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<span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Applied_Sciences_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Applied_Sciences_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>University of Applied Sciences status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Applied_Sciences_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Applied_Science_and_Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Applied_Science_and_Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>University of Applied Science and Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Applied_Science_and_Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_and_Vocational_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_and_Vocational_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Technical and Vocational University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_and_Vocational_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вышэйшая прафесійная вучэльня – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вышэйшая прафесійная вучэльня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhvervsakademi" title="Erhvervsakademi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erhvervsakademi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fachhochschule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakendusk%C3%B5rgkool" title="Rakenduskõrgkool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rakenduskõrgkool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دانشگاه فنی و حرفه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه فنی و حرفه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_%C3%A9cole_sp%C3%A9cialis%C3%A9e" title="Haute école spécialisée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute école spécialisée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veleu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te" title="Veleučilište – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veleučilište" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeschool" title="Hogeschool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hogeschool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="職業大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="職業大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uczelnia_zawodowa" title="Uczelnia zawodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uczelnia zawodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Университет прикладных наук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Университет прикладных наук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_profesional" title="Universiteti profesional – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti profesional" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammattikorkeakoulu" title="Ammattikorkeakoulu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ammattikorkeakoulu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrkesh%C3%B6gskola" title="Yrkeshögskola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yrkeshögskola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meslek_y%C3%BCksekokulu" title="Meslek yüksekokulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meslek yüksekokulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="职业大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="职业大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q17028020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the type of institution in Finland, see <a href="/wiki/University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)" title="University of applied sciences (Finland)">University of applied sciences (Finland)</a>.</div> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vocational_university" title="Special:EditPage/Vocational university">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vocational+university%22">"Vocational university"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vocational+university%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vocational+university%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vocational+university%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vocational+university%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vocational+university%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt,_GWZ-2984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg/220px-Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg/330px-Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg/440px-Fachhochschule_K%C3%B6ln_-_Campus_S%C3%BCdstadt%2C_GWZ-2984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Building of Cologne University of Applied Sciences</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg/220px-The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg/330px-The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg/440px-The_Hague_University_of_Applied_Sciences_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Building of The Hague University of Applied Sciences</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg/220px-Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg/330px-Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg/440px-Breda_University_of_Applied_Sciences_P1330923copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>Building of Breda University of Applied Sciences</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>vocational university</b> or <b>university of applied sciences</b> (<b>UAS</b>), less commonly called a <b>polytechnic university</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an institution of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> and increasingly research that provides applied professional education and grants <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a>. It should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a> or <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">technical schools</a> that do not meet the strict standards of higher education nor have the ability to grant officially accredited academic degrees. </p><p>In some countries, a vocational university more precisely grants <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a> like professional bachelor's degree, professional master's degree and professional doctorates. The term is not officially used in many countries, and an assignment to a certain type of university in a certain country's educational system is therefore difficult. The UK once had a very extensive vocational university sector with its polytechnic system dating back to the mid-19th century. Vocational universities are often regulated and funded differently (for example, by the local government rather than the state) from research-focused universities, and the degrees granted are not necessarily interchangeable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></div> <p>The education at vocational universities combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. It can be contrasted with education in a usually broader <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> field, which may concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> and abstract <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">conceptual</a> knowledge. There is also the historical background that an educational institution was called a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">university</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> only if a certain classical <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:canon">canon</a> of subjects was taught (typically including <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>). In modern times, other subjects, namely <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> sciences, became more important, but institutions of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> focusing on these subjects and not offering the classical canon have been until recently or are still denied the prestigious denomination "university" in all countries. They had to use other, more general terms (which in many languages are <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friends</a> of the English term "high school", sometimes with modifiers), including <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Haute École</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Hogeschool</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Høyskole</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Scuola universitaria professionale</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, etc. </p><p>There are different varieties, including vocational universities of applied sciences (also named <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Polytechnic (disambiguation)">polytechnics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutes of technology">institutes of technology</a>), vocational universities of liberal arts, etc. In recent years, many vocational universities have received full university status, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts_Vienna" title="University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna">University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> (Universität für Musik und darstellende Kunst Wien, formerly Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Wien), or the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rebro_University" title="Örebro University">Örebro University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (formerly Örebro Högskola). There are also some establishments which now have full university status but continue to use their former names, such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_applied_sciences_(Finland)" title="University of applied sciences (Finland)">University of applied sciences (Finland)</a></div> <p>In Finland, vocational universities are called <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Ammattikorkeakoulu</i></span> (Yrkeshögskola in Swedish, translated "university of applied sciences", literally "vocational high school"). They focus on vocational education and do not grant <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> degrees. </p><p>Certain universities are called <i>korkeakoulu</i> because they effectively have only one faculty, e.g. <i>Teatterikorkeakoulu</i>, the Theatre Academy, whereas universities with several faculties are called <i>yliopisto</i>. The term <i>ammattikorkeakoulu</i> (AMK) creates some confusion with <i>korkeakoulu</i>, because traditionally AMK's were not considered universities. A graduate of university of applied sciences (<i>ammattikorkeakoulu</i>) is eligible for doctoral studies in Finnish universities (<i>yliopisto</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">Grande école</a></div> <p>In France, the term "<i>Grande École</i>" is much more prestigious than "university". A "<i>Grande École</i>" is one of the types of higher education institution that can be similar to vocational universities, along with <a href="/wiki/Universities_of_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities of technology">Universities of Technology</a> (UTs) and <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_Institutes_(France)" title="National Polytechnic Institutes (France)">National Polytechnic Institutes</a> (INPs). According to <i>Campus France</i>, the government agency responsible for promoting <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in France">French higher education</a> abroad, the <i>grandes écoles</i> represent "the French culture of excellence", while the universities offer higher education to all.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></div> <p>The term <i>vocational university</i> is not used. In contrast to traditional German universities, a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></i></span> (translated "university of applied sciences") has a more practical profile. Universities of applied sciences grant academic <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a>. In some federal states, research-intensive universities of applied sciences have the permission to grant <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral degrees">doctoral degrees</a> (e.g. Hesse or Saxony Anhalt). Otherwise, doctoral programs must be carried out in cooperation with degree-awarding institutions such as universities. Furthermore, <i>Berufsakademie</i> is a college type strongly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Dual_education_system" title="Dual education system">dual education system</a>. A <i>Berufsakademie</i> is called a <i>university of cooperative education</i> in English and only grants bachelor's degrees. This type of institution was first created in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">German state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and now exists in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, but not in the other German states. In 2009, Baden-Württemberg transformed its Berufsakademie into a new type of institution, which until now only exists in that state, a "Duale Hochschule". In English, this type of institution is also called <i>university of cooperative education</i>, but a Duale Hochschule also offers master's degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece#Technological_educational_institutes_/_Universities_of_Applied_Sciences" title="List of universities in Greece">List of universities in Greece § Technological educational institutes / Universities of Applied Sciences</a></div> <p>In Greece, comparable institutions to the vocational universities (or perhaps better to the universities of applied sciences) are the technological educational institutes (TEIs). These constitute part and parcel of the higher education in Greece and offer in their own capacity bachelor's and master's degrees, and soon doctorate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the term <i><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a></i> in Greece may refer, among others, to the institutions that are officially titled Centres of Post-lyceum (secondary) Education. These have a solely professional, i.e. non-academic, orientation according to existing Greek law, and are so far only private. However, they run in collaboration with foreign authorities, such as universities and accreditation organisations, that may recognise them academically. They may offer <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> bachelor degrees of minimum three years, as well as master's and doctorate degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Istituto_tecnico_superiore" title="Istituto tecnico superiore">Istituto tecnico superiore</a></div> <p>An Istituto tecnico superiore (abbreviated ITS – Higher Technical Institute) is an Italian tertiary educational institution. They were established in 2008, and are modelled on the Fachhochschule system of Germany. Programs have a duration of two or three years, and require a high school degree for access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of universities in the Netherlands">List of universities in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>As of January 29, 2008, a Dutch <i>hogeschool</i> <b>(HBO)</b> may call itself a "university of applied sciences" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like the German 'Fachhochschule', these HBO institutes firstly have a practical profile. They focus primarily on teaching the <i>practicing</i> of a profession at the highest professional level and applied science research, at the state of the art. This as opposed to research universities (Dutch: "universiteiten"), that focus on the highest level of professional practice, <i>as well as</i> practicing theoretical research.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This so-called binary system of professional and academic education co-exists with upper secondary vocational education, which provides vocational education at EQF levels 1-4 for equal, similar or different professions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Universities of applied sciences offer <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate's degrees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's degrees">bachelor's degrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Master's degrees">master's degrees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2022 onward there will be pilots on <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Professional Doctorates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hogescholen</i> in the Netherlands have been provided with the right to conduct research by the revised Higher Education and Research Act (WHOO) 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main difference between universities (universitet) and vocational universities (högskola, official translation <i>university college</i>) is that only the former ones have the right to award doctorate degrees in all subjects they offer. Some vocational universities have been given such rights within limited areas of research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fachhochschule" title="Fachhochschule">Fachhochschule</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">Polytechnic (United Kingdom)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_China">Mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is home to the largest vocational education system in the world. In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> had a total of about 11,700 vocational schools.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BN_Vocational_School" title="BN Vocational School">BN Vocational School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>)</li> <li>Fashion Institute (<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, Zhejiang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NingBo_Vocational_Education_Central_School" title="NingBo Vocational Education Central School">NingBo Vocational Education Central School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Mass_Media_Vocational_and_Technical_College" title="Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College">Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>)</li> <li>Hunan Chemical Vocational Technology College (<a href="/wiki/Zhuzhou" title="Zhuzhou">Zhuzhou</a>, Hunan)</li> <li>Hunan Railway Professional Technology College (Zhuzhou, Hunan)</li> <li>Guangsha College of Applied Construction Technology (<a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>)</li> <li>Liming Vocational University (<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, Fujian)</li> <li>Qingdao Vocational and Technical College (<a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>)</li> <li>Vocational Academy of Art (Zhejiang)</li> <li>Yuying College of Vocational Technology (Zhejiang)</li> <li>Zhejiang Vocational College of Economic & Trade (Zhejiang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibo_Vocational_Institute" title="Zibo Vocational Institute">Zibo Vocational Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing_University" title="Zhaoqing University">Zhaoqing University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhaoqing" title="Zhaoqing">Zhaoqing</a>, Guangdong)</li> <li>Suqian Economic and Trade Vocational College (<a href="/wiki/Shuyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuyang">Shuyang</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_Higher_Education_Institute_of_Hong_Kong" title="Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong">Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong</a> (THEi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Vocational_Education" title="Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education">Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education</a> (IVE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_Applied_Sciences_status">University of Applied Sciences status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: University of Applied Sciences status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Policy_Address" title="Policy Address">Policy Address</a>, the government facilitates the establishment of universities of applied sciences (UAS), and strive to raise the status of vocational and professional education and training to attain qualifications at university degree level, closely collaborating with technical professions and offer programmes with more internship and practical learning opportunities, to help students hone their practical skills in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 11 November, 2024, the government launched the Alliance of Universities of Applied Sciences, comprising four post-secondary institutions as founding members, with the Hong Kong Metropolitan University and Saint Francis University as full members, and <a href="/wiki/Tung_Wah_College" title="Tung Wah College">Tung Wah College</a> and the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong as associate members.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Metropolitan_University" title="Hong Kong Metropolitan University">Hong Kong Metropolitan University</a> (HKMU), gained the status at 21 March, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_University,_Hong_Kong" title="Saint Francis University, Hong Kong">Saint Francis University</a> (SFU), gained the status at 1 November, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_of_Applied_Science_and_Technology">University of Applied Science and Technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: University of Applied Science and Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Applied_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Applied Science and Technology">University of Applied Science and Technology</a></div> <p>The <b>University of Applied Science and Technology</b> (<b>UAST</b>) is a public university administrated by Ministry of Science, Research and Technology with various branches all over the Provinces of Iran. This university helps to increase skill level of employed personnel in various sectors of economic field and graduates of higher education and professional skills that are lacking in administrative. It is an educational system inspired and derived from 'Community College' in the United States. With more than 1500 education center in all corner of Iran. UAST confers degrees in over 100 programs at the associate, bachelor's and master's degree levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical_and_Vocational_University">Technical and Vocational University</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Technical and Vocational University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Technical_and_Vocational_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical and Vocational University">Technical and Vocational University</a></div> <p>The <b>Technical and Vocational University</b> (<b>TVU</b>) is one of Institutes of Higher Education under control of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The university has more than 176 schools and colleges across the country and more than 220 thousand students is one of the largest universities in Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five public vocational universities in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Pahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Malaysia Pahang">Universiti Malaysia Pahang</a> (UMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Perlis" title="Universiti Malaysia Perlis">Universiti Malaysia Perlis</a> (UniMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknikal_Malaysia_Melaka" title="Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka">Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka</a> (UTeM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Tun_Hussein_Onn_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia">Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia</a> (UTHM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Kelantan" title="Universiti Malaysia Kelantan">Universiti Malaysia Kelantan</a> (UMK)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the first <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vocational_Technology" title="University of Vocational Technology">University of Vocational Technology</a> was established under the purview of the Ministry of Vocational and Technical Training. There are also nine College of Technology in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Taiwan, vocational university is called <b>University of science and technology</b> or <b>University of technology</b>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Taiwan University of Science and Technology">National Taiwan University of Science and Technology</a> (Taiwan Tech)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taipei_University_of_Technology" title="National Taipei University of Technology">National Taipei University of Technology</a> (Taipei Tech)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology">National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Yunlin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="National Yunlin University of Science and Technology">National Yunlin University of Science and Technology</a> (Yen Tech)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade school">Trade school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=vocational+university,university+of+applied+sciences,polytechnic+university,technological+educational+institute,+&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1;,vocational%20university;,c0;.t1;,university%20of%20applied%20sciences;,c0;.t1;,polytechnic%20university;,c0">"Google Books Ngram Viewer"</a>. <i>books.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft.atitle=Google+Books+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3Dvocational%2Buniversity%2Cuniversity%2Bof%2Bapplied%2Bsciences%2Cpolytechnic%2Buniversity%2Ctechnological%2Beducational%2Binstitute%2C%2B%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2019%26corpus%3D26%26smoothing%3D3%26direct_url%3Dt1%3B%2Cvocational%2520university%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cuniversity%2520of%2520applied%2520sciences%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cpolytechnic%2520university%3B%2Cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.egypte.campusfrance.org/en/the-different-types-of-institutes-of-higher-education-in-france">"The different types of Institutes of Higher Education in France"</a>. <i>Campus France</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campus+France&rft.atitle=The+different+types+of+Institutes+of+Higher+Education+in+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.egypte.campusfrance.org%2Fen%2Fthe-different-types-of-institutes-of-higher-education-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esos.gr/arthra/49939/didaktorika-apo-tei-i-epistoli-toy-yp-paideias-pros-toys-proedroys-ton-tei">"Διδακτορικά από ΤΕΙ- Η επιστολή του υπ. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE+%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.atitle=%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99-+%CE%97+%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CF%85%CF%80.+%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99&rft.date=2017-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esos.gr%2Farthra%2F49939%2Fdidaktorika-apo-tei-i-epistoli-toy-yp-paideias-pros-toys-proedroys-ton-tei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815002132/http://www.nuffic.nl/nederlandse-organisaties/nieuws-evenementen/nieuws-archief/nieuws-archief-2008/februari/engelstalige-naam-voor-nederlandse-hogescholen">"Nuffic - Nederlandse organisaties - Nieuws & Evenementen - Nieuwsarchief - 2008 - Februari - Engelstalige naam voor Nederlandse hogescholen"</a> [English name for Dutch universities of applied sciences]. <i>Nederlandse organisaties - Nieuws & Evenementen - Nieuswarchief</i> (in Dutch). 2008-02-06. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuffic.nl/nederlandse-organisaties/nieuws-evenementen/nieuws-archief/nieuws-archief-2008/februari/engelstalige-naam-voor-nederlandse-hogescholen">the original</a> on 2011-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nederlandse+organisaties+-+Nieuws+%26+Evenementen+-+Nieuswarchief&rft.atitle=Nuffic+-+Nederlandse+organisaties+-+Nieuws+%26+Evenementen+-+Nieuwsarchief+-+2008+-+Februari+-+Engelstalige+naam+voor+Nederlandse+hogescholen&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuffic.nl%2Fnederlandse-organisaties%2Fnieuws-evenementen%2Fnieuws-archief%2Fnieuws-archief-2008%2Ffebruari%2Fengelstalige-naam-voor-nederlandse-hogescholen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinisterie_van_Algemene_Zaken" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministerie van Algemene Zaken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/hoger-onderwijs/vraag-en-antwoord/wat-zijn-de-bachelor-master-en-associate-degree-in-het-hoger-onderwijs">"Wat zijn bachelor, master en associate degree in het hoger onderwijs?"</a> [What are bachelor's, master's and associate degrees in higher education?]. <i>Informatie van de Rijksoverheid (Information from the National Government)</i> (in Dutch). (Ministry of General Affairs)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Informatie+van+de+Rijksoverheid+%28Information+from+the+National+Government%29&rft.atitle=Wat+zijn+bachelor%2C+master+en+associate+degree+in+het+hoger+onderwijs%3F&rft.au=Ministerie+van+Algemene+Zaken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijksoverheid.nl%2Fonderwerpen%2Fhoger-onderwijs%2Fvraag-en-antwoord%2Fwat-zijn-de-bachelor-master-en-associate-degree-in-het-hoger-onderwijs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Houten2018" class="citation journal cs1">van Houten, Maarten Matheus (2018-01-02). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13636820.2017.1394359">"Vocational education and the binary higher education system in the Netherlands: higher education symbiosis or vocational education dichotomy?"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Vocational Education & Training</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 130–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13636820.2017.1394359">10.1080/13636820.2017.1394359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1363-6820">1363-6820</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Institute+for+Innovation+%26+Business+-+Hogeschool+Utrecht&rft.atitle=Archived+copy+-+Research+report+2007%2F2008&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovationinbusiness.research.hu.nl%2FOnderzoek.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/reports/201906/t20190605_384566.html">"Statistical report on China's vocational education in 2018"</a>. <i>en.moe.gov.cn</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a>. 2019-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Statistical+report+on+China%27s+vocational+education+in+2018&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.moe.gov.cn%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2F201906%2Ft20190605_384566.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.policyaddress.gov.hk/2023/en/p159.html">"The Chief Executive's 2023 Policy Address"</a>. <i>www.policyaddress.gov.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.policyaddress.gov.hk&rft.atitle=The+Chief+Executive%27s+2023+Policy+Address&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.policyaddress.gov.hk%2F2023%2Fen%2Fp159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202411/11/P2024111100379.htm">"Alliance of Universities of Applied Sciences officially launched (with photos)"</a>. <i>www.info.gov.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.info.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Alliance+of+Universities+of+Applied+Sciences+officially+launched+%28with+photos%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F202411%2F11%2FP2024111100379.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanresourcesonline.net/hong-kong-metropolitan-university-becomes-the-city-s-first-university-of-applied-sciences">"Hong Kong Metropolitan University becomes the city's first university of applied sciences"</a>. <i>Human Resources Online</i>. 2024-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Resources+Online&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Metropolitan+University+becomes+the+city%27s+first+university+of+applied+sciences&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanresourcesonline.net%2Fhong-kong-metropolitan-university-becomes-the-city-s-first-university-of-applied-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education/article/3284827/hong-kong-approves-second-university-applied-sciences-after-7-month-wait">"Hong Kong approves second university of applied sciences after 7-month wait"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 2024-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+approves+second+university+of+applied+sciences+after+7-month+wait&rft.date=2024-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Feducation%2Farticle%2F3284827%2Fhong-kong-approves-second-university-applied-sciences-after-7-month-wait&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716124543/http://srilankatoday.com/index.php?id=1912&itemid=52&option=com_content&task=view">"University of Vocational Technology"</a>. <i>SriLanka Today</i>. 2009-03-30. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SriLanka+Today&rft.atitle=University+of+Vocational+Technology&rft.date=2009-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrilankatoday.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1912%26Itemid%3D52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVocational+university" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vocational_university&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060620211149/http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/cslp/ImportantLinks/17_il_International.pdf">List of vocational universities</a> PDF</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educa.ch/dyn/9.asp?url=69131%2Easp">Higher Vocational Education in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-2/china.html">Higher Vocational Education in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217110059/http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/ccs/digests/dig0203.htm">Higher Vocational Education in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813235546/http://www.en.domavcr.cz/rady.shtml?x=159582">Higher Vocational Education in Czech Republic</a></li> 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" 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