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It is located in the Caucasus and borders Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. Georgia was formerly part of the Soviet Union, just like most of its neighbors. Also, like those neighbors, its government is dominated by one party, the center-left (but socially conservative) Georgian Dream. It was also the birthplace of Joseph Stalin (under the name Ioseb Jughashvili/იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი). 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It is located in the Caucasus and borders Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey. Georgia was formerly part of the Soviet Union, just like most of its neighbors. Also, like those neighbors, its government is dominated by one party, the center-left (but socially conservative) Georgian Dream. It was also the birthplace of Joseph Stalin (under the name Ioseb Jughashvili/იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი). 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Jones, American Caucasus analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox" style="float: right; clear:right; border: 2px solid silver; margin: 0 0 .5em .5em; width: 200px;"> <div style="background-color: #e7ece6; font-size: 15px; text-align: center; padding: .3em;"><b>Georgia</b> <b></b></div> <center><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Georgia.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/195px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="195" height="130" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/293px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/390px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></center> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Demographics</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by population" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by population">Population</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>3,723,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP (million)</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>16,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP p/cap.</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>4,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by life expectancy" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>74.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:List of countries by Human Development Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: List of countries by Human Development Index">Development Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.780 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>Government</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Democracy Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Democracy Index">Democracy Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Corruption Perceptions Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>5.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width: 200px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #e8e7f2;"><b>More</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Index" class="extiw" title="wp:Education Index" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Education Index">Education Index</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>0.794 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" class="extiw" title="wp:Importance of religion by country" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Importance of religion by country">Religiosity</span></a>:<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> </td> <td>81 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Georgia</b> (Georgian: საქართველო <i>Sakartvelo</i>) is a tiny (approximately half the size of the homonymous <a href="/wiki/Fun:Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Fun:Georgia (U.S. state)">US state</a>) country in eastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is located in the Caucasus and borders <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Georgia was formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, just like most of its neighbors. Also, like those neighbors, its government is dominated by one party, the center-left (but socially conservative) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Dream" class="extiw" title="wp:Georgian Dream" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>. It was also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (under the name Ioseb Jughashvili/იოსებ ჯუღაშვილი). Its capital and largest city is Tbilisi. </p><p>Georgia is currently involved in a territorial dispute with the <i>de facto</i> independent regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which seceded from Georgia with the help of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s Russia. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Prehistory"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Prehistory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Antiquity.2FMiddle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Antiquity/Middle Ages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet Union</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rose_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rose Revolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Corruption_and_authoritarianism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Corruption and authoritarianism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Electoral_fraud"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Electoral fraud</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Saakashvili_administration"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Saakashvili administration</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Current_events"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Current events</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Abkhazia.2FSouth_Ossetia_territorial_disputes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Abkhazia/South Ossetia territorial disputes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Abkhazia"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Abkhazia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#South_Ossetia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">South Ossetia</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Prehistory">Prehistory</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Georgia was possibly the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>; the oldest wine found to date, at 8,000 years old, was found there in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> Interestingly, images of worshiping wine were found on the jars, and this may have been the origin of such gods as the <a href="/wiki/Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek">Greek</a> Dionysus and the <a href="/wiki/Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman">Roman</a> Bacchus. Some ancient metallurgical remnants were found in Georgia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Antiquity/Middle_Ages"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Antiquity.2FMiddle_Ages">Antiquity/Middle Ages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity/Middle Ages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>In days past, Georgia was split into two kingdoms: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchis" class="extiw" title="wp:Colchis" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Colchis">Colchis</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in the west and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" class="extiw" title="wp:Kingdom of Iberia" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kingdom of Iberia">Iberia</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (not to be confused with the one in Spain, Portugal, Andorra, and Gibraltar) in the east. Colchis was an important location for <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman religion">Greek mythology</a>, with the Golden Fleece being located there. Iberia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> Empire, while Colchis was incorporated into Roman territories as Lazica for a while. Eventually, the unified Kingdom of Georgia was formed, but it fell apart circa 1466. After another few hundred years of strife, it was incorporated into the <s>glorious</s> Russian Empire from 1800 to the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div> <p>Soon after the October Revolution, the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic was formed, encompassing Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and small sections of eastern Turkey and southwestern Russia. Georgia exited one month and four days after the republic's formation, with Armenia and Azerbaijan following two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Georgia was then independent for less than three years as the Democratic Republic of Georgia, a <i>Menshevik</i> government. It was absorbed by the Soviet Union after its military forces could not repel the Russians. </p><p>When Georgia was incorporated into the USSR in 1921, it retained its borders and extended just slightly past its current boundaries (including the disputed Abkhazia and South Ossetia). As a Soviet republic, it had a pseudo-capitalist economy. It somewhat resisted the communist economic system the USSR preferred, resulting in high ownership of cars and houses and making it one of the most economically prosperous divisions of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Eventually, Georgian nationalists began to clash with the Soviets, but Georgia remained in the union until the 1991 collapse. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rose_Revolution">Rose Revolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rose Revolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia,_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_(2003).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/250px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/375px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg/500px-Georgia%2C_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_%282003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="687" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia,_Tbilisi_-_Rose_Revolution_(2003).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Scene from the Rose Revolution.</div></div></div> <p>The Rose Revolution, or in Georgian, ვარდების რევოლუცია (lit. Revolution of Roses), was a large-scale peaceful protest occurring across Georgia, which took place between November 3 and 23, 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-rose1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose1-6">[6]</a></sup> The protests resulted in the resignation of the nepotistic, corrupt<sup id="cite_ref-rose1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rose1-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Soviet-era leader <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" class="extiw" title="wp:Eduard Shevardnadze" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, whose place was briefly taken by the conservative parliamentarian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Burjanadze" class="extiw" title="wp:Nino Burjanadze" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nino Burjanadze">Nino Burjanadze</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> until an election could be held. In the next election, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" class="extiw" title="wp:Mikheil Saakashvili" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (the <i>de facto</i> leader of the revolution) won in a landslide with 96% of the votes and a large voter turnout of 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The protests may have helped inspire the <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:Orange Revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of 2004<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and the Armenian <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Armenian_Velvet_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wp:2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> of 2018. </p><p>Saakashvili wound up as president of Georgia until 2013 after this victory, although opponents accused him of electoral fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> His administration was a mixed bag; although he had a pro-<a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalist">globalist</a> agenda<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> and helped eliminate rampant corruption,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> his presidency was plagued by human rights abuses<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and authoritarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> In addition, his government failed to adequately protect protesters with unpopular ideologies like <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> groups<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> (although Georgia is better with LGBT rights than its neighbors, with the parliament having unanimously approved anti-discrimination legislation that protects LGBT citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> and it is ranked a good deal higher by ILGA).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> Saakashvili tended to <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_the_well" title="Poisoning the well">dismiss the arguments against him by accusing his opponents of being pro-Russia</a>. </p><p>Eventually, Saakashvili and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_National_Movement_(Georgia)" class="extiw" title="wp:United National Movement (Georgia)" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: United National Movement (Georgia)">his party</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> were kicked to the sidelines as the tycoon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" class="extiw" title="wp:Bidzina Ivanishvili" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and his new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Dream" class="extiw" title="wp:Georgian Dream" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> party coasted in on a wave of popular discontent with the president.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The presidential election held shortly after the parliamentary one resulted in the GD-associated candidate Giorgi Margvelashvili winning. Ivanishvili continued on essentially the same foreign policy path as Saakashvili but was considerably more corrupt and is thought by some to still be calling the shots behind the scenes due to GD's continued dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> Saakashvili was rather bombastic and populist, while the current administration is less revolution-minded, and little of note has happened under its control. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Corruption_and_authoritarianism">Corruption and authoritarianism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Corruption and authoritarianism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg/300px-Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg/450px-Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg/600px-Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="636" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Georgia_in_Kutaisi.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Georgia's bland-looking parliament chamber.</div></div></div> <p>Corruption was rampant until the Saakashvili administration of 2004 to 2013, with Soviet Georgia being considered corrupt even for a Soviet country. It decreased hugely throughout Saakashvili's presidency, but experienced a resurgence with the advent of Georgian Dream. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Electoral_fraud">Electoral fraud</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electoral fraud">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Saakashvili_administration">Saakashvili administration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saakashvili administration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Although Saakashvili did a remarkable job of crushing corruption, OSCE observers assessed the 2008 presidential election as wrought with electoral fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> However, some thought the electoral fraud wasn't widespread enough to have influenced the outcome of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_events">Current events</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current events">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In the polls leading up to the 2016 parliamentary election in Georgia, only 19% of respondents selected the ruling Georgian Dream - Democratic Georgia party as their first choice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> Despite this low approval, the party won a whopping 115 of the 150 seats (partially due to the weird representation system of Georgia).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Opposition parties accused Georgian Dream of vote-rigging,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> which is quite plausible. Although parties and people may win elections with a low approval rating, the massive disparity between opinion polling and electoral results looks suspicious. </p> <h2><span id="Abkhazia/South_Ossetia_territorial_disputes"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Abkhazia.2FSouth_Ossetia_territorial_disputes">Abkhazia/South Ossetia territorial disputes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abkhazia/South Ossetia territorial disputes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_high_detail_map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/300px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/450px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Georgia_high_detail_map.png/600px-Georgia_high_detail_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2529" data-file-height="1872" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_high_detail_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This is why Georgia can't join NATO: disputed land (Abkhazia in green; South Ossetia in purple).</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abkhazia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></div> <p><b>Abkhazia</b> is a province in northwestern Georgia. It is primarily inhabited by ethnic Abkhazians rather than Georgians like the rest of the country, who speak an entirely unrelated language, and there are some ethnic tensions between the two. Abkhazia has attempted to secede from Georgia and has been aided by Russia (rather in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>). Few nations recognize Abkhazia as independent,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> and Georgia asserts its right to the territory. Elections may be illegitimate, as ethnic Georgians have been denied the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> Most Abkhazians support independence, with a smaller percentage supporting Russian annexation and a very tiny percentage supporting Georgian unification.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> Currently, the conflict is unresolved. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="South_Ossetia">South Ossetia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Ossetia">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></div> <p><b>South Ossetia</b> is not an actual province in Georgia (well, it used to be, thanks to later-reversed, Soviet-era ethnic gerrymandering), but a region encompassing parts of several. It borders Russia and, like Abkhazia, has been aided in its secession by Russia. It and Abkhazia were the cause of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, with both fighting against Georgia alongside Russia and winning. Ethnic cleansing against various ethnic groups residing in the area was conducted by Ossetians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Gallery">Gallery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <center><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:64px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Tbilisi,_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_(13).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg/225px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg/338px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg/450px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4439" data-file-height="2497" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Tbilisi, Georgia's capital. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:34px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg/225px-Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="187" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg/338px-Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg/450px-Ajapsandali_-_Georgian_eggplant_stew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="3057" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Georgian eggplant stew. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:268A5992_HDR.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/268A5992_HDR.jpg/225px-268A5992_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/268A5992_HDR.jpg/338px-268A5992_HDR.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/268A5992_HDR.jpg/450px-268A5992_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Georgia's rugged Caucasian landscape. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_lebedev1.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alfa_lebedev1.JPG/225px-Alfa_lebedev1.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alfa_lebedev1.JPG/338px-Alfa_lebedev1.JPG 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Alfa_lebedev1.JPG/450px-Alfa_lebedev1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Georgian race car drivers. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:52.5px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg/225px-Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg/338px-Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg/450px-Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi. </p> </div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"><div style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px;"><div style="margin:43px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi,_Georgia_(3).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/225px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/338px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg/450px-Female_Georgian_Shepherd_-_Khevi%2C_Georgia_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <p>A Georgian Shepherd dog in Khevi. </p> </div> </div></li> </ul></center> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" class="extiw" title="wp:Georgia (country)" rel="nofollow">Georgia</a>.</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" class="extiw" title="wp:Kingdom of Georgia" rel="nofollow">Kingdom of Georgia</a>. (1008 CE - 1490 CE)</li> <li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" class="extiw" title="wp:Russo-Georgian War" rel="nofollow">Russo-Georgian War</a>.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_(country)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_F._Jones">Stephen F. Jones</a>. <i>Wikiquote.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/now-thats-what-you-call-a-real-vintage-professor-unearths-8000-year-old-wine-84179.html">Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saunje.ge/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1533%3Athstoellner-igambashidze-the-gold-mine-of-sakdrisi-and-earliest-mining-and-metallurgy-in-the-transcaucasus-and-the-kura-valley-system&catid=1%3A2010-01-24-19-54-07&lang=ka">The Gold Mine of Sakdrisi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniatlas.com/maps/southasia/19180526/">Breakup of Transcaucasia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Svante Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630141309/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/0419dissertation.pdf">Autonomy and Conflict: Ethnoterritoriality and Separatism in the South Caucasus – Cases in Georgia</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rose1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rose1_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rose1_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgi Kandelaki, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2006/07/georgias-rose-revolution-participants-perspective">Georgia's Rose Revolution - A Participant's Perspective</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10950980/Eduard-Shevardnadze-obituary.html">Eduard Shevardnadze - obituary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Natalia Antelava, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/postscript-eduard-shevardnadze-1928-2014">Postscript: Eduard Shevardnadze, 1928-2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/georgia/24600?download=true">Georgia, Extraordinary Presidential Election, 4 January 2004: Final Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taras Kuzio, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kmlpj.ukma.edu.ua/article/view/88183/83977">The Orange and Euromaidan Revolutions: Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Tom Parfitt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/07/georgia.international">Opposition claims Georgia president rigged election victory</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050510.html">President (Bush) and President Saakashvili Discuss NATO, Democracy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-saakashvili-filat-kyiv-support-protesters/25193333.html">Saakashvili, Filat Offer Support To Pro-EU Protesters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Collin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433289.stm">Georgia to double troops in Iraq</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georgia's corruption index dramatically improved -- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/research/cpi/cpi_2004#results">2004</a> vs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511044105/http://archive.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2008/cpi2008/cpi_2008_table">2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Press International, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2012/09/21/OHCHR-upset-over-Georgia-prison-video/UPI-95721348244378/">OHCHR upset over Georgia prison video</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/06/03/human-rights-watchs-open-letter-president-saakashvili">Human Rights Watch's Open Letter to President Saakashvili</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Bigg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/saakashvili-mixed-legacy/25146918.html">Mikheil Saakashvili's Polarizing Legacy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Bigg and Daisy Sindelar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1079100.html">Georgia: After Crackdown On Protests, President Calls Early Polls</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">HRIDC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanrightshouse.org/Articles/18052.html">HRIDC statement on the dispersal of LGBT organization Identoba's demonstration</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Civil.ge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=27192">Anti-Discrimination Bill Adopted</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rainbow-europe.org/country-ranking">Rainbow Europe - Country Ranking</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC News</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18228575">Mass opposition rally in Tbilisi, Georgia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giorgi Lomsadze, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurasianet.org/node/70911?utm_">Georgia: Political Crisis Prompts Speculation About Ivanishvili’s Political Role</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/charges-of-fraud-surface-in-georgian-election/a-3049934">Charges of Fraud Surface in Georgian Election</a> - "It also appears that there was also voting fraud, the head of the OSCE observer mission said Thursday, Jan. 10. [...] Saakashvili won a majority of the votes, the election commission said. [...] 'There was crass, negligent and deliberate falsification during the vote counting,' German diplomat Dieter Boden said in an interview published in the <i>Frankfurter Runschau</i> newspaper. [...] Not only did OSCE observers report incidents of fraud during Saturday's vote, but conditions at Georgia's Central Elections Commission were 'chaotic,' Boden said."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Parsons, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/mikheil_saakashvili_s_bitter_victory">Mikheil Saakashvili's bitter victory</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/georgia_2016.pdf">Public Opinion Survey - Residents of Georgia (p. 96)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Georgian_parliamentary_election" class="extiw" title="wp:2016 Georgian parliamentary election" rel="nofollow">2016 Georgian parliamentary election</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2016/10/09/488260/Georgia-CEC-Dream-party-United-National-Movement-Nika-Melia">Georgia ruling party leads in parliamentary polls: Early results</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia_recognition.svg">A map of the international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Toal and John O'Loughlin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/03/20/how-people-in-south-ossetia-abkhazia-and-transnistria-feel-about-annexation-by-russia/?utm_term=.79176ea4ac98">How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">MPIL, [<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mpil.de/en/pub/publications/archive/independent_international_fact.cfm">http://www.mpil.de/en/pub/publications/archive/independent_international_fact.cfm</a> Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia, vol II] (p. 94)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox" class="toccolours" style="clear:both; margin:0.5em 3.5%; text-align:center;"> <div style="margin:0.15em; padding:0.1em; background:#ccccff; font-weight:bold;"><span id="Nations_of_the_world-navigationbox"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nations</a> of the world</span> </div> <div class="hlist" style="font-size: 90%; margin: 0.15em 1.425em;"><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><b>Africa</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> — <a href="/wiki/ESwatini" title="ESwatini">eSwatini</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> — <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> <p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><b>Asia</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> — <a href="/wiki/Burma" title="Burma">Burma</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> — <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> — <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georgia</a> — <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> — <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> — <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> — <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> — <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> — <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> — <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> — <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><b>Europe</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> — <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> — <a href="/wiki/Czechia" title="Czechia">Czechia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> — <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> — <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> — <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> — <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> — <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> — <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> — <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> — <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> — <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> — <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> — <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> — <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><b>North America</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> — <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> — <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> — <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> — <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> — <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> — <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>) <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><b>Oceania</b></a>:</big></span> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> — <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> — <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><b>South America</b></a>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> — <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> — <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> — <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><small>Malvinas</small></a>)— <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> — <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> — <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <br /> </p><p><span style="float:left;"><big><b>Separatist or disputed</b>:</big></span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> —<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> — <a href="/wiki/Micronation" title="Micronation">Micronation</a> — <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern 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empire">French colonial empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" title="Imperial China">Imperial China</a> — <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="Kingdom of Hawaiʻi">Kingdom of Hawaiʻi</a> — <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> — <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> — <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> — <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> — <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> — <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></div> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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