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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">City manager</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstadtdirektor" title="Oberstadtdirektor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberstadtdirektor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مدیریت شهری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدیریت شهری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rant_municipal" title="Gérant municipal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gérant municipal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengelola_kota" title="Pengelola kota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengelola kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="City manager" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunaldirekt%C3%B8r" title="Kommunaldirektør – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kommunaldirektør" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative manager of an American city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about city managers in the United States. For county and city managers in the Republic of Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(Irish_local_government)" title="Chief executive (Irish local government)">Chief executive (Irish local government)</a>. For County managers in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Common forms of <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor - Council</a><br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> elected by the people, elected legislative <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">City council</a></span> <br /> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council - Manager</a><br /> </p> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive <a class="mw-selflink selflink">city manager</a> hired by the elected City Council</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Executive and legislature <a href="/wiki/Fusion_of_powers" title="Fusion of powers">fused</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City Commission</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Elected commission enacts laws and governs</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democratic forms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Citizens vote on policy, officers, and laws</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements" title="Executive arrangements">Executive arrangements</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Leader and cabinet<br /> <p><span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Elected mayor and cabinet<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive mayor elected by the people</span> </p> <hr /> <p>Committee system<br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">Executive leader and executive committees elected by the council from among themselves</span> </p> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Local_government_forms" title="Template talk:Local government forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Local_government_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Local government forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>city manager</b> is an official appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrative</a> <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">manager</a> of a city in the <a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">council–manager</a> form of city government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local officials serving in this position are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> (CEO) or <a href="/wiki/Chief_administrative_officer" title="Chief administrative officer">chief administrative officer</a> (CAO) in some municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibilities">Responsibilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Responsibilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a technical sense, the term "city manager," in contrast to "chief administrative officer" (CAO), implies more discretion and independent authority that is set forth in a charter or some other body of <a href="/wiki/Codified_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Codified law">codified law</a>, as opposed to duties being assigned on a varying basis by a single superior, such as a mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the top appointed official in the city, the city manager is typically responsible for most if not all of the day-to-day administrative operations of the municipality, in addition to other expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-duties_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duties-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duties#2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duties#2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the basic roles, responsibilities, and powers of a city manager include: </p> <ul><li>Supervision of day-to-day operations of all city departments and staff through department heads;</li> <li>Oversight of all recruitment, dismissal, disciplining and suspensions;</li> <li>Preparation, monitoring, and execution of the city budget, which includes submitting each year to the council a proposed budget package with options and recommendations for its consideration and possible approval;</li> <li>Main technical advisor to the council on overall governmental operations;</li> <li>Public relations, such as meeting with citizens, citizen groups, businesses, and other stakeholders (the presence of a mayor may alter this function somewhat);</li> <li>Operating the city with a professional understanding of how all city functions operate together to their best effect;</li> <li>Attends all council meetings, but does not have any voting rights<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_49–61_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_49–61-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Additional duties that may be assigned by the council<sup id="cite_ref-duties_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duties-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duties#2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duties#2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The responsibilities may vary depending upon charter provisions and other local or state laws, rules, and regulations. In addition, many states, such as the states of New Hampshire and Missouri, have codified in law the minimum functions a local "manager" must perform.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The City Manager position focuses on efficiency and providing a certain level of service for the lowest possible cost.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The competence of a city manager can be assessed using composite indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manager members of the <a href="/wiki/International_City/County_Management_Association" title="International City/County Management Association">International City/County Management Association</a> (ICMA) are bound by a rather rigid and strongly enforced code of ethics that was originally established in 1924. Since that time the code had been up-dated/revised on seven occasions, the latest taking place in 1998. The updates have taken into account the evolving duties, responsibilities, and expectations of the profession; however the core dictate of the body of the code--"to integrity; public service; seek no favor; exemplary conduct in both personal and professional matters; respect the role and contributions of elected officials; exercise the independence to do what is right; political neutrality; serve the public equitably and governing body members equally; keep the community informed about local government matters; and support and lead our employ-ees"—have not changed since the first edition.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_government_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Municipal_government_diagram.png/500px-Municipal_government_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Municipal_government_diagram.png 1.5x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Municipal government diagram.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sources trace the first city manager to <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1908. Some of the other cities that were among the first to employ a manager were <a href="/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina" title="Sumter, South Carolina">Sumter, South Carolina</a> (1912) and <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a> (1914); Dayton was featured in the national media, and became a national standard. The first "City Manager's Association" meeting of eight city managers was in December 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city manager, operating under the <a href="/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">council-manager government</a> form, was created in part to remove city government from the power of the political parties, and place management of the city into the hands of an outside expert who was usually a business manager or engineer, with the expectation that the city manager would remain neutral to city politics. By 1930, two hundred American cities used a city manager form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913, the city of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> suffered a <a href="/wiki/Great_Dayton_Flood" title="Great Dayton Flood">great flood</a>, and responded with the innovation of a paid, non-political city manager, hired by the commissioners to run the bureaucracy; civil engineers were especially preferred. Other small or middle-sized American cities, especially in the west, adopted the idea. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, smaller cities in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were specially attracted by the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1940, there were small American cities with city managers that would grow enormously by the end of the century: <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>; and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profile">Profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years of the profession, most managers came from the ranks of the engineering professions.<sup id="cite_ref-stillman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stillman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the typical and preferred background and education for the beginning municipal manager is a master's degree in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public Administration</a> (MPA), and at least several years' experience as a department head in local government, or as an assistant city manager. As of 2005, more than 60% of those in the profession had a MPA, MBA, or other related higher-level degree.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMA#1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMA#1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average tenure of a manager is now 7–8 years, and has risen gradually over the years. Tenures tend to be less in smaller communities and higher in larger ones, and they tend to vary as well, depending on the region of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ICMA#1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICMA#1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educational Level of Local Government Managers (MYB = Municipal Yearbook; SOP = State of the Profession survey):<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_49–61_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson_49–61-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="topbotR wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1935 </th> <th>1964 </th> <th>1974 </th> <th>1984 </th> <th>1995 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <th>High school or less </th> <td>42% </td> <td>14% </td> <td>6% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>2% </td> <td>4% </td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Some college, no degree </th> <td>21% </td> <td>22% </td> <td>18% </td> <td>10% </td> <td>— </td> <td>9% </td> <td>11% </td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bachelor's degree </th> <td>35% </td> <td>41% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>30% </td> <td>24% </td> <td>26% </td> <td>27% </td> <td>23% </td></tr> <tr> <th>MPA degree </th> <td>— </td> <td>18% </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>44% </td> <td>— </td> <td>37% </td> <td>43% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other graduate degree </th> <td>2% </td> <td>5% </td> <td>38% </td> <td>58% </td> <td>28% </td> <td>63% </td> <td>21% </td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Source </th> <td>1940 MYB </td> <td>1965 MYB </td> <td colspan="2">1990 MYB </td> <td>1996 MYB </td> <td>2001 MYB </td> <td>2006 SOP survey </td> <td>2012 SOP Survey </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sample size </th> <td><i>n</i> = 449 </td> <td><i>n</i> = 1,582 </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i>n</i> not reported </td> <td><i>n</i> =2 65 </td> <td><i>n</i> = 3,175 </td> <td><i>n</i> = 2,752 </td> <td><i>n</i> = 1,816 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local government in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council-manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager government">Council-manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Town clerk">Clerk (municipal official)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naperville.il.us/community_relations_government.aspx">City of Naperville</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unioncity.org/195/City-Managers-Office">"City Manager's Office | Union City, CA"</a>. <i>www.unioncity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unioncity.org&rft.atitle=City+Manager%27s+Office+%7C+Union+City%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unioncity.org%2F195%2FCity-Managers-Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icma.org/job-functionstitles/chief-administrative-officer-cao">"Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) | icma.org"</a>. <i>icma.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icma.org&rft.atitle=Chief+Administrative+Officer+%28CAO%29+%7C+icma.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficma.org%2Fjob-functionstitles%2Fchief-administrative-officer-cao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Svara, James H. and Kimberly L. Nelson. (2008, August). Taking Stock of the Council-Manager Form at 100. <i>Public Management</i> Magazine, pp 6-14, at: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080831195247/http://www.icma.org/pm/9007/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icma.org/pm/9007/">the original</a> on 2008-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficma.org%2Fpm%2F9007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duties-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duties_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duties_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313093711/http://bookstore.icma.org/FreeDocs/Council-Manager%20FAQ%20Brochure.pdf">"Council Manager Form of Government, ICMA publication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookstore.icma.org/FreeDocs/Council-Manager%20FAQ%20Brochure.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+Manager+Form+of+Government%2C+ICMA+publication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookstore.icma.org%2FFreeDocs%2FCouncil-Manager%2520FAQ%2520Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duties#2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duties#2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duties#2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807161339/http://icma.org/fileimages/full/~legacy~/icma_data/library/2009-06/%7b660cad64-a62d-4486-b22b-bdd53952f8aa%7d.pdf">Sample Ordinance, ICMA.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson_49–61-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_49–61_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_49–61_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonSvara2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson, Kimberly L.; Svara, James H. (2015-01-01). "The Roles of Local Government Managers in Theory and Practice: A Centennial Perspective". <i>Public Administration Review</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 49–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpuar.12296">10.1111/puar.12296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-6210">1540-6210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=The+Roles+of+Local+Government+Managers+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+A+Centennial+Perspective&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-61&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpuar.12296&rft.issn=1540-6210&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+L.&rft.au=Svara%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-099/0780000610.HTM">MRS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728182431/http://www.moga.mo.gov/statutes/C000-099/0780000610.HTM">Archived</a> 2013-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/III/37/37-6.htm">NH RSA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, Lynn. "The Impact Of Government Structure On Local Public Expenditures." Public Choice 136.3/4 (2008): 457-473. Political Science Complete. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarozziBolzan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Marozzi, Marco; Bolzan, Mario (2015). "Skills and training requirements of municipal directors: A statistical assessment". <i>Quality and Quantity</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 1093–1115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11135-015-0192-2">10.1007/s11135-015-0192-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121952677">121952677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quality+and+Quantity&rft.atitle=Skills+and+training+requirements+of+municipal+directors%3A+A+statistical+assessment&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1093-1115&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11135-015-0192-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121952677%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marozzi&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Bolzan%2C+Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071106171929/http://icma.org/main/bc.asp?bcid=72&hsid=1&ssid1=2514&ssid2=2570&ssid3=2571">"ICMA Code of Ethics page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icma.org/main/bc.asp?bcid=72&hsid=1&ssid1=2514&ssid2=2570&ssid3=2571">the original</a> on 2007-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICMA+Code+of+Ethics+page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficma.org%2Fmain%2Fbc.asp%3Fbcid%3D72%26hsid%3D1%26ssid1%3D2514%26ssid2%3D2570%26ssid3%3D2571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1914" class="citation journal cs1">James, Herman G. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400010789/type/journal_article">"The City Manager Plan, the Latest in American City Government"</a>. <i>American Political Science Review</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 602–613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1945258">10.2307/1945258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1945258">1945258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145433051">145433051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+City+Manager+Plan%2C+the+Latest+in+American+City+Government&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=602-613&rft.date=1914&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145433051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1945258%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1945258&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0003055400010789%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/433/mode/1up">"City managing, a new profession"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Dec 14, 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=City+managing%2C+a+new+profession&rft.date=1914-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findependen79v80newy%23page%2F433%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Bruce_FairbanksPatricia_Mooney-MelvinZane_L._Miller2001" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bruce Fairbanks; Patricia Mooney-Melvin; Zane L. Miller (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jT_3aZGDE4C&pg=PA85"><i>Making Sense of the City: Local Government, Civic Culture, and Community Life in Urban America</i></a>. Ohio State University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814208816" title="Special:BookSources/9780814208816"><bdi>9780814208816</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+City%3A+Local+Government%2C+Civic+Culture%2C+and+Community+Life+in+Urban+America&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780814208816&rft.au=Robert+Bruce+Fairbanks&rft.au=Patricia+Mooney-Melvin&rft.au=Zane+L.+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jT_3aZGDE4C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity+manager" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Couperus, "The managerial revolution in local government: municipal management and the city manager in the USA and the Netherlands 1900–1940." <i>Management & Organizational History</i> (2014) 9#4 pp: 336-352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold A. Stone et al., <i>City Manager Government in Nine Cities</i> (1940); Frederick C. Mosher et al., <i>City Manager Government in Seven Cities</i> (1940)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stillman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stillman_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stillman, Richard J. (1974). <i>The Rise of the City Manager: A Public Professional in Local Government.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICMA#1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICMA#1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICMA#1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icma.org/main/bc.asp?ssid1=2868&ssid3=2868&from=search&hsid=9&bcid=812">ICMA statistics</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammons, David M and Matthew J. Bosse. (2005). "Tenure of City Managers: Examining the Dual Meanings of 'Average Tenure'." <i>State & Local Government Review</i>, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 61-71. at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4355387">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kemp, Roger L. <i>Managing America's Cities: A Handbook for Local Government Productivity</i>, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK 1998(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0408-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0408-6">0-7864-0408-6</a>).</li> <li>_______, <i>Model Government Charters: A City, County, Regional, State, and Federal Handbook</i>, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3154-0">978-0-7864-3154-0</a>)</li> <li>_______, <i>Forms of Local Government: A Handbook on City, County and Regional Options</i>, McFarland and Co., Jefferson, NC, USA, and London, Eng., UK, 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3100-7">978-0-7864-3100-7</a>).</li> <li>Stillman, Richard Joseph. <i>The rise of the city manager: A public professional in local government</i>. (University of New Mexico Press, 1974)</li> <li>Weinstein, James. "Organized business and the city commission and manager movements." <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1962): 166–182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2205186">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>White, Leonard D. <i>The city manager</i> (1927)</li> <li>Woodruff, Clinton Rogers (1928). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2765695">The City-Manager Plan"</a>. <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 599–613.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_manager&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icma.org">International City/County Management Association</a>, ICMA is the professional and educational organization for chief appointed managers, administrators, and assistants in cities, towns, counties, and regional entities throughout the world.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080504070918/http://www.staunton.va.us/default.asp?pageID=F7F8A572-869A-46FF-AC3D-494FA7501FE9">Staunton, Virginia: Birthplace Of City Manager Form Of Government</a>, a history on the city manager system of government.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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