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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with <i>epignosis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_epignosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gnosticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gnosticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gnosticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gnosticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gnosticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" 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</button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_Jewish_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_Jewish_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hellenistic Jewish literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_Jewish_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="غنوسيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غنوسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="গনোসিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গনোসিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosi" title="Gnosi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gnosi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis_(gnosticismo)" title="Gnosis (gnosticismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gnosis (gnosticismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گنوسیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنوسیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnose" title="Gnose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%85%B8%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="그노시스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그노시스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosi" title="Gnosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gnosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnozis" title="Gnozis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gnozis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnose" title="Gnose – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gnose" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%B2si" title="Gnòsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gnòsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnoza" title="Gnoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gnoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnose" title="Gnose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гнозис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гнозис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гносис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гносис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gnosis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Гнозис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гнозис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="معارف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معارف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q421261#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:92%;"><span style="padding-left:2.25em;"> </span> <div style="font-size:120%;line-height:1.2em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Gnosticism" title="Category:Gnosticism">a series</a> on</span><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraxas_gem_scan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/100px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/150px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraxas_gem_scan.svg/200px-Abraxas_gem_scan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Gnostic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbelo" title="Barbelo">Barbelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Seals" title="Five Seals">Five Seals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenoma" title="Kenoma">Kenoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminary_(Gnosticism)" title="Luminary (Gnosticism)">Luminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogdoad_(Gnosticism)" title="Ogdoad (Gnosticism)">Ogdoad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a> and founders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">List of Gnostic sects</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Proto-Gnosticism" title="Proto-Gnosticism">Proto-Gnosticism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magh%C4%81riya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghāriya">Maghāriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasines" title="Thomasines">Thomasines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Judean / Israelite</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elksai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elkasaites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkasaites">Elkasaites</a></li></ul></li> <li>Samaritan Baptist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositheos_(Samaritan)" title="Dositheos (Samaritan)">Dositheos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menander (gnostic)">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quqites" title="Quqites">Quqites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Christian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apelles_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apelles (gnostic)">Apelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perates" title="Perates">Perates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Syrian-Egyptian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Alexandrian</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Roman</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florinus_(Gnostic)" title="Florinus (Gnostic)">Florinus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Persian Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mani_(prophet)" title="Mani (prophet)">Mani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chinese Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Islamic Gnosticism</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusayrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayrism">Nusayrism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Modern schools</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_texts" title="List of Gnostic texts">List of Gnostic texts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Texts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Abdias" title="Pseudo-Abdias">Pseudo-Abdias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnosticism and the New Testament">Gnosticism and the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Mandaean scriptures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Mani-Codex" title="Cologne Mani-Codex">Cologne Mani-Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Codex" title="Berlin Codex">Berlin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Codex Nasaraeus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influenced by</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">Wisdom (personification)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Influence on</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">Gnosticism in modern times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism" title="Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism" title="Template talk:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Esotericism" title="Category:Esotericism"><i>a series</i></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Esotericism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/90px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/135px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/180px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">Propitiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lus_Co%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Élus Coëns">Élus Coëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">List of magical organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Lavey">Lavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_Mathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Liddell Mathers">Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esotericism" title="Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Esotericism" title="Template talk:Esotericism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gnosis</b> is the common <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> noun for <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%BD%E1%BF%B6%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:γνῶσις">γνῶσις</a>, <i>gnōsis</i>, f.).<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was used among various <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">philosophies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is best known for its implication within <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it signifies a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> or insight into <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humanity</a>'s real nature as divine, leading to the deliverance of the divine spark within humanity from the constraints of earthly existence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gnosis</i> is a feminine Greek noun which means "knowledge" or "awareness."<sup id="cite_ref-scotttufts_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotttufts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is often used for personal knowledge compared with intellectual knowledge (εἴδειν <i>eídein</i>), as with the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>connaître</i> compared with <i>savoir</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>conhecer</i> compared with <i>saber</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>conocer</i> compared with <i>saber</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>conoscere</i> compared with <i>sapere</i>, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>kennen</i> rather than <i>wissen</i>, or the Modern Greek γνωρίζω compared with ξέρω.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term is the adjective <i>gnostikos</i>, "cognitive",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reasonably common adjective in Classical Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms do not appear to indicate any mystic, <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> or hidden meaning in the works of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, but instead expressed a sort of higher intelligence and ability analogous to talent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Stranger:</i> In this way, then, divide all science into two arts, calling the one practical (<i>praktikos</i>), and the other purely intellectual (<i>gnostikos</i>).<br /><i>Younger Socrates:</i> Let us assume that all science is one and that these are its two forms.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i>, 258e</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic era</a> the term became associated with the mystery cults. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G.R.S. Mead</a>, the "motions of gnosis" are also referred to as "kingly motions".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> used the phrase "knowledge falsely so-called" (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pseudonymos gnosis</i></span></i>, from 1 Timothy 6:20)<sup id="cite_ref-feminine_nominative_adjective_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feminine_nominative_adjective-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the title of his book <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Detection_and_Overthrow_of_Knowledge_Falsely_So_Called" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Detection and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So Called">On the Detection and Overthrow of False Knowledge</a></i>, that contains the adjective <i>gnostikos</i>, which is the source for the 17th-century English term "<a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_epignosis">Comparison with <i>epignosis</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with epignosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difference and meaning of <i>epignosis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ἐπίγνωσις</span>) contrasted with gnosis is disputed. One proposed distinction is between the abstract and absolute knowledge (<i>gnosis</i>) and a practical or more literal knowledge (<i>epignosis</i>). Other interpretations have suggested that <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a> is referring to an "epignosis of Jesus Christ", what <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lightfoot" title="J. B. Lightfoot">J. B. Lightfoot</a> described as a "larger and more thorough knowledge". <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</a> is seen as evidence of the deeper knowledge protecting against <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">false doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gnosticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion-faced_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg/150px-Lion-faced_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Lion-faced_deity.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>A lion-faced, <a href="/wiki/Snakes_in_mythology" title="Snakes in mythology">serpentine</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> found on a Gnostic gem in <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a>'s <i>L'antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures</i> may be a depiction of the Demiurge.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> originated in the late 1st century CE in non-rabbinical <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> sects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">formation of Christianity</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> groups, labeled "gnostics" by their opponents, emphasised spiritual knowledge (<i>gnosis</i>) of the divine spark within, over <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> (<i>pistis</i>) in the teachings and traditions of the various communities of Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnosticism presents a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">highest, unknowable God</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>, "creator" of the material universe.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gnostics considered the most <a href="/wiki/Essential_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential property">essential</a> part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> to be this personal knowledge, in contrast to faith as an outlook in their <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (cognitive)">worldview</a> along with faith in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">ecclesiastical authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Gnosticism, the <a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible#Eden" title="Serpents in the Bible">biblical serpent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> was praised and thanked for bringing knowledge (<i>gnosis</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> and thereby freeing them from the <a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">malevolent</a> <a href="/wiki/Demiurge#Gnosticism" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>'s control.<sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnostic Christian doctrines rely on a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a> that implies the eternal conflict between good and evil, and a conception of the serpent as the <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">liberating savior</a> and bestower of knowledge to humankind opposed to the Demiurge or <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator god</a>, identified with the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Hebrew God</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnostic Christians considered the Hebrew God of the Old Testament as the evil, <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false god</a> and creator of the material universe, and the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Unknown God</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and creator of the spiritual world, as the true, good God.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophite</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Yaldabaoth" title="Yaldabaoth">Yaldabaoth</a> (Yahweh) is regarded as the malevolent Demiurge and false god of the Old Testament who generated the material universe and keeps the souls trapped in physical bodies, imprisoned in the world full of pain and suffering that he <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">created</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Litwa_2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Litwa_2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-Mueller_1990_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Mueller_1990-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arendzen4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arendzen4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all Gnostic movements regarded the creator of the material universe as inherently evil or malevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Logan_2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinians</a> believed that the Demiurge is merely an ignorant and incompetent creator, trying to fashion the world as good as he can, but lacking the proper power to maintain its goodness.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Logan_2002_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Gnostics were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Fathers">Early Church Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda (Mandaeism)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">manda</a></i> ("knowledge", "wisdom", "intellect") is roughly equivalent to the Gnostic concept of gnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> ('having knowledge')<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the only surviving Gnostic religion from antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrath_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrath-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a> formally refer to themselves as <i>Nasurai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a>) meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-RudolphEI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RudolphEI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HG_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HG-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandaeans emphasize salvation of the soul through secret knowledge (gnosis) of its divine origin.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drower1960_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower1960-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandaeism "provides knowledge of whence we have come and whither we are going."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 531">: 531 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_usage">Christian usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christian usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite rejection of Gnosticism,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Christianity has sometimes used the term or derivatives of it in a laudatory rather than lambasting sense. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The New Testament uses the term γνῶσις (Strong's G1108, Transliteration gnōsis) 28 times.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patristic_literature">Patristic literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patristic literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> used the word <i>gnosis</i> (knowledge) to mean spiritual knowledge or specific knowledge of the divine. This positive usage was to contrast it with how gnostic sectarians used the word. <a href="/wiki/Cardiognosis" title="Cardiognosis">Cardiognosis</a> ("knowledge of the heart") from Eastern Christianity related to the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">starets</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> theology is the view that only God knows the condition of one's relationship with God.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a> Catholic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Dermot_Moran" title="Dermot Moran">Dermot Moran</a> notes that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...even in early Christianity, matters were complex, such that an anti-gnostic writer like <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> can regularly invoke the notion of <i>gnostike theoria</i> in a positive sense.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodox_thought">Eastern Orthodox thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodox thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gnosis</i> in <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox Christian</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>) thought is the spiritual knowledge of a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> (one who has obtained <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">divinely-illuminated</a> human being. Within the cultures of the term's provenance (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a>) <i>Gnosis</i> was a knowledge or <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> into the infinite, divine and uncreated in all and above all,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than knowledge strictly into the finite, natural or material world.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnosis is <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendental</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Apperception" title="Apperception">mature understanding</a>. It indicates direct spiritual, experiential knowledge<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitive</a> knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> rather than that from rational or reasoned thinking. Gnosis itself is gained through understanding at which one can arrive via inner experience or <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a> such as an internal <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" title="Epiphany (feeling)">epiphany</a> of intuition and external epiphany such as the <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a>,</i> it is emphasized that such knowledge is not secret knowledge but rather a maturing, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a> form of knowledge derived from <a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">contemplation</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a></i> resulting from practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">hesychasm</a>)</i>, since knowledge cannot truly be derived from knowledge, but rather, knowledge can only be derived from <i>theoria</i> (to witness, see (vision) or experience).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge, thus plays an important role in relation to <i><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">theosis</a></i> (deification/personal relationship with God) and <i><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a></i> (revelation of the divine, vision of God).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gnosis, as the proper use of the spiritual or <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noetic</a> faculty plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian theology">Orthodox Christian theology</a>. Its importance in the economy of salvation is discussed periodically in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i> where as direct, personal knowledge of God (<i>noesis</i>) it is distinguished from ordinary epistemological knowledge (episteme—i.e., speculative philosophy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism">Sufism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sufism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana (Sufism)</a></div> <p>Knowledge (or <i>gnosis</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> refers to knowledge of <a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Self</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">God</a>. The gnostic is called <i>al-arif bi'lah</i> or "one who knows by God". The goal of the Sufi practitioner is to remove inner obstacles to the knowledge of God. Sufism, understood as the quest for Truth, is to seek for the separate existence of the Self to be consumed by Truth, as stated by the Sufi poet <a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur al-Hallaj">Mansur al-Hallaj</a>, who was executed for saying "I am the Truth" (ana'l haqq).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_usage">Jewish usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jewish usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Jewish_literature">Hellenistic Jewish literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Jewish literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Greek word <i>gnosis</i> (knowledge) is used as a standard translation of the Hebrew word "knowledge" (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">דעת</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Da%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Da'ath">da'ath</a></i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Lord gives wisdom [<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chokmah" title="Chokmah">ħokhma</a></i></span>] (<i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">sophia</a></i>), from his face come knowledge [<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">da'ath</i></span>] (<i>gnosis</i>) and understanding [<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tevuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tevuna">tevuna</a></i></span>] (<i><a href="/wiki/Synesis" title="Synesis">synesis</a></i>)"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Proverbs 2.6</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> also refers to the "knowledge" (<i>gnosis</i>) and "wisdom" (<i>sophia</i>) of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. (2018). "Gnosis/Knowledge". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001440">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001440</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosis%2FKnowledge&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_00001440&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria+L.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_E._Porter" title="Stanley E. Porter">Porter, Stanley E.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cc0JDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">"What Do We Mean by Speaking of Paul and Gnosis/Knowledge? A Semantic and Frequency Investigation"</a>. In Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David (eds.). <i>Paul and Gnosis</i>. Pauline Studies. Vol. 9. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 7–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004316690_003">10.1163/9789004316690_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31668-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31668-3"><bdi>978-90-04-31668-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2016009435">2016009435</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147727033">147727033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Do+We+Mean+by+Speaking+of+Paul+and+Gnosis%2FKnowledge%3F+A+Semantic+and+Frequency+Investigation&rft.btitle=Paul+and+Gnosis&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Pauline+Studies&rft.pages=7-22&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004316690_003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147727033%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2016009435&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31668-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Stanley+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCc0JDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-May_2008_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2008" class="citation book cs1">May, Gerhard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6UTfmw_zStsC&pg=PA434">"Part V: The Shaping of Christian Theology – Monotheism and creation"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._Mitchell" title="Margaret M. Mitchell">Mitchell, Margaret M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frances_Young" title="Frances Young">Young, Frances M.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 434–451, 452–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.026">10.1017/CHOL9780521812399.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139054836" title="Special:BookSources/9781139054836"><bdi>9781139054836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V%3A+The+Shaping+of+Christian+Theology+%E2%80%93+Monotheism+and+creation&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+1%3A+Origins+to+Constantine&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=434-451%2C+452-456&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812399.026&rft.isbn=9781139054836&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6UTfmw_zStsC%26pg%3DPA434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolph2001p2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph2001p2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolph2001p2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurt_Rudolph2001" class="citation book cs1">Kurt Rudolph (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3XxxkESCWz4C"><i>Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08640-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08640-2"><bdi>978-0-567-08640-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gnosis%3A+The+Nature+and+History+of+Gnosticism&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08640-2&rft.au=Kurt+Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3XxxkESCWz4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Williams, Michael (20 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/gnosticism">"Gnosticism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104224452if_/https://www.britannica.com/topic/gnosticism">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fgnosticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph2001p2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph2001p2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2005) [2003]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URdACxKubDIC&pg=PA113">"Christians "In The Know": The Worlds of Early Christian Gnosticism"</a>. <i>Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 113–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009640700110273">10.1017/s0009640700110273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003053097">2003053097</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152458823">152458823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+%22In+The+Know%22%3A+The+Worlds+of+Early+Christian+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+Battles+for+Scripture+and+the+Faiths+We+Never+Knew&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=113-134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009640700110273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152458823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003053097&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURdACxKubDIC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrakke2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brakke" title="David Brakke">Brakke, David</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EQ1XwHg0o0C&pg=PA18"><i>The Gnostics: Myth, Ritual, and Diversity in Early Christianity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 18–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066038" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066038"><bdi>9780674066038</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjnrvhh.6">j.ctvjnrvhh.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169308502">169308502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gnostics%3A+Myth%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Diversity+in+Early+Christianity&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=18-51&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169308502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvjnrvhh.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780674066038&rft.aulast=Brakke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EQ1XwHg0o0C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-May_2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudolph2001p2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolph2001p2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brakke_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brakke_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotttufts-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scotttufts_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell Scott">Liddell Scott</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwsis&la=greek#lexicon">entry</a> γνῶσις, εως, ἡ, A. seeking to know, inquiry, investigation, esp. judicial, "τὰς τῶν δικαστηρίων γ." D.18.224; "τὴν κατὰ τοῦ διαιτητοῦ γdeetr." Id.21.92, cf. 7.9, Lycurg.141; "γ. περὶ τῆς δίκης" PHib.1.92.13 (iii B. C.). 2. result of investigation, decision, PPetr.3p.118 (iii B. C.). II. knowing, knowledge, Heraclit.56; opp. ἀγνωσίη, Hp. Vict.1.23 (dub.); opp. ἄγνοια, Pl.R.478c; "ἡ αἴσθησις γ. τις" Arist.GA731a33: pl., "Θεὸς γνώσεων κύριος" LXX 1 Ki.2.3. b. higher, esoteric knowledge, 1 Ep.Cor.8.7,10, Ep.Eph.3.19, etc.; "χαρισάμενος ἡμῖν νοῦν, λόγον, γνῶσιν" PMag.Par.2.290. 2. acquaintance with a person, "πρός τινα" Test. ap.Aeschin.1.50; "τῶν Σεβαστῶν" IPE1.47.6 (Olbia). 3. recognizing, Th.7.44. 4. means of knowing, "αἱ αἰσθήσεις] κυριώταται τῶν καθ᾽ ἕκαστα γ." Arist.Metaph.981b11. III. being known, "γνῶσιν ἔχει τι", = "γνωστόν ἐστι", Pl.Tht.206b. 2. fame, credit, Hdn.7.5.5, Luc.Herod.3. IV. means of knowing: hence, statement in writing, PLond.5.1708, etc. (vi A. D.). V. = γνῶμα, <a href="/wiki/Hsch." class="mw-redirect" title="Hsch.">Hsch.</a> s. h. v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagels1995" class="citation book cs1">Pagels, Elaine (1995). <i>The Origin of Satan</i>. Allen Lane, The Penguin Press. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Satan&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Allen+Lane%2C+The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=gnwstikos&la=greek#lexicon">LSJ entry</a> <b>γνωστ-ικός, ή, όν,</b> A. of or for knowing, cognitive: ἡ -κή (sc. ἐπιστήμη), theoretical science (opp. πρακτική), Pl.Plt.258b.c., etc.; τὸ γ. ib.261b; "ἕξεις γ." Arist.AP0.100a11 (Comp.); "γ. εἰκόνες" Hierocl.in CA25p.475M.: c. gen., able to discern, Ocell. 2.7. Adv. "-κῶς" Procl.Inst.39, Dam.Pr.79, Phlp.in Ph.241.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/wordfreq?lang=greek&lookup=gnwstiko%2Fs">In Perseus databank</a> 10x <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Cratylus, Theaetetus, Sophist, Statesman 2x <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Compendium libri de animae procreatione + De animae procreatione in Timaeo, 2x <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a>, De musica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper and Hutchinson. "Introduction to Politikos." Cooper, John M. & Hutchinson, D. S. (Eds.) (1997). Plato: Complete Works, Hackett Publishing Co., Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-349-2">0-87220-349-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0172:text=Stat.:section=258e">Plato. Plato in Twelve Volumes, Vol. 12 translated by Harold N. Fowler. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Robert Stow Mead, and Stephen Ronan. <i>The Complete Echoes from the Gnosis</i>. London, Chthonios Books, 1987, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-feminine_nominative_adjective-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-feminine_nominative_adjective_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/morph?l=yeudw%2Fnumos&la=greek&prior=yeudw/motos">feminine nominative adjective</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gnostic | Origin and meaning of the name Gnostic by Online Etymology Dictionary". <i>www.etymonline.com</i>. Retrieved 2021-07-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1987" class="citation book cs1">Green, Michael (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4in0E7TPqPIC&pg=PA70"><i>2 Peter & Jude</i></a>. Eerdman's. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802800787" title="Special:BookSources/9780802800787"><bdi>9780802800787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2+Peter+%26+Jude&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Eerdman%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780802800787&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4in0E7TPqPIC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagris20053515–3516_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagris2005">Magris 2005</a>, pp. 3515–3516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayton1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Layton" title="Bentley Layton">Layton, Bentley</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4vwTXJSaMC&pg=PA106">"Prolegomena to the Study of Ancient Gnosticism"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Ferguson, Everett</a> (ed.). <i>Doctrinal Diversity: Varieties of Early Christianity</i>. Recent Studies in Early Christianity: A Collection of Scholarly Essays. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 106–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3071-5"><bdi>0-8153-3071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Ancient+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=Doctrinal+Diversity%3A+Varieties+of+Early+Christianity&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Recent+Studies+in+Early+Christianity%3A+A+Collection+of+Scholarly+Essays&rft.pages=106-123&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8153-3071-5&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Bentley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGC4vwTXJSaMC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kvam_1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kvam_1999_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvamSchearingZiegler1999" class="citation book cs1">Kvam, Kristen E.; Schearing, Linda S.; Ziegler, Valarie H., eds. 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Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 852–857.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valentinus+and+the+Valentinians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=852-857&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Bousset%2C+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litwa_2016-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Litwa_2016_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitwa2016" class="citation book cs1">Litwa, M. David (2016) [2015]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwcBDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">"Part I: The Self-deifying Rebel – "I Am God and There is No Other!": The Boast of Yaldabaoth"</a>. <i>Desiring Divinity: Self-deification in Early Jewish and Christian Mythmaking</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 47–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190467166.003.0004">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467166.003.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199967728" title="Special:BookSources/9780199967728"><bdi>9780199967728</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015051032">2015051032</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966607824">966607824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+The+Self-deifying+Rebel+%E2%80%93+%E2%80%9CI+Am+God+and+There+is+No+Other%21%E2%80%9D%3A+The+Boast+of+Yaldabaoth&rft.btitle=Desiring+Divinity%3A+Self-deification+in+Early+Jewish+and+Christian+Mythmaking&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=47-65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966607824&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015051032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190467166.003.0004&rft.isbn=9780199967728&rft.aulast=Litwa&rft.aufirst=M.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwcBDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-Mueller_1990-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer-Mueller_1990_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer-Mueller1990" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer-Mueller, E. Aydeet (January 1990). "Yaldabaoth: The Gnostic Female Principle in Its Fallenness". <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 79–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853690X00205">10.1163/156853690X00205</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5365">1568-5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1560677">1560677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Yaldabaoth%3A+The+Gnostic+Female+Principle+in+Its+Fallenness&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-95&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1560677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.eissn=1568-5365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853690X00205&rft.aulast=Fischer-Mueller&rft.aufirst=E.+Aydeet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arendzen4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arendzen4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendzen1908" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Arendzen, John Peter (1908). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Demiurge" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Demiurge">Demiurge</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demiurge&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Arendzen&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan_2002-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2002_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2002_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Alastair H. B. (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA923">"Part IX: Internal Challenges – Gnosticism"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 923–925. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+IX%3A+Internal+Challenges+%E2%80%93+Gnosticism&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=923-925&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Alastair+H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mandaeanism">"Mandaeanism | religion"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Mandaeanism+%26%23124%3B+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMandaeanism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrath-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGrath_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2015" class="citation cs2">McGrath, James (23 January 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvv6I02MNlc">"The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans"</a>, <i>YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube-A+lunchtime+talk+about+the+Mandaeans+by+Dr.+James+F.+McGrath+at+Butler+University&rft.atitle=The+First+Baptists%2C+The+Last+Gnostics%3A+The+Mandaeans&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dgvv6I02MNlc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Rudolph" title="Kurt Rudolph">Rudolph, Kurt</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chWcZcYcyeQC">"Mandaeism"</a>. In Moore, Albert C. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iconographyofrel0000moor"><i>Iconography of Religions: An Introduction</i></a></span>. Vol. 21. Chris Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800604882" title="Special:BookSources/9780800604882"><bdi>9780800604882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mandaeism&rft.btitle=Iconography+of+Religions%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Chris+Robertson&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780800604882&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchWcZcYcyeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RudolphEI-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RudolphEI_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2008" class="citation web cs1">Rudolph, Kurt (7 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/mandaeans-2-religion">"MANDAEANS ii. THE MANDAEAN RELIGION"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MANDAEANS+ii.+THE+MANDAEAN+RELIGION&rft.date=2008-04-07&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmandaeans-2-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HG-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HG_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1953" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Ethel Stefana (1953). <i>The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa</i>. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Haran+Gawaita+and+the+Baptism+of+Hibil-Ziwa&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Apostolica+Vaticana&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stefana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower1960-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drower1960_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._S._Drower" title="E. S. Drower">Drower, Ethel Stephana</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306132110/http://holybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Secret-Adam-A-Study-of-Nasoraen-Gnosis.pdf"><i>The secret Adam, a study of Nasoraean gnosis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London UK: Clarendon Press. xvi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/The-Secret-Adam-A-Study-of-Nasoraen-Gnosis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+secret+Adam%2C+a+study+of+Nasoraean+gnosis&rft.place=London+UK&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stephana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholybooks.lichtenbergpress.netdna-cdn.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FThe-Secret-Adam-A-Study-of-Nasoraen-Gnosis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deutsch, Nathaniel. (2003) Mandaean Literature. In <i>The Gnostic Bible</i> (pp. 527–561). New Seeds Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g1108/kjv/tr/0-1/">Lexicon: Strong's G1108 - gnōsis</a> Blue Letter Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_K._McKim" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald K. McKim">Donald K. McKim</a>, <i>Westminster dictionary of theological terms</i>, 1996, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald O'Collins, Edward G. Farrugia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQooODXx-2wC&dq=cardiognosis+Orthodoxy&pg=PA130">concise dictionary of theology</a> p. 130 Publisher: T. & T. Clark Publishers <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08354-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08354-8">978-0-567-08354-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndpr.nd.edu/reviews/gnostic-return-in-modernity-and-gnostic-apocalypse/">"Gnostic Return in Modernity and Gnostic Apocalypse"</a>. Notre Dame.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gnostic+Return+in+Modernity+and+Gnostic+Apocalypse&rft.pub=Notre+Dame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndpr.nd.edu%2Freviews%2Fgnostic-return-in-modernity-and-gnostic-apocalypse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Spiritual knowledge is the state of spiritual <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a>, when one sees invisibly and hears inaudibly and comprehends incomprehensibly the glory of God. Precisely then comprehension ceases and, what is more, he understands that he does not understand. Within the vision of the uncreated Light man also sees angels and Saints and, in general, he experiences communion with the angels and the Saints. He is then certain that resurrection exists. This is the spiritual knowledge which all the holy Prophets, the Apostles, Martyrs, ascetics and all the Saints of the Church had. The teachings of the Saints are an offspring of this spiritual knowledge. And, naturally, as we said earlier, spiritual knowledge is a fruit of the vision of God. "THE ILLNESS AND CURE OF THE SOUL" Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20020209061705/http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b05.en.the_illness_and_cure_of_the_soul.04.htm#kno1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Symeon_the_New_Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Symeon the New Theologian">St. Symeon the New Theologian</a> in Practical & Theological Discourses, 1.1 The <a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a> Volume Four: When men search for God with their bodily eyes they find Him nowhere, for He is invisible. But for those who ponder in the Spirit He is present everywhere. He is in all, yet beyond all</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faith And Science In Orthodox Gnosiology And Methodology by <a href="/wiki/George_Metallinos" title="George Metallinos">George Metallinos</a> "The scientist and professor of the knowledge of the Uncreated, in the Orthodox Tradition, is the Geron/<a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">Starets</a> (the Elder or Spiritual Father), the guide or "teacher of the desert." The recording of both types of knowledge presupposes empirical knowledge of the phenomenon. The same holds true in the field of science, where only the specialist understands the research of other scientists of the same field. The adoption of conclusions or findings of a scientific branch by non-specialists (i.e. those who are unable to experimentally examine the research of the specialists) is based on the trust of the specialists credibility. Otherwise, there would be no scientific progress. The same holds true for the science of faith. The empirical knowledge of the Saints, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers and Mothers of all ages is adopted and founded upon the same trust. The patristic tradition and the Church's Councils function on this provable experience. There is no Ecumenical Council without the presence of the glorified/deified (theoumenoi), those who see the divine (this is the problem of the councils of today!) Orthodox doctrine results from this relationship." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psyche.gr/Metallinos.htm">University of Athens - Department of Theology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a> Volume Four Palmer, G.E.H; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sherrard" title="Philip Sherrard">Sherrard, Philip</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Kallistos (Timothy)</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-19382-X">0-571-19382-X</a>, glossary, p. 434, Spiritual Knowledge (γνῶσις): the knowledge of the intellect (q.v.). As such, it is knowledge inspired by God, as <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insight</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">noesis</a></i>; see also <a href="/wiki/Noema" title="Noema">Noema</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">intuitive</a> knowledge (see <a href="/wiki/Gnosiology" title="Gnosiology">gnosiology</a>) and so linked with <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">contemplation</a> and immediate spiritual perception.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glossary of terms from the <a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a> p. 434 the knowledge of the intellect as distinct from that of the reason(q.v.). Knowledge inspired by God, and so linked with contemplation (q.v.) and immediate spiritual perception.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, SVS Press, 1997. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913836-31-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-913836-31-1">0-913836-31-1</a>) James Clarke & Co Ltd, 2002. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-227-67919-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-227-67919-9">0-227-67919-9</a>) p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossain (2007). <i>The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition</i>. Harper Collins. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Truth%3A+The+Vision+and+Promise+of+Sufism%2C+Islam%27s+Mystical+Tradition&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Testament studies: Society for New Testament Studies – 1981 "see also the more extensive analysis of gnosis in Philo by Hans Jonas, Gnosis und spatantiker Geist 11/1"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gnosis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagris2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Magris, Aldo (2005). "Gnosticism: Gnosticism from its origins to the Middle Ages (further considerations)". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). <i>Macmillan Encyclopedia of Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> pp. 3515–3516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028657332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028657332"><bdi>978-0028657332</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56057973">56057973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnosticism%3A+Gnosticism+from+its+origins+to+the+Middle+Ages+%28further+considerations%29&rft.btitle=Macmillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3515-3516&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56057973&rft.isbn=978-0028657332&rft.aulast=Magris&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGnosis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gnosticism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gnosticism_topics" title="Template talk:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gnosticism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gnosticism_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraxas" title="Abraxas">Abraxas/Abrasax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_spark" title="Divine spark">Divine spark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(Gnosticism)" title="Sophia (Gnosticism)">Sophia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-Gnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilides" title="Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerinthus" title="Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(gnostic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin (gnostic)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(Marcosian)" title="Marcus (Marcosian)">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturninus_of_Antioch" title="Saturninus of Antioch">Saturninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(Gnostic)" title="Valentinus (Gnostic)">Valentinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gnostic_sects" title="List of Gnostic sects">Gnostic sects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borborites" title="Borborites">Borborites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cainites" title="Cainites">Cainites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpocrates" title="Carpocrates">Carpocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcosians" title="Marcosians">Marcosians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism" title="Nicolaism">Nicolaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonians" title="Simonians">Simonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syrian-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archontics" title="Archontics">Archontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardaisan" title="Bardaisan">Bardaisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilideans" title="Basilideans">Basilideans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic texts">Gnostic texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gnostic Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Gospel of Marcion/Gospel of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Gospel of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Gospel of Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Gospel of Truth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_Gospels" title="Category:Gnostic Gospels">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askew_Codex" title="Askew Codex">Askew Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Codex" title="Bruce Codex">Bruce Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistis_Sophia" title="Pistis Sophia">Pistis Sophia/Faith-Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Gnostic_apocrypha" title="Category:Gnostic apocrypha">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism_in_modern_times" title="Gnosticism in modern times">In modern times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica">Ecclesia Gnostica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Gnostica_Catholica" title="Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica">Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_Society" title="Gnostic Society">Gnostic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannite_Church" title="Johannite Church">Johannite Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_King" title="Charles William King">Charles William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Elaine Pagels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Quispel" title="Gilles Quispel">Gilles Quispel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Doinel" title="Jules Doinel">Jules Doinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Meyer" title="Marvin Meyer">Marvin Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_A._Hoeller" title="Stephan A. Hoeller">Stephan A. Hoeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bereslavsky" title="John Bereslavsky">John Bereslavsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">Christian theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism in cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Buddhism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Relation_with_early_Christianity" title="Gnosticism">Christianity and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy (Blavatskian)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421261#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021391-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944981z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11944981z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="gnóze"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120577&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vědění"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph423584&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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