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href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Andrew Olah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جورج أولاه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج أولاه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Olah" title="Corc Olah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Olah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جرج اولاه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج اولاه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="জর্জ অ্যান্ড্রু ওলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ অ্যান্ড্রু ওলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Ола" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Ола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_A._Ol%C3%A1h" title="György A. Oláh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="György A. Oláh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جرج اولاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج اولاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8_%EC%98%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="조지 앤드루 올라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 앤드루 올라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ג'ורג' אולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' אולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Olah" title="George Olah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George Olah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_A._Olah" title="Georgius A. Olah – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_(k%C3%A9mikus)" title="Oláh György (kémikus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oláh György (kémikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جورج اولاه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج اولاه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جرج اولاه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرج اولاه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ジョージ・オラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・オラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_A._Ol%C3%A1h" title="György A. Oláh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="György A. Oláh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj_Andreu_Ola" title="Jorj Andreu Ola – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jorj Andreu Ola" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%81" title="جارج اینڈریو اولاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج اینڈریو اولاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Olah" title="George Olah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Olah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Ола, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ола, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Olah" title="George A. Olah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George A. Olah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%97_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Җорҗ Ола – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җорҗ Ола" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Olah" title="George Olah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Olah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Ола" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="جارج انڈریو اولاح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج انڈریو اولاح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Andrew Olah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian-American chemist (1927–2017)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Oláh András György</i>. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Andrew Olah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/220px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/330px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg/440px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Olah in 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Oláh András György</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1927-05-22</span>)</span>May 22, 1927<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 8, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-03-08)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hungary</li><li>U.S.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">Carbocations</a> via <a href="/wiki/Superacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Superacids">superacids</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Judit Lengyel</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1949)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tolman_Award" title="Tolman Award">Tolman Award</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Cope_Award" title="Arthur C. Cope Award">Arthur C. Cope Award</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> (2005)</li> <li>Hungarian Order of Pro Merit (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Andrew Olah</b> (born <b>Oláh András György</b>; May 22, 1927 – March 8, 2017) was a Hungarian-American <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>. His research involved the generation and reactivity of <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocations</a> via <a href="/wiki/Superacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Superacids">superacids</a>. For this research, Olah was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1994 "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry."<sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a>, the highest honor granted by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/F._Albert_Cotton#F.A._Cotton_Medal_for_Excellence_in_Chemical_Research" title="F. Albert Cotton">F.A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, he emigrated to the United Kingdom, which he left for Canada in 1964, finally resettling in the United States in 1965. According to <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Marx" title="György Marx">György Marx</a>, he was one of <a href="/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)" title="The Martians (scientists)">The Martians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olah was born in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary, on May 22, 1927, into a <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> couple, Magda (Krasznai) and Gyula Oláh, a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the high school of Budapesti <a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarist Gimnazium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gymnasium_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gymnasium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he studied under organic chemist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Zempl%C3%A9n" title="Géza Zemplén">Géza Zemplén</a> at the Technical University of Budapest, now the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics" title="Budapest University of Technology and Economics">Budapest University of Technology and Economics</a>, where he earned M.S. and Ph.D degrees in chemical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1949 through 1954, he taught at the school as a professor of organic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent two years, from 1954 to 1956, he worked at the research institute of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Hungarian Academy of Sciences">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</a>, where he was associate scientific director and head of the department of organic chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>, he and his family moved briefly to England and then to Canada, where he joined <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow Chemical">Dow Chemical</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sarnia" title="Sarnia">Sarnia</a>, Ontario, with another Hungarian chemist, Stephen J. Kuhn. Olah's pioneering work on carbocations started during his eight years with Dow.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, he returned to academia at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a> in Cleveland, Ohio, chairing the department of chemistry from 1965 to 1969, and from 1967 through 1977 he was the C. F. Maybery Distinguished Professor of Research in Chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Olah became a <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalized citizen</a> of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At USC, Olah was a distinguished professor and the director of the <a href="/wiki/Loker_Hydrocarbon_Research_Institute" title="Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute">Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1980, he served as the Distinguished Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Professor of Chemistry and later became a distinguished professor in USC's school of engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, Olah was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> "for his contribution to <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocation</a> chemistry".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Olah's search for stable nonclassical <a href="/wiki/Carbocation" title="Carbocation">carbocations</a> led to the discovery of protonated <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> stabilized by <a href="/wiki/Superacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Superacids">superacids</a>, like FSO<sub>3</sub>H-SbF<sub>5</sub> ("<a href="/wiki/Magic_acid" title="Magic acid">Magic Acid</a>"). </p> <dl><dd>CH<sub>4</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> → CH<sub>5</sub><sup>+</sup></dd></dl> <p>Because these cations were able to be stabilized, scientists could now use <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</a> to study them in greater depth, as well as use them as catalysts in organic synthesis reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Olah, with Canadian chemist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Winstein" title="Saul Winstein">Saul Winstein</a>, was also involved in a career-long battle with <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> of <a href="/wiki/Purdue" class="mw-redirect" title="Purdue">Purdue</a> over the existence of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Non-classical_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-classical ion">nonclassical</a>" carbocations – such as the <a href="/wiki/Norbornane" title="Norbornane">norbornyl</a> cation, which can be depicted as cationic character delocalized over several bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olah's studies of the cation with NMR spectroscopy provided more evidence suggesting that Winstein's model of the non-classical cation, "featuring a pair of [delocalized] electrons smeared between three carbon atoms," was correct.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the Olah family formed an <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment fund</a> (the George A. Olah Endowment) which grants annual awards to outstanding chemists, including the George A. Olah Award in Hydrocarbon or Petroleum Chemistry, formerly known as the ACS Award in Petroleum Chemistry. The awards are selected and administered by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in his career, his research shifted from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> and their transformation into fuel to the <a href="/wiki/Methanol_economy" title="Methanol economy">methanol economy</a>, namely generating methanol from methane.<sup id="cite_ref-CE_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CE-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Zubrin" title="Robert Zubrin">Robert Zubrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Korin" title="Anne Korin">Anne Korin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Woolsey" title="James Woolsey">James Woolsey</a> in promoting a flexible-fuel mandate initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Olah wrote an essay promoting the methanol economy in which he suggested that methanol could be produced from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas (H<sub>2</sub>) and industrially derived or atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), using energy from renewable and nuclear sources to power the production process.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married Judit Ágnes Lengyel (<i>Judith Agnes Lengyel</i>) in 1949, and they had two children, György (<i>George</i>), born in Hungary in 1954, and Ronald, born in the U.S. in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-wiley_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olah died on March 8, 2017, at his home in <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a>, California.<sup id="cite_ref-abc1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, the Hungarian government said that the "country has lost a great patriot and one of the most outstanding figures of Hungarian scientific life."<sup id="cite_ref-abc1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg/220px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg/330px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg/440px-Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_a_Parlamentben.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Olah in 2010</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1970 ACS Henry Morley Medal<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 California Scientist of the Year<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 Roger Adams Award in Organic Chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-scalacs_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Pioneer_Award" title="Chemical Pioneer Award">Chemical Pioneer Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemists" title="American Institute of Chemists">American Institute of Chemists</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996 ACS F. A. Cotton Medal<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996 Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997 Elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1997">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1997</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-formemrs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Cope_Award" title="Arthur C. Cope Award">Arthur C. Cope Award</a></li> <li>2001 Elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Priestley_Medal" title="Priestley Medal">Priestley Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists)" title="The Martians (scientists)">The Martians (scientists)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-formemrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-formemrs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005225440/https://royalsociety.org/people/george-olah-12022/">"Professor George Olah ForMemRS Foreign Member"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/people/george-olah-12022/">the original</a> on October 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+George+Olah+ForMemRS+Foreign+Member&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpeople%2Fgeorge-olah-12022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810133118/http://superstarsofscience.com/scientist/george-a-olah">"George A. Olah – A Superstar of Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://superstarsofscience.com/scientist/george-a-olah">the original</a> on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+A.+Olah+%E2%80%93+A+Superstar+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperstarsofscience.com%2Fscientist%2Fgeorge-a-olah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994"</a>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1994&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_A._Olah2000" class="citation book cs1">George A. Olah (2000). <i>A Life Of Magic Chemistry: Autobiographical Reflections of a Nobel Prize Winner</i>. Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15743-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15743-4"><bdi>978-0-471-15743-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Life+Of+Magic+Chemistry%3A+Autobiographical+Reflections+of+a+Nobel+Prize+Winner&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-15743-4&rft.au=George+A.+Olah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5369301">"Exploring the Methanol Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Methanol+Economy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5369301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/olah-lecture.html">My Search for Carbocations and Their Role in Chemistry</a> Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994, by George A. Olah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fizikaiszemle.hu/archivum/fsz9703/marsl.html">A marslakók legendája</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409175959/http://fizikaiszemle.hu/archivum/fsz9703/marsl.html">Archived</a> 2022-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Marx" title="György Marx">György Marx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hungarytoday.hu/news/olah-gyorgy-nobel-prize-awarded-hungarian-american-chemist-dies-aged-89-56604">George Oláh, Nobel Prize Winning Hungarian-American Chemist, Dies at 89</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309135443/http://hungarytoday.hu/news/olah-gyorgy-nobel-prize-awarded-hungarian-american-chemist-dies-aged-89-56604">Archived</a> March 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hungary Today, March 9, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/olah-autobio.html">"George A. Olah – Biographical"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 300–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118840108.oth">10.1002/9781118840108.oth</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-84010-8"><bdi>978-1-118-84010-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curriculum+Vitae+of+George+Andrew+Olah&rft.btitle=A+Life+of+Magic+Chemistry%3A+Autobiographical+Reflections+Including+Post-Nobel+Prize+Years+and+the+Methanol+Economy&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ%2C+USA&rft.pages=300-305&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118840108.oth&rft.isbn=978-1-118-84010-8&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=George+Andrew+Olah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scalacs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scalacs_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalacs.org/?page_id=1352">"1991 George Olah, USC"</a>. Southern California Section of the American Chemical Society. 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1991+George+Olah%2C+USC&rft.pub=Southern+California+Section+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscalacs.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_A._Olah1965" class="citation book cs1">George A. Olah (1965). <i>Friedel-Crafts and Related Reactions</i>. New York: John Wiley and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedel-Crafts+and+Related+Reactions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1965&rft.au=George+A.+Olah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.usc.edu/faculty/Olah.html">"Department of Chemistry"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.usc.edu%2Ffaculty%2FOlah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1994/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1994"</a>. Nobelprize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chemistry+Nobel+laureate+George+Olah+dies+aged+89&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft.aulast=Stoye&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fnews%2Fchemistry-nobel-laureate-george-olah-dies-aged-89%2F2500536.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistry.ucla.edu/news/non-classical-cation-classic-case-conflict">"The Non-classical Cation: A Classic Case of Conflict"</a>. UCLA Chemistry & Biochemistry. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Non-classical+Cation%3A+A+Classic+Case+of+Conflict&rft.pub=UCLA+Chemistry+%26+Biochemistry&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistry.ucla.edu%2Fnews%2Fnon-classical-cation-classic-case-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeplow2013" class="citation news cs1">Peplow, Mark (July 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/the-nonclassical-cation-a-classic-case-of-conflict/6368.article">"The nonclassical cation: a classic case of conflict"</a>. 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[HF:BF{sub 2}/H{sub 2}]"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, (1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olah, G. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5165212-superacid-catalyzed-coal-conversion-chemistry-quarterly-technical-progress-reports-september-march-model-compound-consisting-benzene-rings-connected-various-bridging-units-alkylidene-ether-sulfide-etc">"Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. 1st and 2nd Quarterly Technical Progress Reports, September 1, 1983 – March 30, 1984."</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olah, G. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5253008-superacid-catalyzed-coal-conversion-chemistry-final-technical-report-september-september">"Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1983 – September 1, 1986."</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, (1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_A._Olah2005" class="citation journal cs1">George A. Olah (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/1149717262/04">"Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Angewandte_Chemie_International_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Angewandte Chemie International Edition">Angewandte Chemie International Edition</a></i>. <b>44</b> (18): 2636–2639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200462121">10.1002/anie.200462121</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15800867">15800867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Beyond+Oil+and+Gas%3A+The+Methanol+Economy&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=2636-2639&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.200462121&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15800867&rft.au=George+A.+Olah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1149717262%2F04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abc1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abc1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2017" class="citation news cs1">Rogers, John (March 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309200510/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-olah-dies-aged-46017676">"George A. Olah, who won Nobel Prize in chemistry, dies at 89"</a>. ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-olah-dies-aged-46017676">the original</a> on March 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+A.+Olah%2C+who+won+Nobel+Prize+in+chemistry%2C+dies+at+89&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FwireStory%2Fhungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-olah-dies-aged-46017676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309191125/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-a-olah-dies-aged-89/2017/03/09/8ebf8b92-04dd-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html">"Hungarian-American Nobel winner George A. Olah dies aged 89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-a-olah-dies-aged-89/2017/03/09/8ebf8b92-04dd-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html">the original</a> on March 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hungarian-American+Nobel+winner+George+A.+Olah+dies+aged+89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fhungarian-american-nobel-winner-george-a-olah-dies-aged-89%2F2017%2F03%2F09%2F8ebf8b92-04dd-11e7-9d14-9724d48f5666_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaic.org/award_winners/chem_pioneer.html#cpa60s">"Chemical Pioneer Award"</a>. American Institute of Chemists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemical+Pioneer+Award&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Chemists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaic.org%2Faward_winners%2Fchem_pioneer.html%23cpa60s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chem.tamu.edu/medals+lectureships/cotton-medal/Cotton-Medal.php">"F. A. Cotton Medal for Excellence in Chemical Research – Previous Recipients"</a>. American Chemical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.+A.+Cotton+Medal+for+Excellence+in+Chemical+Research+%E2%80%93+Previous+Recipients&rft.pub=American+Chemical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.tamu.edu%2Fmedals%2Blectureships%2Fcotton-medal%2FCotton-Medal.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+A.+Olah&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorge%2BA.%2BOlah%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Andrew+Olah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Andrew_Olah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/280">George Andrew Olah</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192603#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994 <i>My Search for Carbocations and Their Role in Chemistry</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1919</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1933</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Olah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1994_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1994_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1994 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Andrew Olah</a> (United States/Hungary)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a> (Japan)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> (Palestine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> (Israel/Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (Israel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Glenwood Shull</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." title="John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Forbes Nash</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Selten" title="Reinhard Selten">Reinhard Selten</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1989_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1989 Nobel Prize winners">1989</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1990_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1990 Nobel Prize winners">1990</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1991_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1991 Nobel Prize winners">1991</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd> <dd><b>1994 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_or_Hungarian-American_Nobel_Laureates_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template talk:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_or_Hungarian-American_Nobel_Laureates_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> or Hungarian-American <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Laureates</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy Richárd</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">Hevesy György</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polányi János</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oláh György</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Herskó Ferenc</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Kertész Imre</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lénárd Fülöp</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner Jenő</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gábor Dénes</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz Ferenc</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Bárány Róbert</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi Albert</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy György</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Karikó Katalin</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">Harsányi János</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1997" title="Template:FRS 1997"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1997" title="Template talk:FRS 1997"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1997" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1997"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1997" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1997">in 1997</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bate" title="Mike Bate">Mike Bate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Brady" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Brady">J. Michael Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bulmer" title="Michael Bulmer">Michael Bulmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burland" title="John Burland">John Burland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dickinson_Chambers" title="Richard Dickinson Chambers">Richard Dickinson Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._Clark" title="Colin W. Clark">Colin W. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Clary" title="David Clary">David Clary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Eaves" title="Laurence Eaves">Laurence Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Richard Fortey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garner_(chemist)" title="David Garner (chemist)">David Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gough" title="Douglas Gough">Douglas Gough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hinch_(mathematician)" title="John Hinch (mathematician)">John Hinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Jack" title="Julian Jack">Julian Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gordon_Jarvis" title="Paul Gordon Jarvis">Paul Gordon Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Keverne" title="Barry Keverne">Barry Keverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Kocienski" title="Philip Kocienski">Philip Kocienski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Kronheimer" title="Peter B. Kronheimer">Peter B. Kronheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165382" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165382">James R. Maxwell</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Mitchison" title="Tim Mitchison">Tim Mitchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Morris" title="Richard G. Morris">Richard G. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Perrins" title="Chris Perrins">Chris Perrins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett_(physicist)" title="George Pickett (physicist)">George Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Poste" title="George Poste">George Poste</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166479" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166479">Kenneth Reid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165006" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165006">Alan Rickinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Sachs" title="Leo Sachs">Leo Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Scoles" title="Giacinto Scoles">Giacinto Scoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott_(cardiologist)" title="James Scott (cardiologist)">James Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Sibbett" title="Wilson Sibbett">Wilson Sibbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(biochemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sykes (biochemist)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Richard E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Trudinger" title="Neil Trudinger">Neil Trudinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Weiss" title="Robin Weiss">Robin Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_White" title="Simon White">Simon White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Windle" title="Alan Windle">Alan Windle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard D. Wood">Richard D. Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Charles_Wood" title="Graham Charles Wood">Graham C. Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eisner" title="Thomas Eisner">Thomas Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Jakob_Gehring" title="Walter Jakob Gehring">Walter Jakob Gehring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Roy J. Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_David_Kruskal" title="Martin David Kruskal">Martin David Kruskal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Andrew Olah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109022781">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54209893">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/124851/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXdH3rJVCBMxghb3PvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/123159172">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84800249">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122846618">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122846618">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01207649">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0034147&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072468068">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90196915">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000060320&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000047447&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftx39213vwwp2z">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705799705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425832205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517715206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00982414?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1788-9753">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=36045924000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/172/9731">DBLP</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/123159172">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031676669">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66n20nh">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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