CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Marian art in the Catholic Church - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dec9a8f7-748d-4085-bfa3-b89931aafb1b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church","wgTitle":"Marian art in the Catholic Church","wgCurRevisionId":1199781790,"wgRevisionId":1199781790,"wgArticleId":17662662,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Webarchive template archiveis links","Webarchive template webcite links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons link is locally defined","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Catholic Mariology","Catholic spirituality","Virgin Mary in art"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church","wgRelevantArticleId":17662662,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4217443","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1481"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="987"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="790"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Marian art in the Catholic Church - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church rootpage-Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Marian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Marian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Marian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Marian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Blending_of_art,_theology_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blending_of_art,_theology_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Blending of art, theology and spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blending_of_art,_theology_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity_of_Marian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity_of_Marian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diversity of Marian art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity_of_Marian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early veneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mother of God</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mother_of_God-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mother of God subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mother_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nativity_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nativity_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nativity of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nativity_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madonna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madonna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Madonna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madonna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_key_Madonnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_key_Madonnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Some key Madonnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_key_Madonnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.1</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_and_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_and_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.2</span> <span>Italy and Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_and_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_and_Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1.3</span> <span>Central and Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_and_Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mary in the Life of Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetual_virginity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetual_virginity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Perpetual virginity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetual_virginity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immaculate_Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Immaculate Conception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immaculate Conception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depiction_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Depiction of the Immaculate Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_of_the_Immaculate_Conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assumption_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assumption_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assumption of Mary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assumption_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_of_Heaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Queen of Heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Apparitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Distinguishing characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galleries_of_Marian_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galleries_of_Marian_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Galleries of Marian art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Galleries_of_Marian_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Galleries of Marian art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Galleries_of_Marian_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Annunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Birth of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoration_of_the_shepherds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Adoration of the shepherds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoration_of_the_shepherds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoration_of_the_Magi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoration_of_the_Magi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Adoration of the Magi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoration_of_the_Magi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madonna_paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madonna_paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Madonna paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madonna_paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre_15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre_15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5.1</span> <span>Pre 15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre_15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15-16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5.2</span> <span>15-16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5.3</span> <span>Post 16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madonna_frescos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madonna_frescos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Madonna frescos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madonna_frescos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madonna_statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madonna_statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Madonna statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madonna_statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Mary in the Life of Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immaculate_Conception_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immaculate_Conception_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Immaculate Conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immaculate_Conception_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assumption_into_Heaven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assumption_into_Heaven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>Assumption into Heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assumption_into_Heaven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_of_Heaven_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.11</span> <span>Queen of Heaven</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_of_Heaven_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparitions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparitions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.12</span> <span>Apparitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparitions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marian art in the Catholic Church</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الفن المريمي في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفن المريمي في الكنيسة الكاثوليكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Абраз Багародзіцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абраз Багародзіцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienikone" title="Marienikone – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marienikone" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_mariano" title="Arte mariano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arte mariano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierge_Marie_dans_l%27art" title="Vierge Marie dans l'art – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vierge Marie dans l'art" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_rupa_Maria_dalam_Gereja_Katolik" title="Seni rupa Maria dalam Gereja Katolik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni rupa Maria dalam Gereja Katolik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconografia_di_Maria" title="Iconografia di Maria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iconografia di Maria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_na_arte" title="Maria na arte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maria na arte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Католическая иконография Богородицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Католическая иконография Богородицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Іконографія Діви Марії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іконографія Діви Марії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4217443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=1199781790" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&id=1199781790&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMarian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iconography_of_the_Virgin_Mary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4217443" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iconographic depiction of Virgin Mary in Catholic Churches</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg/220px-Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg/330px-Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Mother of Perpetual Help">Our Mother of Perpetual Help</a>, an icon of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a>, in Rome since the 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Saint Michael in the Catholic Church">Archangels Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Gabriel">Gabriel</a> are also depicted.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Mary</a> has been one of the major subjects of <a href="/wiki/Western_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art">Western art</a> for centuries. There is an enormous quantity of <b>Marian art in the Catholic Church</b>, covering both devotional subjects such as the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin and Child">Virgin and Child</a> and a range of narrative subjects from the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></i>, often arranged in cycles. Most medieval painters, and from the Reformation to about 1800 most from Catholic countries, have produced works, including <a href="/wiki/Old_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Old master">old masters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marian art forms part of the fabric of Catholic Marian culture through their emotional impact on her veneration. Images such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> and the many artistic renditions of it as statues are not simply works of art but are a central element of the daily lives of the Mexican people.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Hidalgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Zapata</a> flew Guadalupan flags and depictions of the Virgin of Guadalupe continue to remain a key unifying element in the Mexican nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of Mary via the field of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a> is thus inherently intertwined with Marian art.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of teachings that constitute <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a> consist of four basic <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Marian dogmas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual virginity">Perpetual virginity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption into Heaven</a>, derived from <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical scripture</a>, the writings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a>, and the traditions of the Church. Other influences on Marian art have been the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">Feast days</a> of the Church, <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Marian apparitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">writings of the saints</a> and popular devotions such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a>, or total consecration, and also <a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal initiatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marian_papal_encyclicals_and_Apostolic_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters">Marian papal encyclicals and Apostolic Letters</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/150px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/225px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg/300px-Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Aranjuez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Aranjuez_Immaculate_Conception" title="Aranjuez Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Esteban Murillo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1675</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Overview</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecrations and entrustments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles of Mary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos"><i>Theotokos</i> (Mother of God)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_of_the_Church" title="Mother of the Church">Mother of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel">Our Lady of Good Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mount_Carmel" title="Our Lady of Mount Carmel">Our Lady of Mount Carmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Victory">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Our Lady, Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Peace">Queen of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Holy_Virgin_Mary,_Queen_of_Poland" title="The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland">Queen of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum" title="Refugium Peccatorum"><i>Refugium Peccatorum</i> (Refuge of Sinners)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Untier_of_Knots" title="Mary, Untier of Knots">Untier of Knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Prayers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marian_hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian hymns">hymns</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flos_Carmeli" title="Flos Carmeli">Flos Carmeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary_of_Gold" title="Hail Mary of Gold">Hail Mary of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculata_prayer" title="Immaculata prayer">Immaculata prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Mary, Mother of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Marian_hymns" title="Template:Marian hymns"><b>Marian hymns</b></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Devotional practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Acts of Reparation to the Virgin Mary">Acts of Reparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecration_and_entrustment_to_Mary" title="Consecration and entrustment to Mary">Consecration to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Saturdays_Devotion" title="First Saturdays Devotion">First Saturdays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Joys_of_the_Virgin" title="Seven Joys of the Virgin">Seven Joys of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows#Seven_Sorrows_of_Mary" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Seven Sorrows of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Movements and societies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodality_of_Our_Lady" title="Sodality of Our Lady">Sodality of Our Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of Marian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_of_Mary" title="Company of Mary">Company of Mary (Montfort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Marianists (Society of Mary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Marist Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">World Apostolate of Fátima</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_Army_of_Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima">(Blue Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariological_Society_of_America" title="Mariological Society of America">Mariological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady%27s_Rosary_Makers" title="Our Lady's Rosary Makers">Our Lady's Rosary Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Movement_of_Priests" title="Marian Movement of Priests">Marian Movement of Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Family_Apostolate" title="Fatima Family Apostolate">Fatima Family Apostolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Angels_Foundation" title="Queen of Angels Foundation">Queen of Angels Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">Apparitions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dd><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions#Approved,_with_widespread_liturgical_veneration_endorsed_by_the_Holy_See" title="List of Marian apparitions">Approved, with widespread liturgical<br />veneration endorsed by the Holy See</a>:</small></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Fátima</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Three Secrets of Fátima">Three Secrets of Fátima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knock_Shrine" title="Knock Shrine">Knock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraculous_Medal" title="Miraculous Medal">Miraculous Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Our Lady of Walsingham">Walsingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_of_Mary" title="Dowry of Mary">Dowry of Mary</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Key Marian feast days</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solemnity_of_Mary,_Mother_of_God" title="Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God">Mother of God</a> (1 January)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (2 February)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Annunciation" title="Feast of the Annunciation">Annunciation</a> (25 March)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (15 August)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Nativity</a> (8 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Name_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Holy Name</a> (12 September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a> (21 November)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Feast of the Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (8 December)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Template talk:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Mariology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Mariology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blending_of_art,_theology_and_spirituality"><span id="Blending_of_art.2C_theology_and_spirituality"></span>Blending of art, theology and spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Blending of art, theology and spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silent_preaching" title="Silent preaching">Silent preaching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosary_devotions_and_spirituality" title="Rosary devotions and spirituality">Rosary devotions and spirituality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg/220px-Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg/330px-Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Virgin_salus_populi_romani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>, a popular icon in Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>Art has been an integral element of Catholic identity since <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medieval Catholicism cherished relics and pilgrimages to visit them were common. Churches and specific works of art were commissioned to honor the saints and the Virgin Mary has always been seen as the most powerful intercessor among all saints—her depictions being the subject of veneration among Catholics worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Donovan_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donovan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic Mariology does not simply consist of a set of theological writings, but also relies on the emotional impact of art, music and architecture. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_music" title="Catholic Marian music">Catholic Marian music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Marian churches">Catholic Marian churches</a> interact with Marian art as key components of Mariology, e.g. the construction of major Marian churches gives rise to major pieces of art for the decoration of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Paleotti" title="Gabriele Paleotti">Gabriele Paleotti</a>'s <i>Discourse on Sacred and Profane Images</i> became known as the "Catechism of images" for Catholics, given that it established key concepts for the use of images as a form of religious instruction and indoctrination via <a href="/wiki/Silent_preaching" title="Silent preaching">silent preaching</a> (<i>muta predicatio</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barber_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleotti's approach was implemented by his powerful contemporary Saint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Borromeo" title="Charles Borromeo">Charles Borromeo</a> and his focus on "the transformation of Christian life through vision" and the "nonverbal <a href="/wiki/Rules_of_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules of language">rules of language</a>" shaped the Catholic reinterpretations of the Virgin Mary in the 16th and 17th centuries and fostered and promoted Marian devotions such as the Rosary.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barber_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the interaction of Marian art, culture and churches is <a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a>, a key Marian icon in Rome at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>, the earliest Marian church in Rome. The practice of crowning the images of Mary started at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> in Rome by Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a> in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899 Eugenio Pacelli (later <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a>) said his first Holy Mass in front of it at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a>. Fifty years later, he physically crowned this picture as part of the first Marian year in Church history, as he proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a>. The image was carried from Santa Maria Maggiore around Rome as part of the celebration of the Marian year and the proclamation of the Queenship of Mary. </p><p>Another example is <a href="/wiki/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Mother of Perpetual Help">Our Mother of Perpetual Help</a>. Catholics have, for centuries, prayed before this icon, usually in reproductions, to intercede on their behalf to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, several churches dedicated to Our Mother of Perpetual Help have been constructed. Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> held mass at the <a href="/wiki/National_Shrine_of_Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help" class="mw-redirect" title="National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help">National Shrine of Our Mother of Perpetual Help</a> in the Philippines where the devotion is very popular and many Catholic churches hold a Novena and Mass honoring it every Wednesday using a replica of the icon, which is also widely displayed in houses, buses and public transport in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devotions to the icon have spread from the Philippines to the United States, and remain popular among Asian-Americans in California.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As recently as 1992, the song <i>The Lady Who Wears Blue and Gold</i> was composed in California and then performed at St. Alphonsus Liguori Church in Rome, where the icon resides. This illustrates how a medieval work of art can give rise to feast days, Cathedrals and Marian music. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/250px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/375px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg/500px-Ostrabrama-prayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Praying at <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Gate_of_Dawn" title="Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn">Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of Marian art by Catholics worldwide accompanies specific forms of <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian devotion">Marian devotion</a> and spirituality. The widespread Catholic use of replicas of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> emphasizes devotions to the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>, both reported in the Lourdes messages. To Catholics, the distinctive blue and white Lourdes statues are reminders of the emphasis of Lourdes on <a href="/wiki/Rosary_devotions_and_spirituality" title="Rosary devotions and spirituality">Rosary devotions</a> and the millions of pilgrimages to the <a href="/wiki/Rosary_Basilica" title="Rosary Basilica">Rosary Basilica</a> at Lourdes shows how Churches, devotions and art intertwine within <a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a>. The Rosary remains the prayer of choice among Catholics who visit Lourdes or venerate the Lourdes statues worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Marian art has not only impacted the image of Mary among Catholics, but that of Jesus. The early "<a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a> image" of Jesus as "the Lord and Master" was specially emphasized in the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">Pauline Epistles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mercer_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13th century depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Francis">Franciscan</a> development of a "tender image of Jesus" via the construction of Nativity scenes changed that perception and was instrumental in portraying a softer image of Jesus that contrasted with the powerful and radiant image at the <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis on the humility of Jesus and the poverty of his birth depicted in Nativity art reinforced the image of God not as severe and punishing, but himself humble at birth and sacrificed at death.<sup id="cite_ref-Raab_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raab-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the tender joys of the Nativity were added to the agony of <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> (as depicted in scenes such as <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a>) a whole new range of approved religious emotions were ushered in via Marian art, with wide-ranging cultural impacts for centuries thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-GFinger_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GFinger-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spread of devotions to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> are another example of the blending of art and devotions among Catholics. In the 12th century <a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey" title="Cîteaux Abbey">Cîteaux Abbey</a> in France used the motif of the <i>protective mantle</i> of the Virgin Mary which shielded the kneeling abbots and abbesses. In the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach" title="Caesarius of Heisterbach">Caesarius of Heisterbach</a> was also aware of this motif, which eventually led to the iconography of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> and an increased focused on the concept of Marian protection.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 16th century, depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a> were among the preferred artistic items in households in the Paris area.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century Saint <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a> attributed his own recovery from near death to a statue of the Virgin of Mercy brought to his bedside.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his apostolic letter <i>Archicoenobium Casinense</i> in 1913, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> echoed the same sentiment regarding the blending of art, music and religion by comparing the artistic efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks of the <a href="/wiki/Beuron_Art_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Beuron Art School">Beuron Art School</a> (who had previously produced the "Life of the Virgin" series), to the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> by the Benedictines of <a href="/wiki/Solesmes_Abbey" title="Solesmes Abbey">Solesmes Abbey</a> and wrote, "...together with sacred music, this art proves itself to be a powerful aid to the liturgy".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_of_Marian_art">Diversity of Marian art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diversity of Marian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg/180px-Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg/270px-Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg/360px-Madonna-of-humility-_1433_Domenico_di_Bartolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_humility" title="Madonna of humility">Madonna of humility</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Bartolo" title="Domenico di Bartolo">Domenico di Bartolo</a> 1433 has been described as one of the most innovative devotional images from the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a><sup id="cite_ref-Trinchieri_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinchieri-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic Marian art has expressed a wide range of theological topics that relate to Mary, often in ways that are far from obvious, and whose meaning can only be recovered by detailed scholarly analysis. Entire books, academic theses or lengthy scholarly works have been written on various aspects of Marian art in general and on specific topics such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_San_Juan_de_los_Lagos" title="Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos">Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Ocotl%C3%A1n" title="Virgin of Ocotlán">Virgin of Ocotlán</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">Hortus conclusus</a> and their doctrinal implications. <sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the leading Marian subjects include: </p> <table cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" border="0" style="width:70%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:45%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a>, the group term for narrative subjects, including:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the Magi in Art">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_taking_leave_of_his_Mother" title="Christ taking leave of his Mother">Christ taking leave of his Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Art">The Assumption in Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Other subjects include:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna (art)</a>, including the Madonna and Child and variations such as <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_humility" title="Madonna of humility">Madonna of humility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Mercy" title="Virgin of Mercy">Virgin of Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy family">Holy family</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:30%;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tradition of Catholic Marian art has continued in the 21st century by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Bejarano_Moreno" title="Miguel Bejarano Moreno">Miguel Bejarano Moreno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_C%C3%A1rdenas_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Francisco Cárdenas Martínez">Francisco Cárdenas Martínez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_veneration">Early veneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early veneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_catacomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/220px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/330px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madonna_catacomb.jpg/440px-Madonna_catacomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption> The Earliest fresco of the Virgin Mary, in the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Catacomb of Priscilla</a> from the early 3rd century</figcaption></figure> <p>Early veneration of Mary is documented in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>. In the catacombs paintings show Mary with Jesus. More unusual and indicating the burial ground of Saint Peter, was the fact that excavations in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crypt_of_Saint_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crypt of Saint Peter (page does not exist)">crypt of Saint Peter</a> discovered a very early fresco of Mary together with Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Priscilla catacombs contain the known oldest Marian paintings, dating from the middle of the second century.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one, Mary is shown with the infant <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> on her lap. The Priscilla catacomb also includes the oldest known fresco of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, dating to the 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Pris_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pris-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> in 313 Christians were permitted to worship and build churches openly. The generous and systematic patronage of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> changed the fortunes of the Christian church, and resulted in both architectural and artistic development.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The veneration of Mary became public and Marian art flourished. Some of the earliest Marian churches in Rome date to the 5th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua" title="Santa Maria Antiqua">Santa Maria Antiqua</a> and Santa Maria Maggiore, and these churches were in turn decorated with significant works of art through the centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tim37_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim37-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interaction of Marian art and church construction thus influenced the development of Marian art.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Virgin Mary has since become a major subject of Western Art. Masters such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> and others produced masterpieces with Marian themes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mother_of_God">Mother of God</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mother of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/220px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/330px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg/440px-Mary_%26_Child_Icon_Sinai_6th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_George:_Devotions,_traditions_and_prayers" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint George: Devotions, traditions and prayers">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Amasea" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore of Amasea">Theodore</a> and angels, 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary's status as the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a> was not made clear in the Gospels and Pauline Epistles but the theological implications of this were defined and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (431). Different aspects of Mary's position as mother have been the subject of a large number of works of Catholic art. </p><p>There was a great expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cult of Mary</a> after the Council of Ephesus in 431, when her status as <a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a> was confirmed; this had been a subject of some controversy until then, though mainly for reasons to do with <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">arguments over the nature of Christ</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Santa Maria Maggiore</a> in Rome, dating from 432 to 40, just after the council, she is not yet shown with a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, and she is also not shown in Nativity scenes at this date, though she is included in the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim37_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim37-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the next century the iconic depiction of the Virgin enthroned carrying the infant Christ was established, as in the example from the only group of icons surviving from this period, at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. This type of depiction, with subtly changing differences of emphasis, has remained the mainstay of depictions of Mary to the present day. The image at Mount Sinai succeeds in combining two aspects of Mary described in the <a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a>, her <a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">humility</a> and her <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">exaltation</a> above other humans. </p><p>At this period the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the Nativity was taking <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art#Byzantine_image" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">the form, centred on Mary</a>, that it has retained up to the present day in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, and on which Western depictions remained based until the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. Other narrative scenes for Byzantine cycles on the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></i> were being evolved, relying on <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">apocryphal</a> sources to fill in her life before the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunciation to Mary">Annunciation to Mary</a>. By this time the political and economic collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> meant that the Western, Latin, church was unable to compete in the development of such sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, and relied heavily on Byzantine developments. </p><p>The earliest surviving image in a Western <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Kells" title="Book of Kells">Book of Kells</a> of about 800 and, though magnificently decorated in the style of <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>, the drawing of the figures can only be described as rather crude compared to Byzantine work of the period. This was in fact an unusual inclusion in a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel book">Gospel book</a>, and images of the Virgin were slow to appear in large numbers in manuscript art until the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">book of hours</a> was devised in the 13th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nativity_of_Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nativity of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nativity_(Throne_of_Maximianus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg/120px-Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg/180px-Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg/240px-Nativity_%28Throne_of_Maximianus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the Nativity on the Throne of Maximianus in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus</a> has been a major subject of Christian art since the early 4th century. It has been depicted in many different media, both pictorial and sculptural. Pictorial forms include murals, panel paintings, manuscript illuminations, stained glass windows and oil paintings. The earliest representations of the Nativity itself are very simple, just showing the infant, tightly wrapped, lying near the ground in a trough or wicker basket. </p><p>A new form of the image, which from the rare early versions seems to have been formulated in 6th-century Palestine, was to set the essential form of Eastern Orthodox images down to the present day. The setting is now a cave – or rather the specific Cave of the Nativity in Bethlehem, already underneath the Church of the Nativity, and well-established as a place of pilgrimage, with the approval of the Church. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans,_The_Nativity_at_Night,_c_1490.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/210px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/315px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg/420px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans%2C_The_Nativity_at_Night%2C_c_1490.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3121" data-file-height="4225" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_at_Night" title="Nativity at Night">Nativity at Night</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490) by <a href="/wiki/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans" title="Geertgen tot Sint Jans">Geertgen tot Sint Jans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Western artists adopted many of the Byzantine iconographic elements, but preferred the scriptural stable to the cave, though <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>'s Byzantine-influenced Maestà version tries to have both. During the Gothic period, in the North earlier than in Italy, increasing closeness between mother and child develops, and Mary begins to hold her baby, or he looks over to her. Suckling is very unusual, but is sometimes shown. </p><p>The image in later medieval Northern Europe was often influenced by the vision of the Nativity of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Bridget_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Bridget of Sweden">Saint Bridget of Sweden</a> (1303–1373), a very popular mystic. Shortly before her death, she described a vision of the infant Jesus as lying on the ground, and emitting light himself. </p><p>From the 15th century onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> increasingly became a more common depiction than the Nativity proper. From the 16th century plain Nativities with just the Holy Family, become a clear minority, although <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a> led a return to a more realistic treatment of the <i>Adoration of the Shepherds</i>. </p><p>The perpetual character of Mary's virginity, namely that she was a virgin all her life and not only at her <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virginal conception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> at the Annunciation (that she was a virgin before, during and after giving birth to him) is alluded to in some forms of Nativity art: <a href="/wiki/Salome_(Gospel_of_James)" title="Salome (Gospel of James)">Salome</a>, who according to the story in the 2nd-century <i>Nativity of Mary</i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received physical proof that Mary remained a virgin even in giving birth to Jesus, is found in many depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madonna">Madonna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Madonna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/200px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/300px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/400px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, 1459</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna (art)</a></div> <p>The depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a> has roots in ancient pictorial and sculptural traditions that informed the earliest Christian communities throughout Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East. Important to Italian tradition are Byzantine icons, especially those created in Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital of the longest, enduring medieval civilization whose icons, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a>, participated in civic life and were celebrated for their miraculous properties. Western depictions remained heavily dependent on Byzantine types until at least the 13th century. In the late Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venetian</a> rule, was the source of great numbers of icons exported to the West, and the artists there could adapt their style to Western iconography when required. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG/120px-Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG/180px-Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG/240px-Sto_Dom_de_Sil-23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> enthroned Madonna, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_de_Silos_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey">Santo Domingo de Silos Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque period</a> free-standing statues, typically about half life-size, of the enthroned Madonna and Child were an original Western development, since monumental sculpture was forbidden by Orthodoxy. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a> of c. 980 is one of the earliest of these, made of gold applied to a wooden core, and still the subject of considerable local veneration, as is the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat" title="Virgin of Montserrat">Virgin of Montserrat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, a more developed treatment. </p><p>With the growth of monumental panel painting in Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries, this type was frequently painted at the image of the Madonna gains prominence outside of Rome, especially throughout Tuscany. While members of the mendicant orders of the Franciscan and Dominican Orders are some of the first to commission panels representing this subject matter, such works quickly became popular in monasteries, parish churches, and later homes. Some images of the Madonna were paid for by lay organizations called confraternities, who met to sing praises of the Virgin in chapels found within the newly reconstructed, spacious churches that were sometimes dedicated to her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Some_key_Madonnas">Some key Madonnas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Some key Madonnas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gardenenclosed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gardenenclosed.jpg/180px-Gardenenclosed.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gardenenclosed.jpg/270px-Gardenenclosed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gardenenclosed.jpg/360px-Gardenenclosed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Bejarano_Moreno" title="Miguel Bejarano Moreno">Moreno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Enclosed_Garden" title="Our Lady of the Enclosed Garden">hermitage in Warfhuizen</a>, the Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of Madonna paintings and statues have gathered a following as important religious icons and noteworthy works of art in various regions of the world. </p><p>Some Madonnas are known by a general name and concept rendered or depicted by various artists. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a> is the patron saint of several countries such as <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is represented as the Virgin Mary wounded by seven swords in her heart, a reference to the prophecy of Simeon at the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus" title="Presentation of Jesus">Presentation of Jesus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland">Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Liche%C5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń">Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń</a> (Poland's largest church) is an important icon in Poland. The term <i>Our Lady of Sorrows</i> is also used in other contexts, without a Madonna, e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Kibeho" title="Our Lady of Kibeho">Our Lady of Kibeho</a> apparitions. </p><p>Some Madonnas become the subject of widespread devotion, and the Marian shrines dedicated to them attract millions of pilgrims per year. An example is <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a> in Brazil, whose shrine is surpassed in size only by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, and receives more pilgrims per year than any other Catholic Marian church in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a rich tradition of building statues of the Madonna in South America, a sampling of which is shown in the galleries section of this article. The South American tradition of Marian art dates back to the 16th century, with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Copacabana" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Copacabana">Virgin of Copacabana</a> gaining fame in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some noteworthy examples are: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_San_Juan_de_los_Lagos" title="Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos">Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos</a> is located in the small town of <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_los_Lagos" title="San Juan de los Lagos">San Juan de los Lagos</a> in Mexico. It is the second most visited pilgrimage shrine in Mexico, after <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Ocotl%C3%A1n" title="Virgin of Ocotlán">Virgin of Ocotlán</a> is a statue of the Virgin Mary in <a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n,_Tlaxcala" title="Ocotlán, Tlaxcala">Ocotlán, Tlaxcala</a>, Mexico.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a> is a highly venerated Madonna in Brazil. The devotion started by the 15th century Portuguese navigators, praying for a safe return to their homes and then spread in Brazil.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Images of, and devotions to, Madonnas such as Our Lady of San Juan de los Lagos have spread from Mexico to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Italy_and_Spain">Italy and Spain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy and Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffael_051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffael_051.jpg/150px-Raffael_051.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffael_051.jpg/225px-Raffael_051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Raffael_051.jpg/300px-Raffael_051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> 1513</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_humility" title="Madonna of humility">Madonna of humility</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Bartolo" title="Domenico di Bartolo">Domenico di Bartolo</a>, 1433, is considered one of the most innovative devotional images from the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trinchieri_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trinchieri-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Madonna" title="Sistine Madonna">Sistine Madonna</a></i>. The painting, originally commissioned for the church of <a href="/wiki/San_Sisto,_Piacenza" title="San Sisto, Piacenza">San Sisto, Piacenza</a>, is now at the <i><a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_Alte_Meister" title="Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister">Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister</a></i> in Dresden (Germany). It is considered a key example of <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">high Renaissance</a> art.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_della_Strada" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna della Strada">Madonna della Strada</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Gesu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Gesu">Church of the Gesu</a> in Rome is a historic icon and the patron saint of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li>The Madonna statue at the altar of <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> is an outstanding example of <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> Marian art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dolorosa_Madonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolorosa Madonna">Dolorosa Madonna</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Spain is a key example of a sorrowful Madonna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Madonna of the Pillar</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Spain is a highly venerated statue based on a legendary vision of Saint <a href="/wiki/James_the_Greater" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Greater">James the Greater</a>.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Montserrat" title="Virgin of Montserrat">Virgin of Montserrat</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María de Montserrat">Santa María de Montserrat</a> monastery in Spain is a highly venerated statue and the patron saint of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Central_and_Northern_Europe">Central and Northern Europe</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central and Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna_of_Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Black Madonna of Częstochowa">Black Madonna of Częstochowa</a> is Poland's holiest relic, and one of the country's national symbols.</li> <li>Dutch painter <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lucca_Madonna_(van_Eyck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucca Madonna (van Eyck)"><i>Lucca Madonna</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4del" title="Städel">Städel</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> is a good example of <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> where the Virgin Mary is portrayed as the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Wisdom">Throne of Wisdom</a>, with Jesus sitting on her lap.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s statue of the Virgin Mary and a standing Jesus known as the <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Bruges" title="Madonna of Bruges">Madonna of Bruges</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady,_Bruges" title="Church of Our Lady, Bruges">Church of Our Lady, Bruges</a>, Belgium shares some similarities with his <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a> which was completed sometime earlier.</li> <li>The 1898 <i><a href="/wiki/Refugium_Peccatorum_Madonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugium Peccatorum Madonna">Refugium Peccatorum Madonna</a></i> by the Italian artist <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Crosio" title="Luigi Crosio">Luigi Crosio</a> has gathered significant popular following in central Europe and has since been called the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Thrice_Admirable_Madonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Thrice Admirable Madonna">Mother Thrice Admirable Madonna</a>, as a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoenstatt Movement">Schoenstatt Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ">Mary in the Life of Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mary in the Life of Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/200px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/300px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/400px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Christ and Mary, mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></div> <p>Scenes of Mary and Jesus together fall into two main groups: those with an infant Jesus, and those from the last period of his life. After the episodes of the Nativity, there are a number of further narrative scenes of Mary and the infant Jesus together which are often depicted: the <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision of Christ">Circumcision of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a>, and less specific scenes of Mary and Jesus with his cousin <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, sometimes with John's mother <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(Biblical_person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth (Biblical person)">Elizabeth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_the_Rocks" title="Virgin of the Rocks">Virgin of the Rocks</a> is a famous example. Gatherings of the whole extended family of Jesus form a subject known as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a>, popular in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a>. Mary appears in the background of the only incident in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> from the later childhood of Jesus, the <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding in the Temple</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/180px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/270px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/360px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)"><i>Pietà</i></a>, 1498</figcaption></figure> <p>Mary is then usually absent from scenes of the period of Christ's life between his <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a> and his Passion, except for the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Wedding at Cana</a>, where she is placed in the Gospels. A non-scriptural subject of <a href="/wiki/Christ_taking_leave_of_his_Mother" title="Christ taking leave of his Mother">Christ taking leave of his Mother</a> (before going to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> at the start of his Passion) was often painted in 15th- and early 16th-century Germany. Mary is placed at the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a> by the Gospels, and is almost invariably shown, with Saint <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, in fully depicted works, as well as often being shown in the background of earlier scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">rood</a> cross common in medieval Western churches had statues of Mary and John flanking a central <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>. Mary is shown as present at the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition of Christ">Deposition of Christ</a> and his Entombment; in the late Middle Ages the <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a> emerged in Germany as a separate subject, especially in sculpture. Mary is also included, though this is not mentioned in any of the scriptural accounts, in depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a>. After the Ascension, she is the centrally-placed figure in depictions of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, which is her latest appearance in the Gospels. </p><p>The main scenes above, showing incidents celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> by the church, formed part of cycles of the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></i> (though the selection of scenes in these varied considerably), as well as the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetual_virginity">Perpetual virginity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Perpetual virginity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg/180px-Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg/270px-Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg/360px-Annunciation_Melozzo_da_Forli_Pantheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of the Annunciation at the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a>, 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogma</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a> is the earliest of the four Marian dogmas and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a> has repeatedly referred to Mary as "ever virgin" for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dogma means that Mary was a virgin before, during and after giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. The 2nd-century work originally known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James"><i>Nativity of Mary</i></a> pays special attention to Mary's virginity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This dogma is often represented in Catholic art in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">annunciation</a> to Mary by the <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Gabriel">Archangel Gabriel</a> that she would conceive a child to be born the Son of God, and in Nativity scenes that include the figure of <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a>. The Annunciation is one of the most frequently depicted scenes in Western art.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annunciation scenes also amount to the most frequent appearances of Gabriel in medieval art.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depiction of Joseph turning away in some <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity scenes</a> is a discreet reference to the fatherhood of the Holy Spirit, and the doctrine of Virgin Birth.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Frescos</a> depicting this scene have appeared in Catholic Marian churches for centuries and it has been a topic addressed by many artists in multiple media, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> to oil painting.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest fresco of the annunciation is a 4th-century depiction in the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Priscilla" title="Catacomb of Priscilla">Catacomb of Priscilla</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most (but not all) Catholic, and indeed Western, depictions Gabriel is shown on the left, while in the Eastern Church he is more often depicted on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg/180px-Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg/270px-Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg/360px-Pietro_Cavallini_013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>Annunciation mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a>, Rome, 1291.</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been one of the most frequent subjects of Christian art particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and Renaissance. The figures of the Virgin Mary and the Archangel Gabriel, being emblematic of purity and grace, were favorite subjects of many painters such as <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a> among others. In many depictions the angel may be holding a <a href="/wiki/Lily_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily flower">lily</a>, symbolic of Mary's virginity.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mosaics of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cavallini" title="Pietro Cavallini">Pietro Cavallini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">Santa Maria in Trastevere</a> in Rome (1291), the <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> (1303), <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>'s fresco at the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> (1486) and <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s gilded sculpture at the church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce, Florence</a> (1435) are famous examples. </p><p>The natural composition of the scene, consisting of two figures facing each other, also made it suitable for decorated arches above doorways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immaculate_Conception">Immaculate Conception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepcion_(La_Colosal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/180px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/270px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/360px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a>'s <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1650</figcaption></figure> <p>Given that up to the 13th century a series of saints including <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> in general had either opposed or questioned this doctrine, Catholic art on the subject mostly dates to periods after the 15th century and is absent from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> art. But with support from popular opinion, the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a>, the popularity of the doctrine increased and a feast-day for it was promoted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImmaculateEmblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/ImmaculateEmblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Swiss emblem, 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, the Dominican Pope who in 1570 established the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a>, included the feast (but without the adjective "Immaculate") in the <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a>, but suppressed the existing special Mass for the feast, directing that the Mass for the Nativity of Mary (with the word "Nativity" replaced by "Conception") be used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of that earlier Mass was revived in the Mass that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> ordered to be used on the feast and that is still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Habig_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habig-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century there was a widespread intellectual fashion for <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a> in both religious and secular contexts. These consisted of a visual representation of the symbol (pictura) and usually a Latin <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a>; frequently an explanatory epigram was added. <a href="/wiki/Emblem_book" title="Emblem book">Emblem books</a> were very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drawing on the emblem tradition, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pacheco" title="Francisco Pacheco">Francisco Pacheco</a> established an iconography that Spanish artists such as <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Bartolomé Murillo</a> (especially), <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a> (Pacheco's son-in-law) and others adopted, with variations, and then spread to the rest of Europe, since when it has remained the usual depiction. Additional imagery may include clouds, a golden light, and <a href="/wiki/Cherubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubs">cherubs</a>. In some paintings the cherubim are holding <a href="/wiki/Lilium_candidum" title="Lilium candidum">lilies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>, flowers often associated with Mary. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic definition">dogmatic definition</a> of Immaculate Conception was performed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Constitution">Apostolic Constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ineffabilis_Deus" title="Ineffabilis Deus">Ineffabilis Deus</a></i>, in 1854. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction_of_the_Immaculate_Conception">Depiction of the Immaculate Conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Depiction of the Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg/180px-Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg/270px-Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg/360px-Piero_di_Cosimo_Incarnation_of_Jesus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a> <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1505</figcaption></figure> <p>Many artists in the 15th century faced the problem of how to depict an abstract idea such as the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, and the problem was not fully solved for 150 years. </p><p>Since a key Scriptural text pointed to in support of the doctrine was "<a href="/wiki/Tota_pulchra_es" title="Tota pulchra es">Tota pulchra es</a>...", "Thou art all fair, my love; there is no spot in thee", verse 4.7 from the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of Solomon">Song of Solomon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a number of symbolic objects drawn from the imagery of the <i>Song</i>, and often already associated with the Annunciation and the Perpetual Virginity, were combined in versions of the <a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">Hortus conclusus</a> ("enclosed garden") subject. This gave a rather cluttered subject, and usually was impossible to combine with correct perspective, so never caught on outside Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">Piero di Cosimo</a> was among those artists who tried new solutions, but none of these became generally adopted so that the subject would be immediately recognisable to the faithful. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_(National_Gallery_de_Londres,_c._1618).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg/220px-10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg/330px-10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg/440px-10_Inmaculada_Concepci%C3%B3n_%28National_Gallery_de_Londres%2C_c._1618%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, 1618</figcaption></figure> <p>The definitive iconography for the Immaculate Conception, drawing on the emblem tradition, seems to have been established by the master and then father-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, the painter and theorist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pacheco" title="Francisco Pacheco">Francisco Pacheco</a> (1564–1644), to whom the Inquisition in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> also contracted the approval of new images. He described his iconography in his <i>Art of Painting</i> (<i>Arte de la Pintura</i>, published posthumously in 1649): </p> <blockquote><p>"The version that I follow is the one that is closest to the holy revelation of the Evangelist and approved by the Catholic Church on the authority of the sacred and holy interpreters... In this loveliest of mysteries Our Lady should be painted as a beautiful young girl, 12 or 13 years old, in the flower of her youth... And thus she is praised by the Husband: <i>tota pulchra es amica mea</i>, a text that is always written in this painting. She should be painted wearing a white tunic and a blue mantle... She is surrounded by the sun, an oval sun of white and ochre, which sweetly blends into the sky. Rays of light emanate from her head, around which is a <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_stars" title="Circle of stars">ring of twelve stars</a>. An imperial crown adorns her head, without, however, hiding the stars. Under her feet is the moon. Although it is a solid globe, I take the liberty of making it transparent so that the landscape shows through."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assumption_of_Mary">Assumption of Mary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Assumption of Mary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/150px-Tizian_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/225px-Tizian_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/300px-Tizian_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1516</figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary into Heaven</a> states that Mary was transported into Heaven with her body and soul united. Although the Assumption was only officially declared a <a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">dogma</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Constitution">Apostolic Constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Munificentissimus_Deus" title="Munificentissimus Deus">Munificentissimus Deus</a></i> in 1950, its roots in Catholic culture and art go back many centuries. While Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> deliberately left open the question of whether Mary died before her Assumption, the more common teaching of the early Fathers is that she did.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early supporter of the Assumption was Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> (676–794), a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> who is often called the <i>Doctor of the Assumption</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint John was not only interested in the Assumption, but also supported the use of holy images in response to the edict by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a>, banning the worship or exhibition of holy images.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote: "On this day the sacred and life-filled ark of the living God, she who conceived her Creator in her womb, rests in the Temple of the Lord that is not made with hands. David, her ancestor, leaps, and with him the angels lead the dance." </p><p>The Eastern Church held the feast of the Assumption as early as the second half of the 6th century, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Pope Sergius I</a> (687–701) ordered its observance in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orthodox tradition is clear that Mary died normally, before being bodily assumed. The Orthodox term for the death is the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Virgin">Dormition of the Virgin</a>. Byzantine depictions of this were the basis for Western images, the subject being known as the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Virgin" title="Death of the Virgin">Death of the Virgin</a> in the West. As the nature of the Assumption became controversial during the High Middle Ages, the subject was often avoided, but depiction continued to be common until the Reformation. The last major Catholic depiction is <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Virgin_(Caravaggio)" title="Death of the Virgin (Caravaggio)">Death of the Virgin</a></i> of 1606. </p><p>Meanwhile, depictions of the Assumption had been becoming more frequent during the late Middle Ages, with the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siennese</a> school a particular source. By the 16th century they had become the norm, initially in Italy, and then elsewhere. They were sometimes combined with the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> waited in the clouds. The subject was very suited to Baroque treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_of_Heaven">Queen of Heaven</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Queen of Heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/150px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/225px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg/300px-SalusPopuliromanicrowned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salus_Populi_Romani" title="Salus Populi Romani">Salus Populi Romani</a> crowned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Catholic teaching that Mary is far above all other creatures in dignity, and after <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> possesses primacy over all goes back to the early church. Saint <a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem" title="Sophronius of Jerusalem">Sophronius</a> said: "You have surpassed every creature" and Saint <a href="/wiki/Germain_of_Paris" title="Germain of Paris">Germain of Paris</a> (496–576) stated: "Your honor and dignity surpass the whole of creation; your greatness places you above the angels." Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> went further: "Limitless is the difference between God's servants and His Mother."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/170px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/255px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg/340px-PiusXIISaluspopuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of the icon by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>The feast of the <a href="/wiki/Queenship_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenship of Mary">Queenship of Mary</a> was only formally established in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a>. Pius XII also declared the first Marian year and a number of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> rededications took place, e.g. the 1955 rededication of the church of <i>Saint James the Great</i> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> with the new title <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_the_World_Cathedral" title="Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral">Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral</a> a title proclaimed by Pius XII. </p><p>Yet, long before 1954 the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> had been the subject of a good number of artistic works. Some of these paintings built on the third phase of the Assumption of Mary in which following her Assumption, she is crowned as the <i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apparitions">Apparitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Apparitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG/200px-Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG/300px-Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG/400px-Virgen_de_F%C3%A1tima.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>The statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> includes several Catholic elements, such as being apparition-based, being a crowned statue and holding a <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a>. One of the bullets that wounded <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a> in 1981 was placed in the crown of the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-Guiley_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiley-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic devotion to Mary has at times been driven by <a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">religious experiences and visions</a> of simple and modest individuals (in many cases children) on remote hilltops which in time have created strong emotions among large numbers of Catholics. Examples include Saint <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego" title="Juan Diego">Juan Diego</a> in 1531 as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a>, Saint <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a> as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> in 1858 and <a href="/wiki/Lucia_dos_Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucia dos Santos">Lucia dos Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacinta_Marto" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacinta Marto">Jacinta Marto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marto" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Marto">Francisco Marto</a> as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although every year over five million pilgrims visit Lourdes and Guadalupe each, the volume of Catholic art to accompany this enthusiasm has been essentially restricted to popular images. Hence although apparitions have resulted in the construction of very large Marian churches at <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a> they have not so far had a similar impact on Marian art. Yet images such as <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a> and the artistic renditions of it as statues are not simply works of art but are a central elements of the daily lives of the Mexican people.<sup id="cite_ref-Meade_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meade-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Hidalgo">Miguel Hidalgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> flew Guadalupan flags as their protector, and Zapata's men wore the Guadalupan image around their necks and on their <a href="/wiki/Sombrero" title="Sombrero">sombreros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Falk_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falk-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunk_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunk-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depictions of the Virgin of Guadalupe continue to remain a key unifying element in the Mexican nation, and as the main national symbol of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apparition-based art is at times considered miraculous by Catholics. Replicas of the distinctive blue and white statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> are widely used by Catholics in devotions, and small grottos with it are built in houses and Catholic neighborhoods worldwide and are the subject of prayers and petitions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i>, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a> called the statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> "miraculous" and Pope John Paul II attributed his survival after the 1981 assassination attempt to its intercession, donating one of the bullets that wounded him to the Sanctuary in Fatima.<sup id="cite_ref-Guiley_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guiley-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reginam_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reginam-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_characteristics">Distinguishing characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Distinguishing characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic approach to Marian art is quite distinct from the way other Christians (such as the Protestant and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>) treat the depictions of the Virgin Mary. From the very beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> its leaders expressed their discomfort with the depictions of saints in general. While over time a Protestant tradition of art developed, the depictions of the Virgin Mary within it have remained minimal, given that most Protestants reject Marian veneration and view it as a Catholic excess.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillerbrand_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG/180px-Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG/270px-Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG/360px-Virgen_del_Carmen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>The use of Marian <a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">Sacramentals</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Scapular">Brown Scapular</a> is a distinguishing feature of Catholic art.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the majority of the Protestants, the Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Marian images, but in a different manner and with a different emphasis from the Catholic tradition. While statues of the Virgin Mary abound in Catholic churches, there are specific prohibitions against all three-dimensional representations (of Mary or any other any saints) within the Orthodox Church, for they are regarded as remnants of pagan idolatry. Hence the Orthodox only produce and venerate two-dimensional images.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mylonas_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mylonas-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flinn_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flinn-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragas_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragas-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catholic Marian images are almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">devotional</a> depictions and do not have an official standing within liturgy, but Eastern icons are an inherent part of Orthodox liturgy. In fact, there is a three way, carefully coordinated interplay of prayers, icons and <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">hymns to Mary</a> within Orthodox liturgy, at times with specific feasts that relate to the Theotokos icons and the <a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Akathists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dragas_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragas-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is a tradition for the best known Western artists from <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> to <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> to depict the Virgin Mary, most painters of Eastern Orthodox icons have remained anonymous for the production of an icon is not viewed as a "work of art" but as a "sacred craft" practiced and perfected in monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To some Eastern Orthodox the natural looking Renaissance depictions used in Catholic art are not conducive to meditation, for they lack the <a href="/wiki/Kenosis" title="Kenosis">kenosis</a> needed for Orthodox contemplation. The rich background representation of flowers or gardens found in Catholic art are not present in Orthodox depictions whose primary focus is the Theotokos, often with the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Child Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McPherson_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McPherson-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apparition-based images such as the statues of the <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a> accentuate the differences in that they are based on apparitions that are purely Catholic, as well as being three-dimensional representations. And the presence of <a href="/wiki/Sacramentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramentals">Sacramentals</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Scapular" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Scapular">Brown Scapular</a> on the statues of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of Fatima">Our Lady of Fatima</a> emphasize a totally Catholic form of Marian art. </p><p>Apart from stylistic issues, significant doctrinal differences separate Catholic Marian art from other Christian approaches. Three examples are the depictions that involve the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>. Given that the Immaculate Conception is a mostly Catholic doctrine, its depictions within other Christian traditions remain rare.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same applies to <i>Queen of Heaven</i>, for long an element of Catholic tradition (and eventually the subject of the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a></i>) but its representation within themes such as the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> continue to remain mostly Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-Reginam_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reginam-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Eastern Orthodox support the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition of the Theotokos</a>, they do not support the Catholic doctrines of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> and hence their depictions of the dormition are distinct and the Virgin Mary is usually shown sleeping surrounded by saints, while Catholic depictions often show Mary rising to Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-Dragas_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dragas-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galleries_of_Marian_art">Galleries of Marian art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Galleries of Marian art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annunciation"><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Annunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_in_Christian_art" title="Annunciation in Christian art">Annunciation in Christian art</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Perpetual virginity</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anunciaci%C3%B3n_(Mariotto).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annunciation by Mariotto Albertinelli, 15th century"><img alt="Annunciation by Mariotto Albertinelli, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anunciaci%C3%B3n_%28Mariotto%29.jpg/143px-Anunciaci%C3%B3n_%28Mariotto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anunciaci%C3%B3n_%28Mariotto%29.jpg/216px-Anunciaci%C3%B3n_%28Mariotto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Anunciaci%C3%B3n_%28Mariotto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Annunciation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mariotto_Albertinelli" title="Mariotto Albertinelli">Mariotto Albertinelli</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annunciation by Murillo, 1655"><img alt="Annunciation by Murillo, 1655" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/125px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/187px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg/249px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Annunciation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a>, 1655</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27_Annonciation_de_1644,_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philippe de Champaigne, 1644"><img alt="Philippe de Champaigne, 1644" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg/169px-L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg/254px-L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg/338px-L%27_Annonciation_de_1644%2C_Philippe_de_Champaigne..jpg 2x" data-file-width="3559" data-file-height="3470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a>, 1644</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annunciation by Pietro Perugino, 1489"><img alt="Annunciation by Pietro Perugino, 1489" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg/114px-Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg/171px-Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg/227px-Pietro_Perugino_cat23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="3377" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Annunciation</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, 1489</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 73.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 71.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens Annunciation 1628 Antwerp"><img alt="Rubens Annunciation 1628 Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/107px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/160px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg/213px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Annunciation_-_WGA20250.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> <i>Annunciation</i> 1628 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cestello Annunciation by Botticelli, 1490"><img alt="Cestello Annunciation by Botticelli, 1490" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/172px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/258px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg/343px-Sandro_Botticelli_080.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cestello_Annunciation_(Botticelli)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestello Annunciation (Botticelli)"><i>Cestello Annunciation</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, 1490</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Annunciation,_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francesco Albani Annunciation The Hermitage"><img alt="Francesco Albani Annunciation The Hermitage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg/125px-The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg/188px-The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg/250px-The_Annunciation%2C_by_Francesco_Albani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Albani" title="Francesco Albani">Francesco Albani</a> <i>Annunciation</i> <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">The Hermitage</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century"><img alt="Mikhail Nesterov, Russia, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/125px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/188px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Annunciation_nesterov.jpg/250px-Annunciation_nesterov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nesterov" title="Mikhail Nesterov">Mikhail Nesterov</a>, Russia, 19th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Jesus"><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Birth of Jesus</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Birth of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more images, see <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome (disciple)</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Birth of Christ</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_Magi,_ivory,_15th_century,_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the Magi, ivory, 15th century"><img alt="Adoration of the Magi, ivory, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG/124px-Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG/186px-Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG/247px-Adoration_of_the_Magi%2C_ivory%2C_15th_century%2C_perhaps_South_German_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7516.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Adoration of the Magi</i>, ivory, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marten de Vos, 1577"><img alt="Marten de Vos, 1577" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg/112px-Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg/168px-Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg/224px-Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marten_de_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marten de Vos">Marten de Vos</a>, 1577</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lorenzo Lotto, 1523"><img alt="Lorenzo Lotto, 1523" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg/126px-Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg/190px-Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg/253px-Lorenzo_Lotto_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lotto" title="Lorenzo Lotto">Lorenzo Lotto</a>, 1523</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Perugino, 15th century"><img alt="Pietro Perugino, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg/161px-Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg/242px-Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg/322px-Pietro_Perugino_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pedro Berruguete, 15th century"><img alt="Pedro Berruguete, 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png/119px-Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png/178px-Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png/237px-Birthofchristwithangelsberruguete.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="811" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Berruguete" title="Pedro Berruguete">Pedro Berruguete</a>, 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giorgione, c1507"><img alt="Giorgione, c1507" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/202px-Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/303px-Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg/404px-Giorgione_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="3773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, c1507</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregorio Fernández, 1614"><img alt="Gregorio Fernández, 1614" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG/124px-Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG/186px-Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG/247px-Retablo_del_Nacimiento._Huelgas_R..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Gregorio Fernández">Gregorio Fernández</a>, 1614</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gauguin, 1896"><img alt="Gauguin, 1896" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg/189px-Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg/285px-Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg/379px-Paul_Gauguin_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Gauguin</a>, 1896</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoration_of_the_shepherds"><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adoration of the shepherds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_shepherds#Gallery_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the shepherds">Adoration of the shepherds § Gallery of art</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Adoration of the shepherds</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 89.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 87.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caravaggio, 16th century"><img alt="Caravaggio, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg/131px-Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg/198px-Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg/263px-Polidoro_Caldara_da_Caravaggio_Adorazione_dei_pastori_Messina_Museo_Regionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronzino, 16th century"><img alt="Bronzino, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg/118px-Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg/177px-Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg/235px-Worship_of_the_shepherds_by_bronzino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="4430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bronzino" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_Reni_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guido Reni, 1630–1642"><img alt="Guido Reni, 1630–1642" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guido_Reni_003.jpg/135px-Guido_Reni_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guido_Reni_003.jpg/203px-Guido_Reni_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Guido_Reni_003.jpg/270px-Guido_Reni_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, 1630–1642</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaudenzio Ferrari c1533"><img alt="Gaudenzio Ferrari c1533" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG/124px-GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG/186px-GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG/247px-GFerrari_Adorazione_pastori_VC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gaudenzio_Ferrari" title="Gaudenzio Ferrari">Gaudenzio Ferrari</a> c1533</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(1622).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gerard van Honthorst, 1622"><img alt="Gerard van Honthorst, 1622" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/201px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/302px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg/402px-Gerard_van_Honthorst_-_Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_%281622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2057" data-file-height="1690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_van_Honthorst" title="Gerard van Honthorst">Gerard van Honthorst</a>, 1622</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1485"><img alt="Domenico Ghirlandaio, 1485" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg/167px-Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg/251px-Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg/334px-Anbetung_der_Hirten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="2324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, 1485</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgione_062.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giorgione, 1510"><img alt="Giorgione, 1510" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Giorgione_062.jpg/207px-Giorgione_062.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Giorgione_062.jpg/311px-Giorgione_062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Giorgione_062.jpg/414px-Giorgione_062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, 1510</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adoration_of_the_Magi"><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Adoration of the Magi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Adoration of the Magi</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi-rembrandt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rembrandt, 1632"><img alt="Rembrandt, 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Magi-rembrandt.jpg/153px-Magi-rembrandt.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Magi-rembrandt.jpg/230px-Magi-rembrandt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Magi-rembrandt.jpg/306px-Magi-rembrandt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a>, 1632</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens, 1634"><img alt="Rubens, 1634" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/128px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/192px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg/256px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 1634</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Zanobi_Altar)_-_Uffizi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Botticelli, 1475"><img alt="Botticelli, 1475" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg/203px-Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg/304px-Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg/405px-Botticelli_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_%28Zanobi_Altar%29_-_Uffizi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5535" data-file-height="4511" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, 1475</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murillo, 17th century"><img alt="Murillo, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/129px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/194px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/258px-Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo_-_Adoration_of_the_Magi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3865" data-file-height="4935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Est%C3%A9ban_Murillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé Estéban Murillo">Murillo</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_da_fabriano,_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gentile da Fabriano, 1423"><img alt="Gentile da Fabriano, 1423" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg/261px-Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg/392px-Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg/522px-Gentile_da_fabriano%2C_adorazione_dei_magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>, 1423</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacopo da Ponte, 1563–1564"><img alt="Jacopo da Ponte, 1563–1564" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg/215px-Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg/323px-Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg/430px-Jacopo_da_Ponte_001b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Ponte" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo da Ponte">Jacopo da Ponte</a>, 1563–1564</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_(Museo_del_Prado,_1619).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diego Velázquez, 1619"><img alt="Diego Velázquez, 1619" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg/100px-Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg/151px-Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg/201px-Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Adoraci%C3%B3n_de_los_Reyes_%28Museo_del_Prado%2C_1619%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>, 1619</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madonna_paintings"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna paintings</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Madonna paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Madonna_structured_gallery" class="extiw" title="commons:Madonna structured gallery"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Madonna structured gallery</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre_15th_century">Pre 15th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pre 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Pre 15th century</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin, 6th century, St. Catherine Monastery"><img alt="Virgin, 6th century, St. Catherine Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/114px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/171px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/228px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin, 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">St. Catherine Monastery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vatopedi, Mount Athos, Greece, pre-870"><img alt="Vatopedi, Mount Athos, Greece, pre-870" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/125px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/188px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg/251px-%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vatopedi_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatopedi monastery">Vatopedi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, Greece, pre-870</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian Theotokos icon, 10th century"><img alt="Russian Theotokos icon, 10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg/126px-Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg/190px-Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg/252px-Theotokos_Iverskaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian Theotokos icon, 10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 69.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 67.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels,_Cimabue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna, Cimabue 13th century"><img alt="Madonna, Cimabue 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg/101px-Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg/151px-Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg/202px-Madonna_Enthroned_with_the_Child_St_Francis_St_Domenico_and_two_Angels%2C_Cimabue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and Angels, Duccio, 1282"><img alt="Madonna and Angels, Duccio, 1282" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg/121px-Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg/182px-Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg/243px-Duccio_The-Madonna-and-Child-with-Angels-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna and Angels</i>, <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a>, 1282</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GiottoMadonna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna by Giotto, c1300"><img alt="Madonna by Giotto, c1300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiottoMadonna.jpg/106px-GiottoMadonna.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiottoMadonna.jpg/159px-GiottoMadonna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GiottoMadonna.jpg/212px-GiottoMadonna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna</i> by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, c1300</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 67.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 65.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giacomo di Mino, 1342"><img alt="Giacomo di Mino, 1342" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg/98px-Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg/148px-Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg/197px-Madonna_jacopo_di_mino_del_pellicciaio_1342_Sarteano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="224" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_di_Mino" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo di Mino">Giacomo di Mino</a>, 1342</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naddo Ceccarelli, 1347"><img alt="Naddo Ceccarelli, 1347" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg/113px-Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg/171px-Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg/227px-Ceccarelli_Vierge12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naddo_Ceccarelli" title="Naddo Ceccarelli">Naddo Ceccarelli</a>, 1347</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="15-16th_century">15-16th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 15-16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">15-16th century</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taddeo di Bartolo 1400–1405"><img alt="Taddeo di Bartolo 1400–1405" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg/111px-Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg/167px-Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg/222px-Madonna._Petit_Palais_Avignon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_di_Bartolo" title="Taddeo di Bartolo">Taddeo di Bartolo</a> 1400–1405</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan van Eyck's Lucca Madonna, as Throne of Wisdom, 1430"><img alt="Jan van Eyck's Lucca Madonna, as Throne of Wisdom, 1430" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg/123px-Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg/185px-Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg/246px-Lucca_Madonna_by_Jan_Van_Eyck_-_St%C3%A4del_-_Frankfurt_am_Main_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lucca_Madonna_(van_Eyck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucca Madonna (van Eyck)">Lucca Madonna</a>, as <i><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Wisdom">Throne of Wisdom</a></i>, 1430</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_and_Child_(Filippo_Lippi).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and Child, Filippo Lippi 1440–1445"><img alt="Madonna and Child, Filippo Lippi 1440–1445" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/109px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/163px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg/217px-Madonna_and_Child_%28Filippo_Lippi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="910" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna and Child</i>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a> 1440–1445</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna, with God the Father in evidence, Filippo Lippi, 1459"><img alt="Madonna, with God the Father in evidence, Filippo Lippi, 1459" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/149px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/225px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg/299px-Fra_Filippo_Lippi_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna, with <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> in evidence</i>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, 1459</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_Benois.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benois Madonna, Leonardo da Vinci, 1475"><img alt="Benois Madonna, Leonardo da Vinci, 1475" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madonna_Benois.jpg/105px-Madonna_Benois.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madonna_Benois.jpg/158px-Madonna_Benois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Madonna_Benois.jpg/210px-Madonna_Benois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Benois_Madonna" title="Benois Madonna">Benois Madonna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, 1475</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnificat Madonna, Botticelli, 1481"><img alt="Magnificat Madonna, Botticelli, 1481" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png/165px-Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png/248px-Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png/330px-Madonna_of_the_Magnificat.png 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="3216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificat_Madonna" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnificat Madonna">Magnificat Madonna</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, 1481</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and five angels, Botticelli, c1485–1490"><img alt="Madonna and five angels, Botticelli, c1485–1490" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg/172px-Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg/259px-Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg/344px-Madonna_FiveAngels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna and five angels</i>, <a href="/wiki/Botticelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>, c1485–1490</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Glorification of the Virgin, Geertgen tot Sint Jans, c. 1490–1495"><img alt="The Glorification of the Virgin, Geertgen tot Sint Jans, c. 1490–1495" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/128px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/192px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans_-_The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7758" data-file-height="10025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Glorification_of_the_Virgin" title="The Glorification of the Virgin">The Glorification of the Virgin</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Geertgen_tot_Sint_Jans" title="Geertgen tot Sint Jans">Geertgen tot Sint Jans</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490–1495</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madona_del_gran_duque,_por_Rafael.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna del Granduca, Raphael, 1505"><img alt="Madonna del Granduca, Raphael, 1505" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg/112px-Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg/168px-Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg/224px-Madona_del_gran_duque%2C_por_Rafael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_del_Granduca" title="Madonna del Granduca">Madonna del Granduca</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1505</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 75.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 73.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tempi Madonna, Raphael, 1508"><img alt="Tempi Madonna, Raphael, 1508" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/110px-Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/165px-Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg/220px-Tempi_Madonna_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_-_Alte_Pinakothek_-_Munich_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="3976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tempi_Madonna_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tempi Madonna (Raphael)"><i>Tempi Madonna</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1508</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_044.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titian, 1520"><img alt="Titian, 1520" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tizian_044.jpg/201px-Tizian_044.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tizian_044.jpg/302px-Tizian_044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tizian_044.jpg/401px-Tizian_044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2085" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 1520</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post_16th_century">Post 16th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Post 16th century</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and Child by Sassoferrato, 17th century"><img alt="Madonna and Child by Sassoferrato, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg/136px-Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg/205px-Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg/272px-Sassoferrato_Madonna_col_Bambino1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madonna and Child by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Salvi_da_Sassoferrato" title="Giovanni Battista Salvi da Sassoferrato">Sassoferrato</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Rokitno [pl], Poland, 1671"><img alt="Our Lady of Rokitno [pl], Poland, 1671" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg/136px-Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg/205px-Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg/272px-Matka-Boza_Rokitno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Rokitno_Patiently_Listening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of Rokitno Patiently Listening (page does not exist)"><i>Our Lady of Rokitno</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obraz_Matki_Bo%C5%BCej_Rokitnia%C5%84skiej" class="extiw" title="pl:Obraz Matki Bożej Rokitniańskiej">pl</a>]</span>, Poland, 1671</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolorosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolorosa, Murillo, 1665"><img alt="Dolorosa, Murillo, 1665" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dolorosa.jpg/108px-Dolorosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dolorosa.jpg/163px-Dolorosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dolorosa.jpg/217px-Dolorosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dolorosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolorosa">Dolorosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a>, 1665</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna, Pompeo Batoni, 1742"><img alt="Madonna, Pompeo Batoni, 1742" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/129px-Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/194px-Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg/258px-Wga_Pompeo_Batoni_Madonna_and_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1026" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Batoni" title="Pompeo Batoni">Pompeo Batoni</a>, 1742</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of the Host, Dominique Ingres, 1852"><img alt="Virgin of the Host, Dominique Ingres, 1852" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg/135px-The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg/203px-The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg/270px-The_Virgin_Adoring_the_Host_MET_DP136074.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="3813" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Virgin of the Host</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Ingres" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique Ingres">Dominique Ingres</a>, 1852</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Ittenbach, 1855"><img alt="Franz Ittenbach, 1855" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg/128px-FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg/192px-FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg/256px-FI-Madonna_and_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ittenbach" title="Franz Ittenbach">Franz Ittenbach</a>, 1855</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 79.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 77.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugium_peccatorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Schoenstatt, Luigi Crosio, 1898"><img alt="Our Lady of Schoenstatt, Luigi Crosio, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Refugium_peccatorum.jpg/116px-Refugium_peccatorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Refugium_peccatorum.jpg/174px-Refugium_peccatorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Refugium_peccatorum.jpg/231px-Refugium_peccatorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Schoenstatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of Schoenstatt (page does not exist)">Our Lady of Schoenstatt</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Crosio" title="Luigi Crosio">Luigi Crosio</a>, 1898</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 71.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 69.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen of the Angels, Bouguereau, 1900"><img alt="Queen of the Angels, Bouguereau, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg/104px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg/157px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg/209px-William-Adolphe_Bouguereau_The_Virgin_With_Angels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Regina_Angelorum_(Bouguereau)" title="Regina Angelorum (Bouguereau)">Queen of the Angels</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bouguereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouguereau">Bouguereau</a>, 1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madonna_frescos"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna frescos</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Madonna frescos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Madonna_structured_gallery#Frescos" class="extiw" title="commons:Madonna structured gallery"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Madonna structured gallery#Frescos</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Pre 15th century</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fontignano. Pietro Perugino, 1522"><img alt="Fontignano. Pietro Perugino, 1522" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg/113px-Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg/170px-Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg/226px-Pietro_Perugino_cat98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fontignano" title="Fontignano">Fontignano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, 1522</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturnia,_chiesa_di_santa_maria_maddalena,_Madonna_col_Bambino_fra_San_Sebastiano_e_Santa_Maria_Maddalena,_attribuita_a_Benvenuto_di_Giovanni,_della_fine_del_sec._XV,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturnia, Tuscany. Benvenuto di Giovanni, 15th c."><img alt="Saturnia, Tuscany. Benvenuto di Giovanni, 15th c." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saturnia%2C_chiesa_di_santa_maria_maddalena%2C_Madonna_col_Bambino_fra_San_Sebastiano_e_Santa_Maria_Maddalena%2C_attribuita_a_Benvenuto_di_Giovanni%2C_della_fine_del_sec._XV%2C.jpg/137px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saturnia%2C_chiesa_di_santa_maria_maddalena%2C_Madonna_col_Bambino_fra_San_Sebastiano_e_Santa_Maria_Maddalena%2C_attribuita_a_Benvenuto_di_Giovanni%2C_della_fine_del_sec._XV%2C.jpg/206px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saturnia%2C_chiesa_di_santa_maria_maddalena%2C_Madonna_col_Bambino_fra_San_Sebastiano_e_Santa_Maria_Maddalena%2C_attribuita_a_Benvenuto_di_Giovanni%2C_della_fine_del_sec._XV%2C.jpg/274px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saturnia" title="Saturnia">Saturnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_di_Giovanni" title="Benvenuto di Giovanni">Benvenuto di Giovanni</a>, 15th c.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Madonna, Axum, Ethiopia"><img alt="Black Madonna, Axum, Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/124px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/186px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG/247px-Ethiopia-Axum_Cathedral-fresco-Black_Madonna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Black Madonna</i>, <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinturicchio_z01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of Spoleto, Perugia. Pinturicchio, late 15th c."><img alt="Cathedral of Spoleto, Perugia. Pinturicchio, late 15th c." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinturicchio_z01.jpg/220px-Pinturicchio_z01.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinturicchio_z01.jpg/331px-Pinturicchio_z01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pinturicchio_z01.jpg/440px-Pinturicchio_z01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pinturicchio" title="Pinturicchio">Pinturicchio</a>, late 15th c.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madonna_statues"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna statues</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Madonna statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Madonna_structured_gallery#Statues" class="extiw" title="commons:Madonna structured gallery"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Madonna structured gallery#Statues</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Madonna statues</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Assumption statue, Attard, Malta"><img alt="Assumption statue, Attard, Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG/124px-Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG/186px-Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG/247px-Santa_Marija_Assunta_-_Vara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Assumption</i> statue, <a href="/wiki/Attard" title="Attard">Attard</a>, Malta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Navigators, Porto Alegre, Brazil"><img alt="Our Lady of Navigators, Porto Alegre, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/IN02.jpg/106px-IN02.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/IN02.jpg/159px-IN02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/IN02.jpg/212px-IN02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NS_Aparecida.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Aparecida, patron saint of Brazil"><img alt="Our Lady of Aparecida, patron saint of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NS_Aparecida.png/119px-NS_Aparecida.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NS_Aparecida.png/179px-NS_Aparecida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NS_Aparecida.png/238px-NS_Aparecida.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Aparecida" title="Our Lady of Aparecida">Our Lady of Aparecida</a></i>, patron saint of Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Saúde, Portugal"><img alt="Our Lady of Saúde, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG/134px-Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG/201px-Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG/268px-Capela_de_N%C2%AA_Sr%C2%AA_da_Sa%C3%BAde_-_Altar_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Our Lady of Saúde</i>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 80.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 78.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beslotentuinfeest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Our Lady of Sorrows in Warfhuizen, dressed for October"><img alt="Our Lady of Sorrows in Warfhuizen, dressed for October" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Beslotentuinfeest.jpg/118px-Beslotentuinfeest.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Beslotentuinfeest.jpg/177px-Beslotentuinfeest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Beslotentuinfeest.jpg/236px-Beslotentuinfeest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warfhuizen" title="Warfhuizen">Warfhuizen</a>, dressed for October</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 64px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 62px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden Madonna of Essen, Essen, Germany"><img alt="Golden Madonna of Essen, Essen, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg/93px-Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg/140px-Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg/187px-Essen_muenster_goldene_madonna-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgen de los Ángeles, Costa Rica"><img alt="Virgen de los Ángeles, Costa Rica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg/135px-Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg/203px-Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Virgen_de_los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Virgen de los Ángeles">Virgen de los Ángeles</a>, Costa Rica</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verge_del_Blau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue Madonna, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain"><img alt="Blue Madonna, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Verge_del_Blau.JPG/124px-Verge_del_Blau.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Verge_del_Blau.JPG/186px-Verge_del_Blau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Verge_del_Blau.JPG/247px-Verge_del_Blau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Blue Madonna</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 70.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 68.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Assumption statue, Għaxaq, Malta, 1808"><img alt="Assumption statue, Għaxaq, Malta, 1808" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG/103px-Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG/154px-Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG/205px-Saintmaryghaxaq.JPG 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Assumption</i> statue, <a href="/wiki/G%C4%A7axaq" title="Għaxaq">Għaxaq</a>, Malta, 1808</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baroque Madonna Altar at the Milan Cathedral"><img alt="Baroque Madonna Altar at the Milan Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg/220px-DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg/331px-DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg/440px-DSC03034_-_Duomo_di_Milano_-_Transetto_sinistro_-_Foto_di_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_29-1-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> Madonna Altar at the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haskovo_41.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="31 metres statue, Haskovo, Bulgaria"><img alt="31 metres statue, Haskovo, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Haskovo_41.JPG/105px-Haskovo_41.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Haskovo_41.JPG/158px-Haskovo_41.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Haskovo_41.JPG/210px-Haskovo_41.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Haskovo)" title="Monument of the Holy Mother of God (Haskovo)"><i>31 metres statue</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God_(Haskovo)" title="Monument of the Holy Mother of God (Haskovo)">Haskovo, Bulgaria</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mary_in_the_Life_of_Christ_2">Mary in the Life of Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mary in the Life of Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Mary in the Life of Christ</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens, Lamentation 1614/1615"><img alt="Rubens, Lamentation 1614/1615" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg/175px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg/263px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg/350px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, <i>Lamentation</i> 1614/1615</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marriage at Cana, Giotto."><img alt="Marriage at Cana, Giotto." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg/175px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg/264px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg/351px-Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-24-_-_Marriage_at_Cana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ and Mary, mosaic, Chora Church, 16th century"><img alt="Christ and Mary, mosaic, Chora Church, 16th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/220px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/331px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg/440px-Istanbul_-_S._Salvatore_in_Chora_-_Nartece_-_Cristo_e_Maria_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_26-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Christ and Mary</i>, mosaic, <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, 16th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Correggio_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ taking leave of his mother, Correggio, 1517–1518"><img alt="Christ taking leave of his mother, Correggio, 1517–1518" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Correggio_001.jpg/142px-Correggio_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Correggio_001.jpg/214px-Correggio_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Correggio_001.jpg/284px-Correggio_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_taking_leave_of_his_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ taking leave of his mother">Christ taking leave of his mother</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Correggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Correggio">Correggio</a>, 1517–1518</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 67.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 65.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regnault_p1070181.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deposition of Christ, Regnault, 1789"><img alt="Deposition of Christ, Regnault, 1789" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regnault_p1070181.jpg/98px-Regnault_p1070181.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regnault_p1070181.jpg/147px-Regnault_p1070181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Regnault_p1070181.jpg/195px-Regnault_p1070181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="2421" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Deposition_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition of Christ">Deposition of Christ</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Regnault" title="Jean-Baptiste Regnault">Regnault</a>, 1789</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michelangelo's Pietà, 1498"><img alt="Michelangelo's Pietà, 1498" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/157px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/237px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg/315px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i>, 1498</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_lorenzetti,_compianto_(dettaglio)_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_(1310-1329).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Lorenzetti, Assisi Basilica, 1310–1329"><img alt="Pietro Lorenzetti, Assisi Basilica, 1310–1329" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/165px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/248px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg/330px-Pietro_lorenzetti%2C_compianto_%28dettaglio%29_basilica_inferiore_di_assisi_%281310-1329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Lorenzetti" title="Pietro Lorenzetti">Pietro Lorenzetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> Basilica, 1310–1329</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resurrection of Christ, Fra Angelico, 1437"><img alt="Resurrection of Christ, Fra Angelico, 1437" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fra_Angelico_019.jpg/139px-Fra_Angelico_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fra_Angelico_019.jpg/209px-Fra_Angelico_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fra_Angelico_019.jpg/278px-Fra_Angelico_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3010" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, 1437</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immaculate_Conception_2"><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Immaculate Conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception#Artistic_representation" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception § Artistic representation</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Immaculate conception</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inmaculada_Concepcion_(La_Colosal).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murillo Immaculate Conception, 1650"><img alt="Murillo Immaculate Conception, 1650" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/115px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/174px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg/231px-Inmaculada_Concepcion_%28La_Colosal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a> <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1650</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Inmaculada_de_Soult,_1678,_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Murillo Immaculate Conception, 1678"><img alt="Murillo Immaculate Conception, 1678" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg/112px-La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg/169px-La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg/225px-La_Inmaculada_de_Soult%2C_1678%2C_Bartolom%C3%A9_E._Murillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Esteban_Murillo" title="Bartolomé Esteban Murillo">Murillo</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Immaculate_Conception_of_Los_Venerables" title="The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables">Immaculate Conception</a></i>, 1678</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Velázquez Immaculate Conception, 1618"><img alt="Velázquez Immaculate Conception, 1618" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg/125px-Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg/187px-Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg/249px-Virgin_Mary_-_Diego_Velazquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Velázquez</a> <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1618</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="di Cosimo Immaculate Conception, 1505"><img alt="di Cosimo Immaculate Conception, 1505" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg/139px-Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg/208px-Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg/277px-Piero_di_Cosimo_057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo" title="Piero di Cosimo">di Cosimo</a> <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1505</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zurbarán Immaculate Conception, 1630"><img alt="Zurbarán Immaculate Conception, 1630" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg/109px-Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg/164px-Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg/219px-Zurbaran_-_Inmaculada_Concepcion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Zurbarán</a> <i>Immaculate Conception</i>, 1630</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maratta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carlo Maratta, 1689"><img alt="Carlo Maratta, 1689" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maratta.jpg/89px-Maratta.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maratta.jpg/133px-Maratta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Maratta.jpg/177px-Maratta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maratta" title="Carlo Maratta">Carlo Maratta</a>, 1689</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 19th century"><img alt="Statue, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg/124px-Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg/186px-Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg/247px-Igreja_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregorio Fernández, 17th century"><img alt="Gregorio Fernández, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/108px-Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/162px-Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg/216px-Gregorio_Fernandez_Inmaculada_La_Redonda_Logrono_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Gregorio Fernández">Gregorio Fernández</a>, 17th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assumption_into_Heaven"><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption into Heaven</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Assumption into Heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Assumption</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrea Mantegna Dormition 1461"><img alt="Andrea Mantegna Dormition 1461" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg/126px-Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg/190px-Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg/253px-Andrea_Mantegna_047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a> <i>Dormition</i> 1461</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 71.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 69.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens Assumption, 1626"><img alt="Rubens Assumption, 1626" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg/104px-Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg/157px-Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg/209px-Baroque_Rubens_Assumption-of-Virgin-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1626</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_041.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Titian Assumption, 1516"><img alt="Titian Assumption, 1516" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/89px-Tizian_041.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/135px-Tizian_041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tizian_041.jpg/179px-Tizian_041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1516</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 79.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 77.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mateo Cerezo Assumption, 1650"><img alt="Mateo Cerezo Assumption, 1650" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg/116px-La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg/175px-La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg/233px-La_Asunci%C3%B3n_de_la_Virgen_by_Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Cabezalero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2869" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mateo_Cerezo" title="Mateo Cerezo">Mateo Cerezo</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1650</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guercino_Assumption.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guercino Assumption, 1655"><img alt="Guercino Assumption, 1655" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Guercino_Assumption.jpg/135px-Guercino_Assumption.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Guercino_Assumption.jpg/203px-Guercino_Assumption.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Guercino_Assumption.jpg/270px-Guercino_Assumption.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guercino" title="Guercino">Guercino</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1655</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 71.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 69.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Andrea del Sarto Assumption, 1526"><img alt="Andrea del Sarto Assumption, 1526" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg/104px-Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg/156px-Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg/207px-Andrea_del_Sarto_-_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_-_WGA00400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a> <i>Assumption</i>, 1526</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens;_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubens Assumption of the Virgin, 17th century"><img alt="Rubens Assumption of the Virgin, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg/113px-Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg/170px-Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg/227px-Sir_Pieter-Paul_Rubens%3B_Assumption_of_the_Devine_and_Holy_Virgin_Mary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1981" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a> <i>Assumption of the Virgin</i>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge,_Le_Brun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Le Brun, 1835"><img alt="Charles Le Brun, 1835" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/231px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/348px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg/463px-L%27Assomption_de_la_Vierge%2C_Le_Brun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, 1835</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_of_Heaven_2"><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Queen of Heaven"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a larger gallery, see <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven#Gallery_of_art" title="Queen of Heaven">Queen of Heaven § Gallery of art</a>.</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Queen of Heaven</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martino di Bartolomeo, 1400"><img alt="Martino di Bartolomeo, 1400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg/127px-Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg/191px-Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg/254px-Martino_di_Bartolomeo._Coronation_of_the_Virgin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Martino_di_Bartolomeo" title="Martino di Bartolomeo">Martino di Bartolomeo</a>, 1400</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crowning of the Virgin by Rubens, 17th century"><img alt="Crowning of the Virgin by Rubens, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg/105px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg/158px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg/210px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Crowning of the Virgin</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubens">Rubens</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Velázquez, Crowning of the Virgin, 1645"><img alt="Velázquez, Crowning of the Virgin, 1645" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/124px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/186px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg/248px-Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_-_Coronation_of_the_Virgin_-_Prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3051" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Velázquez</a>, <i>Crowning of the Virgin</i>, 1645</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 67.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 65.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregorio di Cecco Enthroned Madonna"><img alt="Gregorio di Cecco Enthroned Madonna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg/98px-Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg/147px-Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg/196px-Gregorio_di_Cecco.Madonna_enthroned_with_Angels.XV_cent._Liechtenstein_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_di_Cecco" title="Gregorio di Cecco">Gregorio di Cecco</a> <i>Enthroned Madonna</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giacomo di Mino, 1340–1350"><img alt="Giacomo di Mino, 1340–1350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg/99px-Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg/148px-Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg/197px-Coronation_of_Virgin_Jacopo_di_mino_Montepulciano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1754" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_di_Mino" class="mw-redirect" title="Giacomo di Mino">Giacomo di Mino</a>, 1340–1350</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphael, 1502–1504"><img alt="Raphael, 1502–1504" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/100px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/151px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg/201px-PalaOddiRaffaello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, 1502–1504</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pietro Perugino, 1504"><img alt="Pietro Perugino, 1504" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg/122px-Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg/184px-Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg/245px-Pietro_Perugino_cat65a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Perugino" title="Pietro Perugino">Pietro Perugino</a>, 1504</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procacc1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giulio Cesare Procaccini, 17th century"><img alt="Giulio Cesare Procaccini, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Procacc1.jpg/123px-Procacc1.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Procacc1.jpg/185px-Procacc1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Procacc1.jpg/246px-Procacc1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare_Procaccini" title="Giulio Cesare Procaccini">Giulio Cesare Procaccini</a>, 17th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparitions_2"><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Apparitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Apparitions</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vision of St. Bernard by Fra Bartolommeo c. 1504"><img alt="The Vision of St. Bernard by Fra Bartolommeo c. 1504" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg/171px-Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg/257px-Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg/342px-Fra_bartolomeo_02_Vision_of_St_Bernard_with_Sts_Benedict_and_John_the_Evangelist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Vision of <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_of_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernhard of Clairvaux">St. Bernard</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Bartolommeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fra Bartolommeo">Fra Bartolommeo</a> c. 1504</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 77.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 75.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Dominic receiving the Rosary from the Virgin Mary by Caravaggio, 17th century"><img alt="St. Dominic receiving the Rosary from the Virgin Mary by Caravaggio, 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg/113px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg/170px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg/227px-Michelangelo_Caravaggio_066b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Dominic">St. Dominic</a></i> <i>receiving the Rosary from the <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Virgin Mary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 75.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 73.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Virgin Giving Scapular to St. Simon by Pierre Puget 17th century"><img alt="The Virgin Giving Scapular to St. Simon by Pierre Puget 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg/110px-Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg/166px-Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg/221px-Virgin_Giving_Scapular.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="865" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Virgin Giving <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a> to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stock" title="Simon Stock">St. Simon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Puget" title="Pierre Puget">Pierre Puget</a> 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 83.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 81.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariascapular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of the Virgin Mary giving the Scapular to St. Simon, by Alfonso Balzico, Rome, 19th century"><img alt="Statue of the Virgin Mary giving the Scapular to St. Simon, by Alfonso Balzico, Rome, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariascapular.jpg/122px-Mariascapular.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariascapular.jpg/183px-Mariascapular.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mariascapular.jpg/243px-Mariascapular.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of the <a href="/wiki/BVM(RC)" class="mw-redirect" title="BVM(RC)">Virgin Mary</a> giving the <a href="/wiki/Scapular" title="Scapular">Scapular</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Simon_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Simon Stock">St. Simon</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Balzico" title="Alfonso Balzico">Alfonso Balzico</a>, Rome, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apparition to St. Hyacinth by Lodovico Carracci 1594"><img alt="Apparition to St. Hyacinth by Lodovico Carracci 1594" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg/99px-Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg/148px-Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg/198px-Carracci_Saint_Hyacinth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Apparition to St. <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_of_Poland" title="Hyacinth of Poland">Hyacinth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Carracci" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodovico Carracci">Lodovico Carracci</a> 1594</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eternal Father painting the Virgin of Guadalupe anonymous, 18th century"><img alt="Eternal Father painting the Virgin of Guadalupe anonymous, 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg/120px-Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg/181px-Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg/241px-Eternal_father_painting_guadalupe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Eternal Father</a> painting the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a></i> anonymous, 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VirgendeLourdes.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Our Lady of Lourdes, Lourdes, France"><img alt="Statue of Our Lady of Lourdes, Lourdes, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VirgendeLourdes.JPG/124px-VirgendeLourdes.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VirgendeLourdes.JPG/186px-VirgendeLourdes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/VirgendeLourdes.JPG/247px-VirgendeLourdes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lourdes" title="Lourdes">Lourdes</a>, France</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Marian churches">Catholic Marian churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Marian devotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns to Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Life" title="Fountain of Life">Fountain of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon_of_the_Hodegetria" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon of the Hodegetria">Icon of the Hodegetria</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Verdon, 2006, <i>Mary in Western Art</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9712981-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9712981-9-4">978-0-9712981-9-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meade-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meade_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meade_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Modern Latin America</i> by <a href="/wiki/Teresa_A._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa A. Meade">Teresa A. Meade</a>, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-2051-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-2051-7">1-4051-2051-7</a> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Virgin of Guadalupe</i> by Maxwell E. Johnson 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-2284-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-2284-9">0-7425-2284-9</a> pp. 41–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Ebertshauser et al. 1998 <i>Mary: Art, Culture, and Religion through the Ages</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1760-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1760-1">978-0-8245-1760-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Distinctively Catholic: an exploration of Catholic identity</i> by Daniel Donovan 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3750-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3750-X">0-8091-3750-X</a> pp. 96–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janusz Rosikon, 2001, <i>The Madonnas of Europe: Pilgrimages to the Great Marian Shrines</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-849-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-849-3">978-0-89870-849-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edel 2006, <i>Madonna: Sacred Art And Holy Music</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937406404" title="Special:BookSources/9783937406404">9783937406404</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Dayton Marian Music <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php">https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Mullen <i>Shrines of Our Lady</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19503-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19503-8">978-0-312-19503-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mystery of the Rosary: Marian Devotion and the Reinvention of Catholicism</i> by Nathan Mitchell 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9591-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9591-9">0-8147-9591-9</a> pp. 37–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The road from Eden: studies in Christianity and culture</i> by John Barber 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-933146-34-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-933146-34-6">1-933146-34-6</a> p. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm">Catholic encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-910-X">0-87973-910-X</a> pp. 431–433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1981/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19810217_manila-baclaran_en.html">Vatican website: Pope John Paul II in the Philippines</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culture and customs of the Philippines</i> by Paul A. Rodell 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30415-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30415-7">0-313-30415-7</a> p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Relations between religions and cultures in Southeast Asia</i> by Donny Gahral Adian, <a href="/wiki/Gadis_Arivia" title="Gadis Arivia">Gadis Arivia</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56518-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56518-250-2">1-56518-250-2</a> p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asian American religions</i> by Tony Carnes, Fenggang Yang 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-1630-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-1630-X">0-8147-1630-X</a> p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religion at the corner of bliss and nirvana</i> by Lois Ann Lorentzen 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-4547-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-4547-1">0-8223-4547-1</a> pp. 278–280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 3</i> by Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12654-6">90-04-12654-6</a> p. 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Almanac</i> by Matthew Bunson 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59276-441-X">1-59276-441-X</a> p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Mystery of the Rosary</i> by Nathan Mitchell 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9591-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9591-9">0-8147-9591-9</a> p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>China's Catholics</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Madsen_(sociologist)" title="Richard Madsen (sociologist)">Richard Madsen</a> 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21326-2">0-520-21326-2</a> pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercer-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mercer_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mercer dictionary of the Bible</i> by Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> pp. 520–525</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i> by Larry W. Hurtado 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3167-2">0-8028-3167-2</a> pp. 113, 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>II Corinthians: a commentary</i> by Frank J. Matera 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22117-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-22117-3">0-664-22117-3</a> pp. 11–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooke_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The image of St Francis</i> by Rosalind B. Brooke 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78291-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78291-0">0-521-78291-0</a> pp. 183–184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raab-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raab_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The tradition of Catholic prayer</i> by Christian Raab, Harry Hagan, St. Meinrad Archabbey 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-3184-3">0-8146-3184-3</a> pp. 86–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GFinger-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GFinger_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The vitality of the Christian tradition</i> by George Finger Thomas 1944 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2378-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-2378-2">0-8369-2378-2</a> pp. 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La vida sacra: contemporary Hispanic sacramental theology</i> by James L. Empereur, Eduardo Fernández 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-5157-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-5157-1">0-7425-5157-1</a> pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philippines</i> by Lily Rose R. Tope, Detch P. Nonan-Mercado 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-1475-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-1475-4">0-7614-1475-4</a> p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Calkins, Marian Consecration and Entrustment in Burke, Raymond L.; et al. (2008) Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57918-355-4">978-1-57918-355-4</a> pp. 725–737</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Life in Renaissance France</i> by Lucien Febvre 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-53180-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-53180-9">0-674-53180-9</a> p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saint Alphonsus Liguori</i> by Saint Alfonso Maria de' Liguori, Richard Paul Blakeney 1852 p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i> 5, 1913, pp. 113–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinchieri-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trinchieri_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trinchieri_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Art and music in the early modern period</i> by Franca Trinchieri Camiz, Katherine A. McIver <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0689-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0689-9">0-7546-0689-9</a> p. 15 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdIFQTuA4cQC&dq=%22Madonna+of+humility%22&pg=PA15">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php">Roten S.M., Johann G., "Birth of Mary: Meditation and Illustration", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Madonna della Misericordia in the Italian Renaissance</i> by Carol McCall Rand, 1987, Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Virgen de San Juan Shrine</i>, by Bonnie Robertson, 1980 ASIN: B0021ZHECE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Nava Rodríguez, 1975 <i>Historia de Nuestra Senora de Ocotlan</i> Tlaxcala: Editoria de periodicos "La Prensa", MLCS 98/02238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The énclosed garden: history and development of the hortus conclusus</i> by Rob Aben, Saskia de Wit 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6450-349-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6450-349-4">90-6450-349-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Guarducci <i>Maria nelle epigrafi paleocristiane di Roma</i> 1963, 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I Daoust, <i>Marie dans les catacombes</i>, in "Esprit et Vie", n. 91, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pris-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pris_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annunciation To Mary</i> by Eugene LaVerdiere 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1568545576" title="Special:BookSources/1568545576">1568545576</a> page 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Early Christian Art and Architecture </i> by R. L. P. Milburn (Feb 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520074122" title="Special:BookSources/0520074122">0520074122</a> Univ California Press page 303</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Image and Relic: Mediating the Sacred in Early Medieval Rome</i> by Erik Thun 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8882652173" title="Special:BookSources/8882652173">8882652173</a> pages 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim37-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim37_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim37_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary in Western Art</i> by Timothy Verdon 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/097129819X" title="Special:BookSources/097129819X">097129819X</a> pages 37-40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Rose, 2004, <i>In Tiers of Glory: The Organic Development of Catholic Church Architecture through the Ages</i> Mesa Folio editions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967637120" title="Special:BookSources/0967637120">0967637120</a> pages 9-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i> 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0877790442" title="Special:BookSources/0877790442">0877790442</a> page 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gospels.net/translations/infancyjamestranslation.html">Infancy Gospel of James, chapter 20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085726/http://www.gospels.net/translations/infancyjamestranslation.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Comparative Iconography</i> by Helene E. Roberts 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57958-009-2">1-57958-009-2</a> p. 904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Religions of the World</i> by J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576072231" title="Special:BookSources/1576072231">1576072231</a> pages 308-309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Art and architecture of viceregal Latin America, 1521–1821</i> by Kelly Donahue-Wallace 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826334598" title="Special:BookSources/0826334598">0826334598</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mapping the Catholic cultural landscape</i> by Richard Fossey 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-3184-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-3184-8">0-7425-3184-8</a> p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Globalizing the sacred: religion across the Americas</i> by Manuel A. Vásquez, Marie F. Marquardt 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3285-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-3285-X">0-8135-3285-X</a> p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoenstatt website <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091010153628/http://www.schoenstatt.de/index_english.htm">"Father's Shepherds"</a>. <i>Schoenstatt Movement</i>. August 14, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoenstatt.de/index_english.htm">the original</a> on 2009-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schoenstatt+Movement&rft.atitle=Father%27s+Shepherds&rft.date=2009-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schoenstatt.de%2Findex_english.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schoenstatt.de/news2005/10/5t1068en-it--mta-crosio.php">Research on Luigi Crosio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629060613/http://www.schoenstatt.de/news2005/10/5t1068en-it--mta-crosio.php">Archived</a> 2012-06-29 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/mary//resources/motherthriceadmirable.htm">University of Dayton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509162125/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/motherthriceadmirable.htm">Archived</a> 2012-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marian Dogmas at University of Dayton <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/mariandogmas.html">http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/mariandogmas.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocf.org/OrthodoxPage/liturgy/liturgy.html">Divine Liturgy of St John Chrysostom</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coptic.net/prayers/StBasilLiturgy.html">Coptic Liturgy of St Basil</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_cyril.pdf">Liturgy of St Cyril</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/67XgmsvFA?url=http://www.copticchurch.net/topics/liturgy/liturgy_of_st_cyril.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-05-09 at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ephrem/lit-james.htm">Liturgy of St James</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615045105/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/ephrem/lit-james.htm">Archived</a> 15 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frmichel.najim.net/liturgyvid.pdf">Understanding the Orthodox Liturgy</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Gambero, <i>Mary and the Fathers of the Church</i> trans. T. Buffer (San Francisco: Ignatius, 1991), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley,_Rosemary_Ellen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Guiley, Rosemary Ellen</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaange00guil_942"><i>The Encyclopedia of Angels</i></a></span> (Second ed.). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaange00guil_942/page/n201">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-5023-6"><bdi>0-8160-5023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Angels&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8160-5023-6&rft.au=Guiley%2C+Rosemary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaange00guil_942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Medieval art: a topical dictionary</i> by Leslie Ross 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29329-5">0-313-29329-5</a> p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian iconography: a study of its origins</i> by André Grabar 1968 Taylor & Francis p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annunciation Art, Phaidon Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-4447-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-4447-0">0-7148-4447-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Annunciation to Mary</i> by Eugene Laverdiere 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56854-557-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56854-557-6">1-56854-557-6</a> p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to Christian Art and Architecture</i> by Peter Murray 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866165-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866165-7">0-19-866165-7</a> p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Medieval art: a topical dictionary</i> by Leslie Ross 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29329-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29329-5">0-313-29329-5</a> p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civitas-dei.eu/cavendish.htm">Paul Cavendish, "The Tridentine Mass"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Habig-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Habig_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/LANDMARY.HTM">Marion A. Habig, "Land of Mary Immaculate"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emblems for Immaculate Conception <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211015523/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php">"Birth of Mary: Meditation and Illustrations"</a>. <i>All About Mary</i>. International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php">the original</a> on 2008-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Mary&rft.atitle=Birth+of+Mary%3A+Meditation+and+Illustrations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fudayton.edu%2Fimri%2Fmary%2Fb%2Fbirth-of-mary-meditation-and-illustrations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://193.8.230.138/etexts/www/Bible/Song_of_Solomon.html">The whole text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529140849/http://193.8.230.138/etexts/www/Bible/Song_of_Solomon.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ésotérisme, gnoses & imaginaire symbolique: mélanges offerts à Antoine Faivre</i> by Richard Caron, Antoine Faivre 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-0955-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-0955-2">90-429-0955-2</a> p. 676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Divine Mirrors: The Virgin Mary in the Visual Arts</i> by Melissa R. Katz and Robert A. Orsi 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514557-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514557-7">0-19-514557-7</a> p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Virgin Mary remained an ever-virgin and sinless, it is viewed that the Virgin Mary could not thus suffer the consequences of <a href="/wiki/Original_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Sin">Original Sin</a>, which is chiefly Death. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3819.htm">http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3819.htm</a> Nicea II Session 6 Decree</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/NICAEA2.HTM#2">Nicaea II Definition, "without blemish"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Christopher Rengers, <i>The 33 Doctors Of The Church</i>, Tan Books & Publishers, 200, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89555-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89555-440-2">0-89555-440-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary H. Allies, <i>St. John Damascene on Holy Images, Followed by Three Sermons on the Assumption</i> London, 1899.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Dayton <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/maryassump1.html">http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/resources/maryassump1.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dictionary of Mary, Catholic Book Publishing Co., New York, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ad_Caeli_Reginam" title="Ad Caeli Reginam">Ad Caeli Reginam</a> 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiley-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guiley_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiley_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley,_Rosemary_Ellen2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Ellen_Guiley" title="Rosemary Ellen Guiley">Guiley, Rosemary Ellen</a> (2001). <i>The Encyclopedia of Saints</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4134-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4134-2"><bdi>0-8160-4134-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Saints&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8160-4134-2&rft.au=Guiley%2C+Rosemary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Freze, 1993, <i>Voices, Visions, and Apparitions</i>, OSV Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-454-X">0-87973-454-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Falk-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Falk_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Secular ritual</i> by Sally Falk Moore, Barbara G. Myerhoff 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-232-1457-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-232-1457-9">90-232-1457-9</a> p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunk-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brunk_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Emiliano Zapata</i> by Samuel Brunk 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1620-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1620-4">0-8263-1620-4</a> p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Moved by Mary</i> by Anna-Karina Hermkens 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-6789-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-6789-8">0-7546-6789-8</a> p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reginam-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reginam_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reginam_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_11101954_ad-caeli-reginam_en.html">Encyclical <i>Ad Caeli Reginam</i> on the Vatican website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillerbrand-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hillerbrand_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The encyclopedia of Protestantism</i> edited by Hans Joachim Hillerbrand 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92472-3">0-415-92472-3</a> pp. 171–173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mary in Western art</i> by Timothy Verdon, Filippo Rossi 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9712981-9-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9712981-9-X">0-9712981-9-X</a> p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian art</i> by Beth Williamson 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280328-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280328-X">0-19-280328-X</a> pp. 102–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benz-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benz_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benz_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benz_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life</i> by Ernst Benz 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-202-36298-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-202-36298-1">0-202-36298-1</a> pp. 4–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mylonas-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mylonas_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Serbian orthodox fundamentals</i> by Christos Mylonas 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9241-61-X" title="Special:BookSources/963-9241-61-X">963-9241-61-X</a> pp. 45–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flinn-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flinn_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Catholicism</i> by Frank K. Flinn, J. Gordon Melton 2007 ISBN pp. 244–245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dragas-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dragas_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ecclesiasticus II: Orthodox Icons, Saints, Feasts and Prayer</i> by George Dion Dragas 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9745618-0-0">0-9745618-0-0</a> pp. 177–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Religions:_From_Their_Origins_to_the_Twenty-First_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century">America's Religions: From Their Origins to the Twenty-First Century</a></i> by Peter W. Williams, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-07551-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-07551-X">0-252-07551-X</a> pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McPherson-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McPherson_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Keeping silence: Christian practices for entering stillness</i> by C. W. McPherson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8192-1910-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8192-1910-X">0-8192-1910-X</a>, 2002 p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The encyclopedia of world religions</i> by Robert S. Ellwood, Gregory D. Alles 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6141-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6141-6">0-8160-6141-6</a> pp. 33–34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Miravalle, 1993, <i>Introduction to Mary</i>, Queenship Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882972-06-7">978-1-882972-06-7</a> pp. 64–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Butler's Lives of the Saints: August</i> by Alban Butler, Paul Burns 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86012-257-3">0-86012-257-3</a> p. 147</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ancona1977" class="citation book cs1">D'Ancona, Mirella Levi (1977). <i>Garden of the Renaissance: Botanical Symbolism in Italian Painting</i>. Firenze: Casa Editrice Leo S.Olschki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788822217899" title="Special:BookSources/9788822217899"><bdi>9788822217899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garden+of+the+Renaissance%3A+Botanical+Symbolism+in+Italian+Painting&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pub=Casa+Editrice+Leo+S.Olschki&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9788822217899&rft.aulast=D%27Ancona&rft.aufirst=Mirella+Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Ancona1957" class="citation book cs1">D'Ancona, Mirella Levi (1957). <i>The iconography of the Immaculate Conception in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance</i>. College Art Association of America. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DEREA">B0007DEREA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+iconography+of+the+Immaculate+Conception+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+early+Renaissance&rft.pub=College+Art+Association+of+America&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DEREA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=D%27Ancona&rft.aufirst=Mirella+Levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarian+art+in+the+Catholic+Church" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beckwith, John (1969). Early Medieval Art. Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20019-X">0-500-20019-X</a>.</li> <li>Arnold Hauser, Mannerism: The Crisis of the Renaissance and the Origins of Modern Art, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-54815-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-54815-9">0-674-54815-9</a></li> <li>Levey, Michael (1961). From Giotto to Cézanne. Thames and Hudson,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20024-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20024-6">0-500-20024-6</a>.</li> <li>Myers, Bernard (1965, 1985). Landmarks of Western Art. Hamlyn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-35840-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-35840-2">0-600-35840-2</a>.</li> <li>Rice, David Talbot (1997). Art of the Byzantine Era. Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20004-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20004-1">0-500-20004-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dupre, Judith. <i>Full of Grace: Encountering Mary in Faith, Art, and Life</i>, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-6585-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-6585-2">1-4000-6585-2</a></li> <li>Gustafson, Fred. <i>The Black Madonna</i>, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85630-720-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-85630-720-6">3-85630-720-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512034542/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/index.html">Christian Iconography</a> from Augusta State University – see under Virgin Mary, after alphabet of saints</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041259/https://www.udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/birth-of-mary-in-art.php">Birth of Mary in Art, <i>All About Mary</i></a> The University of Dayton's Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute (IMRI) is the world's largest repository of books, artwork and artifacts devoted to Mary, the mother of Christ, and a pontifical center of research and scholarship with a vast presence in cyberspace.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church" title="Category:Catholic Church">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virgin_Mary" title="Template talk:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin_Mary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virgin Mary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Brothers of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_en_oraison_(Il_Sassoferrato).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/125px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/188px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg/250px-Vierge_en_oraison_%28Il_Sassoferrato%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: early life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Mary" title="Nativity of Mary">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Mary" title="Presentation of Mary">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin" title="Marriage of the Virgin">Marriage to Joseph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">Virginal motherhood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">Finding of Jesus in the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">Miracle at the Wedding at Cana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a>: later life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Bilocation to Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven" title="Queen of Heaven">Queenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">Apocryphal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Protoevangelium of James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_meetings_and_documents_on_Mary" title="Ecumenical meetings and documents on Mary">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">papal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_views_on_Mary" title="Protestant views on Mary">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Marian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Luther's Marian theology">Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Veneration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Apparitions_**_list_*_Catholic_churches_*_Christmas_*_Devotions_**_month_of_May_*_Feast_days_*_Patronage_*_Shrines_*_Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_apparition" title="Marian apparition">Apparitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marian_apparitions" title="List of Marian apparitions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_church_buildings" title="Catholic Marian church buildings">Catholic churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_devotions" title="Marian devotions">Devotions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_devotions_to_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary">month of May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_feast_days" title="Marian feast days">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrines_to_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrines to the Virgin Mary">Shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Titles of Mary">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christotokos" title="Christotokos">Christotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Redemptrix" title="Co-Redemptrix">Coredemptrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Help_of_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Help of Christians">Help of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Immaculate Heart of Mary">Immaculate Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-giving_Spring" title="Life-giving Spring">Life-giving Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatrix" title="Mediatrix">Mediatrix</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediatrix_of_all_graces" title="Mediatrix of all graces">of all graces</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Eve" title="New Eve">New Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagia" title="Panagia">Panagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Navigators" title="Our Lady of Navigators">Our Lady of Navigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary" title="Our Lady of the Rosary">Our Lady of Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady,_Star_of_the_Sea" title="Our Lady, Star of the Sea">Star of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Seat of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_antiphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian antiphons">Antiphons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Redemptoris_Mater" title="Alma Redemptoris Mater">Alma Redemptoris Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina" title="Salve Regina">Salve Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima_prayers" title="Fátima prayers">Fátima prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymns_to_Mary" title="Hymns to Mary">Hymns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist_to_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Akathist to the Theotokos">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_maris_stella" title="Ave maris stella">Ave maris stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_tuum_praesidium" title="Sub tuum praesidium">Sub tuum praesidium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_litany" title="Marian litany">Litany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Litany_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Loreto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat" title="Magnificat">Magnificat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mother_of_Grace" title="Mary, Mother of Grace">Maria mater gratiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorare" title="Memorare">Memorare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">Rosary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Hail_Marys" title="Three Hail Marys">Three Hail Marys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_Mary_in_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin Mary in art">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_in_Catholic_art" title="Queen of Heaven in Catholic art">Queen of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater_(art)" title="Stabat Mater (art)">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agiosoritissa" title="Agiosoritissa">Agiosoritissa</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria_Advocata_(Madonna_del_Rosario)" title="Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)">Madonna del Rosario</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_Derzhavnaya" title="Our Lady Derzhavnaya">Derzhavnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusa_icon" title="Eleusa icon">Eleusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Vladimir" title="Virgin of Vladimir">Theotokos of Vladimir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodegetria" title="Hodegetria">Hodegetria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke_painting_the_Virgin" title="Saint Luke painting the Virgin">Saint Luke painting the Virgin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Category:Mary, mother of Jesus">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=1199781790">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=1199781790</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Mariology" title="Category:Catholic Mariology">Catholic Mariology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_spirituality" title="Category:Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virgin_Mary_in_art" title="Category:Virgin Mary in art">Virgin Mary in art</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_webcite_links" title="Category:Webarchive template webcite links">Webarchive template webcite links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_locally_defined" title="Category:Commons link is locally defined">Commons link is locally defined</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 January 2024, at 23:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lnrz6","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.631","walltime":"1.948","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18738,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":236065,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14209,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":389743,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1444.635 1 -total"," 36.42% 526.070 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.61% 384.477 72 Template:ISBN"," 14.78% 213.581 72 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 10.38% 149.959 1 Template:Christianity_footer"," 9.67% 139.728 1 Template:RC-Mariology"," 9.27% 133.925 1 Template:Lang"," 9.23% 133.384 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.90% 85.186 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.38% 77.700 2 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.643","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18300738,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g7nzk","timestamp":"20241122150037","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Marian art in the Catholic Church","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4217443","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4217443","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-05-29T00:58:12Z","dateModified":"2024-01-27T23:44:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/61\/Our_Mother_of_Perpetual_Help.jpg","headline":"iconographic deciption of Virgin Mary in Catholic Churches"}</script> </body> </html>