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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Energy statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Energy_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Energy types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Energy_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Renewable energy in Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydro_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydro_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hydro power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydro_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Solar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Wind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Biomass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nuclear power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electricity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electricity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_dioxide_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Carbon dioxide emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_dioxide_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_Switzerland&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Switzerland">Energy policy of Switzerland</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauvoisin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mauvoisin.jpg/220px-Mauvoisin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mauvoisin.jpg/330px-Mauvoisin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mauvoisin.jpg/440px-Mauvoisin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mauvoisin_Dam" title="Mauvoisin Dam">Mauvoisin Dam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydropower plants</a> constitute the most important source of electric energy in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_consumption_by_source,_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg/220px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg/330px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg/440px-Energy_consumption_by_source%2C_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy consumption by source, Switzerland</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Energy in Switzerland</b> is transitioning towards sustainability, targeting <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">net zero emissions</a> by 2050 and a 50% reduction in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland's energy relies mainly on <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a>, nuclear, and natural gas, as well as imported petroleum for cars since Switzerland produces no fossil fuels. Launched in 2011, the 2050 Energy Strategy aims to shift towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> practices, achieving climate neutrality and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy consumption per capita in Switzerland has shown a steady decline over the years. Despite a notable population increase of 28.7% between 1990 and 2020, energy consumption decreased by 5.9% during this period. The majority of energy consumed in Switzerland is derived from petroleum and motor fuels, accounting for 43% of the total, followed by electricity at 26%, and gas at 15%. Private households and transport sectors utilize the most energy, each contributing one third, while manufacturing and services sectors each account for just under one fifth of the energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of carbon dioxide emissions</figcaption></figure><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi accident">Fukushima Daiichi accident</a> in March 2011, Switzerland took significant steps regarding its nuclear energy policy. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> suspended pending procedures for new nuclear power plant licenses, and in the same year, both the Federal Council and Parliament decided to phase out nuclear energy gradually. This decision laid the groundwork for the 2050 Energy Strategy, which involves <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decommissioning" title="Nuclear decommissioning">decommissioning</a> Switzerland's five nuclear power plants as they reach the end of their operational lives, with no plans for new replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country plans to phase out nuclear power plants by 2044.<sup id="cite_ref-mck135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, the Swiss public voted in favor of the revised Energy Act, marking the initial implementation of the 2050 Energy Strategy. Subsequently, in June 2023, the Swiss public voted in favor of the Federal Act on Climate Protection Goals, Innovation, and Strengthening Energy Security (Climate and Innovation Act). This legislation establishes a framework for Swiss climate policy, setting interim targets for reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mantelerlass, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss parliament">Swiss parliament</a> on September 29, 2023, aims to accelerate renewable energy development. It sets a target of 35 TWh/year from new green technologies by 2035, compared to around 6 TWh/year in 2022. This would cover about half of Switzerland's expected electricity demand in 2035, with the rest to be met by hydroelectric power and imports.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Energy in Switzerland">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The energy economy in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> developed similarly to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, but with some delay until 1850. There are three different periods. An agrarian society until the mid-nineteenth century, Switzerland's small scale energy economy was based on wood and biomass (plants feeding the animal and human labour), which was in general renewable energy. Also used were <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydraulic power</a>, and, from the eighteenth century, indigenous <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. </p><p>The industrial society, from 1860 to 1950, had to import coal as it was the main source of energy but not readily available as a natural resource. Another important source of energy was water power at low or high pressure. The current consumer society, developed using mostly oil, natural gas, water power (turbines) to a lesser extent, and later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>. The oil crisis and pollution of the environment prompted the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. It is notable that 100% of the Swiss railway network is electrified. The high proportion of energy generated through hydroelectric power and the lack of natural resources (such as coal and oil) help to explain why such a situation is strategically beneficial in Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_statistics">Energy statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Energy statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <caption><b>2020 energy statistics</b><sup id="cite_ref-wor20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Production capacities for electricity<br />(billion kWh) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hydro</td> <td>113.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuclear</td> <td>68.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biomass</td> <td>9.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solar</td> <td>7.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fossil fuel</td> <td>1.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wind power</td> <td>0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>200.79 </th></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electricity<br />(billion kWh) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>56.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>66.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>26.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export</td> <td>32.55 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Natural Gas<br />(billion m<sup>3</sup>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>3.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>3.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="15em">      </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Crude Oil<br />(barrels per day) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>80,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>109,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>22,230,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions:</b><br />34.92 million tons </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_plan">Energy plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">Energy transition</a></div> <p>In 2017, Swiss voters accepted the revised Energy Act, endorsing the implementation of the 2050 Energy Strategy, which principally aims to:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>encourage the adoption of renewable energy sources in Switzerland;</li> <li>diminish reliance on foreign fossil fuels;</li> <li>lower energy consumption;</li> <li>enhance energy efficiency measures.</li></ul> <p>Under the 2050 Energy Strategy, the construction of new nuclear power plants is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, a report suggested that electricity demand could rise by up to 30% by 2050, potentially reaching a 46% increase if accounting for the demand for <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mck135_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Swiss electric grid is largely decarbonized; since the 1980s, low-carbon sources (renewables and nuclear) have made up 97% of national electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further emission reductions are thus expected as the transport and heating/cooling sectors gradually switch to electricity. </p><p>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_types">Energy types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png/220px-Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png/330px-Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png/440px-Energy_in_Switzerland_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Primary energy in Switzerland in 2018</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_in_Switzerland">Renewable energy in Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renewable energy in Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>15%</td> <td><1990</td> <td>20%</td> <td>2008</td> <td>25%</td> <td>2013<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table><p>Switzerland's commitment to renewable energy is outlined in the 2050 Energy Strategy. As of 2020, renewable energy accounted for 27% of total energy consumption, marking a 10% increase since 1990. While surpassing the EU average of 19%, Switzerland lags behind leaders like Sweden (60%) and Finland (44%). Hydroelectric power dominates, representing over 60% of Swiss energy, while solar power shows significant growth potential, outpacing other 'new' renewables. Notably, renewable energy predominantly powers <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> in Switzerland, comprising 80% of its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydro_power">Hydro power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hydro power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the estimated mean production level, hydropower still accounted for almost 90% of domestic electricity production at the beginning of the 1970s, but this figure fell to around 60% by 1985 following the commissioning of Switzerland's nuclear power plants, and is now around 56%. Hydropower therefore remains Switzerland's most important domestic source of renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydro energy was meaning to be taken down in 2013 with new laws on energy to be put in place but they were scrapped for a more eco friendly plan. </p><p>Hydroelectric companies received support from the state (for instance in the 2010s). Critics pointed out the lack of independence of the political institutions (cantonal and federal), of which several elected members are connected with the hydroelectric industry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Switzerland operated 682 hydroelectric power stations, accounting for 62% of the nation's total electricity production. The country also maintains 220 dams, the highest density globally. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Dixence_Dam" title="Grande Dixence Dam">Grande Dixence</a> dam in the Valais canton holds the record as the world's tallest <a href="/wiki/Gravity_dam" title="Gravity dam">gravity dam</a>, standing at 285 meters, and supplying power to approximately 500,000 households annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In line with the 2050 Energy Strategy, the government aims to increase hydropower output to 38,600 GWh annually by 2050 through plant renovations, expansions, and new constructions. To incentivize hydropower utilization, investment contributions and market premiums will be provided.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar">Solar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Solar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png/220px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png/330px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png/440px-SolarGIS-Solar-map-Switzerland-en.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">Solar potential</a> of Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Switzerland" title="Solar power in Switzerland">Solar power in Switzerland</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar energy</a> in Switzerland in 2016 only accounted for 0.04% of total energy production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of solar energy is significantly higher than competing sources in Switzerland such as hydro. As costs of solar come down it is likely to become more market competitive. It is currently subsidised in an attempt to make it more competitive and attractive. </p><p>In 2019, Switzerland announced plans of large scale solar auctions,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2021 and 2022 installations increased, with 4.7GW of total installed capacity in 2022. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaic</a> technology holds promise for future energy supply, with projections indicating that over 40% of electricity demand could be met by photovoltaics by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Switzerland derived 6% of its electricity from solar power.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind">Wind</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, there were 41 operating wind turbines with 87 MW of installed capacity, producing 146 GWh of electricity annually, accounting for 0.3% of total energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-swis184_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swis184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wind parks producing at least 20 GWh annually are designated as being of 'national interest'.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a proposal to produce around 600 GWh (< 0.2%) of electricity per annum using <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind turbines">wind turbines</a> by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland's wind power potential is several TWh per year.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2050 Energy Strategy aims to increase production from wind energy to 4.3 TWh a year, this would generate around 7% of the country's electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-swis184_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swis184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomass">Biomass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biomass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2018 IEA Bioenergy report, biomass accounts for 5.5% of Switzerland's total energy consumption and approximately 2.9% of its electricity production.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, a report from the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Institute_for_Forest,_Snow_and_Landscape_Research" title="Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research">Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research</a> suggests Switzerland could double its biomass energy production, potentially reaching 97 peta joules annually, with 50 PJ sourced from wood combustion. In 2019, wood combustion accounted for 4.3% of the nation's total energy consumption, generating 41 PJ. Despite the advantages of biomass energy, such as its ability to provide peak electricity, concerns persist regarding scarce raw materials, high production costs, and environmental impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">Nuclear power in Switzerland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Nuclear_Safety_Inspectorate" title="Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate">Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate</a> (FNSI), an independent body under the federal government, oversees the safety aspects of Swiss nuclear facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Office_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Office of Energy">Swiss Federal Office of Energy</a> (SFOE) represents Switzerland in international organizations like the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Nuclear Energy Agency</a> (NEA) of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. It participates in multilateral negotiations on energy policy and engages in bilateral committees for nuclear safety with neighboring countries like France, Germany, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland has four operational reactors and two that have ceased operations. The operational four are two large (>1,000 MW) and two small (365 MW). In 2020 the reactors produced 24.0 TWh which was 34% of electricity generated.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, nuclear power contributed 29% to Switzerland's electricity generation, with only four out of the nation's five nuclear power plants operational since 2020. This aligns with the country's 2050 Energy Strategy, which aims for climate neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has set a target date of 2044 to phase out nuclear power.<sup id="cite_ref-mck135_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity">Electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Switzerland" title="Electricity sector in Switzerland">Electricity sector in Switzerland</a></div> <p>In 2020, Switzerland's per capita electricity consumption stood at 6.45 MWh, notably lower than Nordic countries such as Norway (21 MWh), Finland (13.9 MWh), and Sweden (11.8 MWh). Nevertheless, it exceeds that of neighboring countries like Germany (5.77 MWh), France (6.1 MWh), and Italy (4.58 MWh). Since 2015, Switzerland's energy consumption has been declining.<b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p><p><b>Production of electricity (2021):<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydropower plants</a>, 62%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">Nuclear power plants</a>, 29%</li> <li>Conventional power plants and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> facilities, 9%</li></ul> <p>The Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), a division of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy, and Communications</a> (DETEC), is responsible for managing Switzerland's energy supply and usage. It ensures a diverse and sustainable energy supply, maintains safety standards across energy sectors, and promotes efficient electricity and gas markets. Moreover, the SFOE leads initiatives to increase renewable energy usage and decrease CO2 emissions, while also coordinating national energy research efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland ranks second in the <a href="/wiki/World_Energy_Council" title="World Energy Council">World Energy Council</a>'s 2022 Trilemma Index, highlighting its effective management of <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a>, energy equity, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>. It is a top performer in environmental sustainability, alongside Sweden and Norway, where low carbon sources represent over 95% of electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report in 2021 states that the majority of the Swiss electricity grid is old and in need of investment. The high voltage system needs to be upgraded from 220 to 380 kilovolt (kV) stations to better connect to neighbouring countries.<sup id="cite_ref-mck135_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mck135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_dioxide_emissions">Carbon dioxide emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Carbon dioxide emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study published in 2009 showed that the <a href="/wiki/Emissions_of_carbon_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions of carbon dioxide">emissions of carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) due to the electricity consumed in Switzerland (total: 5.7 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>) were seven times higher than the emissions of carbon dioxide due to the electricity produced in Switzerland (total: 0.8 million tonnes).<sup id="cite_ref-TEP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study also showed that the production in Switzerland (64.6 TWh) was similar to the amount of electricity consumed in the country (63.7 TWh).<sup id="cite_ref-TEP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Switzerland exported 7.6 TWh and imported 6.8 TWh; but, in terms of emissions of carbon dioxide, Switzerland exported "clean" electricity causing emissions of 0.1 million tonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> and imported "dirty" electricity causing emissions of 5 million tonnes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-TEP_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electricity <i>produced</i> in Switzerland generated about 14 <a href="/wiki/Grammes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammes">grammes</a> of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">kilowatt hour</a>. The electricity <i>consumed</i> in Switzerland generated about 100 grammes of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> per kilowatt hour.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 report highlights Switzerland's notable CO2 emissions, with an average carbon footprint of 14 tonnes per resident annually—markedly higher than the global average of 6 tonnes. The principal sources of these emissions are road transport, accounting for 40% of the total, and air travel, responsible for 10% prior to the pandemic. Despite its sustainability image, Switzerland faces obstacles in waste management, car usage reduction, and air travel limitation.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carbon_tax">Carbon tax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Carbon tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2008, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> implemented a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> on all hydrocarbon fuels, unless are used for energy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Gasoline and diesel fuels are not affected. It is an incentive tax because it is designed to promote the economic use of hydrocarbon fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tax amounts to <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">SFr</a> 12 per tonne CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, the equivalent of SFr 0.03 per litre of heating oil (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$0.108</span> per gallon) and SFr 0.025 per m<sup>3</sup> of natural gas (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$0.024</span> per m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2008_1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2008_1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland prefers to rely on voluntary actions and measures to reduce emissions. The law mandated a CO<sub>2</sub> tax if voluntary measures proved to be insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the federal government decided that additional measures were needed to meet <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> commitments of an 8% reduction in emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2007_128-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> tax was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a>, coming into effect in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2008_1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2008_1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the highest tax rate was to be CHF 36 per tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> (US$34.20 per tonne CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Companies are allowed to escape the tax by participating in emissions trading where they voluntarily commit to legally binding reduction targets.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emission allowances are given to companies for free, and each year emission allowances equal to the amount of additional CO<sub>2</sub> emitted must be surrendered by the company. Companies are allowed to sell or trade excess permits. However, a company that fails to surrender sufficient allowances must pay the tax retroactively for each tonne emitted since the exemption was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2007_128-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2009 some 400 companies operated under this program. In 2008 and 2009 the companies returned enough credits to the Swiss government to cover their CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. The companies emitted about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000260000000000000♠"></span>2.6 million tonnes</span>, well below the limit of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000310000000000000♠"></span>3.1 million tonnes</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland issued so many allowances that few emissions permits were traded.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tax is revenue-neutral because revenues are redistributed to companies and to the Swiss population. For example, if the population bears 60% of the tax burden, it receives 60% of the rebate. Revenues are redistributed to all payers, except those who exempt themselves from the tax through the cap-and-trade program.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revenue is given to companies in proportion to payroll.<sup id="cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bafu.admin.ch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tax revenues that were paid by the population are redistributed equally to all residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bafu.admin.ch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2009, the Swiss Parliament allocated about one-third of the carbon tax revenue to a 10-year construction initiative. This program promotes building renovations, renewable energies, waste heat reruse, and building engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tax revenue from 2008 to 2010 were distributed in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the tax raised around CHF 220 million (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$209 million</span>) in revenue. As of 16 June 2010, a total of around SFr 360 million (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$342 million</span>) had become available for distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bafu.admin.ch-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2010 revenue was about SFr 630 million (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$598 million</span>). SFr 200 million (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$190 million</span>) was to be allocated for the building program, while the remaining SFr 430 million (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$409 million</span>) was to be redistributed to the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEA commended Switzerland's tax for its design and that tax revenues would be recycled as "sound fiscal practice".<sup id="cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEA_2007_128-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, transport fuels in Switzerland have been subjected to the Climate Cent Initiative surcharge—a surcharge of SFr 0.015 per liter on gasoline and diesel (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$0.038</span> per gallon). However, this surcharge was supplemented with a CO<sub>2</sub> tax on transport fuels if emissions reductions are not satisfactory. In their 2007 review, IEA recommended that Switzerland implement a CO<sub>2</sub> tax on transport fuels or increase the Climate Cent surcharge to better balance the costs of meeting emissions reductions targets across sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland's energy policy includes measures targeting CO2 emissions, such as the implementation of a CO2 tax in 2008. Furthermore, in 2021, legislation was passed to reinforce the expansion of domestic renewable energies, aiming to enhance the country's supply security.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's CO2 tax on fossil fuels for stationary sources, initiated in 2008, covers roughly 40% of its greenhouse emissions, mainly affecting the heating and process fuel sectors. The tax, originally CHF 96 per tonne of CO2, was raised to CHF 120 in 2022. To ease economic impacts, two-thirds of this revenue returns to households and businesses, offsetting health insurance and social security costs. Nevertheless, proposals to increase carbon pricing on stationary sources and transport fuels in June 2021 were met with public resistance and ultimately rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tactic in the campaign against climate change is the integration of Switzerland's Emissions Trading System (ETS) with the EU's ETS. This agreement, which was formally established in 2020, permits businesses in both regions to easily exchange emissions allowances, improving market efficiency and lowering total compliance costs. The linked ETS expands the geographic reach of carbon pricing by merging systems, promoting more extensive emissions reductions at the most affordable price. Additionally, it promotes international cooperation to minimize global warming, which is in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. </p><p>Based on the EU's cap-and-trade approach, Switzerland's ETS allows allowance trading while enforcing a gradually decreasing ceiling on emissions. By encouraging businesses to invest in cleaner fuels and technology, this mechanism enhances their support for long-term climate goals. The integration, which includes areas involving heavy industries and aviation, demonstrates a collaborative strategy for attaining notable carbon reductions on a global scale.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000-watt society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Environment,_Transport,_Energy_and_Communications" title="Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications">Federal Department of Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2_Act_(Switzerland)" title="CO2 Act (Switzerland)">CO2 Act (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_plant_of_Vouvry" title="Thermal power plant of Vouvry">Thermal power plant of Vouvry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Energy</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D26220.php"><span title="Energy in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F26220.php"><span title="Energy in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I26220.php"><span title="Energy in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+tax&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Agency+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Federal+Office+for+the+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafu.admin.ch%2Fco2-abgabe%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_2008_1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2008_1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2008_1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2008" class="citation web cs1">IEA (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105005/http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3979&action=detail">"CO<sub>2</sub> Tax on Stationary Fuels"</a>. International Energy Agency's website. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&id=3979&action=detail">the original</a> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Tax+on+Stationary+Fuels&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency%27s+website&rft.date=2008&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Ftextbase%2Fpm%2F%3Fmode%3Dcc%26id%3D3979%26action%3Ddetail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2000" class="citation web cs1">IEA (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501105002/http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&action=detail&id=514">"Implementation of the Law on the Reduction of <b>CO<sub>2</sub></b> Emissions (CO<sub>2</sub> Law)"</a>. International Energy Agency's website. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/pm/?mode=cc&action=detail&id=514">the original</a> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implementation+of+the+Law+on+the+Reduction+of+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Emissions+%28CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+Law%29&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency%27s+website&rft.date=2000&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Ftextbase%2Fpm%2F%3Fmode%3Dcc%26action%3Ddetail%26id%3D514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEA_2007_128-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEA_2007_128_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIEA2007" class="citation web cs1">IEA (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501104904/http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/switzerland2007.pdf">"Energy Policies of IEA Countries – Switzerland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Energy Agency's website. p. 128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/switzerland2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Policies+of+IEA+Countries+%E2%80%93+Switzerland&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency%27s+website&rft.date=2007&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Ftextbase%2Fnppdf%2Ffree%2F2007%2Fswitzerland2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agency_for_the_Environment_FOEN_2010_1_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_the_Environment_FOEN2010" class="citation web cs1">Agency for the Environment FOEN (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501152941/http://www.bafu.admin.ch/co2-abgabe/05179/05316/index.html?lang=de">"Redistribution of <b>CO<sub>2</sub></b> tax"</a>. Agency for the Environment FOE. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafu.admin.ch/co2-abgabe/05179/05316/index.html?lang=de">the original</a> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redistribution+of+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+tax&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Agency+for+the+Environment+FOE&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Agency+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafu.admin.ch%2Fco2-abgabe%2F05179%2F05316%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament2008" class="citation web cs1">Parliament, European (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507020311/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies/download.do?file=19802">"Options and Implications of Linking the EU ETS with other Emissions Trading Schemes"</a>. European Parliament. p. 30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies/download.do?file=19802">the original</a> on 7 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Options+and+Implications+of+Linking+the+EU+ETS+with+other+Emissions+Trading+Schemes&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Parliament&rft.aufirst=European&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Factivities%2Fcommittees%2Fstudies%2Fdownload.do%3Ffile%3D19802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_the_Environment_FOEN2010" class="citation web cs1">Agency for the Environment FOEN (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafu.admin.ch/dokumentation/medieninformation/00962/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=34175">"Companies exceed <b>CO<sub>2</sub></b> targets in 2009"</a>. Federal Office for Environment. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720012653/http://www.bafu.admin.ch/dokumentation/medieninformation/00962/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=34175">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Companies+exceed+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+targets+in+2009&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Federal+Office+for+Environment&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Agency+for+the+Environment+FOEN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bafu.admin.ch%2Fdokumentation%2Fmedieninformation%2F00962%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Dde%26msg-id%3D34175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroom2009" class="citation web cs1">Broom, Giles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091209112002/http://www.swisster.ch/news/business/swiss-favour-carbon-tax-over-emissions-trading.html">"Swiss Favour Carbon Tax Over Emissions Trading"</a>. Swisster. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swisster.ch/news/business/swiss-favour-carbon-tax-over-emissions-trading.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swiss+Favour+Carbon+Tax+Over+Emissions+Trading&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Swisster&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Broom&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swisster.ch%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fswiss-favour-carbon-tax-over-emissions-trading.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bafu.admin.ch-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bafu.admin.ch_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgency_for_the_Environment_FOEN2010" class="citation web cs1">Agency for the Environment FOEN (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bafu.admin.ch/dokumentation/medieninformation/00962/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=33713">"Redistribution of the CO<sub>2</sub> tax: The economy receives some 360 million francs"</a>. Federal Office for Environment. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070720012653/http://www.bafu.admin.ch/dokumentation/medieninformation/00962/index.html?lang=de&msg-id=33713">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Energy Agency. p. 128. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/switzerland2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Policies+of+IEA+Countries+%E2%80%93+Switzerland&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=International+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2007&rft.au=IEA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Ftextbase%2Fnppdf%2Ffree%2F2007%2Fswitzerland2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eda.admin.ch/aboutswitzerland/en/home/wirtschaft/energie/energiepolitik.html">"Energy Policy"</a>. <i>www.eda.admin.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEA&rft.atitle=Swiss+carbon+tax+%E2%80%93+Policies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iea.org%2Fpolicies%2F17762-swiss-carbon-tax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.ec.europa.eu:contentReference%5boaicite:0%5d{index=0">} "EU and Switzerland link emissions trading systems to combat climate change"</a>.</cite><span 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" title="Category:Switzerland">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Luxembourg" title="Energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco" title="Energy in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Energy in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, 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