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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nerve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuwee" title="Senuwee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Senuwee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="عصب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niervo" title="Niervo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niervo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%95%DC%90" title="ܓܝܕܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܝܕܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="স্নায়ু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="স্নায়ু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerviu" title="Nerviu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nerviu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otcicteapi" title="Otcicteapi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Otcicteapi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinir" title="Sinir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81" title="স্নায়ু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্নায়ু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AEn-keng" title="Sîn-keng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sîn-keng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нэрва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэрва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerbyos" title="Nerbyos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nerbyos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivac" title="Živac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Živac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi" title="Nervi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nervi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzira_(nhengo)" title="Dzira (nhengo) – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzira (nhengo)" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf" title="Nerf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nerf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ފަތިނާރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަތިނާރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rv" title="Närv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Närv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Νεύρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεύρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervio" title="Nervio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nervio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerbio" title="Nerbio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nerbio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="عصب محیطی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصب محیطی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf" title="Nerf – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nerf" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9ar%C3%B3g" title="Néaróg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Néaróg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearag" title="Nearag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nearag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith" title="Leith – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leith" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervio" title="Nervio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nervio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD" title="신경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Նյարդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="तंत्रिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तंत्रिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivac" title="Živac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Živac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taug" title="Taug – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Taug" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91" title="עצב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0" title="ನರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნერვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნერვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жүйкелер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүйкелер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerven" title="Nerven – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nerven" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva" title="Neva – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Neva" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demar" title="Demar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Туниу – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туниу" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເສັ້ນປະສາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເສັ້ນປະສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_(anatomia)" title="Nervus (anatomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nervus (anatomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervs" title="Nervs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nervs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervas" title="Nervas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nervas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideg" title="Ideg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ideg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Живец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="നാഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ნერვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნერვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saraf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="အဖျားပိုင်း အာရုံကြော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဖျားပိုင်း အာရုံကြော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" title="Nave – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nave" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenuw" title="Zenuw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zenuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C" title="神経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="神経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8rvi" title="Nèrvi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nèrvi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narvii" title="Narvii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Narvii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਤੰਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="رگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerw" title="Nerw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nerw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo" title="Nervo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nervo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankucha" title="Ankucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ankucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="नाडी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नाडी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi" title="Nervi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nervi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivec" title="Živec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دەمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Живац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Живац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivac" title="Živac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Živac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf" title="Saraf – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saraf" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermo" title="Hermo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hermo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv" title="Nerv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nerv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="நரம்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நரம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azllum" title="Azllum – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Azllum" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF" title="నాడి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాడి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97" title="เส้นประสาท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นประสาท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinir" title="Sinir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Нерв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нерв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8" title="عصب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عصب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2y_th%E1%BA%A7n_kinh" title="Dây thần kinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dây thần kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4rv" title="Närv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Närv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E7%AD%8B" title="細筋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細筋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nerve" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F" title="神经 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神经" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95" title="נערוו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נערוו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B7%9A" title="神經線 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神經線" 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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in the peripheral nervous system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about nerves. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nerve_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nerve (disambiguation)">Nerve (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Nerve</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/250px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/375px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif/500px-Nerves_of_the_left_upper_extremity.gif 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nerves (yellow) in the arm</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nervus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.2.00.013%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.2.00.013</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6154">6154</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma65132">65132</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9620" class="extiw" title="d:Q9620">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nerve</b> is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. </p><p> Nerves have historically been considered the basic units of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> nerve impulses called <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> that are transmitted along each of the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> to peripheral organs or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory nerves</a>, from the periphery back to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. Each axon, within the nerve, is an extension of an individual <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>, along with other supportive cells such as some <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a> that coat the axons in <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a>. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="need to" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg/171px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg/256px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg/341px-Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Nerve cell and organization</figcaption></figure> <p>Within a nerve, each axon is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Endoneurium" title="Endoneurium">endoneurium</a>. The axons are bundled together into groups called <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">fascicles</a>, and each fascicle is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Perineurium" title="Perineurium">perineurium</a>. Finally, the entire nerve is wrapped in a layer of connective tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Epineurium" title="Epineurium">epineurium</a>. Nerve cells (often called neurons) are further classified as <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mixed_nerve" title="Mixed nerve">mixed nerves</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, the analogous structures are known as <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">nerve tracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg/220px-1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg/330px-1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg/440px-1319_Nerve_StructureN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of a nerve</figcaption></figure> <p>Each nerve is covered on the outside by a dense sheath of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epineurium" title="Epineurium">epineurium</a>. Beneath this is a layer of fat cells, the <a href="/wiki/Perineurium" title="Perineurium">perineurium</a>, which forms a complete sleeve around a bundle of axons. Perineurial septae extend into the nerve and subdivide it into several bundles of fibres. Surrounding each such fibre is the <a href="/wiki/Endoneurium" title="Endoneurium">endoneurium</a>. This forms an unbroken tube from the surface of the spinal cord to the level where the axon synapses with its muscle fibres, or ends in <a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a>. The endoneurium consists of an inner sleeve of material called the <a href="/wiki/Glycocalyx" title="Glycocalyx">glycocalyx</a> and an outer, delicate, meshwork of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nerves are bundled and often travel along with <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">blood vessels</a>, since the neurons of a nerve have fairly high energy requirements. </p><p>Within the endoneurium, the individual nerve fibres are surrounded by a low-protein liquid called <b>endoneurial fluid</b>. This acts in a similar way to the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> and constitutes a <b>blood-nerve barrier</b> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molecules are thereby prevented from crossing the blood into the endoneurial fluid. During the development of nerve <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> from nerve irritation (or injury), the amount of endoneurial fluid may increase at the site of irritation. This increase in fluid can be visualized using <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">magnetic resonance neurography</a>, and thus MR neurography can identify nerve irritation and/or injury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nerves are categorized into three groups based on the direction that signals are conducted: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">Afferent nerves</a> conduct signals from <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neurons</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, for example from the <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreceptors">mechanoreceptors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">Efferent nerves</a> conduct signals from the central nervous system along <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neurons</a> to their target <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_nerve" title="Mixed nerve">Mixed nerves</a> contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle. All spinal nerves are mixed nerves, and some of the cranial nerves are also mixed nerves.</li></ul> <p>Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on where they connect to the central nervous system: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerves</a> innervate (distribute to/stimulate) much of the body, and connect through the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and thus to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. They are given letter-number designations according to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> through which they connect to the spinal column.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a> innervate parts of the head, and connect directly to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> (especially to the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>). They are typically assigned <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> from 1 to 12, although <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve zero">cranial nerve zero</a> is sometimes included. In addition, cranial nerves have descriptive names.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a></div> <p>Specific terms are used to describe nerves and their actions. A nerve that supplies information to the brain from an area of the body, or controls an action of the body is said to <i>innervate</i> that section of the body or organ. Other terms relate to whether the nerve affects the same side ("ipsilateral") or opposite side ("contralateral") of the body, to the part of the brain that supplies it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nerve growth normally ends in adolescence, but can be re-stimulated with a molecular mechanism known as "<a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch signaling">Notch signaling</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the axons of a <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> are damaged, as long as <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">the cell body</a> of the neuron is not damaged, the axons can regenerate and remake the synaptic connections with neurons with the help of <a href="/wiki/Guidepost_cells" title="Guidepost cells">guidepost cells</a>. This is also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Neuroregeneration" title="Neuroregeneration">neuroregeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nerve begins the process by destroying the nerve <a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> to the site of injury allowing Schwann cells, basal lamina, and the neurilemma near the injury to begin producing a regeneration tube. Nerve growth factors are produced causing many nerve sprouts to bud. When one of the growth processes finds the regeneration tube, it begins to grow rapidly towards its original destination guided the entire time by the regeneration tube. Nerve regeneration is very slow and can take up to several months to complete. While this process does repair some nerves, there will still be some functional deficit as the repairs are not perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A nerve conveys information in the form of electrochemical impulses (as nerve impulses known as <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>) carried by the individual neurons that make up the nerve. These impulses are extremely fast, with some <a href="/wiki/Myelinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelinated">myelinated</a> neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s. The impulses travel from one neuron to another by crossing a <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>, where the message is converted from <a href="/wiki/Electrical_synapse" title="Electrical synapse">electrical</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">chemical</a> and then back to electrical.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purves_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent nerve fiber</a> conducts sensory information from a <a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">sensory neuron</a> to the central nervous system, where the information is then processed. Bundles of fibres or <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>, in the peripheral nervous system are called nerves, and bundles of afferent fibers are known as <i>sensory nerves</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">efferent nerve fiber</a> conducts signals from a <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor neuron</a> in the central nervous system to muscles. Bundles of these fibres are known as <i>efferent nerves</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> is the part of an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> that coordinates its actions by transmitting <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">signals</a> to and from different parts of its body.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In vertebrates it consists of two main parts, the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) and the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (PNS). The CNS consists of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>, that connect the CNS to all remaining body parts. </p><p>Nerves that transmit signals from the CNS are called <i><a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor nerve fibers">motor</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">efferent</a></i> nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called <i>sensory</i> or <i>afferent</i>. <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerves</a> serve both functions and are called <i>mixed</i> nerves. The PNS is divided into three separate subsystems, the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">enteric</a> nervous systems. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. </p><p>The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a> while those exiting from the spinal cord are called <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG/220px-Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG/330px-Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG/440px-Prostatic_adenocarcinoma_with_perineural_invasion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Perineural_invasion" title="Perineural invasion">perineural invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> can spread by invading the spaces around nerves. This is particularly common in <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>. </p><p>Nerves can be damaged by physical injury as well as conditions like <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a> (CTS) and <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Autoimmune diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyneuropathy" title="Polyneuropathy">polyneuropathy</a>, infection, <a href="/wiki/Neuritis" title="Neuritis">neuritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, or failure of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve all cause <a href="/wiki/Nerve_injury" title="Nerve injury">nerve damage</a>, which can vary in severity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a> is a disease associated with extensive nerve damage. It occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> of an individual's own immune system damage the myelin sheaths that insulate the axon of the nerve. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Pinched_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinched nerve">pinched nerve</a> occurs when pressure is placed on a nerve, usually from swelling due to an injury, or pregnancy and can result in <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, weakness, numbness or paralysis, an example being CTS. Symptoms can be felt in areas far from the actual site of damage, a phenomenon called <a href="/wiki/Referred_pain" title="Referred pain">referred pain</a>. Referred pain can happen when the damage causes altered signalling to other areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurologists</a> usually diagnose disorders of nerves by a <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a>, including the testing of <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a> and other directed movements, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_weakness" title="Muscle weakness">muscle weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, and the sense of <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">touch</a>. This initial exam can be followed with tests such as <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_study" title="Nerve conduction study">nerve conduction study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> (EMG), and <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT).<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A neuron is called <i>identified</i> if it has properties that distinguish it from every other neuron in the same animal—properties such as location, neurotransmitter, gene expression pattern, and connectivity—and if every individual organism belonging to the same species has exactly one neuron with the same set of properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoyle_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoyle-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In vertebrate nervous systems, very few neurons are "identified" in this sense. Researchers believe humans have none—but in simpler nervous systems, some or all neurons may be thus unique.<sup id="cite_ref-Wormbook_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wormbook-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In vertebrates, the best known identified neurons are the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cells</a> of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–44">: 38–44 </span></sup> Every fish has two Mauthner cells, located in the bottom part of the brainstem, one on the left side and one on the right. Each Mauthner cell has an axon that crosses over, innervating (stimulating) neurons at the same brain level and then travelling down through the spinal cord, making numerous connections as it goes. The synapses generated by a Mauthner cell are so powerful that a single action potential gives rise to a major behavioral response: within milliseconds the fish curves its body into a <a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell#The_C-start_behavior" title="Mauthner cell">C-shape</a>, then straightens, thereby propelling itself rapidly forward. Functionally this is a fast escape response, triggered most easily by a strong sound wave or pressure wave impinging on the lateral line organ of the fish. Mauthner cells are not the only identified neurons in fish—there are about 20 more types, including pairs of "Mauthner cell analogs" in each spinal segmental nucleus. Although a Mauthner cell is capable of bringing about an escape response all by itself, in the context of ordinary behavior other types of cells usually contribute to shaping the amplitude and direction of the response. </p><p>Mauthner cells have been described as <a href="/wiki/Command_neuron" title="Command neuron">command neurons</a>. A command neuron is a special type of identified neuron, defined as a neuron that is capable of driving a specific behavior all by itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 112">: 112 </span></sup> Such neurons appear most commonly in the fast escape systems of various species—the <a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_axon" title="Squid giant axon">squid giant axon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_synapse" title="Squid giant synapse">squid giant synapse</a>, used for pioneering experiments in neurophysiology because of their enormous size, both participate in the fast escape circuit of the squid. The concept of a command neuron has, however, become controversial, because of studies showing that some neurons that initially appeared to fit the description were really only capable of evoking a response in a limited set of circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons43_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons43-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In organisms of <a href="/wiki/Radial_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial symmetry">radial symmetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve_net" title="Nerve net">nerve nets</a> serve for the nervous system. There is no brain or centralised head region, and instead there are interconnected neurons spread out in nerve nets. These are found in <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_neurology_and_neurosurgery" title="History of neurology and neurosurgery">History of neurology and neurosurgery</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herophilos" title="Herophilos">Herophilos</a> (335–280 BC) described the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">optic nerve</a> in sight and the <a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">oculomotor nerve</a> in eye movement. Analysis of the nerves in the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a> enabled him to differentiate between <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> and nerves (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%A6%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:νεῦρον">νεῦρον (neûron)</a></span> "string, plant fiber, nerve"). </p><p>Modern research has not confirmed <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">William Cullen</a>'s 1785 hypothesis associating mental states with physical nerves,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although popular or lay medicine may still invoke "nerves" in diagnosing or blaming any sort of <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> worry or hesitancy, as in the common traditional phrases "my poor nerves",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/high-strung" class="extiw" title="wikt:high-strung">high-strung</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span 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classification</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Purves-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purves_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPurvesAugustineFitzpatrickHall2008" class="citation book cs1">Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; White, Leonard E. (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv"><i>Neuroscience</i></a></span> (4 ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceissu00purv/page/n36">11</a>–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-697-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-697-7"><bdi>978-0-87893-697-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience&rft.pages=11-20&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-697-7&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft.au=Augustine%2C+George+J.&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+David&rft.au=Hall%2C+William+C.&rft.au=LaMantia%2C+Anthony-Samuel&rft.au=McNamara%2C+James+O.&rft.au=White%2C+Leonard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuroscienceissu00purv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariebHoehn2007" class="citation book cs1">Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humananatomyphys0000mari_r3o8"><i>Human Anatomy & Physiology</i></a></span> (7th ed.). Pearson. pp. 388–602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5909-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-5909-1"><bdi>978-0-8053-5909-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.pages=388-602&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-5909-1&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=EN&rft.au=Hoehn%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumananatomyphys0000mari_r3o8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanda2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kanda, T (Feb 2013). "Biology of the blood-nerve barrier and its alteration in immune mediated neuropathies". <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 208–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp-2012-302312">10.1136/jnnp-2012-302312</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23243216">23243216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207005110">207005110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery+%26+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Biology+of+the+blood-nerve+barrier+and+its+alteration+in+immune+mediated+neuropathies&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-212&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207005110%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23243216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp-2012-302312&rft.aulast=Kanda&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991022005127.htm">Yale Study Shows Way To Re-Stimulate Brain Cell Growth ScienceDaily</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062502/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/10/991022005127.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Oct. 22, 1999) — Results Could Boost Understanding Of Alzheimer's, Other Brain Disorders</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kunik, D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206876">"Laser-based single-axon transection for high-content axon injury and regeneration studies"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (11): e26832. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...626832K">2011PLoSO...626832K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026832">10.1371/journal.pone.0026832</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206876">3206876</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22073205">22073205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Laser-based+single-axon+transection+for+high-content+axon+injury+and+regeneration+studies&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e26832&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3206876%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22073205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026832&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...626832K&rft.aulast=Kunik&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3206876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnettZager" class="citation web cs1">Burnett, Mark; Zager, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480071_5">"Pathophysiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury: A Brief Review: Nerve Regeneration"</a>. <i>Medscape Article</i>. Medscape. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031061528/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/480071_5">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Article&rft.atitle=Pathophysiology+of+Peripheral+Nerve+Injury%3A+A+Brief+Review%3A+Nerve+Regeneration&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Zager%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F480071_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortora,_G.J.,_Derrickson,_B.2016" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B. (2016). <i>Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th edition)</i>. J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-34373-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-34373-8"><bdi>978-1-119-34373-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Anatomy+and+Physiology+%2815th+edition%29.&rft.pub=J.+Wiley.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-119-34373-8&rft.au=Tortora%2C+G.J.%2C+Derrickson%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg. <i>Normal computed tomography of the brain</i>. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normal+computed+tomography+of+the+brain&rft.pages=109&rft.au=Weinberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoyle-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoyle_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyleWiersma1977" class="citation book cs1">Hoyle G, Wiersma CA (1977). <i>Identified neurons and behavior of arthropods</i>. Plenum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-31001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-31001-0"><bdi>978-0-306-31001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identified+neurons+and+behavior+of+arthropods&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-306-31001-0&rft.aulast=Hoyle&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Wiersma%2C+CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wormbook-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wormbook_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html">"Wormbook: Specification of the nervous system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717081646/http://www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_specnervsys/specnervsys.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wormbook%3A+Specification+of+the+nervous+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wormbook.org%2Fchapters%2Fwww_specnervsys%2Fspecnervsys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1999" class="citation book cs1">Stein, PSG (1999). <i>Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69227-4"><bdi>978-0-262-69227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurons%2C+Networks%2C+and+Motor+Behavior&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-262-69227-4&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=PSG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons43-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simmons43_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsYoung1999" class="citation book cs1">Simmons PJ, Young D (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659"><i>Nerve Cells and Animal Behaviour</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nervecellsanimal00simm_659/page/n53">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62726-9"><bdi>978-0-521-62726-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nerve+Cells+and+Animal+Behaviour&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62726-9&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Young%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnervecellsanimal00simm_659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2006" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Neil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JnuZHxvHykC"><i>The Metaphor of Mental Illness</i></a>. International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry. Oxford University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198530879" title="Special:BookSources/9780198530879"><bdi>9780198530879</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] William Cullen [...] as early as 1785 [...] postulated that certain mental disorders were the result of some unknown physical change in the nerves, for which he coined the term neurosis. This term has since quite altered its meaning, as it now refers not to a state of the nerves but to a nervous state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metaphor+of+Mental+Illness&rft.series=International+perspectives+in+philosophy+and+psychiatry&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198530879&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9JnuZHxvHykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusten2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Austen, Jane</a> (2010) [1813]. <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Meyer_Spacks" title="Patricia Meyer Spacks">Spacks, Patricia Meyer</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m9b-G7csR0C"><i>Pride and Prejudice: An Annotated Edition</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674049161" title="Special:BookSources/9780674049161"><bdi>9780674049161</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way? You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my poor nerves.' [...] 'You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pride+and+Prejudice%3A+An+Annotated+Edition&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674049161&rft.aulast=Austen&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1m9b-G7csR0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2006" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Neil (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JnuZHxvHykC"><i>The Metaphor of Mental Illness</i></a>. International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198530879" title="Special:BookSources/9780198530879"><bdi>9780198530879</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>[...] in everyday English we find [...] lay terms such as 'nervous breakdown' that relate to mental illness as a whole [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metaphor+of+Mental+Illness&rft.series=International+perspectives+in+philosophy+and+psychiatry&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780198530879&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9JnuZHxvHykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Nervous_system">Nervous system</a> William E. Skaggs, <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearB._W._ConnorsM._A._Paradiso2006" class="citation book cs1">Bear, M. F.; B. W. Connors; M. A. Paradiso (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark"><i>Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-6003-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-6003-8"><bdi>0-7817-6003-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience%3A+Exploring+the+Brain&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7817-6003-8&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=M.+F.&rft.au=B.+W.+Connors&rft.au=M.+A.+Paradiso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuroscienceexpl00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder,_Marc_D.Hirokawa,_NobutakaWindhorst,_Uwe2009" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/biomed/neuroscience/book/978-3-540-23735-8"><i>Encyclopedia of Neuroscience</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23735-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23735-8"><bdi>978-3-540-23735-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Neuroscience&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23735-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fbiomed%2Fneuroscience%2Fbook%2F978-3-540-23735-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandelSchwartz_JHJessell_TM2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric R. Kandel">Kandel, ER</a>; Schwartz JH; Jessell TM (2012). <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Neural_Science" title="Principles of Neural Science"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a> (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-7701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-7701-1"><bdi>978-0-8385-7701-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neural+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-7701-1&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Schwartz+JH&rft.au=Jessell+TM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Squire, L. <i>et al.</i> (2012). <i>Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-660303-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-660303-0">0-12-660303-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreasen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_C._Andreasen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy C. Andreasen">Andreasen, Nancy C.</a> (March 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bravenewbraincon00andr"><i>Brave New Brain: Conquering Mental Illness in the Era of the Genome</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514509-0"><bdi>978-0-19-514509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brave+New+Brain%3A+Conquering+Mental+Illness+in+the+Era+of+the+Genome&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514509-0&rft.aulast=Andreasen&rft.aufirst=Nancy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbravenewbraincon00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Damasio, A. R. (1994). <i>Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. </i> New York, <a href="/wiki/Avon_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon (publishers)">Avon Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-13894-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-13894-3">0-399-13894-3</a> (Hardcover) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-72647-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-380-72647-5">0-380-72647-5</a> (Paperback)</li> <li>Gardner, H. (1976). <i>The Shattered Mind: The Person After Brain Damage. </i> New York, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Vintage Books</a>, 1976 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71946-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71946-8">0-394-71946-8</a></li> <li>Goldstein, K. (2000). <i>The Organism. </i> New York, Zone Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942299-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-942299-96-5">0-942299-96-5</a> (Hardcover) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942299-97-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-942299-97-3">0-942299-97-3</a> (Paperback)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauwereyns2010" class="citation book cs1">Lauwereyns, Jan (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262123105"><i>The Anatomy of Bias: How Neural Circuits Weigh the Options</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12310-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12310-5"><bdi>978-0-262-12310-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Bias%3A+How+Neural+Circuits+Weigh+the+Options&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010-02&rft.isbn=978-0-262-12310-5&rft.aulast=Lauwereyns&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmitpress.mit.edu%2F9780262123105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nerves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nerves">Nerves</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Nerve</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Nerve">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707093632/http://www.aanem.org/practiceissues/recPolicy/listofNerves.cfm">List of nerves</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Nervous_System" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Human Physiology/The Nervous System">The Nervous System</a> at Wikibooks (human)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/Nervous_System" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Anatomy and Physiology of Animals/Nervous System">Nervous System</a> at Wikibooks (non-human)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Parsons, Frederick Gymer (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nerve"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nerve">"Nerve" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 394–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nerve&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=394-400&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Gymer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANerve" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spinal_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinal_nerves" title="Template:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spinal_nerves" title="Template talk:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spinal nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinal_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerves">Cervical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_1" title="Cervical spinal nerve 1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_2" title="Cervical spinal nerve 2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_3" title="Cervical spinal nerve 3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_4" title="Cervical spinal nerve 4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_5" title="Cervical spinal nerve 5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_6" title="Cervical spinal nerve 6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_7" title="Cervical spinal nerve 7">C7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_8" title="Cervical spinal nerve 8">C8</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ramus of spinal nerve">anterior</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_plexus" title="Cervical plexus">Cervical plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">Brachial plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior ramus of spinal nerve">posterior</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_cervical_nerves" title="Posterior branches of cervical nerves">Posterior branches of cervical nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboccipital_nerve" title="Suboccipital nerve">Suboccipital – C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_occipital_nerve" title="Greater occipital nerve">Greater occipital – C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_occipital_nerve" title="Third occipital nerve">Third occipital – C3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic nerves">Thoracic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_1" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 1">T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_2" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 2">T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_3" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 3">T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_4" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 4">T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_5" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 5">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_6" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 6">T6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_7" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 7">T7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_8" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 8">T8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_9" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 9">T9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_10" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 10">T10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_11" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 11">T11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_12" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 12">T12</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intercostal_nerves" title="Intercostal nerves">Intercostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercostobrachial_nerve" title="Intercostobrachial nerve">Intercostobrachial – T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoraco-abdominal_nerves" title="Thoraco-abdominal nerves">Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcostal_nerve" title="Subcostal nerve">Subcostal – T12</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_thoracic_nerves" title="Posterior branches of thoracic nerves">Posterior branches of thoracic nerves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_nerves" title="Lumbar nerves">Lumbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 1">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 3">L3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 4">L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_spinal_nerve_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar spinal nerve 5">L5</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_plexus" title="Lumbar plexus">Lumbar plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_trunk" title="Lumbosacral trunk">Lumbosacral trunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_the_lumbar_nerves" title="Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves">Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cluneal_nerves" title="Superior cluneal nerves">Superior cluneal L1–L3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacral_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral nerves">Sacral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1" title="Sacral spinal nerve 1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_2" title="Sacral spinal nerve 2">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_3" title="Sacral spinal nerve 3">S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_4" title="Sacral spinal nerve 4">S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_5" title="Sacral spinal nerve 5">S5</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">Sacral plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branches_of_sacral_nerves" title="Posterior branches of sacral nerves">Posterior branches of sacral nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_cluneal_nerves" title="Medial cluneal nerves">Medial cluneal nerves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccygeal nerve">Coccygeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>anterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">Coccygeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>posterior</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branch_of_coccygeal_nerve" title="Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve">Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_cranial_nerves" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cranial_nerves" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cranial_nerves" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_nerve" title="Terminal nerve">Terminal</a> (CN 0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septal_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Septal nuclei">septal nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory</a> (CN I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">olfactory tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a> (CN II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor</a> (CN III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior branch of oculomotor nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_root_of_ciliary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion">parasympathetic root</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">ciliary ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a> (CN IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal</a> (CN V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">PSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">TMN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_ganglion" title="Trigeminal ganglion">trigeminal ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">Abducens</a> (CN VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial</a> (CN VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_nerve" title="Intermediate nerve">Intermediate nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion" title="Geniculate ganglion">Geniculate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Facial_canal" title="Facial canal">facial canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Greater petrosal nerve">Greater petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_the_stapedius" title="Nerve to the stapedius">Nerve to the stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">Chorda tympani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">At <a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_foramen" title="Stylomastoid foramen">stylomastoid<br />foramen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_nerve" title="Posterior auricular nerve">Posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprahyoid_muscles" title="Suprahyoid muscles">Suprahyoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Digastric branch of facial nerve">digastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve">stylohyoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_plexus" title="Parotid plexus">Parotid plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Temporal branches of the facial nerve">temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve">zygomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal branch of the facial nerve">buccal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve">mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Cervical branch of the facial nerve">cervical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear</a> (CN VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striae_medullares" class="mw-redirect" title="Striae medullares">striae medullares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">lateral lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarpa's ganglion">Scarpa's ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a> (CN IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_nerve" title="Tympanic nerve">Tympanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_plexus" title="Tympanic plexus">tympanic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_petrosal_nerve" title="Lesser petrosal nerve">lesser petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylopharyngeal_branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve">Stylopharyngeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Pharyngeal branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Tonsillar branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Lingual branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus">Carotid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus</a> (CN X)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of vagus nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of vagus nerve">Meningeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve">Auricular branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve">Pharyngeal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve">pharyngeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">Superior laryngeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="External laryngeal nerve">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal laryngeal nerve">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">Recurrent laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cervical_cardiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve">Superior cervical cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cardiac_branches_of_the_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve">Inferior cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve">Pulmonary</a></li> <li>Vagal trunks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior vagal trunk">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior vagal trunk">posterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Celiac branches of vagus nerve">Celiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Renal branches of vagus nerve">Renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_gastric_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk">Anterior gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_gastric_branches_of_posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk">Posterior gastric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve" title="Accessory nerve">Accessory</a> (CN XI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">spinal accessory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerves" title="Cranial root of accessory nerves">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a> (CN XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_hypoglossal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve">lingual</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nerves_of_the_cervical_plexus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cervical_plexus" title="Template:Cervical plexus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cervical_plexus" title="Template talk:Cervical plexus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cervical_plexus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cervical plexus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nerves_of_the_cervical_plexus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nerves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_plexus" title="Cervical plexus">cervical plexus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Superficial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>C2</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lesser_occipital_nerve" title="Lesser occipital nerve">Lesser occipital</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>C2–C3</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_auricular_nerve" title="Great auricular nerve">Greater auricular</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transverse_cervical_nerve" title="Transverse cervical nerve">Transverse cervical</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>C3–C4</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Supraclavicular_nerves" title="Supraclavicular nerves">Supraclavicular</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>C1–C3</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ansa_cervicalis" title="Ansa cervicalis">Ansa cervicalis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_root_of_ansa_cervicalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior root of ansa cervicalis">superior root</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inferior_root_of_ansa_cervicalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior root of ansa cervicalis">inferior root</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>C3–C5</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phrenic_nerve" title="Phrenic nerve">Phrenic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nerve_supply_of_the_human_arm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brachial_plexus" title="Template:Brachial plexus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brachial_plexus" title="Template talk:Brachial plexus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brachial_plexus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brachial plexus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nerve_supply_of_the_human_arm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_supply_of_the_human_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve supply of the human arm">Nerve supply of the human arm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supraclavicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>root</i> (<a href="/wiki/Dorsal_scapular_nerve" title="Dorsal scapular nerve">dorsal scapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_thoracic_nerve" title="Long thoracic nerve">long thoracic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_trunk" title="Upper trunk">upper trunk</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Suprascapular_nerve" title="Suprascapular nerve">suprascapular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_the_subclavius" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve to the subclavius">to the subclavius</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infraclavicular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="lateral_cord" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cord" title="Lateral cord">lateral cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pectoral_nerve" title="Lateral pectoral nerve">lateral pectoral</a> <ul><li>ansa pectoralis</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musculocutaneous_nerve" title="Musculocutaneous nerve">musculocutaneous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_forearm" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm">lateral cutaneous of forearm</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lateral_root_of_median_nerve" title="Lateral root of median nerve">lateral root</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anterior_interosseous_nerve" title="Anterior interosseous nerve">anterior interosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_branch_of_the_median_nerve" title="Palmar branch of the median nerve">palmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_branch_of_the_median_nerve" title="Recurrent branch of the median nerve">recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_palmar_digital_nerves_of_median_nerve" title="Common palmar digital nerves of median nerve">common palmar digital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proper_palmar_digital_nerves_of_median_nerve" title="Proper palmar digital nerves of median nerve">proper palmar digital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medial_cord" title="Medial cord">medial cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pectoral_nerve" title="Medial pectoral nerve">medial pectoral</a> <ul><li>ansa pectoralis</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>cutaneous: <a href="/wiki/Medial_cutaneous_nerve_of_forearm" title="Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm">medial cutaneous of forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_cutaneous_nerve_of_arm" title="Medial cutaneous nerve of arm">medial cutaneous of arm</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">ulnar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Muscular_branches_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Muscular branches of ulnar nerve">muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmar_branch_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Palmar branch of ulnar nerve">palmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_branch_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve">dorsal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve">dorsal digital nerves</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Superficial branch of ulnar nerve">superficial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_palmar_digital_nerves_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Common palmar digital nerves of ulnar nerve">common palmar digital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proper_palmar_digital_nerves_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Proper palmar digital nerves of ulnar nerve">proper palmar digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_ulnar_nerve" title="Deep branch of ulnar nerve">deep</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median</a>/<a href="/wiki/Medial_root_of_median_nerve" title="Medial root of median nerve">medial root</a>: see above</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cord" title="Posterior cord">posterior cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>subscapular (<a href="/wiki/Upper_subscapular_nerve" title="Upper subscapular nerve">upper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_subscapular_nerve" title="Lower subscapular nerve">lower</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracodorsal_nerve" title="Thoracodorsal nerve">thoracodorsal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_nerve" title="Axillary nerve">axillary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Superior_lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_arm" title="Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm">superior lateral cutaneous of arm</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial</a>: <a href="/wiki/Muscular_branches_of_the_radial_nerve" title="Muscular branches of the radial nerve">muscular</a></li> <li><i>cutaneous</i> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_arm" title="Posterior cutaneous nerve of arm">posterior of arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inferior_lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_arm" title="Inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm">inferior lateral of arm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_forearm" title="Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm">posterior of forearm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_radial_nerve" title="Superficial branch of radial nerve">superficial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_radial_nerve" title="Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve">dorsal digital nerves</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_radial_nerve" title="Deep branch of radial nerve">deep</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_interosseous_nerve" title="Posterior interosseous nerve">posterior interosseous</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">Brachial plexus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_autonomic_nervous_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Template:Autonomic nervous system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Template talk:Autonomic nervous system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomic nervous system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_autonomic_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_ganglia" title="Cervical ganglia">Cervical ganglia</a>: <i>roots</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_ciliary_nerves" title="Long ciliary nerves">long ciliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_petrosal_nerve" title="Deep petrosal nerve">Deep petrosal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">Ciliary ganglion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_the_ciliary_ganglion" title="Roots of the ciliary ganglion">Roots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_ciliary_nerves" title="Short ciliary nerves">Short ciliary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">Pterygopalatine ganglion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_petrosal_nerve" title="Deep petrosal nerve">deep petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_of_pterygoid_canal" title="Nerve of pterygoid canal">nerve of pterygoid canal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>branches of distribution:</i> <a href="/wiki/Greater_palatine_nerve" title="Greater palatine nerve">greater palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_posterior_nasal_branches_of_greater_palatine_nerve" title="Inferior posterior nasal branches of greater palatine nerve">inferior posterior nasal branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_palatine_nerve" title="Lesser palatine nerve">lesser palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopalatine_nerve" title="Nasopalatine nerve">nasopalatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_superior_posterior_nasal_branches_of_maxillary_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial superior posterior nasal branches of maxillary nerve">medial superior posterior nasal branches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_nerve" title="Pharyngeal nerve">pharyngeal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">Submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">Otic ganglion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sympathetic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paravertebral_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravertebral ganglia">paravertebral ganglia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cervical_ganglia" title="Cervical ganglia">Cervical ganglia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cervical_ganglion" title="Superior cervical ganglion">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cervical_ganglion" title="Middle cervical ganglion">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cervical_ganglion" title="Inferior cervical ganglion">Inferior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellate_ganglion" title="Stellate ganglion">Stellate ganglion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_plexus" title="Prevertebral plexus">prevertebral plexus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_nerve_plexus" title="Cavernous nerve plexus">Cavernous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_plexus" title="Internal carotid plexus">Internal carotid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sympathetic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paravertebral_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravertebral ganglia">paravertebral ganglia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_ganglia" title="Thoracic ganglia">Thoracic ganglia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_plexus" title="Prevertebral plexus">prevertebral plexus</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_plexus" title="Cardiac plexus">Cardiac plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_plexus" title="Esophageal plexus">Esophageal plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_plexus" title="Pulmonary plexus">Pulmonary plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aortic_plexus" title="Thoracic aortic plexus">Thoracic aortic plexus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_nerves" title="Cardiopulmonary nerves">cardiopulmonary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_splanchnic_nerves" title="Thoracic splanchnic nerves">thoracic</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>cardiac nerves:</i> <a href="/wiki/Superior_cardiac_nerve" title="Superior cardiac nerve">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cardiac_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle cardiac nerve">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cardiac_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cardiac nerve">Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_abdomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Human abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paravertebral_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravertebral ganglia">paravertebral ganglia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_ganglia" title="Lumbar ganglia">Lumbar ganglia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_ganglia" title="Prevertebral ganglia">prevertebral ganglia</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">Celiac ganglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorticorenal_ganglion" title="Aorticorenal ganglion">Aorticorenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_ganglion" title="Superior mesenteric ganglion">Superior mesenteric ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_ganglion" title="Inferior mesenteric ganglion">Inferior mesenteric ganglion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_plexus" title="Prevertebral plexus">prevertebral plexus</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_plexus" title="Celiac plexus">Celiac plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_plexus" title="Hepatic plexus">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_plexus" title="Splenic plexus">Splenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_plexus" title="Pancreatic plexus">Pancreatic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>aorticorenal</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_plexus" title="Abdominal aortic plexus">Abdominal aortic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_plexus" title="Renal plexus">Renal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Suprarenal_plexus" title="Suprarenal plexus">Suprarenal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_plexus" title="Superior mesenteric plexus">Superior mesenteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_plexuses" title="Gastric plexuses">Gastric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_plexus" title="Inferior mesenteric plexus">Inferior mesenteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatic_plexus" title="Spermatic plexus">Spermatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_plexus" title="Ovarian plexus">Ovarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_hypogastric_plexus" title="Superior hypogastric plexus">Superior hypogastric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypogastric_nerve" title="Hypogastric nerve">hypogastric nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectal_plexus" title="Superior rectal plexus">Superior rectal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_hypogastric_plexus" title="Inferior hypogastric plexus">Inferior hypogastric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesical_nervous_plexus" title="Vesical nervous plexus">Vesical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostatic_plexus_(nervous)" title="Prostatic plexus (nervous)">Prostatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cavernous_nerves_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavernous nerves of penis">Cavernous nerves of penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterovaginal_plexus_(nerves)" title="Uterovaginal plexus (nerves)">Uterovaginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_rectal_plexus" title="Middle rectal plexus">Middle rectal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_splanchnic_nerves" title="Lumbar splanchnic nerves">Lumbar splanchnic nerves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system" title="Enteric nervous system">Enteric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submucous_plexus" class="mw-redirect" title="Submucous plexus">Submucous plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myenteric_plexus" title="Myenteric plexus">Myenteric plexus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">Pelvis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paravertebral_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravertebral ganglia">paravertebral ganglia</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sacral_ganglia" title="Sacral ganglia">Sacral ganglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_impar" title="Ganglion impar">Ganglion impar</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sacral_splanchnic_nerves" title="Sacral splanchnic nerves">Sacral splanchnic nerves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasympathetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerves" title="Splanchnic nerves">splanchnic nerves</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_splanchnic_nerves" title="Pelvic splanchnic nerves">Pelvic splanchnic nerves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Category:Autonomic nervous system">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autonomic_nervous_system" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autonomic nervous system">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nerves_of_the_lumbosacral_plexus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Template:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Template talk:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lumbosacral plexus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nerves_of_the_lumbosacral_plexus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nerves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbosacral_plexus" title="Lumbosacral plexus">lumbosacral plexus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_plexus" title="Lumbar plexus">Lumbar plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve" title="Iliohypogastric nerve">iliohypogastric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iliohypogastric_nerve" title="Iliohypogastric nerve">lateral cutaneous branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_branch_of_iliohypogastric_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve">anterior cutaneous branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilioinguinal_nerve" title="Ilioinguinal nerve">ilioinguinal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Anterior scrotal nerves">anterior scrotal ♂</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anterior_labial_nerves" title="Anterior labial nerves">labial ♀</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitofemoral_nerve" title="Genitofemoral nerve">genitofemoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumboinguinal_nerve" title="Lumboinguinal nerve">femoral branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_branch_of_genitofemoral_nerve" title="Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve">genital branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh">Lateral cutaneous </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patellar_plexus" title="Patellar plexus">patellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obturator_nerve" title="Obturator nerve">obturator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve" title="Anterior branch of obturator nerve">anterior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_branch_of_the_obturator_nerve" title="Cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve">cutaneous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_branch_of_obturator_nerve" title="Posterior branch of obturator nerve">posterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_obturator_nerve" title="Accessory obturator nerve">accessory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cutaneous_branches_of_the_femoral_nerve" title="Anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve">anterior cutaneous branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphenous_nerve" title="Saphenous nerve">saphenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrapatellar_branch_of_saphenous_nerve" title="Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve">infrapatellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_crural_cutaneous_branches_of_saphenous_nerve" title="Medial crural cutaneous branches of saphenous nerve">medial crural cutaneous</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sacral_plexus" title="Sacral plexus">sacral plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">sciatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_fibular_nerve" title="Common fibular nerve">common fibular </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_sural_cutaneous_nerve" title="Lateral sural cutaneous nerve">lateral sural cutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sural_communicating_branch_of_common_peroneal_nerve" title="Sural communicating branch of common peroneal nerve">communicating branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_fibular_nerve" title="Deep fibular nerve">deep fibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_terminal_branch_of_deep_fibular_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral terminal branch of deep fibular nerve">lateral terminal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_terminal_branch_of_deep_fibular_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial terminal branch of deep fibular nerve">medial terminal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_foot" title="Dorsal digital nerves of foot">dorsal digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_fibular_nerve" title="Superficial fibular nerve">superficial fibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Medial dorsal cutaneous nerve">medial dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve">intermediate dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_digital_nerves_of_foot" title="Dorsal digital nerves of foot">dorsal digital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibial_nerve" title="Tibial nerve">tibial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_sural_cutaneous_nerve" title="Medial sural cutaneous nerve">medial sural cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_calcaneal_branches_of_the_tibial_nerve" title="Medial calcaneal branches of the tibial nerve">medial calcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_plantar_nerve" title="Medial plantar nerve">medial plantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_plantar_digital_nerves_of_medial_plantar_nerve" title="Common plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve">common plantar digital nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_plantar_digital_nerves_of_medial_plantar_nerve" title="Proper plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve">proper plantar digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Lateral plantar nerve">lateral plantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve">deep branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_branch_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve">superficial branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_plantar_digital_nerves_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Common plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve">common plantar digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_plantar_digital_nerves_of_lateral_plantar_nerve" title="Proper plantar digital nerves of lateral plantar nerve">proper plantar digital</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sural_nerve" title="Sural nerve">sural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_dorsal_cutaneous_nerve" title="Lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve">lateral dorsal cutaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_calcaneal_branches_of_sural_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral calcaneal branches of sural nerve">lateral calcaneal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Muscular <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_gluteal_nerve" title="Superior gluteal nerve">superior gluteal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_gluteal_nerve" title="Inferior gluteal nerve">inferior gluteal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rotator_group" title="Lateral rotator group">lateral rotator group</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_quadratus_femoris" title="Nerve to quadratus femoris">to quadratus femoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_internus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Obturator internus nerve">to obturator internus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriformis_nerve" title="Piriformis nerve">to the piriformis</a>)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_nerve" title="Cutaneous nerve">cutaneous</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cutaneous_nerve_of_thigh" title="Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh">posterior cutaneous of thigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inferior_cluneal_nerves" title="Inferior cluneal nerves">inferior cluneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_branches_of_posterior_femoral_cutaneous_nerve" title="Perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve">perineal branches</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforating_cutaneous_nerve" title="Perforating cutaneous nerve">perforating cutaneous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccygeal_plexus" title="Coccygeal plexus">coccygeal plexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">pudendal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_anal_nerves" title="Inferior anal nerves">inferior anal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">perineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_branch_of_the_perineal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep branch of the perineal nerve">deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_scrotal_nerves" title="Posterior scrotal nerves">posterior scrotal♂</a> / <a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_nerves" title="Posterior labial nerves">labial♀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_the_penis" title="Dorsal nerve of the penis">dorsal of the penis♂</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve of clitoris">clitoris♀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anococcygeal_nerve" title="Anococcygeal nerve">anococcygeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_supply_of_the_human_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve supply of the human leg">Nerve supply of the human leg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9620#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9620#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571039">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A14.2.00.013">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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