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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بابنيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابنيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinianu" title="Papinianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Papinianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Папиниан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Папиниан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emili_Papini%C3%A0" title="Emili Papinià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emili Papinià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinianus" title="Papinianus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinianus" title="Papinianus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παπινιανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παπινιανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiniano" title="Papiniano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papiniano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پاپینیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپینیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinien" title="Papinien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Papinien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiniano" title="Papiniano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papiniano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8C%8C%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4" title="아이밀리우스 파피니아누스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아이밀리우스 파피니아누스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Papiniano" title="Emilio Papiniano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emilio Papiniano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" title="Aemilius Papinianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aemilius Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" title="Aemilius Papinianus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aemilius Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بابنيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابنيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" title="Aemilius Papinianus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aemilius Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%94%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" title="アエミリウス・パーピニアーヌス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アエミリウス・パーピニアーヌス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" title="Aemilius Papinianus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aemilius Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiniano" title="Papiniano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papiniano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papinian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Папиниан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Папиниан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aemilius_Papinianus" title="Aemilius Papinianus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aemilius Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilije_Papinijan" title="Emilije Papinijan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Emilije Papinijan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilije_Papinijan" title="Emilije Papinijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Emilije Papinijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinianus" title="Papinianus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papinianus" title="Papinianus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Papinianus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Емілій Папініан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Емілій Папініан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Papinian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg/220px-Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg/330px-Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg/440px-Aemilius_Paulus_Papinianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Statue by <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Sbricoli" title="Silvio Sbricoli">Silvio Sbricoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palace of Justice of Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Aemilius Paulus Papinianus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">142 CE<br /><a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">212 CE (aged 69–70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">205 CE–212 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aemilius Papinianus</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ae̯ˈmɪliʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>paːpɪniˈaːnʊs]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Αἰμίλιος Παπινιανός</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 142 CE–212 CE), simply rendered as <b>Papinian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in English, was a celebrated Roman <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <i>magister libellorum</i>, attorney general (<i>advocatus fisci</i>) and, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a> in 205 CE, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>. </p><p>Papinian was one of the most revered jurists in ancient Rome, as third year law students were given the title "<i>Papinianistae</i>" (meaning "they that are worthy to study Papinian"). In his time, he had been called "the Asylum of Right and Treasurer of the Laws".<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_(jurist)" title="Gaius (jurist)">Gaius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (jurist)">Paulus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modestinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Modestinus">Modestinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a>, he was made one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive by the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Citations" title="Law of Citations">Law of Citations</a> of 426 CE; their views would later be considered the only suitable ones to be cited as primary sources for the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i>, provided that Papinian's views prevailed whenever those of the four other jurists were not congruent. The 16th century French jurist <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cujas" title="Jacques Cujas">Jacques Cujas</a> wrote that "there was never such a great lawyer before, nor ever will be after him".<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papinian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/170px-Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg/255px-Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Papinian_bas-relief_in_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Relief by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Gardin_Fraser" title="Laura Gardin Fraser">Laura Gardin Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> chamber</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known about Papinian. He was of <a href="/wiki/Syrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian">Syrian</a> origin and birth and a native of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa</a>, for he is said to have been a kinsman of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>' second wife, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a>. </p><p>One source shows him as a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">casuistry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Cervidius_Scaevola" title="Quintus Cervidius Scaevola">Quintus Cervidius Scaevola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another shows him to have been his pupil.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Smith_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Smith-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concurring (but dubious) passage in the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Augustan History</a></i> claims that he studied law with Severus under Scaevola. </p><p>Papinian was an intimate friend of Emperor Severus and accompanied him to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> during 207 CE, where he served in "the forum of York"<sup id="cite_ref-George_Spence,_Henry_Maddock_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Spence,_Henry_Maddock-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to an uprising by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Highlanders">Scottish Highlanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_J._Reed_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_J._Reed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was at some time made an attorney general (<i>advocatus fisci</i>), master of petitions (requests), <i>magister libellorum</i>, by Severus.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as Treasurer and Captain of the Guard for the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the emperor's death, he commended his two sons <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a> into the lawyer's charge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papinian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg/220px-Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg/330px-Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg/440px-Beheading_of_the_Roman_Judge_Papinian_LACMA_M.88.91.354f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Willem Swanenburgh, after Joachim Anthonisz Wtewael, <i>Beheading of the Roman Judge Papinian</i>, 1606</figcaption></figure> <p>Sharing in the governorship of the Roman Empire with Geta proved unsatisfactory for Caracalla, who decided at some time to usurp his brother. Papinian, trying to keep peace between the brothers, only proved to encourage the hatred of Caracalla, consequently passing an order to have the lawyer beheaded (Spartianus, <i>Caracalla</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hitti2002_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-William_Smith_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-William_Smith-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his body dragged through the streets of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-A.Chalmers_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A.Chalmers-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death followed the 212 CE fratricide of Geta, amongst the general slaughter of his friends and those perceived associated with him, according to one source estimated as 20,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_J._Reed_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_J._Reed-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The author of the 1911 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> article states that the details of Papinian's death "are variously related, and have undergone legendary embellishment." Papinian's death was the subject of a play by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a> (1659). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papinian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of his output has been lost, as what we have is small compared to other jurists such as <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paul_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul (jurist)">Paul</a>. The principal works of Papinian include: <i>Quaestiones</i> in 37 books (written before 198 CE); nineteen books of <sup id="cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Responsa</i> (written sometime between 204 CE and his death); two books,<sup id="cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Definitiones</i><sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>De adulteriis</i>, and other works,<sup id="cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the shortest of these being Αστυνόμικος (City-Administration) which was a manual on the duties for commissioners of streets and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papinian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFΖαρζαμπίδης,_Κωνσταντίνος2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ζαρζαμπίδης, Κωνσταντίνος (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apeironymon.gr/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/4os-TOMOS-Π-Ω.pdf"><i>Απειρώνυμον</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek). Vol. 4. Athens.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%91%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD&rft.place=Athens&rft.date=2012&rft.au=%CE%96%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82%2C+%CE%9A%CF%89%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapeironymon.gr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F05%2F4os-TOMOS-%CE%A0-%CE%A9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Papinian">"Papinian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papinian&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FPapinian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Mac_Chombaich_de_Colquhoun1849" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Mac Chombaich de Colquhoun (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwFbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA47"><i>A summary of the Roman civil law: illustrated by commentaries on and parallels from the Mosaic, Canon, Mohammedan, English and foreign law, with an appendix, map, and general index, Volume 1</i></a>. V. and R. Stevens and Sons, 1849<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+summary+of+the+Roman+civil+law%3A+illustrated+by+commentaries+on+and+parallels+from+the+Mosaic%2C+Canon%2C+Mohammedan%2C+English+and+foreign+law%2C+with+an+appendix%2C+map%2C+and+general+index%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=V.+and+R.+Stevens+and+Sons%2C+1849&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Patrick+Mac+Chombaich+de+Colquhoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwFbAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti2002_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti2002_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Hitti">Hitti, Philip K.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria:_including_Lebanon_and_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Syria: including Lebanon and Palestine">History of Syria: including Lebanon and Palestine</a></i>. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-119-3"><bdi>1-59333-119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Syria%3A+including+Lebanon+and+Palestine&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59333-119-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Haven_Law_Book_Co_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Phineas_Sherman1922" class="citation book cs1">Charles Phineas Sherman (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uQ2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Roman law in the modern world, Volume 1</i></a>. New Haven Law Book Co., 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+law+in+the+modern+world%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=New+Haven+Law+Book+Co.%2C+1922&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Charles+Phineas+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uQ2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_Smith-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_Smith_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_Smith_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Smith1849" class="citation book cs1">William Smith (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ek_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118"><i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Volume 3</i></a>. C. C. Little and J. Brown, 1849<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+biography+and+mythology%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=C.+C.+Little+and+J.+Brown%2C+1849&rft.date=1849&rft.au=William+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ek_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_Spence,_Henry_Maddock-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-George_Spence,_Henry_Maddock_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_SpenceHenry_Maddock1846" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Spence_(MP)" title="George Spence (MP)">George Spence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maddock" title="Henry Maddock">Henry Maddock</a> (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iyYzAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The equitable jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery: comprising its rise, progress and final establishment; to which is prefixed, with a view to the elucidation of the main subject, a concise account of the leading doctrines of the common law in regard to civil rights; with an attempt to trace them to their sources; and in which the various alterations made by the legislature down to the present day are noticed, Volume 1</i></a>. Lea and Blanchard, 1846<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+equitable+jurisdiction+of+the+Court+of+Chancery%3A+comprising+its+rise%2C+progress+and+final+establishment%3B+to+which+is+prefixed%2C+with+a+view+to+the+elucidation+of+the+main+subject%2C+a+concise+account+of+the+leading+doctrines+of+the+common+law+in+regard+to+civil+rights%3B+with+an+attempt+to+trace+them+to+their+sources%3B+and+in+which+the+various+alterations+made+by+the+legislature+down+to+the+present+day+are+noticed%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard%2C+1846&rft.date=1846&rft.au=George+Spence&rft.au=Henry+Maddock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiyYzAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_J._Reed-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_J._Reed_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_J._Reed_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_J._Reed1862" class="citation book cs1">Joseph J. Reed (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=St8-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA149"><i>Outlines of universal history: in three parts; with a copious index to each part, showing the correct mode of pronouncing every name mentioned ...</i></a> J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+universal+history%3A+in+three+parts%3B+with+a+copious+index+to+each+part%2C+showing+the+correct+mode+of+pronouncing+every+name+mentioned+...&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.%2C+1862&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Joseph+J.+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSt8-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A.Chalmers-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A.Chalmers_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Chalmers1815" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Chalmers (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYfp6fQpz3wC&pg=PA83"><i>The General Biographical Dictionary: A New Edition</i></a>. Nichols, Son and Bentley 1815<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Biographical+Dictionary%3A+A+New+Edition&rft.pub=Nichols%2C+Son+and+Bentley+1815&rft.date=1815&rft.au=Alexander+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYfp6fQpz3wC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_systematic_and_historical_exposition_of_Roman_law_in_the_order_of_a_code_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Alexander_Hunter,_Gaius1803" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander Hunter">William Alexander Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius" title="Gaius">Gaius</a> (1803). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HgMAAAAYAAJ&q=Papinian"><i>A systematic and historical exposition of Roman law in the order of a code</i></a>. Sweet & Maxwell, 1803<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+systematic+and+historical+exposition+of+Roman+law+in+the+order+of+a+code&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell%2C+1803&rft.date=1803&rft.au=William+Alexander+Hunter%2C+Gaius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HgMAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DPapinian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span> Translated by John Ashton Cross (title-subject sourced originally in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X508AAAAIAAJ">Pollock & Maitland - The History of English Law, Volume 1</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Sumner_Lobingier_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Sumner_Lobingier1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Lobingier" title="Charles S. Lobingier">Charles Sumner Lobingier</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SK-asCnPWn4C&q=Papinian&pg=PA276"><i>The Evolution of the Roman Law: From Before the Twelve Tables to the Corpus Juris</i></a>. Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1923. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837724096" title="Special:BookSources/9780837724096"><bdi>9780837724096</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Roman+Law%3A+From+Before+the+Twelve+Tables+to+the+Corpus+Juris&rft.pub=Wm.+S.+Hein+Publishing%2C+1923&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780837724096&rft.au=Charles+Sumner+Lobingier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSK-asCnPWn4C%26q%3DPapinian%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papinian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1913" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Edwin Charles (1913). "PAPINIAN". In <a href="/wiki/John_Macdonell_(judge)" title="John Macdonell (judge)">Macdonell, John</a>; Manson, Edward William Donoghue (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326"><i>Great Jurists of the World</i></a>. London: John Murray. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n30">17</a>-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2019</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PAPINIAN&rft.btitle=Great+Jurists+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17-31&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.13326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapinian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315765#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315765#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083721049">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35251805">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/440159234566603372027">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1840143/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFP3RdKDPFqDwTVf9hpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118739247">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88636515">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166123205">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166123205">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Papinianus, Aemilius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV027944">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5650798">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070036993">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11079974">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000125058&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=217661">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583423405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/58764">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279419805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07002183?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118739247.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118739247">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/139871578">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papinian&oldid=1254086957">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papinian&oldid=1254086957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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