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href="#Executive_arrangement_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Executive arrangement types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Executive_arrangement_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Executive arrangement types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Executive_arrangement_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leader and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elected_mayor_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elected_mayor_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elected mayor and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elected_mayor_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elected_mayor_and_council_manager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elected_mayor_and_council_manager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Elected mayor and council manager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elected_mayor_and_council_manager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Alternative arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Committee system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Hybrid"_arrangements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Hybrid"_arrangements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"Hybrid" arrangements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Hybrid"_arrangements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrangements_for_moving_between_governance_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrangements_for_moving_between_governance_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arrangements for moving between governance 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Common forms of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor - Council</a><br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> elected by the people, elected legislative <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a></span> <br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council - Manager</a><br /> </p> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">city manager</a> hired by the elected City Council</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fused</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City Commission</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Elected commission enacts laws and governs</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democratic forms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Executive arrangements</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Leader and cabinet<br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Elected mayor and cabinet<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive mayor elected by the people</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Committee system<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Local_government_forms" title="Template talk:Local government forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In England, <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authorities</a> are required to adopt one of three types of <b>executive arrangements</b>, having an "elected mayor and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a>", a "leader and cabinet", or a "committee system".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of arrangement used determines how decisions will be made within the council. In councils which use the elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> system, the mayor is directly elected by the electorate to provide political leadership for the council and has power to make executive decisions. In councils which use the leader and cabinet model (the most commonly used model), the elected councillors choose one of their number to be the <b>Leader of the Council</b>, and that person provides political leadership and can make executive decisions. Where the committee system is used, executive power is exercised through various committees rather than being focussed on one person. Many councils which use the committee system still nominate one of the councillors to hold the title 'Leader of the Council', albeit without the same powers as a leader under the leader and cabinet model.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the establishment of elected local authorities in England in the nineteenth century until the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2000" title="Local Government Act 2000">Local Government Act 2000</a>, councils used a system of committees for decision making. There was no legislative requirement for any councillor to be declared the leader, with the principle being that all the elected councillors were equal in status. In practice, political groups had their own leaders, and when a council was under the control of a particular party, local media would commonly refer to the leader of the controlling party as being the 'Leader of the Council'. It was also generally recognised that the most powerful political position on a council was the person who chaired the main policy-making committee, which in most councils was called the policy and resources committee. Usually, the leader of the largest party would chair that committee. Some councils explicitly acknowledged the existence of a leader of the council, others did not. The role of Leader of the Council in that regard was similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister</a>; the post had not been explicitly created, but gradually emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Executive_arrangement_types">Executive arrangement types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Executive arrangement types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2000" title="Local Government Act 2000">Local Government Act 2000</a></div> <p>The Local Government Act 2000 sought to strengthen public engagement with local democracy, and streamline the system of committees, introducing the models of directly elected mayors and cabinets, leaders and cabinets, as well as a third option for an elected mayor and council manager, which was only adopted by one authority and was later withdrawn. Additionally, lower tier authorities with a population under 85,000 were allowed to continue to use a committee system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_and_cabinet">Leader and cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leader and cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leader and cabinet model was introduced under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2000" title="Local Government Act 2000">Local Government Act 2000</a>. It consists of the leader and the cabinet itself, which is usually formed by the majority party in the <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a>, where there is one, or by a coalition which comes together to elect a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council elects the leader, and the leader appoints the other members of the cabinet. Each cabinet member holds a separate portfolio, such as housing, finance, economic development, or education. Decisions may be delegated to the individual members, or taken by the cabinet as a whole. These decisions are scrutinised by one or more "overview and scrutiny" committees, which may be dedicated to one or more service areas. </p><p>The leader and cabinet are responsible for policies, plans, and strategies,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which must be within the budget adopted by the full council. These will be reported to the overall "full" council, which is convened to bring together all elected members of the authority at regular meetings. One or more overview and scrutiny committees holds the cabinet to account for its decisions and is responsible that the <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers#Checks_and_balances" title="Separation of powers">checks and balances</a> are maintained. </p><p>The principal executive decisions taken by the council as a whole are to appoint the leader, to approve the leader's budget, to adopt development plan documents, and to agree on the council's constitution. Beyond that, it may raise issues, urge the leader, cabinet, or cabinet members to take actions, or pass a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in the leader. </p><p>In addition, the compliance of councillors with their code of conduct may be overseen by a standards committee, although since the coming into effect of the Localism Act 2011 this can be dispensed with and its functions can be delegated to a monitoring officer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elected_mayor_and_cabinet">Elected mayor and cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elected mayor and cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England" title="Directly elected mayors in England">Directly elected mayors in England</a></div> <p>The elected mayor and cabinet model was introduced by the Local Government Act 2000. Councils currently operating the mayoral model include: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Local authority </th> <th>Post </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Current mayor </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Next election </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Borough_Council" title="Bedford Borough Council">Bedford Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bedford" title="Mayor of Bedford">Mayor of Bedford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Wootton, Tom"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wootton" title="Tom Wootton">Tom Wootton</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Conservative Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2027 </td> <td>155,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Croydon_London_Borough_Council" title="Croydon London Borough Council">Croydon London Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Croydon" title="Mayor of Croydon">Mayor of Croydon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Perry, Jason"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Perry_(politician)" title="Jason Perry (politician)">Jason Perry</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #0087DC;" data-sort-value="Conservative Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>386,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council">Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Doncaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayor of Doncaster">Mayor of Doncaster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Jones, Ros"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ros_Jones" title="Ros Jones">Ros Jones</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>291,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hackney_London_Borough_Council" title="Hackney London Borough Council">Hackney London Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Hackney" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayor of Hackney">Mayor of Hackney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Glanville, Philip"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Glanville" title="Philip Glanville">Philip Glanville</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour and Co-operative"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-op</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>212,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester_City_Council" title="Leicester City Council">Leicester City Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Leicester" title="Mayor of Leicester">Mayor of Leicester</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Soulsby, Peter"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Soulsby" title="Peter Soulsby">Peter Soulsby</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td>2027 </td> <td>294,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewisham_London_Borough_Council" title="Lewisham London Borough Council">Lewisham London Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Lewisham" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayor of Lewisham">Mayor of Lewisham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Egan, Damien"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Egan" title="Damien Egan">Damien Egan</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour and Co-operative"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-op</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>261,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_District_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield District Council">Mansfield District Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Mansfield" title="Mayor of Mansfield">Mayor of Mansfield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Abrahams, Andy"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Andy_Abrahams" class="mw-redirect" title="Andy Abrahams">Andy Abrahams</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2027 </td> <td>100,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough Borough Council">Middlesbrough Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Middlesbrough" title="Mayor of Middlesbrough">Mayor of Middlesbrough</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Cooke, Chris"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Cooke_(politician)" title="Chris Cooke (politician)">Chris Cooke</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2027 </td> <td>139,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newham_London_Borough_Council" title="Newham London Borough Council">Newham London Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Newham" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayor of Newham">Mayor of Newham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Fiaz, Rokhsana"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Rokhsana_Fiaz" title="Rokhsana Fiaz">Rokhsana Fiaz</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour and Co-operative"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour and Co-operative">Labour Co-op</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>249,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Council" title="North Tyneside Council">North Tyneside Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_North_Tyneside" title="Mayor of North Tyneside">Mayor of North Tyneside</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Redfearn, Norma"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Norma_Redfearn" title="Norma Redfearn">Norma Redfearn</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2025 </td> <td>196,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council" title="Salford City Council">Salford City Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Salford" title="Mayor of Salford">Mayor of Salford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Dennett, Paul"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dennett" title="Paul Dennett">Paul Dennett</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #E4003B;" data-sort-value="Labour Party (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>229,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_London_Borough_Council" title="Tower Hamlets London Borough Council">Tower Hamlets London Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayor_of_Tower_Hamlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets">Mayor of Tower Hamlets</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough">London borough</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Rahman, Lutfur"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Lutfur_Rahman_(British_politician)" title="Lutfur Rahman (British politician)">Lutfur Rahman</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FF5800;" data-sort-value="Aspire (political party)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Aspire_(political_party)" title="Aspire (political party)">Aspire</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>220,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Watford_Borough_Council" title="Watford Borough Council">Watford Borough Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Watford" title="Mayor of Watford">Mayor of Watford</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Taylor, Peter"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(British_politician)" title="Peter Taylor (British politician)">Peter Taylor</a></span></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 2px; color:inherit; background-color: #FAA61A;" data-sort-value="Liberal Democrats (UK)"> </td> <td scope="row" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>2026 </td> <td>80,000 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elected_mayor_and_council_manager">Elected mayor and council manager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elected mayor and council manager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elected mayor and council manager option was also introduced by the Local Government Act 2000, but withdrawn by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Public_Involvement_in_Health_Act_2007" title="Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007">Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only local authority to adopt the model was <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council" title="Stoke-on-Trent City Council">Stoke-on-Trent City Council</a>, reverting to leader and cabinet in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_arrangements">Alternative arrangements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternative arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 31 of the Local Government Act 2000 allowed district councils in two tier areas, with populations under 85,000, to propose alternative executive arrangements. This was superseded by the changes made by the Localism Act 2011 and the renewed availability of the committee system to all local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_system">Committee system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Committee system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Localism Act 2011, principal authorities (such as unitary authorities, county councils, and district councils) were allowed to return to decision-making by committees, the method of local government administration for all councils prior to 2000. Under this model power is exercised, alongside full council, by a number of committees, made up of councillors in proportion to their parties' representation on the council. Such councils may choose to nominate a councillor as Leader of the Council for the purposes of representing the political leadership of the council, particularly in relations with external bodies. If no leader is nominated, as was the case prior to 2000, the chair of the council's main policy committee may be informally deemed to be the council's de facto leader.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Hybrid"_arrangements"><span id=".22Hybrid.22_arrangements"></span>"Hybrid" arrangements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Hybrid" arrangements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some councils operate governance arrangements which have the characteristics of more than one formal governance option. For example, an authority operating under conventional executive arrangements but whose overview and scrutiny committees operate in a manner similar to those under the committee system (developing policy, taking an active part in the decision-making process, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrangements_for_moving_between_governance_options">Arrangements for moving between governance options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arrangements for moving between governance options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provisions exist in legislation for councils to move from one governance model to another.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/22/section/9B/">"Local Government Act 2000: Section 9B"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 2000 c. 22  (s. 9B)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+2000%26%2358%3B+Section+9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2000%2F22%2Fsection%2F9B%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+arrangements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Prior to the Local Government Act 2000, the Council did not formally elect a Leader of the Council but the chairman of the Policy and Resources Committee usually acted as Leader of the Council.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dover+District+Council&rft.atitle=Past+leaders+of+the+council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dover.gov.uk%2FCouncil--Democracy%2FPast-Leaders-of-the-Council.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+arrangements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfgs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Musical-Chairs.pdf">"Musical Chairs: Practical issues for local authorities in moving to a committee system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centre for Public Scrutiny</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>He was Leader of the Council, in those days called Chairman of the Policy Committee, between 1984 and 1986.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adur+and+Worthing+Councils&rft.atitle=Tributes+to+former+Adur+Council+leader+Robert+Dunn&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adur-worthing.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Fpr18-222.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTributes%2520have%2520been%2520paid%2520to%2CRobert%2520Dunn%2520who%2520has%2520died.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+arrangements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/22/contents">"Local Government Act 2000"</a>. <i>Legislation.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2000%2F22%2Fpart%2F1A%2Fchapter%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+arrangements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavaghan2021" class="citation news cs1">Gavaghan, Carl (13 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thescarboroughnews.co.uk/news/politics/john-clark-leader-of-ryedale-council-and-a-politician-for-40-years-dies-in-hospital-3346402">"John Clark, 'leader' of Ryedale Council and a politician for 40 years, dies in hospital"</a>. <i>Scarborough News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>Cllr Clark was the chairman of Ryedale Council's Policy and Resources Committee, which made him the de facto leader of the authority after councillors chose not to elect a councillor to the official role of leader.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scarborough+News&rft.atitle=John+Clark%2C+%27leader%27+of+Ryedale+Council+and+a+politician+for+40+years%2C+dies+in+hospital&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft.aulast=Gavaghan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thescarboroughnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjohn-clark-leader-of-ryedale-council-and-a-politician-for-40-years-dies-in-hospital-3346402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+arrangements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LGA/CfPS (2015), "Rethinking governance", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cfps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rethinking-Governance.pdf">https://www.cfps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rethinking-Governance.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102013209/https://www.cfps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Rethinking-Governance.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s9K et seq, LGA 2000 as amended: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/20/schedule/2/part/1/enacted">http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2011/20/schedule/2/part/1/enacted</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&oldid=1240465254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_arrangements&oldid=1240465254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executive_arrangements" title="Category:Executive arrangements">Executive arrangements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Local_government_in_England" title="Category:Local government in England">Local government in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 13:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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