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NeXT - Wikipedia

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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_NeXT_team" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_NeXT_team"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Original NeXT team</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_NeXT_team-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987–1993:_NeXT_Computer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987–1993:_NeXT_Computer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1987–1993: NeXT Computer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987–1993:_NeXT_Computer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>First generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Second generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993–1996:_NeXT_Software,_Inc." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–1996:_NeXT_Software,_Inc."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1993–1996: NeXT Software, Inc.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–1996:_NeXT_Software,_Inc.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1997–2006: Acquisition by Apple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_culture_and_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_culture_and_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Corporate culture and community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_culture_and_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">NeXT</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نكست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نكست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نکست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نکست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نکست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نکست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0" title="नेक्स्ट सॉफ्टवेअर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नेक्स्ट सॉफ्टवेअर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_computer" title="NeXT computer – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NeXT computer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Computer" title="Next Computer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Next Computer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97)" title="เน็กซ์ (บริษัท) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เน็กซ์ (บริษัท)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="NeXT Computer" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="NeXT" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q308993#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Next_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Next (disambiguation)">Next</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">NeXT, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NeXT_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NeXT&#39;s logo is a 28° black cube with the letters of &quot;NeXT&quot; engraved in the front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NeXT_logo.svg/110px-NeXT_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NeXT_logo.svg/165px-NeXT_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/NeXT_logo.svg/220px-NeXT_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="624" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo designed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rand" title="Paul Rand">Paul Rand</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg/220px-900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg/330px-900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg/440px-900_Chesapeake_Drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4980" data-file-height="2658" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a> headquarters at 900 Chesapeake Drive, July 2022</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1985<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;39&#160;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1985</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">1997<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;27&#160;years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="dtend">1997</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fate</th><td class="infobox-data">Merged into <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer, Inc.">Apple Computer, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Apple Inc.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> (director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Crecine" title="John Patrick Crecine">John Patrick Crecine</a> (director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice-president" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-president">vice-president</a> of engineering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Tribble" title="Bud Tribble">Bud Tribble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice-president" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-president">vice-president</a> of software development)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTMail" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXTMail">NeXTMail</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXT_RISC_Workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXT RISC Workstation">NeXT RISC Workstation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXT_Laser_Printer" title="NeXT Laser Printer">NeXT Laser Printer</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">NeXT MegaPixel Display</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXT_Music_Kit" class="mw-redirect" title="NeXT Music Kit">NeXT Music Kit</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/NeXTcube_Turbo" title="NeXTcube Turbo">NeXTcube Turbo</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/WriteNow" title="WriteNow">NeXT port</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">530&#160;(1993)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970412194822/http://www.next.com/">next.com</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>&#32;(archived 1997-04-12)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NeXT, Inc.</b> (later <b>NeXT Computer, Inc.</b> and <b>NeXT Software, Inc.</b>) was an American technology company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a> that specialized in computer <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstations</a> for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> and business markets, and later developed web software. It was founded in 1985 by CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> co-founder who had been forcibly removed from Apple that year.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> NeXT debuted with the <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a> in 1988, and released the <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a> in 1990. The series had relatively limited sales, with only about 50,000 total units shipped. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> were highly influential trendsetters of computer innovation. </p><p>NeXT partnered with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> to create a <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">programming environment</a> called <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a>, which decoupled the <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system's application layer to host it on third-party operating systems. In 1993, NeXT withdrew from the hardware industry to concentrate on marketing <a href="/wiki/OpenStep#OPENSTEP_for_Mach" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP for Mach</a>, its own OpenStep implementation for several other computer vendors. NeXT developed <a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a>, one of the first enterprise <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a>, and although its market appeal was limited by its high price of <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$50,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $100,000 in 2023), it is a prominent early example of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Static_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Static content">static content</a>. </p><p>Apple merged with NeXT in 1997 as part of a $427 million deal, including 1.5 million shares of Apple stock. The deal appointed Steve Jobs, then the chairman and CEO of NeXT, to an advisory role at Apple; and OPENSTEP for Mach was combined with the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, to create <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a>. </p><p>Many successful applications have lineage from NeXT, including the <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">first web browser</a> and the video games <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Apple co-founder and CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> led a division campaign called SuperMicro, which was responsible for developing the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> computers. They were commercial successes on university campuses because Jobs had personally visited a few notable universities to promote his products, and because of <a href="/wiki/Apple_University_Consortium" title="Apple University Consortium">Apple University Consortium</a>, a discounted academic marketing program.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56, 67, 72">&#58;&#8202;56,&#8202;67,&#8202;72&#8202;</span></sup> The Consortium had earned over $50 million on computer sales by February 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jobs met <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a>, a Nobel Laureate in chemistry, at a luncheon in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> held to honor President of France <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">&#58;&#8202;72&#8202;</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Berg was frustrated by the time and expense of researching <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a> via <a href="/wiki/Wet_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet laboratory">wet laboratories</a>, and suggested that Jobs should use his influence to create a "<a href="/wiki/3M_computer" title="3M computer">3M computer</a>" that is designed for higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jobs was intrigued by Berg's concept of a workstation and contemplated starting a higher-education computer company in late 1985, amid increasing turmoil at Apple. Jobs's division did not release the upgraded versions of the Macintosh computer and much of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Office" title="Macintosh Office">Macintosh Office</a> software.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As a result, its sales plummeted,<sup id="cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_of_Eden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193">&#58;&#8202;193&#8202;</span></sup> and Apple was forced to write off millions of dollars in unsold inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_of_Eden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227">&#58;&#8202;227&#8202;</span></sup> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> ousted Jobs from his executive role at Apple and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Gass%C3%A9e" title="Jean-Louis Gassée">Jean-Louis Gassée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West_of_Eden-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291">&#58;&#8202;291&#8202;</span></sup> Later that year, Jobs began a power struggle to regain control over his company. The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> sided with Sculley, and Jobs took a business trip to Western Europe and the Soviet Union on behalf of Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005118_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005118-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_NeXT_team">Original NeXT team</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Original NeXT team"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer,_January_1984,_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Steve Jobs smiles in a black suit." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg/220px-Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg/330px-Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg/440px-Steve_Jobs_and_Macintosh_computer%2C_January_1984%2C_by_Bernard_Gotfryd_-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, here pictured in 1984, founded NeXT in 1985.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1985, after several months of being sidelined, Jobs resigned from Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He told the board he was leaving to set up a new computer company, and that he would be taking several Apple employees from the SuperMicro division with him, but he also promised that his new company would not compete with Apple and might even consider licensing their designs to them under the Macintosh brand.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several former Apple employees followed him to NeXT, including <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Hoffman" title="Joanna Hoffman">Joanna Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bud_Tribble" title="Bud Tribble">Bud Tribble</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Crow" title="George Crow">George Crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rich_Page" title="Rich Page">Rich Page</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Barnes_(computing)" title="Susan Barnes (computing)">Susan Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Kare" title="Susan Kare">Susan Kare</a>, and Dan'l Lewin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After consulting with major educational buyers from around the country, including a follow-up meeting with Paul Berg, a tentative specification for the workstation was drawn up. It was designed to be powerful enough to run wet lab simulations and affordable enough for dormitory rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-secondcoming_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondcoming-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Before the specifications were finished, however, Apple sued NeXT on September 23, 1985, for "nefarious schemes" to take advantage of the cofounders' <a href="/wiki/Insider_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider information">insider information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75">&#58;&#8202;75&#8202;</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-secondcoming_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secondcoming-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44">&#58;&#8202;44&#8202;</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jobs argued, "It is hard to think that a $2 billion company with 4,300-plus people couldn't compete with six people in blue jeans."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004207_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004207-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 207">&#58;&#8202;207&#8202;</span></sup> The suit was eventually dismissed before trial.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75">&#58;&#8202;75&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Jobs recruited graphic designer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rand" title="Paul Rand">Paul Rand</a> to create a brand identity for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$100,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $278,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-rand_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rand-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jobs recalled, "I asked him if he would come up with a few options, and he said, 'No, I will solve your problem for you and you will pay me. You don't have to use the solution. If you want options go talk to other people.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rand created a 20-page brochure detailing the brand, including the precise angle used for the logo (28°) and a new company name spelling, NeXT.<sup id="cite_ref-rand_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rand-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–1993:_NeXT_Computer"><span id="1987.E2.80.931993:_NeXT_Computer"></span>1987–1993: NeXT Computer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: 1987–1993: NeXT Computer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_generation">First generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: First generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Web_Server.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A NeXT Computer workstation has a black monitor, system box, keyboard, and mouse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/220px-First_Web_Server.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/330px-First_Web_Server.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/First_Web_Server.jpg/440px-First_Web_Server.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>This NeXT Computer was used by computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</a> at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (<a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>) to create the world's first <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>/<a href="/wiki/Web_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Web editor">editor</a>. </figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I want some kid at Stanford to be able to cure cancer in his dorm room. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Steve Jobs, on the purpose of the NeXT Computer<sup id="cite_ref-Fearless_Genius_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fearless_Genius-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In mid-1986, NeXT changed its business plan to develop both hardware and software, rather than just workstations. <a href="/wiki/Rich_Page" title="Rich Page">Rich Page</a>, a NeXT cofounder who formerly directed Apple's Lisa team, led a team to develop the hardware, while <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach kernel</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a> led the development of NeXT's operating system, <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>. NeXT's first factory was established in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a> in 1987, capable of manufacturing about 150,000 machines per year.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">&#58;&#8202;72&#8202;</span></sup> NeXT's first workstation is the <a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a>, nicknamed "the cube"<sup id="cite_ref-byte_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> due to its distinctive magnesium one-foot (30&#160;cm) cubic case. The case was designed by <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Esslinger" title="Hartmut Esslinger">Hartmut Esslinger</a> and his team at <a href="/wiki/Frog_Design" title="Frog Design">Frog Design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> became NeXT's first major outside investor. He invested $20 million for 16% of NeXT's stock after seeing a segment about NeXT on the 1986 <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> documentary <i>Entrepreneurs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1988, he joined the company's board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-RP_iPhone_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP_iPhone-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005134_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005134-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>NeXT and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> collaborated on <a href="/wiki/Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a> (DPS), a <a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D graphics</a> engine that was released in 1987. NeXT engineers wrote an alternative <a href="/wiki/Windowing_system" title="Windowing system">windowing</a> engine edition to take full advantage of NeXTSTEP. NeXT engineers used DPS for on-screen graphics such as title bar and scroller for the <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user-space</a> windowing <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original design team anticipated completing the computer in early 1987 and launching it for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$3,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $8,000 in 2023) by mid-year.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On October 12, 1988, the NeXT Computer received standing ovations when it was revealed at a private gala event, "<a href="/wiki/NeXT_Introduction" title="NeXT Introduction">NeXT Introduction</a>&#160;&#8211;&#32;the Introduction to the NeXT Generation of Computers for Education" at the <a href="/wiki/Louise_M._Davies_Symphony_Hall" title="Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall">Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California. The following day, selected educators and software engineers were invited to attend the first public technical overview of the NeXT computer at the event "The NeXT Day" held at the San Francisco Hilton. The event gave developers interested in NeXT software an insight into their <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, and the NeXT Computer. The luncheon speaker was Steve Jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first NeXT Computers were test launched in 1989, and then NeXT sold a limited number to universities with NeXTSTEP 0.9 <a href="/wiki/Software_testing#Beta_testing" title="Software testing">beta</a> pre-installed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Initially, this targeted the United States <a href="/wiki/Higher-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher-education">higher-education</a> institutions only, with a base price of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$6,500</span>&#32;(equivalent to $16,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-byte_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The computer was widely reviewed in magazines, primarily the hardware portion. When asked if he was upset that the computer's debut was delayed by several months, Jobs responded, "Late? This computer is five years ahead of its time!"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NeXT Computer has the 25&#160;MHz <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68030" title="Motorola 68030">Motorola 68030</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU). The <a href="/wiki/Motorola_88000" title="Motorola 88000">Motorola 88000</a> <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a> chip was originally considered, but it was not available in sufficient quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The computer has between 8 and 64 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a> of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM), a 256&#160;MB <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_drive" title="Magneto-optical drive">magneto-optical</a> (MO) drive, a 40&#160;MB (<a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">swap</a>-only), 330&#160;MB, or 660&#160;MB <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a>, and a 17-inch <a href="/wiki/NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">MegaPixel</a> grayscale display with 1120×832 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>. In 1989, a typical new PC, <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> computer included a few megabytes of RAM, a 640×480 16-color or 320x240 4,096-color display, a 10- to 20-megabyte hard drive, and few <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is the first computer to ship with a general-purpose DSP chip (Motorola 56001) on the motherboard. This supports sophisticated music and sound processing, including the <a href="/wiki/Music_Kit" title="Music Kit">Music Kit</a> software.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magneto-optical (MO) drive manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon Inc.</a> is the primary <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> device. This drive technology was relatively new to the market, and the NeXT is the first computer to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magneto-optical-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> MO drives were cheaper but much slower than hard drives, with an average <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics#SEEKTIME" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">seek time</a> of 96 ms; Jobs negotiated Canon's initial price of $150 per blank MO disk so that they could sell at retail for only $50. The drive's design made it impossible to move files between computers without a network, because each NeXT Computer has only one MO drive and the disk can not be removed without shutting down the system.<sup id="cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magneto-optical-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The drive's limited speed and capacity makes it insufficient as NeXTSTEP's primary medium.<sup id="cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magneto-optical-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, NeXT started a deal for former <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> reseller Businessland to sell the NeXT Computer in international markets. Selling through a retailer was a major change from NeXT's original business model of only selling directly to students and educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Businessland founder David Norman predicted that sales of the NeXT Computer would surpass sales of Compaq computers after 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, Canon invested <span style="white-space: nowrap">$100 million</span> in NeXT, for a 16.67% stake,<sup id="cite_ref-canon_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> making NeXT worth almost $600 million. This had the condition of installing NeXTSTEP on its own workstations, greatly expanding NeXTSTEP's market. After NeXT exited the hardware business, Canon produced a PC line called <i>object.station</i>—including models 31, 41, 50, and 52—specifically designed to run NeXTSTEP on Intel.<sup id="cite_ref-object_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-object-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Canon was NeXT's distributor in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NeXT Computer was released in 1990 for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$9,999</span>&#32;(equivalent to $23,000 in 2023). In June 1991, Perot resigned from the board of directors to concentrate on his company, <a href="/wiki/Perot_Systems" title="Perot Systems">Perot Systems</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>–based software system integrator.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_generation">Second generation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black NeXTstation computer and a black NeXTcube workstation; the latter is housed in a cube-shaped magnesium enclosure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg/220px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg/330px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg/440px-NEXT_Cube-IMG_7151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>A NeXTcube has a NeXT monitor.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The mainboard of the NeXTcube (1990) has the Motorola 68040 and other computer components." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/220px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/330px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg/440px-NeXTcube_motherboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="3310" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mainboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainboard">mainboard</a> of the NeXTcube (1990) has a Motorola 68040 at the lower edge. To the right are the interfaces, to the left the <a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">system bus</a>. The enlarged view of the image has annotations for most of the components.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, NeXT released a second generation of workstations, a revised NeXT Computer called <a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a>. The NeXTstation's nickname is "the slab" for its low-rise box form-factor. Jobs ensured that NeXT staffers did not nickname the NeXTstation "<a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">pizza box</a>" to avoid inadvertent comparison with competitor Sun workstations, which already had that nickname. </p><p>The machines were initially planned to use the 2.88&#160;MB floppy drive, but its floppy disks were expensive and had failed to supplant the 1.44&#160;MB floppy. NeXT used the <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive instead, which eventually became the industry standard for <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage</a>. Color graphics were available on the NeXTstation Color and <a href="/wiki/NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Video card">graphics processor</a> hardware for the NeXTcube. The new computers, with the new <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68040" title="Motorola 68040">Motorola 68040</a> processor, were cheaper and faster than their predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, NeXT launched "Turbo" variants of the NeXTcube and NeXTstation, with a 33&#160;MHz 68040 processor and the maximum RAM capacity increased to 128&#160;MB. In 1992, NeXT sold 20,000 computers, counting upgraded motherboards on back order as system sales. This was a small number compared with competitors, but the company reported sales of $140 million for the year, which encouraged Canon to invest a further $30 million to keep the company afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005200_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005200-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In its existence, Next has sold a total of 50,000 copies of Nextstep, says Jobs. It's not much of an installed base, so he predicts the company will ship 50,000 Nextstep packages in 1993. But Next needs to increase its volume three-fold in order to build enough momentum to forestall Microsoft and Taligent in the object-oriented software business. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>UnixWorld</i>, April 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unixworld_April_1993-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In total, 50,000 NeXT machines were sold,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unixworld_April_1993-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including thousands to the then super-secret <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> located in Chantilly, Virginia. NeXT's long-term plan was to migrate to one of the emerging high-performance <a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">Reduced Instruction Set Computing</a> (RISC) architectures, with the NeXT RISC Workstation (NRW). Initially, the NRW was to be based on the <a href="/wiki/Motorola_88110" title="Motorola 88110">Motorola 88110</a> processor, but it was later redesigned around dual PowerPC 601s, due to a lack of confidence in Motorola's commitment to the 88000-series architecture in the time leading up to the <a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a>'s transition to <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993–1996:_NeXT_Software,_Inc."><span id="1993.E2.80.931996:_NeXT_Software.2C_Inc."></span>1993–1996: NeXT Software, Inc.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: 1993–1996: NeXT Software, Inc."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NeXTSTEP_desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The NeXTSTEP operating system interface, running a series of commands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/NeXTSTEP_desktop.png/220px-NeXTSTEP_desktop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/NeXTSTEP_desktop.png/330px-NeXTSTEP_desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/NeXTSTEP_desktop.png/440px-NeXTSTEP_desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> interface</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1991, in preparation for NeXT's future withdrawal from the hardware industry, the company started <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">porting</a> the NeXTSTEP operating system to <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel 80486</a>-based <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> computers. In January 1992, it was demonstrated at NeXTWorld Expo. By mid-1993, the process was completed, and version 3.1 (NeXTSTEP 486) was released.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>NeXTSTEP 3.x was later ported to <a href="/wiki/PA-RISC" title="PA-RISC">PA-RISC</a>-<sup id="cite_ref-RISC_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISC-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nextworld199404_risc_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nextworld199404_risc-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a>-based platforms, for a total of four versions: NeXTSTEP/NeXT (for NeXT's own hardware), NeXTSTEP/Intel, NeXTSTEP/PA-RISC, and NeXTSTEP/SPARC. Although the latter three ports were not widely used, NeXTSTEP gained popularity at institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Bank_One_Corporation" title="Bank One Corporation">First Chicago NBD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Bank_Corporation" title="Swiss Bank Corporation">Swiss Bank Corporation</a>, O'Connor and Company, due to its sophisticated programming model.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The software was used by many U.S. government agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some IBM PC clone vendors offered somewhat customized hardware solutions that were delivered running NeXTSTEP on Intel, such as the Elonex NextStation<sup id="cite_ref-Elonex_PCW_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elonex_PCW-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the Canon object.station 41.<sup id="cite_ref-Canon_object.station_PCW_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canon_object.station_PCW-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, NeXT withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Orphaned_technology" title="Orphaned technology">hardware</a> industry, and the company was renamed to NeXT Software, Inc. Consequently, 230 of the 530 staff employees were laid off.<sup id="cite_ref-TE_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TE-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> NeXT negotiated to sell its hardware business, including the Fremont factory, to Canon, which later canceled the deal. Work on the PowerPC machines was stopped, along with all hardware production. Sun CEO <a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a> announced plans to invest $10 million in 1993 and use NeXT software in future Sun systems.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> NeXT partnered with Sun to create a <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">programming environment</a> called OpenStep, which is NeXTSTEP's application layer decoupled for third party operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1994, Microsoft and NeXT collaborated on a port of OpenStep to Windows NT, which was never released.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1994, a developers' conference was held in Washington, D.C. Attendees of the 1994 NeXT East Coast Developer Conference had the opportunity to purchase a software bundle including NEXTSTEP 3.2.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stepstone, originally named Productivity Products International (PPI), was a software company founded in 1983 by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Cox" title="Brad Cox">Brad Cox</a> and Tom Love, best known for releasing the original version of the <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> programming language. In April 1995, NeXT acquired the Objective-C trademark and rights from Stepstone.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stepstone concurrently licensed back from NeXT the right to continue selling its Objective-C based products. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> later acquired the rights to Objective-C along with NeXT. </p><p>After exiting the hardware business, NeXT focused on other operating systems. New OpenStep products were released, including OpenStep Enterprise for <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. NeXT launched <a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a>, a platform for building large-scale dynamic web applications. It did not achieve wide popularity, partly because of the initial high price of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$50,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $100,000 in 2023), but it did generate profit for the company. WebObjects is the first and most prominent early example of a web application server that enabled dynamic page generation based on user interactions instead of static web content.<sup id="cite_ref-birthdaywo_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthdaywo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> WebObjects was used by many large businesses including <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-webobjects_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webobjects-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-birthdaywo_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthdaywo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and later Apple for the <a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Store#Online_store" title="Apple Store">online Apple Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple"><span id="1997.E2.80.932006:_Acquisition_by_Apple"></span>1997–2006: Acquisition by Apple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: 1997–2006: Acquisition by Apple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We went for one of our, you know, signature Steve Jobs walks around Palo Alto, and ... we happened to see someone who was in that meeting from the [Apple] management team who said, 'You guys won easily, no problem. You have nothing to worry about.' </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a>, presenting NeXT versus Be to Apple<sup id="cite_ref-Oral_History_of_Avadis_Tevanian,_part_2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oral_History_of_Avadis_Tevanian,_part_2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced its intention to acquire NeXT.<sup id="cite_ref-apple-acquisition_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-acquisition-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Apple paid $427 million in cash, shares, stock options, and debt.<sup id="cite_ref-AppleConfidential_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleConfidential-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 277">&#58;&#8202;277&#8202;</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Steve Jobs preferred to only receive cash, but <a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> insisted he take 1.5 million Apple shares to give the deal credibility.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The main purpose of the acquisition was to use NeXTSTEP as a foundation to replace the dated <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Steve Jobs also returned to Apple as a consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deal was finalized on February 7, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-archive_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Linzmayer1999_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linzmayer1999-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2000, Jobs took the CEO position as a permanent assignment,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> holding the position until his resignation on August 24, 2011, shortly before his death on October 5, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Steve_Jobs,_Apple_co-founder,_dies_at_56_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steve_Jobs,_Apple_co-founder,_dies_at_56-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several NeXT executives replaced their Apple counterparts when Jobs restructured the company's board of directors. Over the next five years the NeXTSTEP operating system was ported to the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture of <a href="/wiki/Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a>. At the same time, an Intel port and OpenStep Enterprise toolkit for Windows were produced. That operating system was <a href="/wiki/Codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Codename">codenamed</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and the crossplatform toolkit is Yellow Box. For backward compatibility, Apple added the Blue Box to Rhapsody, running existing Mac applications in a self-contained cooperative multitasking environment.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A server version of Rhapsody was released as <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> in 1999, and the first consumer version, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a>, in 2001. The OpenStep developer toolkit was renamed <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a>. Blue Box was renamed <a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a> and changed to run applications full-screen without requiring a separate window. Apple included an updated version of the original Macintosh toolbox, called <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a>, running existing Mac applications natively without the constraints of Blue Box.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some of NeXTSTEP's interface features are used in Mac OS X, including the <a href="/wiki/Taskbar" title="Taskbar">Dock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Services_menu" title="Services menu">Services menu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Miller_columns" title="Miller columns">Column</a>" view, and the <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_text_system" title="Cocoa text system">Cocoa text system</a>. </p><p>NeXTSTEP's processor-independent capabilities were retained in Mac OS X, leading to PowerPC, x86, and ARM versions. Only PowerPC versions were publicly available before 2006 and were discontinued by 2009, and ARM versions were not released until 2020. Apple transitioned its Mac computers to Intel processors by August 2006, and to ARM processors as of September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_culture_and_community">Corporate culture and community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Corporate culture and community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg/220px-Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg/330px-Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Entrance_view_of_NeXT_Computer_Inc..jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to NeXT's <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a> office in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>Jobs created a unique corporate culture at NeXT in terms of facilities, salaries, and benefits. Jobs had experimented with some structural changes at Apple, but at NeXT he abandoned conventional corporate structures, instead making a "community" with "members" instead of employees. There were only two different salaries at NeXT until the early 1990s. Team members who joined before 1986 were paid <span style="white-space: nowrap">$75,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $208,000 in 2023) and those who joined afterward were paid <span style="white-space: nowrap">$50,000</span>&#32;(equivalent to $139,000 in 2023). This caused a few awkward situations where managers were paid less than their employees. Later, employees were given performance reviews and raises every six months. To foster openness, all employees had full access to the payrolls, although few employees ever used the privilege. NeXT's <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a> plan offered benefits to not only married couples but unmarried and same-sex couples, although the latter privilege was later withdrawn due to insurance complications.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">&#58;&#8202;80&#8202;</span></sup> The payroll schedule was also very different from other Silicon Valley companies at the time, because instead of employees being paid twice per month at the end of the pay period, they were paid once per month in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 289">&#58;&#8202;289&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>Jobs found office space in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, at 3475 Deer Creek Road, occupying a glass-and-concrete building that featured a staircase designed by the architect <a href="/wiki/I._M._Pei" title="I. M. Pei">I. M. Pei</a>. The first floor had hardwood flooring and large worktables where the workstations would be assembled. To avoid inventory errors, NeXT used the <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-in-time manufacturing">just-in-time</a> (JIT) inventory strategy. The company contracted out for all major <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/component" class="extiw" title="wikt:component">components</a>, such as mainboards and cases, and had the finished components shipped to the first floor for assembly. On the second floor was office space with an open floor plan. The only enclosed rooms were Jobs's office and a few conference rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-AppleConfidential_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleConfidential-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 323">&#58;&#8202;323&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>NeXT's expansion prompted renting an office at 800 and 900 Chesapeake Drive, in Redwood City, also designed by Pei. The architectural centerpiece was a "floating" staircase with no visible supports. The open floor plan was retained, with furnishings that were luxurious, such as $5,000 chairs, $10,000 sofas, and <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a> prints.<sup id="cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">&#58;&#8202;80&#8202;</span></sup> </p><p>NeXT's Palo Alto office was subsequently occupied by Internet Shopping Network (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/HSN" title="HSN">Home Shopping Network</a>) in 1994, and later by <a href="/wiki/SAP_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP SE">SAP AG</a>. Its Redwood City office was later occupied by ApniCure and <a href="/wiki/OncoMed" title="OncoMed">OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="NeXTWORLD"></span>The first issue of <i>NeXTWORLD</i> magazine was printed in 1991. It was edited by Michael Miley and, later, Dan Ruby and was published in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> by Integrated Media. It was the only mainstream periodical to discuss NeXT computers and software. The publication was discontinued in 1994 after only four volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A developer <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">conference</a>, NeXTWORLD Expo, was held in 1991 and 1992 at the San Francisco Civic Center and in 1993 and 1994 at the <a href="/wiki/Moscone_Center" title="Moscone Center">Moscone Center</a> in San Francisco, with Jobs as the keynote speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though not very profitable, the company had a wide-ranging impact on the computer industry. <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> became more common after the 1988 release of the NeXTcube and NeXTSTEP. The technologically successful platform was often held as the trendsetter when other companies started to emulate the success of NeXT's object-oriented system.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely seen as a response to NeXT, Microsoft announced the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo project</a> in 1991; the Cairo specification included similar object-oriented user-interface features for a proposed consumer version of Windows NT. Although Cairo was ultimately abandoned, some elements were integrated into other projects.<sup id="cite_ref-PM_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1993, <a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a> was considered by the press to be a competitor in objects and operating systems, even without any product release, and with NeXT as a main point of comparison. For the first few years, Taligent's theoretical innovation was often compared to NeXT's older but mature and commercially established platform,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but Taligent's launch in 1995 was called "too little, too late", especially when compared with NeXT.<sup id="cite_ref-Analysts_wary_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analysts_wary-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several developers used the NeXT platform to write pioneering programs. For example, in 1990, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> used a NeXT Computer to develop the <a href="/wiki/WorldWideWeb" title="WorldWideWeb">first web browser</a> and web server.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The video game series <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doom (series)">Doom</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i> were developed by <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a> using NeXT computers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other commercial programs were released for NeXT computers, including Altsys Virtuoso—a vector-drawing program with page-layout features, which was ported to Mac OS and Windows as <a href="/wiki/Aldus_FreeHand" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldus FreeHand">Aldus FreeHand</a> v4—and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Improv" title="Lotus Improv">Lotus Improv</a> <a href="/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheet</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/35px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/EC1835_C_cut.jpg/47px-EC1835_C_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:1990s" title="Portal:1990s">1990s portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT character set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-architecture_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-architecture binary">Multi-architecture binary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attributed to multiple references: <sup id="cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unixworld_April_1993-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NeXTWORLD_Feb_1994_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeXTWORLD_Feb_1994-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_Software_1995_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_Software_1995-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attributed to multiple references: <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">&#58;&#8202;4&#8202;</span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">&#58;&#8202;63&#8202;</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cultofmac.com/482888/tiah-steve-jobs-boardroom-coup/">"Today in Apple history: Steve Jobs attempts a boardroom coup"</a>. May 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Today+in+Apple+history%3A+Steve+Jobs+attempts+a+boardroom+coup&amp;rft.date=2023-05-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultofmac.com%2F482888%2Ftiah-steve-jobs-boardroom-coup%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/steve-jobs-fire-company/story?id=14683754">"When Steve Jobs Got Fired by Apple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=When+Steve+Jobs+Got+Fired+by+Apple&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2Fsteve-jobs-fire-company%2Fstory%3Fid%3D14683754&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rome.ro/news/2015/12/13/gametales-cray-ymp">"GameTales: Cray 6400"</a>. January 31, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=GameTales%3A+Cray+6400&amp;rft.date=2010-01-31&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frome.ro%2Fnews%2F2015%2F12%2F13%2Fgametales-cray-ymp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_NeXT_Big_Thing-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_NeXT_Big_Thing_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStross1993" class="citation book cs1">Stross, Randall (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689121357"><i>Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing</i></a>. Athenium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-12135-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-12135-0"><bdi>0-689-12135-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628074925/https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689121357">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs+and+the+NeXT+Big+Thing&amp;rft.pub=Athenium&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=0-689-12135-0&amp;rft.aulast=Stross&amp;rft.aufirst=Randall&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780689121357&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1984" class="citation news cs1">Morrison, Ann (February 20, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/1984/02/20/apple-bites-back-fortune-1984/">"Apple Bites Back"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190609050506/http://fortune.com/1984/02/20/apple-bites-back-fortune-1984/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortune&amp;rft.atitle=Apple+Bites+Back&amp;rft.date=1984-02-20&amp;rft.aulast=Morrison&amp;rft.aufirst=Ann&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F1984%2F02%2F20%2Fapple-bites-back-fortune-1984%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon2006" class="citation news cs1">Shannon, Victoria (May 22, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060602104905/http://iht.com/articles/2006/05/21/business/lobbyside.php">"Apple losing its polish in France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="International New York Times">International Herald Tribune</a></i>. p.&#160;11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/21/business/lobbyside.php">the original</a> on June 2, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&amp;rft.atitle=Apple+losing+its+polish+in+France&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft.date=2006-05-22&amp;rft.aulast=Shannon&amp;rft.aufirst=Victoria&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F05%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Flobbyside.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1989" class="citation news cs1">Patton, Phil (August 6, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/magazine/steve-jobs-out-for-revenge.html">"Steve Jobs: Out For Revenge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214133646/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/magazine/steve-jobs-out-for-revenge.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Steve+Jobs%3A+Out+For+Revenge&amp;rft.date=1989-08-06&amp;rft.aulast=Patton&amp;rft.aufirst=Phil&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F06%2Fmagazine%2Fsteve-jobs-out-for-revenge.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubenow1985" class="citation news cs1">Lubenow, Gerald C. (September 29, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/jobs-talks-about-his-rise-and-fall-207016">"Jobs Talks About His Rise and Fall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070045/https://www.newsweek.com/jobs-talks-about-his-rise-and-fall-207016">Archived</a> from the original on July 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsweek&amp;rft.atitle=Jobs+Talks+About+His+Rise+and+Fall&amp;rft.date=1985-09-29&amp;rft.aulast=Lubenow&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerald+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fjobs-talks-about-his-rise-and-fall-207016&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuerst1985" class="citation news cs1">Fuerst, Irene (March 15, 1985). "Apple's new Mac push; can Apple Computer succeed in wooing big companies with its Macintosh Office?". <i>Datamation</i>. p.&#160;42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Datamation&amp;rft.atitle=Apple%27s+new+Mac+push%3B+can+Apple+Computer+succeed+in+wooing+big+companies+with+its+Macintosh+Office%3F&amp;rft.pages=42&amp;rft.date=1985-03-15&amp;rft.aulast=Fuerst&amp;rft.aufirst=Irene&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-West_of_Eden-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-West_of_Eden_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1990" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Frank (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westofedenendofi00rose_0/page/193"><i>West of Eden</i></a>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-81278-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-81278-1"><bdi>0-670-81278-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103205807/https://archive.org/details/westofedenendofi00rose_0/page/193">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=West+of+Eden&amp;rft.pub=Viking&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.isbn=0-670-81278-1&amp;rft.aulast=Rose&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestofedenendofi00rose_0%2Fpage%2F193&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005118-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005118_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungSimon2005">Young &amp; Simon 2005</a>, p.&#160;118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahney2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Kahney, Leander (September 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/09/sept-16-1985-jobs-quits-applesept-16-1997-jobs-rejoins-apple/">"Sept. 16, 1985: Jobs Quits AppleSept. 16, 1997: Jobs Rejoins Apple"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011161047/https://www.wired.com/2008/09/sept-16-1985-jobs-quits-applesept-16-1997-jobs-rejoins-apple/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Wired&amp;rft.atitle=Sept.+16%2C+1985%3A+Jobs+Quits+AppleSept.+16%2C+1997%3A+Jobs+Rejoins+Apple&amp;rft.date=2008-09-15&amp;rft.aulast=Kahney&amp;rft.aufirst=Leander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2008%2F09%2Fsept-16-1985-jobs-quits-applesept-16-1997-jobs-rejoins-apple%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector1985" class="citation news cs1">Spector, G (September 24, 1985). "Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market". <i><a href="/wiki/EWeek" title="EWeek">PC Week</a></i>. p.&#160;109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PC+Week&amp;rft.atitle=Apple%27s+Jobs+Starts+New+Firm%2C+Targets+Education+Market&amp;rft.pages=109&amp;rft.date=1985-09-24&amp;rft.aulast=Spector&amp;rft.aufirst=G&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2019" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, William (September 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/09/12/looking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever">"Looking back at Steve Jobs's NeXT, Inc — the most successful failure ever"</a>. <i>AppleInsider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=AppleInsider&amp;rft.atitle=Looking+back+at+Steve+Jobs%27s+NeXT%2C+Inc+%E2%80%94+the+most+successful+failure+ever&amp;rft.date=2019-09-12&amp;rft.aulast=Gallagher&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fappleinsider.com%2Farticles%2F18%2F09%2F12%2Flooking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secondcoming-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secondcoming_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secondcoming_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutschman2000" class="citation book cs1">Deutschman, Alan (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut"><i>Second Coming of Steve Jobs</i></a></span>. Broadway Books. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0432-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0432-X"><bdi>0-7679-0432-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103205848/https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Second+Coming+of+Steve+Jobs&amp;rft.pages=64&amp;rft.pub=Broadway+Books&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0-7679-0432-X&amp;rft.aulast=Deutschman&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondcomingofst00deut&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004207-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinzmayer2004207_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinzmayer2004">Linzmayer 2004</a>, p.&#160;207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rand-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rand_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rand_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellerHelfandLois2000" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Steven; Helfand, Jessica; Lois, George (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulrand0000hell_c0d6/"><i>Paul Rand</i></a></span>. Phaidon Press. p.&#160;256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3994-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3994-9"><bdi>0-7148-3994-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Paul+Rand&amp;rft.pages=256&amp;rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=0-7148-3994-9&amp;rft.aulast=Heller&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft.au=Helfand%2C+Jessica&amp;rft.au=Lois%2C+George&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulrand0000hell_c0d6%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeahm2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Beahm" title="George Beahm">Beahm, George W.</a> (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stevejobslifebyd0000unse"><i>Steve Jobs' life by design&#160;: lessons to be learned from his last lecture, the most popular graduation address in history</i></a></span>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin&#39;s Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p.&#160;190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-27983-5"><bdi>978-1-137-27983-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880884772">880884772</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs%27+life+by+design+%3A+lessons+to+be+learned+from+his+last+lecture%2C+the+most+popular+graduation+address+in+history&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pages=190&amp;rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880884772&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-137-27983-5&amp;rft.aulast=Beahm&amp;rft.aufirst=George+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstevejobslifebyd0000unse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fearless_Genius-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fearless_Genius_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenuez2014" class="citation book cs1">Menuez, Doug (June 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lat8AQAAQBAJ&amp;q=cure+cancer&amp;pg=PR20"><i>Fearless Genius: The Digital Revolution in Silicon Valley 1985-2000</i></a>. Atria Books. p.&#160;4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476752693" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476752693"><bdi>978-1476752693</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/852226582">852226582</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124043946/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lat8AQAAQBAJ&amp;q=cure+cancer&amp;pg=PR20">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fearless+Genius%3A+The+Digital+Revolution+in+Silicon+Valley+1985-2000&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Atria+Books&amp;rft.date=2014-06-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F852226582&amp;rft.isbn=978-1476752693&amp;rft.aulast=Menuez&amp;rft.aufirst=Doug&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLat8AQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcure%2Bcancer%26pg%3DPR20&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byte_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBaran1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Thompson, Tom; Baran, Nick (November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/byte_article.htm">"The NeXT Computer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Byte_(magazine)" title="Byte (magazine)">Byte</a></i>. Vol.&#160;13, no.&#160;12. pp.&#160;158–175. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080405161616/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/byte_article.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Byte&amp;rft.atitle=The+NeXT+Computer&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=158-175&amp;rft.date=1988-11&amp;rft.aulast=Thompson&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft.au=Baran%2C+Nick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simson.net%2Fref%2FNeXT%2Fbyte_article.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlee2016" class="citation web cs1">Brownlee, John (February 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3056684/remembering-the-design-legacy-of-steve-jobss-other-great-computer-company">"Remembering The Design Legacy Of Steve Jobs's Other Great Computer Company"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_Company" title="Fast Company">Fast Company</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113001026/https://www.fastcompany.com/3056684/remembering-the-design-legacy-of-steve-jobss-other-great-computer-company">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&amp;rft.atitle=Remembering+The+Design+Legacy+Of+Steve+Jobs%27s+Other+Great+Computer+Company&amp;rft.date=2016-02-16&amp;rft.aulast=Brownlee&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3056684%2Fremembering-the-design-legacy-of-steve-jobss-other-great-computer-company&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnera1989" class="citation news cs1">Bonnera, Paul (February 1989). "The heart of a new machine (frogdesign for NeXT computer)". <i>PC/Computing Magazine</i>. p.&#160;144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PC%2FComputing+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=The+heart+of+a+new+machine+%28frogdesign+for+NeXT+computer%29&amp;rft.pages=144&amp;rft.date=1989-02&amp;rft.aulast=Bonnera&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP_iPhone-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RP_iPhone_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2019" class="citation web cs1">McCracken, Harry (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201175217/https://www.fastcompany.com/90374043/how-ross-perot-helped-bring-us-the-iphone">"How Ross Perot befriended Steve Jobs and helped bring us the iPhone"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/90374043/how-ross-perot-helped-bring-us-the-iphone">the original</a> on December 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&amp;rft.atitle=How+Ross+Perot+befriended+Steve+Jobs+and+helped+bring+us+the+iPhone&amp;rft.date=2019-07-09&amp;rft.aulast=McCracken&amp;rft.aufirst=Harry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F90374043%2Fhow-ross-perot-helped-bring-us-the-iphone&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005134-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005134_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungSimon2005">Young &amp; Simon 2005</a>, p.&#160;134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40543937"><i>PostScript language reference</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> (3rd&#160;ed.). Reading, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-37922-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-37922-8"><bdi>0-201-37922-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40543937">40543937</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224014050/https://www.worldcat.org/title/postscript-language-reference/oclc/40543937">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=PostScript+language+reference&amp;rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40543937&amp;rft.isbn=0-201-37922-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F40543937&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHsHKzYOV2E"><span class="plainlinks">Steve Jobs building NeXT</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlender1988" class="citation web cs1">Schlender, Brenton R (October 13, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html">"Next Project: Apple Era Behind Him, Steve Jobs Tries Again, Using a New System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228131557/http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Next+Project%3A+Apple+Era+Behind+Him%2C+Steve+Jobs+Tries+Again%2C+Using+a+New+System&amp;rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&amp;rft.date=1988-10-13&amp;rft.aulast=Schlender&amp;rft.aufirst=Brenton+R&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tech-insider.org%2Funix%2Fresearch%2F1988%2F1013.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/Timeline/TImeline.html">"NeXT Timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NeXT+Timeline&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevra.org%2FTheBestOfNext%2FTimeline%2FTImeline.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandefer2004" class="citation book cs1">Standefer, Robert (2004). "Evolution of Mac OS X". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macintoshswitche00stan"><i>Macintosh Switcher's Guide</i></a></span>. Wordware Publishing. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macintoshswitche00stan/page/n49">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-045-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-045-6"><bdi>1-55622-045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Mac+OS+X&amp;rft.btitle=Macintosh+Switcher%27s+Guide&amp;rft.pages=33&amp;rft.pub=Wordware+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=1-55622-045-6&amp;rft.aulast=Standefer&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacintoshswitche00stan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakahashi1989" class="citation news cs1">Takahashi, Ken (August 29, 1989). "Motorola making chips in Japan". <i>Newsbytes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newsbytes&amp;rft.atitle=Motorola+making+chips+in+Japan&amp;rft.date=1989-08-29&amp;rft.aulast=Takahashi&amp;rft.aufirst=Ken&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1989" class="citation news cs1">White, David W. (December 1989). "Dell System 325 (Hardware Review)". <i>The Local Area Network Magazine</i>. p.&#160;132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Local+Area+Network+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Dell+System+325+%28Hardware+Review%29&amp;rft.pages=132&amp;rft.date=1989-12&amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;rft.aufirst=David+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnoff1989" class="citation news cs1">Krasnoff, Barbara (December 1989). "Buyer's guide: benchmarks". <i>Personal Computing</i>. p.&#160;170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Personal+Computing&amp;rft.atitle=Buyer%27s+guide%3A+benchmarks&amp;rft.pages=170&amp;rft.date=1989-12&amp;rft.aulast=Krasnoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Barbara&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeXT_Computer,_Inc.1991" class="citation book cs1">NeXT Computer, Inc. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irZQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sound, Music, and Signal Processing on a NeXT Computer: Concepts</i></a>. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-58137-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-58137-9"><bdi>978-0-201-58137-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223213114/https://books.google.com/books?id=irZQAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sound%2C+Music%2C+and+Signal+Processing+on+a+NeXT+Computer%3A+Concepts&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-201-58137-9&amp;rft.au=NeXT+Computer%2C+Inc.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirZQAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magneto-optical-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-magneto-optical_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawles1989" class="citation news cs1">Rawles, Richard (September 19, 1989). "Developers split over optical drive (NeXT Inc's 256Mbyte erasable magneto-optical drive)". <i><a href="/wiki/MacWEEK" title="MacWEEK">MacWEEK</a></i>. p.&#160;3.n33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=MacWEEK&amp;rft.atitle=Developers+split+over+optical+drive+%28NeXT+Inc%27s+256Mbyte+erasable+magneto-optical+drive%29&amp;rft.pages=3.n33&amp;rft.date=1989-09-19&amp;rft.aulast=Rawles&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/business/company-news-businessland-deal-seen-for-next-inc.html">"COMPANY NEWS; Businessland Deal Seen for Next Inc"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Reuters. March 25, 1989. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701024345/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/business/company-news-businessland-deal-seen-for-next-inc.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=COMPANY+NEWS%3B+Businessland+Deal+Seen+for+Next+Inc.&amp;rft.date=1989-03-25&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F03%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-businessland-deal-seen-for-next-inc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer,_Richard1989" class="citation news cs1">Shaffer, Richard (July 1989). "NeXT means business now". <i>Personal Computing</i>. <a href="/wiki/InfoTrac" title="InfoTrac">General Reference Center Gold</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Personal+Computing&amp;rft.atitle=NeXT+means+business+now.&amp;rft.date=1989-07&amp;rft.au=Shaffer%2C+Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1993" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Vance (July 17, 1993). "Steve Jobs just says no". <i>Fortune</i>. <a href="/wiki/InfoTrac" title="InfoTrac">General Reference Center Gold</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortune&amp;rft.atitle=Steve+Jobs+just+says+no.&amp;rft.date=1993-07-17&amp;rft.aulast=McCarthy&amp;rft.aufirst=Vance&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-object-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-object_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114182612/http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/ThirdPartyProducts/ThirdPartyHardware/NeXTSTEPonNonNeXTComputers/IntelHardwareForNeXTStep/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41.html">"Canon object.station 41"</a>. <i>The Best of NeXT Computers</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/ThirdPartyProducts/ThirdPartyHardware/NeXTSTEPonNonNeXTComputers/IntelHardwareForNeXTStep/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Best+of+NeXT+Computers&amp;rft.atitle=Canon+object.station+41&amp;rft.aulast=Ford&amp;rft.aufirst=Kevin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevra.org%2FTheBestOfNext%2FThirdPartyProducts%2FThirdPartyHardware%2FNeXTSTEPonNonNeXTComputers%2FIntelHardwareForNeXTStep%2FCanon-object-station41%2FCanon-object-station41%2FCanon-object-station41.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel1994" class="citation news cs1">Garfinkel, Simon L (April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.Japan1.html">"Open Door Policy"</a>. NeXTWORLD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208170326/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.Japan1.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Open+Door+Policy&amp;rft.date=1994-04&amp;rft.aulast=Garfinkel&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon+L&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simson.net%2Fref%2FNeXT%2Fnextworld%2F94.4%2F94.4.Apr.Japan1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"NeXT may expand two-man board". <i>PC Week</i>. December 9, 1991. p.&#160;125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PC+Week&amp;rft.atitle=NeXT+may+expand+two-man+board&amp;rft.pages=125&amp;rft.date=1991-12-09&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/Rare_NeXT_Hardware/pyro_installation.pdf">"Pyro 50 Mhz Accelerator Board"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NeXT</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329064138/http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/Rare_NeXT_Hardware/pyro_installation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NeXT&amp;rft.atitle=Pyro+50+Mhz+Accelerator+Board&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextcomputers.org%2FNeXTfiles%2FDocs%2FRare_NeXT_Hardware%2Fpyro_installation.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16A_AQAAIAAJ"><i>Byte</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw_Hill_Education" title="McGraw Hill Education">McGraw-Hill</a>. 1993. p.&#160;35-36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Byte&amp;rft.pages=35-36&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16A_AQAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005200-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoungSimon2005200_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoungSimon2005">Young &amp; Simon 2005</a>, p.&#160;200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unixworld_April_1993-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unixworld_April_1993_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Steve's Gone Soft". <i>UnixWorld</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=SF+Gate&amp;rft.atitle=Analysts+wary+of+late+software+by+Taligent&amp;rft.date=1995-06-06&amp;rft.aulast=Abate&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FAnalysts-wary-of-late-software-by-Taligent-3144590.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerners-Lee" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Berners-Lee, Tim</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html">"The WorldWideWeb browser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080904111724/http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&amp;rft.atitle=The+WorldWideWeb+browser&amp;rft.aulast=Berners-Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FPeople%2FBerners-Lee%2FWorldWideWeb.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ben_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=4">Roads and Crossroads of Internet History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206040430/http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=4">Archived</a> February 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter 4: Birth of the Web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2020" class="citation web cs1">Bhatia, Anuj (May 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-steve-jobs-next-inc-6394346/">"Remembering Steve Jobs' NeXT, a computer company he founded in 1985"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505125612/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-steve-jobs-next-inc-6394346/">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&amp;rft.atitle=Remembering+Steve+Jobs%27+NeXT%2C+a+computer+company+he+founded+in+1985&amp;rft.date=2020-05-09&amp;rft.aulast=Bhatia&amp;rft.aufirst=Anuj&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftechnology%2Ftech-news-technology%2Ffacts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-steve-jobs-next-inc-6394346%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmack2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Carmack" title="John Carmack">Carmack, John</a> (September 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/09/01/why-john-carmack-chose-next-for-developing-doom-and-other-favorites/">"Why John Carmack Chose NeXT For Developing 'Doom' And Other Favorites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526180056/https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/09/01/why-john-carmack-chose-next-for-developing-doom-and-other-favorites/">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Forbes&amp;rft.atitle=Why+John+Carmack+Chose+NeXT+For+Developing+%27Doom%27+And+Other+Favorites&amp;rft.date=2016-09-01&amp;rft.aulast=Carmack&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fquora%2F2016%2F09%2F01%2Fwhy-john-carmack-chose-next-for-developing-doom-and-other-favorites%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Clancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-12-million-dollar-failure-saved-apple-next-2019-8">"Steve Jobs left Apple to start a new computer company. His $12 million failure saved Apple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Insider_(news_website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insider (news website)">Business Insider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Steve+Jobs+left+Apple+to+start+a+new+computer+company.+His+%2412+million+failure+saved+Apple.&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.aufirst=Clancy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsteve-jobs-12-million-dollar-failure-saved-apple-next-2019-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoveRhodes" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bove" title="Tony Bove">Bove, Tony</a>; Rhodes, Cheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Articles/NeXTWORLD/93.2/93.2.ApMay.Virtuoso.html">"Reviews: Virtuoso Performance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simson_Garfinkel" title="Simson Garfinkel">Simson Garfinkel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Reviews%3A+Virtuoso+Performance&amp;rft.pub=Simson+Garfinkel&amp;rft.aulast=Bove&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Cheryl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nextcomputers.org%2FNeXTfiles%2FArticles%2FNeXTWORLD%2F93.2%2F93.2.ApMay.Virtuoso.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoveRhodes" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bove" title="Tony Bove">Bove, Tony</a>; Rhodes, Cheryl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/92.4/92.4.Winter.Virtuoso.html">"Reviews: Its Own Reward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simson_Garfinkel" title="Simson Garfinkel">Simson Garfinkel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Reviews%3A+Its+Own+Reward&amp;rft.pub=Simson+Garfinkel&amp;rft.aulast=Bove&amp;rft.aufirst=Tony&amp;rft.au=Rhodes%2C+Cheryl&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimson.net%2Fref%2FNeXT%2Fnextworld%2F92.4%2F92.4.Winter.Virtuoso.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409051520/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11162870.html">"V2.1 type library on CD-ROM"</a>. <i>Graphic Arts Monthly</i>. August 1, 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11162870.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2013</span> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Graphic+Arts+Monthly&amp;rft.atitle=V2.1+type+library+on+CD-ROM&amp;rft.date=1991-08-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-11162870.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/NeXTWORLDVol.1No.1JanuaryFebruary1991"><i>NeXTWORLD Vol. 1 No. 1 January/February 1991</i></a>. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=NeXTWORLD+Vol.+1+No.+1+January%2FFebruary+1991&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNeXTWORLDVol.1No.1JanuaryFebruary1991&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1999" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infiniteloophoww00malo"><i>Infinite Loop</i></a>. Currency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-48684-7"><bdi>0-385-48684-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Infinite+Loop&amp;rft.pub=Currency&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=0-385-48684-7&amp;rft.aulast=Malone&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfiniteloophoww00malo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSimon2005" class="citation book cs1">Young, Jeffrey S.; Simon, William L. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff"><i>iCon: Steve Jobs</i></a></span>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-72083-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-72083-6"><bdi>0-471-72083-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=iCon%3A+Steve+Jobs&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-72083-6&amp;rft.aulast=Young&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&amp;rft.au=Simon%2C+William+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ficonstevejobsgre00jeff&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzarino2011" class="citation web cs1">Panzarino, Matthew (November 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416233538/https://thenextweb.com/news/watch-steve-jobs-brainstorm-with-the-next-team-in-this-fascinating-video">"Steve Jobs brainstorms with the NeXT team"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TNW_(website)" title="TNW (website)">TNW</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenextweb.com/news/watch-steve-jobs-brainstorm-with-the-next-team-in-this-fascinating-video">the original</a> on April 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TNW&amp;rft.atitle=Steve+Jobs+brainstorms+with+the+NeXT+team&amp;rft.date=2011-11-20&amp;rft.aulast=Panzarino&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fnews%2Fwatch-steve-jobs-brainstorm-with-the-next-team-in-this-fascinating-video&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeXT" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=NeXT&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">28</span> minutes</span>)</div><div 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NeXT" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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Tribble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_Computer" title="NeXT Computer">NeXT Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTcube" title="NeXTcube">NeXTcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTcube_Turbo" title="NeXTcube Turbo">NeXTcube Turbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTstation" title="NeXTstation">NeXTstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTdimension" title="NeXTdimension">NeXTdimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_MegaPixel_Display" title="NeXT MegaPixel Display">NeXT MegaPixel Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_Laser_Printer" title="NeXT Laser Printer">NeXT Laser Printer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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href="/wiki/Category:NeXT" title="Category:NeXT">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NeXT" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NeXT">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Steve_Jobs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steve_Jobs" title="Template:Steve Jobs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steve_Jobs" title="Template talk:Steve Jobs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steve_Jobs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steve Jobs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Steve_Jobs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Steve_Jobs_media" title="Timeline of Steve Jobs media">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc.#1975–1985:_Jobs_and_Wozniak" title="History of Apple Inc.">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Macintosh">Macintosh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Return_to_Apple" title="Steve Jobs">Return to Apple</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_Flash" title="Thoughts on Flash">Thoughts on Flash</a>"</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg/100px-Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg/150px-Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg/200px-Steve_Jobs_Headshot_2010-CROP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs#Honors_and_awards" title="Steve Jobs">Honors and public recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Kingdom" title="The Little Kingdom">The Little Kingdom</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_of_Steve_Jobs" title="The Second Coming of Steve Jobs">The Second Coming of Steve Jobs</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ICon" title="ICon">iCon</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(book)" title="Steve Jobs (book)">Steve Jobs</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bite_in_the_Apple" title="The Bite in the Apple">The Bite in the Apple</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Becoming_Steve_Jobs" title="Becoming Steve Jobs">Becoming Steve Jobs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Designed by Apple in California</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Fry_(memoir)" title="Small Fry (memoir)">Small Fry</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Make_Something_Wonderful" title="Make Something Wonderful">Make Something Wonderful</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Nerds" title="Triumph of the Nerds">Triumph of the Nerds</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley" title="Pirates of Silicon Valley">Pirates of Silicon Valley</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Lost_Interview" title="Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview">Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ISteve" title="ISteve">ISteve</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobs_(film)" title="Jobs (film)">Jobs</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(film)" title="Steve Jobs (film)">Steve Jobs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs:_The_Man_in_the_Machine" title="Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine">Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurene_Powell_Jobs" title="Laurene Powell Jobs">Laurene Powell Jobs</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Simpson" title="Mona Simpson">Mona Simpson</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrisann_Brennan" title="Chrisann Brennan">Chrisann Brennan</a> (mother of his first child)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Brennan-Jobs" title="Lisa Brennan-Jobs">Lisa Brennan-Jobs</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_Jobs" title="Eve Jobs">Eve Jobs</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Jobs" title="Reed Jobs">Reed Jobs</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevenote" title="Stevenote">Stevenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_distortion_field" title="Reality distortion field">Reality distortion field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackling_House" title="Jackling House">Jackling House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_(R)evolution_of_Steve_Jobs" title="The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs">The (R)evolution of Steve Jobs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Foundation" title="Seva Foundation">Seva Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_a_Migrant_from_Syria" title="The Son of a Migrant from Syria">The Son of a Migrant from Syria</a></i> (2015 mural)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(yacht)" title="Venus (yacht)"><i>Venus</i> yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)"><i>1984</i> commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apple_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and<br />digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly <i>Apple ID</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NeXT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple&#39;s EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O&#39;Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of<br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_York_(businessman)" title="Jerry York (businessman)">Jerry York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wayne" title="Ronald Wayne">Ronald Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/156080159">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5072175-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92036508">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15731661s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15731661s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00327128">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007346769505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐7vn4p Cached time: 20241125133630 Cache expiry: 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