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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet and feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_and_intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_and_intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Communication and intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_and_intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifespan_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifespan_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lifespan and mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifespan_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian elephant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فيل هندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيل هندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_fili" title="Hindistan fili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan fili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভারতীয় হাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় হাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Индийски слон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийски слон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" title="Elephas maximus indicus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elephas maximus indicus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_elefant" title="Indisk elefant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indisk elefant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Elefant" title="Indischer Elefant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indischer Elefant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" title="Elephas maximus indicus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elephas maximus indicus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiar_elefante" title="Indiar elefante – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiar elefante" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فیل هندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیل هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phant_indien" title="Éléphant indien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éléphant indien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilifint_Indiach" title="Eilifint Indiach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eilifint Indiach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante_indio" title="Elefante indio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Elefante indio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%BD%94%EB%81%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="인도코끼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도코끼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="भारतीय हाथी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय हाथी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_india" title="Gajah india – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gajah india" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" title="Elephas maximus indicus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elephas maximus indicus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99" title="פיל הודי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיל הודי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾರತದ ಆನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ಆನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzol_(Elephas_maximus_indicus)" title="Fuzol (Elephas maximus indicus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Fuzol (Elephas maximus indicus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai_elef%C3%A1nt" title="Indiai elefánt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai elefánt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Индиски слон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индиски слон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ആന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ആന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="فيل هندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيل هندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajah_India" title="Gajah India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gajah India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_olifant" title="Indische olifant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indische olifant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="भारतीय हात्ती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय हात्ती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%BE%E3%82%A6" title="インドゾウ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドゾウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefante-indiano" title="Elefante-indiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elefante-indiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" title="Elephas maximus indicus – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Elephas maximus indicus" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Ииндийэ сэлиитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ииндийэ сэлиитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elefanti_indian" title="Elefanti indian – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elefanti indian" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant" title="Indian elephant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian elephant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slon_%C3%A1zijsk%C3%BD_indick%C3%BD" title="Slon ázijský indický – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Slon ázijský indický" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" title="Elephas maximus indicus – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Elephas maximus indicus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="فیلی ھیندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Индијски слон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијски слон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intiannorsu" title="Intiannorsu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intiannorsu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_elefant" title="Indisk elefant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indisk elefant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="இந்திய யானை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the species also referred to as the Indian elephant, see <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Indian elephant<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – Recent<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_(Bandipur).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/220px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg/440px-Elephas_maximus_%28Bandipur%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1732" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A male elephant in <a href="/wiki/Bandipur_National_Park" title="Bandipur National Park">Bandipur National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianElephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/250px-IndianElephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/330px-IndianElephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/IndianElephant.jpg/500px-IndianElephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A female elephant in <a href="/wiki/Nagerhole_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagerhole National Park">Nagerhole National Park</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species_(IUCN_status)" title="Endangered species (IUCN status)">Endangered</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)</small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Elephas" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">Elephantidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas"><i>Elephas</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">E. maximus</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subspecies: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><i><b>E. m. indicus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Trinomial_nomenclature" title="Trinomial nomenclature">Trinomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Elephas maximus indicus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1798</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>E. m. bengalensis</i> de Blainville, 1843 </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Indian elephant</b> (<i><b>Elephas maximus indicus</b></i>) is one of three extant recognized <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>, native to mainland <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. The species is smaller than the <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African</a> elephant species with a convex back and the highest body point on its head. The species exhibits significant <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> with a male reaching an average shoulder height of about 3.2 m (10 ft) and weighing up to 5,400 kg (11,900 lb) whereas a female reaches an average shoulder height of about 2.54 m (8 ft 4 in) and weighs up to 4,160 kg (9,170 lb). It has a broader <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> with a concave forehead, two large laterally folded ears and a large trunk. It has smooth grey skin with four large legs and a long tail. </p><p>The Indian elephant is native to mainland Asia with nearly three-fourth of the population found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The species is also found in other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> including <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asian</a> countries including <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> with small populations in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It inhabits grasslands, dry <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forests">deciduous</a>, moist deciduous, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen</a> and semi-evergreen forests across the range. The species is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Megaherbivore" title="Megaherbivore">megaherbivore</a> and consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day. They consume a variety of diet depending on the habitat and seasons and might include leaves and twigs of fresh foliage, thorn-bearing shoots, flowering plants, fruits and grass. </p><p>Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as the wild population has declined by at least 50% over the last three elephant generations. The species is threatened by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> of elephants for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> is a serious threat in some parts of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a> was launched in 1992 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to protect elephant habitats and population. </p><p>The Indian elephant is a cultural symbol throughout its range and appears in various religious traditions and mythologies. The elephants are treated positively and is revered as a form of Lord <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. It has been designated the national heritage animal in India and is the national animal of Thailand and Laos. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indian elephant (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>) is one of three extant recognized <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> <i>Elephas maximus</i> in 1758 for an elephant from <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Elephas indicus</i> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> in 1798, who described an elephant from India.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Nutter_Chasen" title="Frederick Nutter Chasen">Frederick Nutter Chasen</a> classified all three as <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the Asian elephant in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephas_maximus_indicus_(skull)_at_G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_Museum_2368.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Elephas_maximus_indicus_%28skull%29_at_G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_Museum_2368.jpg/250px-Elephas_maximus_indicus_%28skull%29_at_G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_Museum_2368.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Elephas_maximus_indicus_%28skull%29_at_G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_Museum_2368.jpg/330px-Elephas_maximus_indicus_%28skull%29_at_G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_Museum_2368.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>The skull of an Indian elephant at the <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborgs_Naturhistoriska_museum" class="extiw" title="sv:Göteborgs Naturhistoriska museum">Natural History Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a>. Its back is convex or level with the highest body point on its head. The species exhibits significant <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> with a male reaching an average shoulder height of about 3.2 m (10 ft) and weighing up to 5,400 kg (11,900 lb) whereas a female reaches an average shoulder height of about 2.54 m (8 ft 4 in) and weighs up to 4,160 kg (9,170 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest Indian elephant was 3.43 m (11.3 ft) high at the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, it measures 5.5–6.5 m (18–21 ft) in length including the trunk.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has a broader <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> with a concave forehead and two dorsal bulges on the top. Two large laterally folded ears and a large trunk with one finger-like process are attached to the head.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 20 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">ribs</a> and 34 <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a>. There are four large legs which are almost straight with broader toes and with five nail like structures on each foreleg and four on each of the hind-legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large legs help support the larger weight for longer periods without spending much energy with the broad feet helping to cushion against hard surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a long tail measuring on average 1.2–1.5 m (3 ft 11 in – 4 ft 11 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skin color is generally grey and lighter than that of <i><a href="/wiki/Elephas_maximus_maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephas maximus maximus">E. m. maximus</a></i> but darker than that of <i><a href="/wiki/Elephas_maximus_sumatranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephas maximus sumatranus">E. m. sumatranus</a></i>. The skin is generally smoother than that of the African species and might consist of smaller patches of white <a href="/wiki/Depigmentation" title="Depigmentation">depigmentation</a> or grey spots.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body is covered by brownish to reddish hairs which reduce and darken with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female is usually smaller than the male with short or no <a href="/wiki/Tusks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tusks">tusks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 29 narrow cheek teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_elephant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states by elephant population">List of Indian states by elephant population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/220px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/330px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg/440px-Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Indian elephant herd in <a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuskercorbett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tuskercorbett.jpg/220px-Tuskercorbett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tuskercorbett.jpg/330px-Tuskercorbett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tuskercorbett.jpg/440px-Tuskercorbett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A tusker elephant in Jim Corbett National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian elephant is native to mainland Asia with nearly three-fourth of the population found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. The species is also found in other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> including <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asian</a> countries including <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> with small populations in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It is regionally extinct in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It inhabits grasslands, dry <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forests">deciduous</a>, moist deciduous, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen</a> and semi-evergreen forests. The total estimated wild population ranges from 23,000 to 41,000 individuals across the range.<sup id="cite_ref-Shoshani_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoshani-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WWF_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the 2017 census, the estimated wild population in India was 27,312 individuals which account for nearly three-fourths of the extant population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement and habitat utilization patterns of an elephant population were studied in southern India during 1981–83 within a 1,130 km<sup>2</sup> (440 sq mi) study area. The vegetation types of this area encompasses dry <a href="/wiki/Thorn_forest" title="Thorn forest">thorn forest</a> at 250 to 400 m (820 to 1,310 ft), <a href="/wiki/Deciduous_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Deciduous forest">deciduous forest</a> at 400 to 1,400 m (1,300 to 4,600 ft), stunted <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">evergreen forest</a> and grassland at 1,400 to 1,800 m (4,600 to 5,900 ft). Five different elephant clans, each consisting of between 50 and 200 individuals, had home ranges of between 105 km<sup>2</sup> (41 sq mi) and 320 km<sup>2</sup> (120 sq mi), which overlapped. They preferred habitat where water was available and food plants were palatable. During the dry months of January to April, they congregated at high densities of up to five individuals per km<sup>2</sup> in river valleys, where they <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browsed</a> plants that had a much higher <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> content than the coarse tall grasses on hill slopes. With the onset of rains in May, they dispersed over a wider area at lower densities, largely into the tall grass forests, to feed on the fresh grasses, which then had a high protein value. During the second wet season from September to December, when the tall grasses became fibrous, they moved into lower elevation short grass open forests. The normal movement pattern could be upset during years of adverse environmental conditions. However, the movement pattern of elephants in this region has not basically changed for over a century, as inferred from descriptions recorded during the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a>, three elephant clans had overall home ranges of 562 km<sup>2</sup> (217 sq mi), 670 km<sup>2</sup> (260 sq mi) and 799 km<sup>2</sup> (308 sq mi) in the beginning of the 1990s. During three years of survey, their annual home ranges overlapped to a large extent with only minor shifts in the home ranges between years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are about 138 identified elephant corridors in India, with the majority of the elephant population in India restricted to four general areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sukumar_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukumar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PE_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Elephant corridors in India </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Region </th> <th>Areas </th> <th>Corridors </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Elephant population (2017) </th> <th>Percentage of elephant population <br /> (2017) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">North-East</a> </td> <td>From the eastern border of Nepal in northern <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> through western <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> along the Himalaya foothills as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mishmi_Hills" title="Mishmi Hills">Mishmi Hills</a>, extending into eastern <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, the plains of upper Assam, and the foothills of <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garo Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Khasi_Hills" title="Khasi Hills">Khasi Hills</a>, to parts of the lower <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> plains and <a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong plateau">Karbi Plateau</a>; isolated herds occur in <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> districts of Assam </td> <td>58 </td> <td>41,000 </td> <td>10,139 </td> <td>33.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East</a> </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, with some animals wandering into <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td>23,500 </td> <td>3,128 </td> <td>10.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North</a> </td> <td>At the foot of the Himalayas in <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Katarniaghat_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary">Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>5,500 </td> <td>2,085 </td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South</a> </td> <td>Eight populations are fragmented from each other in northern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, in the crestline of Karnataka–<a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary">Bhadra</a>–<a href="/wiki/Malnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnad">Malnad</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_(hill)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmagiri (hill)">Brahmagiri</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nilgiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris">Nilgiris</a>–<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>–<a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley</a>–<a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Anamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamalai">Anamalai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Parambikulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parambikulam">Parambikulam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Periyar_National_Park" title="Periyar National Park">Periyar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Srivilliputhur" title="Srivilliputhur">Srivilliputhur</a>, and one in <a href="/wiki/Agasthyamalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Agasthyamalai">Agasthyamalai</a> </td> <td>46 </td> <td>40,000 </td> <td>14,612 </td> <td>48.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Elephants,_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_(25421949020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/220px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/330px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg/440px-Asian_Elephants%2C_Elephas_maximus_in_Khao_Yai_national_park_%2825421949020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Indian elephant herd in <a href="/wiki/Khao_Yai_National_Park" title="Khao Yai National Park">Khao Yai National Park</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from India, following is the distribution and estimated population of Indian elephants across Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sukumar_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukumar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>100–125 in Nepal, where their range is restricted to a few protected areas in the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> along the border with India. In 2002, estimates ranged from 106 to 172 resident and migratory elephants, with most of them in <a href="/wiki/Bardia_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia National Park">Bardia National Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>150–250 in Bangladesh, where only isolated populations survive in the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Hills">Chittagong Hills</a></li> <li>250–500 in Bhutan, where their range is limited to protected areas in the south along the border with India</li> <li>4,000–5,000 in Myanmar, where populations are highly fragmented, and occur in the northern ranges and <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Yoma">Arakan Yoma</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Pegu_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu Yoma">Pegu Yoma</a> of central Myanmar, <a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tenasserim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a></li> <li>2,500–3,200 in Thailand, mainly in the mountains along the border with Myanmar, with smaller fragmented populations occurring in the peninsula in the south</li> <li>2,100–3,100 in Malaysia</li> <li>500–1,000 Laos, where they remain widely but patchily distributed in forested areas, both in the highlands and lowlands</li> <li>200–250 in China, where they survive only in the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simao District">Simao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li>250–600 in Cambodia, where they primarily inhabit the mountains of the south-west and in <a href="/wiki/Mondulkiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondulkiri Province">Mondulkiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratanakiri_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanakiri Province">Ratanakiri Provinces</a></li> <li>70–150 in the southern parts of Vietnam</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavior and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_elephants,_Munnar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/220px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/330px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg/440px-Wild_elephants%2C_Munnar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Indian elephants foraging on open grasslands in <a href="/wiki/Munnar" title="Munnar">Munnar</a>, Kerala</figcaption></figure> <p>Elephant is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Megaherbivore" title="Megaherbivore">megaherbivore</a> and can consume up to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can spend up to 19 hours a day foraging for food and can produce up to 220 pounds of <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">dung</a> per day.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a generalist feeder and both a <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(predation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Browsing (predation)">browser</a>. In a study area of 1,130 km<sup>2</sup> (440 sq mi) in southern India, elephants were recorded to feed on 112 different plant species, most commonly of the order <a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Leguminosae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leguminosae">legume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmae" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmae">palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graminae" class="mw-redirect" title="Graminae">true grass</a> families. They graze on the <a href="/wiki/Themeda" title="Themeda">tall grasses</a>, but the portion consumed varies with season. When the new flush appears in April, they remove the tender blades in small clumps. Later, when grasses are higher than 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in), they uproot entire clumps, dust them and consume the fresh leave tops, but discard the roots. When grasses are mature in autumn, they clean and consume the succulent basal portions with the roots, and discard the fibrous blades. From the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboos</a>, they eat seedlings, culms and lateral shoots. During the dry season from January to April, they mainly browse on both leaves and twigs preferring the fresh foliage, and consume thorn bearing shoots of <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a> species without any obvious discomfort. They feed on the bark of <a href="/wiki/Acacia_suma" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia suma">white thorn</a> and other flowering plants, and consume the fruits of <a href="/wiki/Limonia_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limonia (plant)">wood apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Careya_arborea" title="Careya arborea">kumbhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(plant)" title="Phoenix (plant)">date palm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a study in a tropical moist mixed deciduous forested area of 160 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi) in Assam, elephants were observed to feed on about 20 species of grasses, plants and trees. Grasses such as <i><a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">Imperata cylindrica</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leersia_hexandra" title="Leersia hexandra">Leersia hexandra</a></i> constituted the most predominant component of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Bardia_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardia National Park">Bardia National Park</a>, elephants consume large amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_spontaneum" title="Saccharum spontaneum">floodplain grass</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season. They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kui_Buri_National_Park_(Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/220px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/330px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg/440px-Kui_Buri_National_Park_%28Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Indian elephant herd in <a href="/wiki/Kui_Buri_National_Park" title="Kui Buri National Park">Kui Buri National Park</a>, Thailand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg/220px-Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg/330px-Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg/440px-Tusker_Elephant_Bath1_Nagarhole_Kabini_Apr22_D72_23842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>A bull in Nagarhole National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian elephants typically live in small herds consisting of related females, their female offspring and young immature males. The elephants are extremely social animals and form complex social relationships. They often work together as a group to raise their young and to protect the herd. While individual herds might not have a designated matriarch, older females will take on a more dominant role within the herd.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male elephant is typically encouraged to leave the herd once it reaches puberty which often happens between the ages of 8 and 13. This is a gradual process most of the times and is determined by the male's competitive and independent nature and the tolerance of the herd. Juvenile males tend to form loose herds while they typically become independent on ageing.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_intelligence">Communication and intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Communication and intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Elephant cognition</a></div> <p>An elephant communicates using low-pitched sounds and <a href="/wiki/Infrasonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrasonic">infrasonic</a> grunts or rumbles. Various sounds are produced that can communicate specific information to other elephants over long distances. A female make different calls and low-frequency vocalizations to warn of predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An elephant has a developed <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> system and is able to discern various scents. Wind-born scents can be sensed and used to communicate clues regarding the presence of other elephants or potential dangers. The trunk is also used for greeting other elephants and communication of emotions such as excitement, competition, dominance, discipline, reassurance etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An elephant has a large brain which weighs between 4–6 kg (8.8–13.2 lb). It is a highly intelligent animal with a great capacity to learn new things. Much of elephant behavior is learned from the elders over the years rather than being instinctive.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifespan_and_mortality">Lifespan and mortality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lifespan and mortality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg/220px-Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg/330px-Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg/440px-Rhiono_and_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Elephant herd in <a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_National_Park" title="Kaziranga National Park">Kaziranga National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indian elephant has a lifespan between 40 and 65 years with some animals reported to have lived for more than 75 years.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per available evidence, an Indian elephant may typically live into their mid-50s, but there is no consistent data available to accurately estimate the lifespan of wild elephants. The median life expectancy for female elephants was estimated to be 47 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adult elephant has no enemies in the wild, except for humans. However, young elephants are often susceptible to attacks by <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> predators such as <a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">tigers</a> in the areas where their ranges overlap. When a predator is visible, elder members of the herd may emit warning calls that prompt the rest of the herd to group together for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mom_N_Me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mom_N_Me.jpg/250px-Mom_N_Me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mom_N_Me.jpg/330px-Mom_N_Me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mom_N_Me.jpg/500px-Mom_N_Me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An Indian elephant cow with her calf</figcaption></figure> <p>A female produces various noises to indicate her presence and readiness to male bulls. An elephant can determine the identity, sex and reproductive status of another elephant using its trunks to smell the elephant's mouth, temporal gland, genitals, urine or dung.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Indian elephant reaches sexual maturity between 8 and 13 years of age but might not mate until later. While a female might bear calves starting a few years later, a male is unlikely to become a father until the 30s due to competition with older, larger males. An older male experiences a period of heightened sexual and aggressive activity called <i>musth</i>, which is caused by the production of large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. During the period, a green fluid secreted from the elephant's temporal glands drips from the penis. A female <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulates</a> once about every 115 days and if fertilized, the <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> period is about 22 months, the longest gestation period of any animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most often, a female gives birth to a single calf (occasionally two might be born), which may weigh between 68–158 kg (150–348 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A calf is able to stand and nurse soon after birth and start to feed on solid food by six months. A calf will also eat its mother's dung for several years, which contain nutrients and symbiotic bacteria that aid in the digestion of plant food. A female might not give birth to another calf for an interval of three to eight years, depending on environmental conditions. A calf is <a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">weaned</a> slowly and might often continue to be nursed by the mother until she delivers another calf or if it reaches puberty. While a male leaves its natal herd at sexual maturity, a female remain within the herd throughout its life.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_and_conservation">Status and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Status and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asian_Elephant_(Elephas_maximus)_(7852943934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg/250px-Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg/330px-Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg/500px-Asian_Elephant_%28Elephas_maximus%29_%287852943934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>An Indian elephant foraging on a roadside</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> as the wild population has declined by at least 50% over the last three elephant generations.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species is threatened by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a>, which are driven by an <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">expanding human population</a> and in turn lead to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants when elephants eat or trample crops.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant extents of elephant range and suitable habitat has been lost with their free movement impeded by reservoirs and dams, <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> projects and associated canals, numerous pockets of cultivation and plantations, highways, railway lines, mining and other <a href="/wiki/Industrial_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial development">industrial development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sukumar_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukumar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a> of elephants for <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> is a serious threat in some parts of Asia. Poaching of tuskers impact the sex ratios that become highly female biased and the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variation</a> is reduced with a decline in <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> and recruitment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sukumar_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sukumar-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Periyar_Tiger_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Periyar Tiger Reserve">Periyar Tiger Reserve</a>, Poaching has dramatically skewed adult sex ratios between 1969 and 1989 with the adult male:female sex ratio changing from 1:6 to 1:122.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, elephant mortality also occurs due to railway accidents with railway track running across elephant corridors. Elephants that pass through from one forest patch to another dash against the trains and die. In East India, a total of 39 dead elephants were reported during the period of 1958 to 2008, of which ten were reportedly killed between 2004 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrocution due to contact with electric poles and transformers has been reported as another major threat to elephants in India, with an estimated 461 elephants having been electrocuted between 2009 and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant,_Kok_River,_Chiang_Rai,_Thailand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg/180px-Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg/270px-Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg/360px-Elephant%2C_Kok_River%2C_Chiang_Rai%2C_Thailand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Captive Indian elephant in Thailand</figcaption></figure> <p>In Bangladesh, forested areas that served as prime elephant habitat have undergone drastic reduction, which had a severe impact on the wild elephant population. Habitat loss and fragmentation is attributed to the increasing human population and its need for fuel wood and timber which results in <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal logging</a> resulting in deforestation and habitat degradation. As a result of the shrinking habitat, elephants have become prone to coming into direct conflict with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Myanmar, demand for elephant ivory has led to poaching with <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory trade</a> providing significant income. In the clandestine market, prices of raw ivory increased from $76 per kilogram in 1989–90 to over $200 per kilogram by the mid-1990s with foreign tourists often responsible for the demand which fuels the illegal killing of elephants. There is also a sizeable trade in ivory <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a> and carvings, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_trade#Illegal_wildlife_trade" title="Wildlife trade">smuggled</a> by traders from Myanmar into China.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many elephants are also captured, raised in captivity and used for various purposes such as logging, tourism, religious festivals and show events.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young wild-born elephant calves are separated from their mothers in Myanmar for use in Thailand's tourism industry. The mothers are often killed in the process of capturing and the calves are placed alongside already captive unrelated cows. Then the calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured, as a result of which two-thirds may perish.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Elephants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/250px-Indian_Elephants.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/330px-Indian_Elephants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Indian_Elephants.jpg/500px-Indian_Elephants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5363" data-file-height="3522" /></a><figcaption>Indian elephants in Mudumalai National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The Indian elephant is a protected species under Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life Protection Act, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-PE1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a> was launched in 1992 by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forests">Ministry of Environment and Forests</a> of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to provide financial and technical support of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">wildlife management</a> efforts by the states. The project aims to ensure long-term survival of viable <a href="/wiki/Conservation_reliant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation reliant species">conservation reliant</a> populations of elephants in their natural habitats by protecting the elephants, their habitats and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">migration corridors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PE_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also sought to enable various activities to address the issue of human-animal conflict, promote the welfare of elephants in captivity, support research of the ecology and management of elephants, creating <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation awareness</a> among local people and providing improved veterinary care for captive elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-PE_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PE-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2023, there are 33 notified elephant reserves in India, covering 80,778 km<sup>2</sup> (31,189 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg/140px-Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg/210px-Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg/280px-Ganesha_asianartmuseumsf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> God <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></div> <p>The Indian elephant is a cultural symbol throughout its range in Asia and appears in various <a href="/wiki/Asian_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian religions">religious traditions</a> and mythologies. The elephants are treated positively and are sometimes revered as deities, often symbolizing strength, wisdom and good fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is revered as a form of Lord <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Although Ganesha has many attributes, he is readily identified by his elephant head.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also revered as a <a href="/wiki/Ganesha_in_Buddhism" title="Ganesha in Buddhism">part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> pantheon of Gods.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elephants are often used as part of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temples</a> and elaborate rituals. They form an important part of Hindu festivals like <a href="/wiki/Dussehra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dussehra">Dussehra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pooram" title="Pooram">Pooram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, it has been designated the national heritage animal.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the national animal of Thailand and Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian elephant is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">state animal</a> of the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Elephants in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Elephants in Kerala culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=233499">"fossilworks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212192741/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=233499">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fossilworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaleobiodb.org%2Fclassic%2FcheckTaxonInfo%3Ftaxon_no%3D233499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_C.Tiwari,_S._K.Goswami,_V._R.de_Silva,_S.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, C.; Tiwari, S. K.; Goswami, V. R.; de Silva, S.; Kumar, A.; Baskaran, N.; Yoganand, K. & Menon, V. 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ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170520013620/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/eri_8226.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elephant+Reserves&rft.pub=ENVIS+Centre+on+Wildlife+%26+Protected+Areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiienvis.nic.in%2FDatabase%2Feri_8226.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeVitoDeVito1994" class="citation book cs1">DeVito, Carole; DeVito, Pasquale (1994). <i>India - Mahabharata. 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Franco-Indian Research. pp. <span class="nowrap">412–</span>416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-900184-3-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-900184-3-2"><bdi>978-81-900184-3-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ga%E1%B9%87e%C5%9Ba%2C+the+Enchanter+of+the+Three+Worlds&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.pub=Franco-Indian+Research&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-900184-3-2&rft.aulast=Martin-Dubost&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5DjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWayman,_Alex2006" class="citation book cs1">Wayman, Alex (2006). <i>Chanting the Names of Manjushri</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Elephant+declared+national+heritage+animal&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi%2Felephant-declared-national-heritage-animal%2Fstory-aSazcUQPTq24eqGEpe4OCO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaiembdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thailand-at-a-glance.pdf">"Thailand at a Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Thai Embassy, Washington, DC. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619131828/http://thaiembdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Thailand-at-a-glance.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thailand+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Royal+Thai+Embassy%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthaiembdc.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2FThailand-at-a-glance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landmarkcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Laos-Activity-Sheets.pdf">"Laos Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Landmark+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landmarkcenter.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2FLaos-Activity-Sheets.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/KidsCentre/state_symbols_india_8411.aspx">"State Symbols of India"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Symbols+of+India&rft.pub=ENVIS+Centre+on+Wildlife+%26+Protected+Areas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiienvis.nic.in%2FKidsCentre%2Fstate_symbols_india_8411.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+elephant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_elephant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Behavior8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Behavior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_communication" title="Elephant communication">Elephant communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_cognition" title="Elephant cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musth" title="Musth">Musth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_communication" title="Seismic communication">Seismic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_attacks" title="Category:Elephant attacks">Attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Species7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_elephant" title="North African elephant">North African elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_elephant" title="Desert elephant">Desert elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_elephant" title="Syrian elephant">Syrian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_elephant" title="Javan elephant">Javan elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extinct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elephant" title="Dwarf elephant">Dwarf elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_mammoth" title="Pygmy mammoth">Pygmy mammoth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Individual_elephants55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_elephants" title="Category:Individual elephants">Individual elephants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_elephants" title="List of individual elephants">List of individual elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_African_elephants" title="Category:Individual African elephants">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_Asian_elephants" title="Category:Individual Asian elephants">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_elephants_in_India" title="Category:Individual elephants in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_elephants_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Individual elephants in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Individual_elephants_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Individual elephants in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephants_and_humans" title="Category:Elephants and humans">Human use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Domestication35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captive_elephants" title="Captive elephants">Domestication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_crushing" title="Elephant crushing">Elephant crushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_goad" title="Elephant goad">Elephant goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahout" title="Mahout">Mahout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_trainers" title="Category:Elephant trainers">Trainers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uses4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista_elephant" title="Ballista elephant">Ballista elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">Executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah" title="Howdah">Howdah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_racing" title="Elephant racing">Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_elephant" title="Temple elephant">Temple elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">War elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_football" title="Elephant football">Elephant football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hunting38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_hunting" title="Category:Elephant hunting">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdah_pistol" title="Howdah pistol">Howdah pistol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Culture</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_locality11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By locality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_ancient_China" title="Elephants in ancient China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephants_in_Indian_culture" title="Category:Elephants in Indian culture">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_elephants_in_Europe" title="History of elephants in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Kerala_culture" title="Elephants in Kerala culture">Kerala state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephants_in_Thailand" title="Elephants in Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Festivals42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_festivals" title="Category:Elephant festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaziranga_Elephant_Festival" title="Kaziranga Elephant Festival">Kaziranga Elephant Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_festivals_in_Kerala" title="Category:Elephant festivals in Kerala">Kerala festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folklore12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pachyderms" title="List of fictional pachyderms">List of fictional pachyderms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elephants_in_mythology_and_religion" title="List of elephants in mythology and religion">List of elephants in mythology and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants" title="Cultural depictions of elephants">Cultural depictions of elephants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metaphors_referring_to_elephants" title="Category:Metaphors referring to elephants">Metaphors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_conservation" title="Category:Elephant conservation">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Elephant" title="Project Elephant">Project Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Elephant_diseases" title="Category:Elephant diseases">Elephant diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Koehl#Elephant_Encyclopedia" title="Dan Koehl">Elephant Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant%27s_graveyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant's graveyard">Elephant's graveyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephas" title="Elephas">Elephas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant (<i>Elephas maximus</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_elephant" title="Borneo elephant">Borneo elephant (<i>Elephas maximus borneensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian elephant (<i>Elephas maximus indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_elephant" title="Sri Lankan elephant">Sri Lankan elephant (<i>Elephas maximus maximus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_elephant" title="Sumatran elephant">Sumatran elephant (<i>Elephas maximus sumatranus</i>)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">Loxodonta</a></i><br />(African elephants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant (<i>L. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_forest_elephant" title="African forest elephant">African forest elephant (<i>L. cyclotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Proboscideans" title="Category:Proboscideans">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flag of India</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Flag)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">Emblem of India</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Emblem)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Motto)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">Jana Gana Mana</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Anthem)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Song)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pledge_(India)" title="National Pledge (India)">National Pledge</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pledge)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/120px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/160px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flora and fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Animal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" title="Indian peafowl">Indian peafowl</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bird)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Flower)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficus_benghalensis" title="Ficus benghalensis">Banyan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tree)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fruit)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian elephant</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Heritage animal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Aquatic animal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_cobra" title="King cobra">King cobra</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Reptile)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_delbrueckii_subsp._bulgaricus" title="Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Microbe)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(River)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Indian Calendar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Calendar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1932" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1932" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Elephas maximus indicus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591305" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q591305">Q591305</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Elephas_maximus_indicus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Elephas maximus indicus">Elephas maximus indicus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7K2GK">7K2GK</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1285512">1285512</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219462">5219462</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/465033">465033</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=727608">727608</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=11500006">11500006</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=99487">99487</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/83310/">83310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=233499">233499</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q591305#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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