University" title="Martin Luther Christian University">Martin Luther Christian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_Halle-Wittenberg" title="Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg">Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Lutheranism277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Template talk:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Lutheranism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Lutheranism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Lutheranism277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_start_of_the_Reformation">Start of the Reformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Disputation" title="Heidelberg Disputation">Heidelberg Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Debate" title="Leipzig Debate">Leipzig Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Colloquy" title="Marburg Colloquy">Marburg Colloquy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Speyer_(1529)" title="Diet of Speyer (1529)">Diet of Speyer (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestation_at_Speyer" title="Protestation at Speyer">Protestation at Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Schwabach" title="Articles of Schwabach">Articles of Schwabach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Presentation of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Religious_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Religious Peace">Nuremberg Religious Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Reformation in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany#Reformation_and_Thirty_Years_War" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland#The_Reformation" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Sweden" title="Reformation in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">Reformers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brenz" title="Johannes Brenz">Johannes Brenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_S%C3%A4rkilahti" title="Petrus Särkilahti">Petrus Särkilahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Agricola" title="Stephan Agricola">Stephan Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Andreae" title="Laurentius Andreae">Laurentius Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentius_Petri" title="Laurentius Petri">Laurentius Petri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Frederick III, Elector of Saxony">Frederick the Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early turmoil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Dissemination of the Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1540%E2%80%931541)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)">Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Regensburg_(1541)" title="Diet of Regensburg (1541)">Diet of Regensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Interim" title="Regensburg Interim">Regensburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_War" title="Schmalkaldic War">Schmalkaldic War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms (1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent#Protestant_response" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent § Protestant response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries" title="Magdeburg Centuries">Publication of the Magdeburg Centuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphoristic_Controversy_in_Lutheranism" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphoristic controversies (first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Second_Antinomian_Controversy" title="Antinomianism">second)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell#Lutheran" title="Harrowing of Hell">Controversy on the Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople#The_Greek_Augsburg_Confession" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Presentation of the Greek Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Signing of the Formula of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_struggle" title="Liturgical struggle">Liturgical struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Synod" title="Uppsala Synod">Uppsala Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Spangenberg" title="Cyriacus Spangenberg">Cyriacus Spangenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John the Magnanimous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-protestantism">Crypto-Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Scholastic</a> periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Acceptance of the Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza#The_Colloquy_of_Mumpelgart" title="Theodore Beza">Colloquy of Mumpelgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andreae" title="Jakob Andreae">Jakob Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chytraeus" title="David Chytraeus">David Chytraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Hafenreffer" title="Matthias Hafenreffer">Matthias Hafenreffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Hutter" title="Leonhard Hutter">Leonhard Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Praetorius" title="Stephan Praetorius">Stephan Praetorius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gerhard" title="Johann Gerhard">Johann Gerhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Quenstedt" title="Johannes Andreas Quenstedt">J. A. Quenstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Calovius" title="Abraham Calovius">Abraham Calovius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Hunnius" title="Nicolaus Hunnius">Nicolaus Hunnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Brochmand" title="Jesper Brochmand">Jesper Brochmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomo_Glassius" title="Salomo Glassius">Salomo Glassius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BClsemann" title="Johann Hülsemann">Johann Hülsemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Conrad_Dannhauer" title="Johann Conrad Dannhauer">J. C. Dannhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Friedrich König">J. F. König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Musaeus" title="Johannes Musaeus">Johannes Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baier" title="Johann Wilhelm Baier">J. W. Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Hollatz_(dogmatician)" title="David Hollatz (dogmatician)">David Hollatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Scriver" title="Christian Scriver">Christian Scriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ernst_L%C3%B6scher" title="Valentin Ernst Löscher">V. E. Löscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Melchior_Goeze" title="Johann Melchior Goeze">J. M. Goeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Protestants" title="Salzburg Protestants">Salzburg Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landler" class="mw-redirect" title="Transylvanian Landler">Landlers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speculative or critical theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolffian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Salomo_Semler" title="Johann Salomo Semler">Johann Salomo Semler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Michaelis" title="Johann David Michaelis">Johann David Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_D%C3%B6derlein" title="Johann Christoph Döderlein">Johann Christoph Döderlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Old Tübingen school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Christian_Storr" title="Gottlob Christian Storr">Gottlob Christian Storr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_S%C3%BCskind" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind">Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Flatt" title="Johann Friedrich Flatt">Johann Friedrich Flatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kantian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Friedrich_von_Ammon" title="Christoph Friedrich von Ammon">Christoph Friedrich von Ammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Wegscheider" title="Julius Wegscheider">Julius Wegscheider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Wilhelm Gesenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Herrmann" title="Wilhelm Herrmann">Wilhelm Herrmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Daub" title="Karl Daub">Karl Daub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marheineke" title="Philip Marheineke">Philip Marheineke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adelbert_Lipsius" title="Richard Adelbert Lipsius">Richard Adelbert Lipsius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Moderate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Volkmar_Reinhard" title="Franz Volkmar Reinhard">Franz Volkmar Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gottlieb_Bretschneider" title="Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider">Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Martin_Leberecht_de_Wette" title="Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette">Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Transitional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_Jacobi" title="Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi">Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Moller" title="Martin Moller">Martin Moller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Valentinus_Andreae" title="Johannes Valentinus Andreae">J. V. Andreae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">P. J. Spener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Petersen" title="Johann Wilhelm Petersen">J. W. Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">A. H. Francke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Buddeus" title="Johann Franz Buddeus">J. F. Buddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Albrecht_Bengel" title="Johann Albrecht Bengel">J. A. Bengel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christian_Knapp" title="Georg Christian Knapp">G. C. Knapp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment#The_Counter-Enlightenment_Movement_vs_Counter-Enlightenments" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Awakening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">J. G. Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge" title="Hans Nielsen Hauge">Hans Nielsen Hauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean" class="mw-redirect" title="Haugean">Haugeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paavo_Ruotsalainen" title="Paavo Ruotsalainen">Paavo Ruotsalainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Levi_Laestadius" title="Lars Levi Laestadius">Lars Levi Laestadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Olof_Rosenius" title="Carl Olof Rosenius">Carl Olof Rosenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zillertal#History" title="Zillertal">Zillertal Valley expulsion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Repristination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Hengstenberg" title="Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg">E. W. Hengstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Philippi" title="Friedrich Adolf Philippi">F. A. Philippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">F. G. Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari" title="Carl Paul Caspari">Carl Paul Caspari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Porterfield_Krauth" title="Charles Porterfield Krauth">C. P. Krauth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Alexander_Gotwald" title="Luther Alexander Gotwald">L .A. Gotwald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism#Repristination_versus_Erlangen_school" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Erlangen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Christoph_Adolf_von_Harless" title="Gottlieb Christoph Adolf von Harless">G. C. A. von Harless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Friedrich_H%C3%B6fling" title="Johann Wilhelm Friedrich Höfling">J. W. F. Höfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Thomasius" title="Gottfried Thomasius">Gottfried Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Konrad_von_Hofmann" title="Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann">J. C. K. von Hofmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch" title="Franz Delitzsch">Franz Delitzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_August_Kahnis" title="Karl Friedrich August Kahnis">K. F. A. Kahnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Harnack" title="Theodosius Harnack">Theodosius Harnack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Luthardt" title="Christoph Ernst Luthardt">C. E. Luthardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hermann_Reinhold_von_Frank" title="Franz Hermann Reinhold von Frank">F. H. R. von Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Althaus" title="Paul Althaus">Paul Althaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Elert" title="Werner Elert">Werner Elert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Christian_Vilmar" title="August Friedrich Christian Vilmar">A. F. C. Vilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">F. J. Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Friedrich_Otto_M%C3%BCnchmeyer" class="mw-redirect" title="August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer">A. F. O. Münchmeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Wilhelm_L%C3%B6he" title="Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe">J. K. W. Löhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kliefoth" title="Theodor Kliefoth">Theodor Kliefoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hansen_(theologian)" title="Heinrich Hansen (theologian)">Heinrich Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches#Quarrels_over_the_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Old Lutheran schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church#Background" title="German Evangelical Church">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Scheibel" title="Johann Gottfried Scheibel">J. G. Scheibel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">Eduard Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ernst_Ferdinand_Guericke" title="Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand Guericke">H. E. F. Guericke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Huschke" title="Eduard Huschke">G. P. E. Huschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Australia / New Guinea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Kavel" title="August Kavel">August Kavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fritzsche" title="Gotthard Fritzsche">Gotthard Fritzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Flierl" title="Johann Flierl">Johann Flierl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephan" title="Martin Stephan">Martin Stephan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_August_Grabau" title="Johannes Andreas August Grabau">J. A. A. Grabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Sihler" title="Wilhelm Sihler">Wilhelm Sihler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._C._D._Wyneken" title="F. C. D. Wyneken">F. C. D. Wyneken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._W._Walther" title="C. F. W. Walther">C. F. W. Walther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Amberg_Preus" title="Herman Amberg Preus">H. A. Preus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Stellhorn" title="Frederick William Stellhorn">F. W. Stellhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Synodical_Conference_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America">Synodical Conference of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;font-weight:normal;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Lutheranism" title="Homosexuality and Lutheranism">Homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lutheran_hymnody486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Template talk:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran_hymnody" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lutheran hymnody"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lutheran_hymnody486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymnody</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">English <a href="/wiki/List_of_hymnals#Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hymnals">hymnals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Worship:_A_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal">Christian Worship</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Service_Book" title="Common Service Book">Common Service Book</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymn-Book" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book">Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Hymnary" title="Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary">Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Worship" title="Evangelical Lutheran Worship">Evangelical Lutheran Worship</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hymnal" title="The Lutheran Hymnal">The Lutheran Hymnal</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Hymnal_with_Supplement" title="Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement">Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Service_Book" title="Lutheran Service Book">Lutheran Service Book</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Worship" title="Lutheran Worship">Lutheran Worship</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReClaim_Hymnal" title="ReClaim Hymnal">ReClaim Hymnal</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Book_and_Hymnal" title="Service Book and Hymnal">Service Book and Hymnal</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">German hymnals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lutheran_hymnal" title="First Lutheran hymnal">First Lutheran hymnal</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_Enchiridion" title="Erfurt Enchiridion">Erfurt Enchiridion</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyn_geystlich_Gesangk_Buchleyn" title="Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn">Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn</a> (1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_pietatis_melica" title="Praxis pietatis melica">Praxis pietatis melica</a> (1640/47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becker_Psalter" title="Becker Psalter">Becker Psalter</a> (1602)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelisches_Gesangbuch" title="Evangelisches Gesangbuch">Evangelisches Gesangbuch</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">In other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danish26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Den_Danske_Salmebog" title="Den Danske Salmebog">Den Danske Salmebog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldberg%27s_hymnal" title="Guldberg's hymnal">Guldberg's hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingo%27s_hymnal" title="Kingo's hymnal">Kingo's hymnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomiss%C3%B8n%27s_hymnal" title="Thomissøn's hymnal">Thomissøn's hymnal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A1lmab%C3%B3k_F%C3%B8roya_kirkju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sálmabók Føroya kirkju (page does not exist)">Sálmabók Føroya kirkju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siionin_Virret" title="Siionin Virret">Siionin Virret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virsikirja" title="Virsikirja">Virsikirja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Hymns" title="Passion Hymns">Passion Hymns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokre_salmar" title="Nokre salmar">Nokre salmar</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstads_kirkesalmebog" title="Landstads kirkesalmebog">Landstads kirkesalmebog</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalmebog_for_Kirke_og_Hus" title="Psalmebog for Kirke og Hus">Psalmebog for Kirke og Hus</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landstads_reviderte_salmebok" title="Landstads reviderte salmebok">Landstads reviderte salmebok</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk_salmebok" title="Nynorsk salmebok">Nynorsk salmebok</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmer_1973" title="Salmer 1973">Salmer 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Salmebok_(1985)" title="Norsk Salmebok (1985)">Norsk Salmebok (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmer_1997" title="Salmer 1997">Salmer 1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk_salmebok_2013" title="Norsk salmebok 2013">Norsk salmebok 2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culto_Cristiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culto Cristiano (page does not exist)">Culto Cristiano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swenske_songer_eller_wisor_1536" title="Swenske songer eller wisor 1536">Swenske songer</a> (1536)</li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Een_liten_Songbook" class="extiw" title="sv:Een liten Songbook">Een liten Songbook</a> (in Swedish, 1553)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1695)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1695) (page does not exist)">Den svenska psalmboken (1695)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1819)" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1819)">Den svenska psalmboken (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemlandss%C3%A5nger_(1891)" class="extiw" title="sv:Hemlandssånger (1891)">Hemlandssånger</a> (in Swedish, 1891)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1937)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1937) (page does not exist)">Den svenska psalmboken (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_svenska_psalmboken_(1986)" title="Den svenska psalmboken (1986)">Den svenska psalmboken (1986)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hymnodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnodist">Hymnodists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hymnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymnologist">hymnologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Albinus" title="Johann Georg Albinus">Johann Georg Albinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert von Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Altenburg" title="Michael Altenburg">Michael Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Sophia_II,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Anna Sophia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Emilie_Juliane_of_Barby-M%C3%BChlingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen">Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Behm" title="Martin Behm">Martin Behm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_von_Birken" title="Sigmund von Birken">Sigmund von Birken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Boberg" title="Carl Boberg">Carl Boberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgitte_Cathrine_Boye" title="Birgitte Cathrine Boye">Birgitte Cathrine Boye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Adolph_Brorson" title="Hans Adolph Brorson">Hans Adolph Brorson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Nordahl_Brun" title="Johan Nordahl Brun">Johan Nordahl Brun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_a_Burck" title="Joachim a Burck">Joachim a Burck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cappelen" title="Christian Cappelen">Christian Cappelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Cruciger" title="Elisabeth Cruciger">Elisabeth Cruciger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Cr%C3%BCger" title="Johann Crüger">Johann Crüger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Dachstein" title="Wolfgang Dachstein">Wolfgang Dachstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Decius" title="Nikolaus Decius">Nikolaus Decius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Eber" title="Paul Eber">Paul Eber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludmilla_Elisabeth_of_Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Ludmilla Elisabeth of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Ludmilla Elisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Eug%C3%A9nie_of_Sweden" title="Princess Eugénie of Sweden">Princess Eugénie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Finno" title="Jacobus Finno">Jacobus Finno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franck" title="Johann Franck">Johann Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Franck" title="Michael Franck">Michael Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Melchior Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Franck" title="Salomon Franck">Salomon Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Michael_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Frans Michael Franzén">Frans Michael Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Erik Gustaf Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gerhardt" title="Paul Gerhardt">Paul Gerhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Gesius" title="Bartholomäus Gesius">Bartholomäus Gesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gigas" title="Johannes Gigas">Johannes Gigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britt_G._Hallqvist" title="Britt G. Hallqvist">Britt G. Hallqvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hammerschmidt" title="Andreas Hammerschmidt">Andreas Hammerschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Harms" title="Claus Harms">Claus Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Gabriel_Hedberg" title="Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg">Fredrik Gabriel Hedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Fürchtegott Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heermann" title="Johann Heermann">Johann Heermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Helmbold" title="Ludwig Helmbold">Ludwig Helmbold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Herberger" title="Valerius Herberger">Valerius Herberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Herman" title="Nikolaus Herman">Nikolaus Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hermann" title="Johannes Hermann">Johannes Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebald_Heyden" title="Sebald Heyden">Sebald Heyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Hovden" title="Anders Hovden">Anders Hovden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Hubert" title="Konrad Hubert">Konrad Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigfrid_Karg-Elert" title="Sigfrid Karg-Elert">Sigfrid Karg-Elert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Keymann" title="Christian Keymann">Christian Keymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Kindermann" title="Balthasar Kindermann">Balthasar Kindermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kingo" title="Thomas Kingo">Thomas Kingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rre_Knudsen" title="Børre Knudsen">Børre Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Kolross" title="Johann Kolross">Johann Kolross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_K%C3%B6nig" title="Johann Balthasar König">Johann Balthasar König</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Krohn" title="Julius Krohn">Julius Krohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Brostrup_Landstad" title="Magnus Brostrup Landstad">Magnus Brostrup Landstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Mathias_Lindeman" title="Ludvig Mathias Lindeman">Ludvig Mathias Lindeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Apelles_von_L%C3%B6wenstern" title="Matthäus Apelles von Löwenstern">Matthäus Apelles von Löwenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Loy" title="Matthias Loy">Matthias Loy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Lunde_(bishop)" title="Sigurd Lunde (bishop)">Sigurd Lunde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmi_Malmivaara" title="Wilhelmi Malmivaara">Wilhelmi Malmivaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemminki_of_Masku" title="Hemminki of Masku">Hemminki of Masku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Matth%C3%A4us_Meyfart" title="Johann Matthäus Meyfart">Johann Matthäus Meyfart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Neumark" title="Georg Neumark">Georg Neumark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdmann_Neumeister" title="Erdmann Neumeister">Erdmann Neumeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Nicolai" title="Philipp Nicolai">Philipp Nicolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">Johann Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallgr%C3%ADmur_P%C3%A9tursson" title="Hallgrímur Pétursson">Hallgrímur Pétursson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Postel" title="Christian Heinrich Postel">Christian Heinrich Postel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Reusner" title="Adam Reusner">Adam Reusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_Ringwaldt" title="Bartholomäus Ringwaldt">Bartholomäus Ringwaldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rinkart" title="Martin Rinkart">Martin Rinkart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rist" title="Johann Rist">Johann Rist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Knorr_von_Rosenroth" title="Christian Knorr von Rosenroth">Christian Knorr von Rosenroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rumpius" title="Daniel Rumpius">Daniel Rumpius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Johan Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Sacer" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer">Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Sandell" title="Lina Sandell">Lina Sandell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schalk" title="Carl Schalk">Carl Schalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schalling_the_Younger" title="Martin Schalling the Younger">Martin Schalling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Scheidemann" title="Heinrich Scheidemann">Heinrich Scheidemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Johann Hermann Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Schmolck" title="Benjamin Schmolck">Benjamin Schmolck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriakus_Schneegass" title="Cyriakus Schneegass">Cyriakus Schneegass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schop" title="Johann Schop">Johann Schop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Balthasar_Schupp" title="Johann Balthasar Schupp">Johann Balthasar Schupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Selnecker" title="Nikolaus Selnecker">Nikolaus Selnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Skeie" title="Eyvind Skeie">Eyvind Skeie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haquin_Spegel" title="Haquin Spegel">Haquin Spegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Spengler" title="Lazarus Spengler">Lazarus Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Speratus" title="Paul Speratus">Paul Speratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spitta_(poet)" title="Philipp Spitta (poet)">Philipp Spitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stockmann" title="Paul Stockmann">Paul Stockmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Swedberg" title="Jesper Swedberg">Jesper Swedberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_T%C5%99anovsk%C3%BD" title="Jiří Třanovský">Jiří Třanovský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Teschner" title="Melchior Teschner">Melchior Teschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Samuel_of_Tranquebar" title="N. Samuel of Tranquebar">N. Samuel of Tranquebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Zachris Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Typp%C3%B6" title="Leonard Typpö">Leonard Typpö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vajda" title="Jaroslav Vajda">Jaroslav Vajda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Vopelius" title="Gottfried Vopelius">Gottfried Vopelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Wackernagel" title="Philipp Wackernagel">Philipp Wackernagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Olof_Wallin" title="Johan Olof Wallin">Johan Olof Wallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Walter" title="Johann Walter">Johann Walter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wei%C3%9Fe" title="Michael Weiße">Michael Weiße</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Weissel" title="Georg Weissel">Georg Weissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olle_Widestrand" title="Olle Widestrand">Olle Widestrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_af_Wirs%C3%A9n" title="Carl David af Wirsén">Carl David af Wirsén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Winkworth" title="Catherine Winkworth">Catherine Winkworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Zahn" title="Johannes Zahn">Johannes Zahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hymnodist">Luther § Hymnodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hymns_by_Martin_Luther" title="List of hymns by Martin Luther">Hymns by Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_hymn" title="Lutheran hymn">Lutheran hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe#Reformation" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">In continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_chorale" title="Lutheran chorale">Lutheran chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_setting" title="Chorale setting">Chorale setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_cantata" title="Chorale cantata">Chorale cantata</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity958" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity958" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5680" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9554#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121214073">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/14773105">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40681/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcC3jTktTmxwtTMgxrQbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118575449">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089628">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119136609">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119136609">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448237">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV015333">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35316366">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005235&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000082833&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX986784">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/81256">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068440146">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90054341">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=009958747&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000000742&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000002744&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000045708">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=92966">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026110">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00460882?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-4305">ORCID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500321766">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5a90e31d-52f3-4966-8ce0-7c3818fccca3">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/425019">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4bcd689e-13b1-4dcb-b603-5d1e0b6d71e8">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102469">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/artist/wd/59248edf-e5b0-4347-9322-f7960f42e340">Prado</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118575449">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/10149274">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/l0910">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/909059">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118575449.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118575449">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026998416">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/178419658">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w61g0ks9">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/133052">RISM</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/luther-martin">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther&oldid=1276213219">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Luther&oldid=1276213219</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Martin_Luther" title="Category:Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1483_births" title="Category:1483 births">1483 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1546_deaths" title="Category:1546 deaths">1546 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_apocalypticists" title="Category:16th-century apocalypticists">16th-century apocalypticists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Christian_mystics" title="Category:16th-century Christian mystics">16th-century Christian mystics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Lutheran_clergy" title="Category:16th-century German Lutheran clergy">16th-century German Lutheran clergy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_translators" title="Category:16th-century German translators">16th-century German translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_male_writers" title="Category:16th-century German male writers">16th-century German male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_German_Protestant_theologians" title="Category:16th-century German Protestant theologians">16th-century German Protestant theologians</a></li><li><a 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