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Infant school - Wikipedia
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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg/220px-Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg/330px-Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg/440px-Thornborough_Infant_School%2C_Thornborough%2C_Buckinghamshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3813" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thornborough,_Buckinghamshire" title="Thornborough, Buckinghamshire">Thornborough</a> Infant School, Buckinghamshire (2024)</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>infant school</b> is a type of school or school department for young children. Today, the term is mainly used in England and Wales. In Ireland, the first two years of <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> are called infant classes. Infant schools were established in the United Kingdom from 1816 and spread internationally. They were integrated into the state school system in the mid-19th century. The teaching methods they use have evolved over time. Dictionaries tend to define the age ranges they cater to as between four and eight years old. 10% of children of the relevant age in England attended a separate infant school in 2018. In England, children bellow the age of five are taught in a manner more focused on play and those above that age have a more academically focused curriculum. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">History of infant schools in Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">History of infant schools in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland</a></div> <p>The first infant school was founded in <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, Scotland, in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19728_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19728-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by other <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic</a> infant schools across the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197210–13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197210–13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201154_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201154-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a> was a new concept at the time<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmonHindshaw1904J._R._Oberlin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonHindshaw1904J._R._Oberlin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seen as a potential solution to social problems related to <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19725–6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19725–6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous writers published works on the subject and developed a theory of infant teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included <a href="/wiki/Moral_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral education">moral education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201498–104_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201498–104-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an authoritative but friendly teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201491–97_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201491–97-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">quickly spread</a> across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestberg2020100–102_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestberg2020100–102-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> groups in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">convert</a> the empire's non-Christian subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner20148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner20148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England and Wales, infant schools served to maximise the education children could receive before they left school to start work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197239–40_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197239–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were valued by parents as a form of childcare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197240–43,_49_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197240–43,_49-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/State-funded_school" class="mw-redirect" title="State-funded school">State-funded schools</a> were advised in 1840 to include infant departments within their grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar process took place in Ireland after the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_letter" title="Stanley letter">establishment of a state education system there</a> in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xvii,_57,_70_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xvii,_57,_70-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it was integrated into the state system, infant education in England, Ireland and Wales came under pressure to achieve quick academic progress in children and shifted towards <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197226–27_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197226–27-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201175–77_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201175–77-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new "<a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a>" methods of teaching young children had some limited influence on the curriculum in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197245–49_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197245–49-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201190–111_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201190–111-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys,_London,_England,_UK,_1943_D15415.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Children playing with toys and playground equipment." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg/220px-Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg/330px-Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg/440px-Boys_Lessons_Provide_Wartime_Toys%2C_London%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D15415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Playground at an infant school in <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North London</a> (1943)</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1905, infant education in England and Wales shifted towards more <a href="/wiki/Child-centred" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-centred">child-centred</a> methods of teaching, where education was meant to reflect the preferences of children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197284–87_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197284–87-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197287–93_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197287–93-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the youngest children, under five, who were considered ill-suited to school,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–64_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–64-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were removed entirely,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–67_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–67-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some <a href="/wiki/Nursery_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery school">nursery classes</a> were later attached to infant schools to cater to this age group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197277–80_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197277–80-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The child-centred approach reached its peak following a <a href="/wiki/Plowden_Report" title="Plowden Report">report in 1967</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, a more centralised curriculum was introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_15_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_15-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there have been moves away from that in Wales since <a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">devolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2022_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2022-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infant teaching in Ireland initially moved in a similar child-centred direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011145–147_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011145–147-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Irish independence</a>, a return was initially made to rote learning with the aim of reviving the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xxiv,_188,_206_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xxiv,_188,_206-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though this was reversed from 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011229227–230_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011229227–230-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_scale">Definition and scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition and scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>infant school</i> is used in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It might refer to a separate school or a department within a larger school.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dictionaries give various age ranges for this phase of education. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge</a> describes infant schools as "for children who are four to seven years old".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins</a> defines them as "for children between the ages of five and seven".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster%27s_Dictionary_of_English_Usage" title="Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage">Merriam-Webster</a> uses the age range from "five to seven or eight".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford</a> does not give a lower age limit, just stating "usually under seven years of age".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK government</a> document published in 2013 described "infant (5 to 7 or 8)" as the middle phase of <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> in England and Wales but commented that "in Scotland and Northern Ireland there is generally no distinction between infant and junior schools."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Republic of Ireland, the first two years of regular primary school are known as "junior infants" and "senior infants",<sup id="cite_ref-CitInfo_Sch_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CitInfo_Sch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and infant or junior primary schools take in the two infant class years and sometimes also the following year, "first class", or even the year after, "second class".<sup id="cite_ref-CitInfo_Sch_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CitInfo_Sch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eury_PrimSch_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eury_PrimSch-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, it was reported that about 10% of children in England attended separate infant schools or "first schools" (schools which take children up to eight or nine years). There were approximately 1,700 of these schools, 1,000 less than a decade earlier. An analysis suggested that children who attended these schools likely achieved a similar level of academic attainment to other children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there were 28 separate infant schools in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final separate infant school in Scotland closed in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESommerville2024_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESommerville2024-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum_and_debates">Curriculum and debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Curriculum and debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first year at school, attended by four and five year olds, is called Reception in England and <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">integrated into preschool education</a>. The following two years, covering five to seven year olds, are known as <a href="/wiki/Key_Stage_1" title="Key Stage 1">Key Stage 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wales, the levels of attainment expected of school children are called progression steps. The first of these is expected to be reached at approximately five years and the second at around eight years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first year of primary school in Scotland is part of Early Level that also includes <a href="/wiki/Nursery_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery education">nursery education</a>. The next three years are called First Level.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of when children should transition from learning in a manner based on play to more formal instruction is a matter debated among academics. Some studies suggest that an early start can have benefits, but many suggest it has a neutral or negative effect in the long term. In England, the shift takes place when children move from the Early Years Foundation Phase to Key Stage 1 at five years. Beyond that age, government policy encourages a focus on formal instruction in reading, writing and mathematics. In many countries the change takes place when children are slightly older, though the divide is frequently blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaddeo201846–50,_56_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaddeo201846–50,_56-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foundation phase was introduced in Wales in 2008 to move towards more informal learning for children up to seven years, in reaction to these debates.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2020s, there have been concerns that many children are starting school with limited ability to communicate and manage their personal care. Some experts have linked these issues to the <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%93present_United_Kingdom_cost-of-living_crisis" title="2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis">cost of living crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke2024_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke2024-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a summary of age groups in Scottish schools, see:<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland#Stages_of_compulsory_education" title="Education in Scotland">Education in Scotland#Stages of compulsory education</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19728-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19728_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197210–13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197210–13_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201154-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201154_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2011">O'Connor 2011</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmonHindshaw1904J._R._Oberlin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmonHindshaw1904J._R._Oberlin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalmonHindshaw1904">Salmon & Hindshaw 1904</a>, J. R. Oberlin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19725–6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread19725–6_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1970152–158_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1970">Turner 1970</a>, pp. 152–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201498–104-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201498–104_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayKaurProchner2014">May, Kaur & Prochner 2014</a>, pp. 98–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201491–97-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner201491–97_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayKaurProchner2014">May, Kaur & Prochner 2014</a>, pp. 91–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestberg2020100–102-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestberg2020100–102_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWestberg2020">Westberg 2020</a>, pp. 100–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner20148-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayKaurProchner20148_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayKaurProchner2014">May, Kaur & Prochner 2014</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197223–24_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197239–40-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197239–40_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197240–43,_49-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197240–43,_49_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 40–43, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xvii,_57,_70-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor2011xvii,_57,_70_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2011">O'Connor 2011</a>, pp. xvii, 57, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197226–27-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197226–27_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201175–77-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201175–77_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2011">O'Connor 2011</a>, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197245–49-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197245–49_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 45–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201190–111-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor201190–111_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Connor2011">O'Connor 2011</a>, pp. 90–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197284–87-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197284–87_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 84–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197287–93-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197287–93_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 87–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–64-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–64_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–67-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197263–67_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197277–80-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitbread197277–80_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitbread1972">Whitbread 1972</a>, pp. 77–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_12_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland2018">Garland 2018</a>, Chapter 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_15-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarland2018Chapter_15_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarland2018">Garland 2018</a>, Chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/central/2021-08-27/starting-school-how-ready-are-children">"Starting school – how ready are children?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News" title="ITV News">ITV News</a></i>. 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITV+News&rft.atitle=Starting+school+%E2%80%93+how+ready+are+children%3F&rft.date=2021-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fcentral%2F2021-08-27%2Fstarting-school-how-ready-are-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infant_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2024" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Vanessa (2024-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c39kry9j3rno">"Pandemic Babies Starting School Now: 'We Need Speech Therapists Five Days a Week'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pandemic+Babies+Starting+School+Now%3A+%27We+Need+Speech+Therapists+Five+Days+a+Week%27&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc39kry9j3rno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarland2018" class="citation web cs1">Garland, Derek (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education-uk.org/history/index.html">"Education in the UK: a History"</a>. <i>education-uk.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education-uk.org&rft.atitle=Education+in+the+UK%3A+a+History&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Garland&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation-uk.org%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2022" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Bethan (2022-06-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-61787090">"Wales schools: New lessons 'exciting but a challenge'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613235404/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-61787090">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Wales+schools%3A+New+lessons+%27exciting+but+a+challenge%27&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-61787090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayKaurProchner2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_May" title="Helen May">May, Helen</a>; Kaur, Baljit; Prochner, Larry (2014). <i>Empire, Education, and Indigenous Childhoods: Nineteenth-Century Missionary Infant Schools in Three British Colonies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor and Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315579337" title="Special:BookSources/9781315579337"><bdi>9781315579337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Education%2C+and+Indigenous+Childhoods%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Missionary+Infant+Schools+in+Three+British+Colonies&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781315579337&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Baljit&rft.au=Prochner%2C+Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2011" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Maura (2011). <i>The Development of Infant Education in Ireland, 1838–1948</i>. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0353-0025-3"><bdi>978-3-0353-0025-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Infant+Education+in+Ireland%2C+1838%E2%80%931948&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-0353-0025-3&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Maura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonHindshaw1904" class="citation book cs1">Salmon, David; Hindshaw, Winifred (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infantschoolsthe00salmrich/page/n6/mode/1up"><i>Infant Schools, their History and Theory</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Longmans,_Green,_and_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Longmans, Green, and Co.">Longmans, Green, and Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infant+Schools%2C+their+History+and+Theory&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hindshaw%2C+Winifred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfantschoolsthe00salmrich%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville2024" class="citation web cs1">Sommerville, Stuart (2024-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/west-lothians-last-infant-school-29452210">"West Lothian's last Infant School in Scotland 'Mothballed' as Summer Holidays begin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Live" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Live">Edinburgh Live</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Live&rft.atitle=West+Lothian%27s+last+Infant+School+in+Scotland+%27Mothballed%27+as+Summer+Holidays+begin&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinburghlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwest-lothians-last-infant-school-29452210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaddeo2018" class="citation web cs1">Taddeo, Megan (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cris.winchester.ac.uk/ws/files/17260922/Megan_Taddeo._Children_as_Experts_in_Infant_School_Transitions.pdf">"Children as Experts in Infant School Transitions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">University of Winchester</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Children+as+Experts+in+Infant+School+Transitions&rft.pub=University+of+Winchester&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Taddeo&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcris.winchester.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F17260922%2FMegan_Taddeo._Children_as_Experts_in_Infant_School_Transitions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2018" class="citation web cs1">Thomson, Dave (2018-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ffteducationdatalab.org.uk/2018/03/why-do-pupils-who-went-to-infant-and-first-schools-appear-to-under-perform-at-key-stage-4/">"Why do pupils who went to infant and first schools appear to underperform at Key Stage 4?"</a>. <i>FFT Education Datalab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FFT+Education+Datalab&rft.atitle=Why+do+pupils+who+went+to+infant+and+first+schools+appear+to+underperform+at+Key+Stage+4%3F&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fffteducationdatalab.org.uk%2F2018%2F03%2Fwhy-do-pupils-who-went-to-infant-and-first-schools-appear-to-under-perform-at-key-stage-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1970" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, D. A. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3120306">"1870: The State and the Infant School System"</a>. <i>British Journal of Educational Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 151–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3120306">10.2307/3120306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1005">0007-1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3120306">3120306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=1870%3A+The+State+and+the+Infant+School+System&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-165&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0007-1005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3120306%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3120306&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3120306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestberg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Westberg, Johannes (2020-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2020.1803936">"The Transnational Dissemination of the Infant School to the Periphery of Europe: the Role of Primary Schools, Religion, Travels, and Handbooks in the Case of Nineteenth-Century Sweden"</a>. <i>Paedagogica Historica</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 99–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00309230.2020.1803936">10.1080/00309230.2020.1803936</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-9230">0030-9230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paedagogica+Historica&rft.atitle=The+Transnational+Dissemination+of+the+Infant+School+to+the+Periphery+of+Europe%3A+the+Role+of+Primary+Schools%2C+Religion%2C+Travels%2C+and+Handbooks+in+the+Case+of+Nineteenth-Century+Sweden&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-119&rft.date=2020-08-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2020.1803936&rft.issn=0030-9230&rft.aulast=Westberg&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2F00309230.2020.1803936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitbread1972" class="citation book cs1">Whitbread, Nanette (1972). <i>The Evolution of the Nursery-Infant School: A History of Infant Education in Britain, 1800-1970</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203706961">10.4324/9780203706961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-03062-9"><bdi>978-1-135-03062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Nursery-Infant+School%3A+A+History+of+Infant+Education+in+Britain%2C+1800-1970&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203706961&rft.isbn=978-1-135-03062-9&rft.aulast=Whitbread&rft.aufirst=Nanette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfant+school" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐mzm7s Cached time: 20241124165106 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced 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