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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1992 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_Party_and_1996_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Party_and_1996_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Party_and_1996_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1996 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Later activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ross Perot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="روس بيرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روس بيرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="راس پرو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راس پرو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88" title="راس پرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راس پرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%9C" title="로스 페로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로스 페로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8" title="Ռոս Պերո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոս Պերո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95" title="רוס פרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוס פרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="روس بيرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روس بيرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ロス・ペロー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロス・ペロー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81" title="Перо, Росс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перо, Росс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Рос Перо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рос Перо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="รอสส์ เพโรต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รอสส์ เพโรต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Росс Перо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Росс Перо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ross Perot" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%BD%97" title="罗斯·佩罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗斯·佩罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American businessman and politician (1930–2019)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ross Perot</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/220px-Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/440px-Ross_Perot_in_his_office_Allan_Warren_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="892" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Perot in 1986</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Henry Ross Perot</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-06-27</span>)</span>June 27, 1930<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana, Texas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 9, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-07-09)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sparkman-Hillcrest_Memorial_Park_Cemetery" title="Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery">Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery</a>, Dallas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texarkana_College" title="Texarkana College">Texarkana College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (before 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (2000–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Margot Birmingham</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_Jr." title="Ross Perot Jr.">Ross Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1953–1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossperot.com">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Perot_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ross_Perot_Signature.png/150px-Ross_Perot_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ross_Perot_Signature.png/225px-Ross_Perot_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Ross_Perot_Signature.png/300px-Ross_Perot_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Ross Perot Sr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/31\/En-us-Perot.oga\/En-us-Perot.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Perot.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-Perot.oga/En-us-Perot.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Perot.oga" title="File:En-us-Perot.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pə-<span style="font-size:90%">ROH</span></i></a>; June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman, politician, and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive officer of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perot_Systems" title="Perot Systems">Perot Systems</a>. He ran an <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 U.S. presidential election</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third-party</a> <a href="#1996_campaign">campaign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 U.S. presidential election</a> as the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>, which was formed by <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> supporters of Perot's 1992 campaign. Although he failed to carry a single state in either election, both campaigns were among the strongest <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">presidential showings by a third party or independent candidate</a> in U.S. history. </p><p>Born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana, Texas</a>, Perot became a salesman for <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> after serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. In 1962, he founded Electronic Data Systems, a data processing service company. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> bought a controlling interest in the company for $2.4 billion ($6 billion in 2023). Perot established Perot Systems in 1988 and was an <a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">angel investor</a> for <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, a computer company founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> after he left <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. Perot also became heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">Vietnam War POW/MIA issue</a>, arguing that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia after the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. During the presidency of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Perot became increasingly active in politics and strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and ratification of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>. </p><p>In 1992, Perot announced his intention to run for president and advocated a balanced budget, an end to the outsourcing of jobs, and the enactment of <a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">electronic direct democracy</a>. A June 1992 Gallup poll showed Perot leading a three-way race against President Bush and presumptive <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. Perot withdrew from the race in July, but re-entered the race in early October after he qualified for all 50 state ballots. He chose Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_Stockdale" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a> as his running mate and appeared in the 1992 debates with Bush and Clinton. In the election, Perot did not win any electoral votes, but won over 19.7 million votes for an 18.9% share of the popular vote. He won support from across the ideological and partisan spectrum, but performed best among self-described moderates. Perot ran for president again in 1996, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a> as a vehicle for his campaign. He won 8.4 percent of the popular vote against President Clinton and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>. </p><p>Perot did not seek public office again after 1996. He endorsed Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> over Reform nominee <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> in the 2000 election and supported Republican <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> in 2008 and 2012. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> acquired Perot Systems for $3.9 billion ($5.4 billion in 2023). According to <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>, Perot was the 167th richest person in the United States as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot died from <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, on July 9, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_military_career"><span id="Early_life.2C_education.2C_and_military_career"></span>Early life, education, and military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ross Perot was born in <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana, Texas</a> in 1930, the son of Lula May (<a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">née</a> Ray) and Gabriel Ross Perot,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Commodity_broker" title="Commodity broker">commodity broker</a> specializing in cotton contracts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an older brother, Gabriel Perot Jr., who died as a toddler.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His patrilineal line traces back to a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French-Canadian</a> immigrant to the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">colony of Louisiana</a> in the 1740s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot attended a local private school, Patty Hill, before graduating from <a href="/wiki/Texas_High_School" title="Texas High School">Texas High School</a> in Texarkana in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TISD_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TISD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first job, at eight years old, was helping to distribute the <i>Texarkana Gazette</i> as a paperboy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> in 1942, after 13 months in the program, and was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honor2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Perot's childhood friends was <a href="/wiki/Hayes_McClerkin" title="Hayes McClerkin">Hayes McClerkin</a>, who later became the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)#States" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Arkansas House of Representatives">Arkansas House of Representatives</a> and a prominent lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Arkansas" title="Texarkana, Arkansas">Texarkana, Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1947 to 1949, he attended <a href="/wiki/Texarkana_Junior_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Texarkana Junior College">Texarkana Junior College</a>, then entered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in 1949 and helped establish its <a href="/wiki/Honor_Concept" title="Honor Concept">honor system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-junior_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junior-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot claimed his appointment notice to the academy—sent by telegram—was sent by <a href="/wiki/W._Lee_O%27Daniel" title="W. Lee O'Daniel">W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel</a>, Texas's 34th governor and former senator.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot served as a junior officer on a destroyer, and later, an aircraft carrier from 1953 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot, who had only ever owned one pair of shoes at a time, was shocked to find that he was issued multiple pairs of shoes in the navy, which he would later point to as "possibly my first example of government waste".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot then went to the Naval Reserve, which he left on June 30, 1961, with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died when Perot was 25 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, Perot married Margot Birmingham, whom he met on a blind date as a midshipman docked in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business">Business</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After he left the Navy in 1957, Perot became a salesman for <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. He quickly became a top employee (one year, he fulfilled his annual sales quota in two weeks)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tried to pitch his ideas to supervisors, who largely ignored him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left IBM in 1962 to found <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a> (EDS) in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, and courted large corporations for his data processing services. Perot was denied bids for contracts 77 times before receiving his first contract. EDS received lucrative contracts from the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> in the 1960s, computerizing <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> records. EDS <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">went public</a> in 1968, and the stock price rose from $16 a share to $160 within days. <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> called Perot the "fastest, richest Texan" in a 1968 cover story.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1969, his shares in EDS were briefly worth $1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot gained some press attention for being "the biggest individual loser ever on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>" when his EDS shares dropped $445 million ($2.7 billion in today's money) in value in a single day in April 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While EDS boasted strong earnings in 1970, its exceptionally high <a href="/wiki/Price-to-earnings_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Price-to-earnings ratio">price-to-earnings ratio</a>, reaching 118 times earnings at its initial public offering in 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-BrooksGoGo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrooksGoGo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it a prime target for a bear raid. The stock's vulnerability was compounded by the fact that a significant portion of the publicly traded shares were "weakly held" by fast-performance <a href="/wiki/Mutual_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutual funds">mutual funds</a> prone to rapid selling at the first sign of trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-BrooksGoGo_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrooksGoGo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the stock price began to decline on April 22nd, likely due to large-scale short selling, these <a href="/wiki/Institutional_investors" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional investors">institutional investors</a> quickly unloaded their holdings, triggering a panic sell-off and a precipitous drop in the share price. This dramatic single-day decline in EDS stock was part of a broader collapse in the technology sector during the second quarter of 1970. The average computer stock plummeted 80% from its peak in late 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Navellier2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navellier2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uccel" title="Uccel">University Computing</a>, for instance, suffered a devastating 93% loss in value.<sup id="cite_ref-Navellier2010_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navellier2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall market downturn, reflected in a 19% drop in the S&P 500 during that quarter, was further fueled by a recessionary environment, growing <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States#1970—1979" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">sociopolitical unrest</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and events like the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a>, and a general loss of confidence in the market after a period of exuberant speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coincidentally, the EDS crash occurred on the first <a href="/wiki/Earth_Day" title="Earth Day">Earth Day</a>, adding to the symbolic significance of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-Navellier2010_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Navellier2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> bought a controlling interest in EDS for $2.4 billion ($6 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Perot sold EDS to General Motors with the idea that he and EDS would have a leadership role within the company. However, Perot's plan was ignored by the management of General Motors, prompting Perot to leave and later found Perot Systems. Perot's experience with GM contributed to him becoming an outspoken critic of corporate America.<sup id="cite_ref-judis_47_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_47-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Perot became the second-richest man in the United States, only behind <a href="/wiki/Sam_Moore_Walton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Moore Walton">Sam Moore Walton</a>, with a fortune estimated at $1.8 billion ($4.3 billion), according to the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">Forbes 400</a> list of the wealthiest people in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983,_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983%2C_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983%2C_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983%2C_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983%2C_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Ross_Perot_on_13_January_1983%2C_from-_Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C12397_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Perot in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>Just before the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the government of Iran imprisoned two EDS employees in a contract dispute. Perot organized and sponsored their rescue. The rescue team was led by retired <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">United States Army Special Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Simons" title="Arthur D. Simons">Arthur D. "Bull" Simons</a>. When the team was unable to find a way to extract the two prisoners, they decided to wait for a group of revolutionaries to storm the jail and free all 10,000 inmates, many of whom were political prisoners. The two prisoners then connected with the rescue team, which led them out of Iran through a border crossing into Turkey. The exploit was recounted in the book <i><a href="/wiki/On_Wings_of_Eagles" title="On Wings of Eagles">On Wings of Eagles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Follett" title="Ken Follett">Ken Follett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 this was turned into a two-part television mini-series (alternatively titled "Teheran") with the actor <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a> playing the role of Colonel Simons and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crenna" title="Richard Crenna">Richard Crenna</a> as Perot. </p><p>In 1984, Perot's Perot Foundation bought a very early copy of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, one of only a few to leave the United Kingdom. The foundation lent it to the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed alongside the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. In 2007, the foundation sold it to <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a>, managing director of <a href="/wiki/The_Carlyle_Group" title="The Carlyle Group">The Carlyle Group</a> for $21.3 million ($30.2 million) to be used "for medical research, for improving public education and for assisting wounded soldiers and their families".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains on display at the National Archives.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> lost the power struggle at Apple and left to found <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, his angel investor was Perot, who invested over $20 million. Perot believed in Jobs and did not want to miss out, as he had with his chance to invest in <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>'s fledgling <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, he founded <a href="/wiki/Perot_Systems" title="Perot Systems">Perot Systems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_Jr." title="Ross Perot Jr.">Ross Perot Jr.</a>, eventually succeeded him as CEO. In September 2009, Perot Systems was acquired by Dell for $3.9 billion ($5.4 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activities">Political activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_activities">Early political activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg/200px-Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg/300px-Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg/400px-Ross_Perot_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Perot with a portrait of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> in his office in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>After a visit to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a> in 1969, made at the request of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he met with senior <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> officials, Perot became heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">Vietnam War POW/MIA issue</a>. He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U.S. involvement in the war,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt062092_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt062092-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that government officials were covering up POW/MIA investigations to avoid revealing a drug-smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-time062992_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time062992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot engaged in unauthorized back-channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s, which led to fractured relations between Perot and the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush administrations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt062092_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt062092-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time062992_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time062992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Perot reached an agreement with Vietnam's Foreign Ministry to become its business agent if diplomatic relations were normalized.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt060592_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt060592-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot also launched private investigations of, and attacks upon, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> official <a href="/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Armitage (naval officer)">Richard Armitage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt062092_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt062092-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time062992_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time062992-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Florida in 1990, retired financial planner <a href="/wiki/Jack_Gargan_(politician)" title="Jack Gargan (politician)">Jack Gargan</a>, employing a famous quotation from the 1976 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Network_(1976_film)" title="Network (1976 film)">Network</a></i>, funded a series of "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore" newspaper advertisements denouncing Congress for voting to give legislators pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing. Gargan later founded "Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out" (THRO), which Perot supported.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot did not support President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and vigorously opposed the United States' involvement in the 1990–1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>. He unsuccessfully urged Senators to vote against the war resolution, and began to consider a presidential run.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wait_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wait-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992_presidential_campaign"><span class="anchor" id="1992_campaign"></span>1992 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1992 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign">Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_debate_3267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Third_debate_3267.jpg/280px-Third_debate_3267.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Third_debate_3267.jpg/420px-Third_debate_3267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Third_debate_3267.jpg/560px-Third_debate_3267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Perot meets <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> at the third presidential debate at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>, October 19, 1992.</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 20, 1992, Perot appeared on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Larry_King_Live" title="Larry King Live">Larry King Live</a></i> and announced his intention to run as an independent if his supporters could get his name on the ballot in all 50 states. With such declared policies as balancing the <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">federal budget</a>, favoring certain types of gun control, ending the outsourcing of jobs and enacting <a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">electronic direct democracy</a> via "electronic <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town halls</a>", he became a potential candidate and soon polled roughly even with the two major-party candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot denounced Congress for its inaction in a speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> in Washington, D.C., on March 18, 1992; he said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>This city has become a town filled with <a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">sound bites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_game" title="Shell game">shell games</a>, handlers, media stuntmen who posture, create images, talk, shoot off <a href="/wiki/Roman_candle_(firework)" title="Roman candle (firework)">Roman candles</a>, but don't ever accomplish anything. We need deeds, not words, in this city.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Perot's candidacy received increasing media attention when the competitive phase of the primary season ended for the two major parties. With the insurgent candidacies of Republican <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> winding down, Perot was the natural beneficiary of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> resentment toward establishment politicians. On May 25, 1992, he was featured on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> with the title "Waiting for Perot", an allusion to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_for_Godot" title="Waiting for Godot">Waiting for Godot</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several months before the Democratic and Republican conventions, Perot filled the vacuum of election news, as his supporters began petition drives to get him on the ballot in all 50 states. This sense of momentum was reinforced when Perot employed two savvy campaign managers in Democrat <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Jordan" title="Hamilton Jordan">Hamilton Jordan</a> and Republican <a href="/wiki/Ed_Rollins" title="Ed Rollins">Ed Rollins</a>. While Perot was pondering whether to run for office, his supporters established a campaign organization <a href="/wiki/United_We_Stand_America" title="United We Stand America">United We Stand America</a>. Perot was late in making formal policy proposals, but most of what he did call for was intended to reduce the deficit, such as a <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">fuel tax</a> increase and cutbacks to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, Perot led a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> with 39% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July, the Perot campaign fell into disarray and his polls fell sharply. The <a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 Democratic National Convention</a> was held on Monday, July 13 through Thursday, July 16, during which time there was increased media coverage of the general election. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Sentinel" class="mw-redirect" title="The Milwaukee Sentinel">The Milwaukee Sentinel</a></i> reported that Perot's campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by Perot's unwillingness to follow their advice to be more specific on issues,<sup id="cite_ref-milwaukee_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwaukee-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his need to be in full control of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-milwaukee_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milwaukee-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i> reported such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">loyalty oaths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot's poll numbers had slipped to 25%, and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them, he would fall into single digits. Hamilton Jordan (a high-ranking manager in the Perot campaign) allegedly threatened to quit, but senior campaign officials denied this.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 15, Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist <a href="/wiki/Hal_Riney" title="Hal Riney">Hal Riney</a>, who had worked with Rollins on the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> campaign. Rollins would later claim that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amid the chaos, Perot's support fell to 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Perot announced on <i>Larry King Live</i> that he would not seek the presidency. He explained that he did not want the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split. Perot eventually stated the reason was that he received threats that digitally altered photographs would be released by the Bush campaign to sabotage his daughter's wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever his reasons for withdrawing, his reputation was badly damaged. Many of his supporters felt betrayed, and public opinion polls subsequently showed a largely negative view of Perot that was absent before his decision to end the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, he qualified for all 50 state ballots. On October 1, he announced his intention to re-enter the presidential race. He campaigned in 16 states and spent an estimated $12.3 million of his own money.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot employed the innovative strategy of purchasing half-hour blocks of time on major networks for <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercial</a>-type campaign advertisements; this advertising garnered more viewership than many sitcoms, with one Friday night program in October attracting 10.5 million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point in June, Perot led the polls with 39% (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Just prior to the debates, Perot received 7–9% support in nationwide polls.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debates likely played a significant role in his ultimate receipt of almost 19% of the popular vote. Although his answers during the debates were often general, Frank Newport of <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> concluded that Perot "convincingly won the first debate, coming in significantly ahead of both the Democratic challenger Clinton and incumbent President George H.W. Bush".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the debate, he remarked: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>Keep in mind our Constitution predates the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Our founders did not know about electricity, the train, telephones, radio, television, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, nuclear weapons, satellites, or space exploration. There's a lot they didn't know about. It would be interesting to see what kind of document they'd draft today. Just keeping it frozen in time won't hack it.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 election</a>, he received 18.9% of the popular vote, about 19,741,065 votes, but no <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral college</a> votes, making him the most successful non-major-party presidential candidate in terms of share of the popular vote since <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Perot, however, multiple third-party candidates since Roosevelt had won electoral college votes: <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert La Follette</a> in 1924, <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a> in 1948, and <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> in 1968. Compared with Thurmond and Wallace, who polled very strongly in a small number of states, Perot's vote was more evenly spread across the country. Perot managed to finish second in two states: in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine" title="1992 United States presidential election in Maine">Maine</a>, Perot received 30.44% of the vote—ahead of part-time resident Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); and in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah" title="1992 United States presidential election in Utah">Utah</a>, Perot received 27.34% of the vote—ahead of Clinton's 24.65% (Bush won Utah with 43.36%). Although Perot did not win a state, he received a plurality of votes in some counties.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His popular vote total is still by far the most ever garnered for a non-major-party candidate, almost double the previous record set by Wallace in 1968. </p><p>A detailed analysis of voting demographics revealed that Perot's support drew heavily from across the political spectrum, with 20% of his votes coming from self-described <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, 27% from self-described <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatives</a>, and 53% coming from self-described moderates. Economically, however, the majority of Perot voters (57%) were middle class, earning between $15,000 and $49,000 annually, with the bulk of the remainder drawing from the upper-middle class (29% earning more than $50,000 annually).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exit polls also showed that 38% of Perot voters would have otherwise voted for Bush, and 38% would have voted for Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there were widespread claims that Perot acted as a "spoiler", post-election analysis suggested that his presence in the race likely did not affect the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, the 1992 election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A strong third-party candidate was a rare event. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a> described the theory that Perot was a spoiler as "unlikely".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on his performance in the popular vote in 1992, Perot was entitled to receive federal election funding for 1996. Perot remained in the public eye after the election and championed opposition to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). During the campaign, he had urged voters to listen for the "<a href="/wiki/Giant_sucking_sound" title="Giant sucking sound">giant sucking sound</a>" of American jobs heading south to Mexico should NAFTA be ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_Party_and_1996_presidential_campaign"><span class="anchor" id="1996_campaign"></span>Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reform Party and 1996 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996_presidential_campaign"><span class="anchor" id="1996_campaign"></span>1996 presidential campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1996 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1996 presidential campaign">Ross Perot 1996 presidential campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg/220px-Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg/330px-Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg/440px-Perot_Choate_1996_campaign_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Flyer from Perot's 1996 presidential campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>Perot tried to keep his movement alive through the mid-1990s, continuing to speak about the increasing national debt. He was a prominent campaigner against NAFTA, and frequently claimed that American manufacturing jobs would go to Mexico. On November 10, 1993, Perot debated with then-Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> on the issue on <i>Larry King Live</i> with an audience of 16 million viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot's behavior during the debate was a source of mirth thereafter, including his repeated pleas to "let me finish" in his southern drawl. The debate was seen by many as effectively ending Perot's political career.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for NAFTA went from 34% to 57%.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a> and won their presidential nomination for the <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 United States presidential election</a>. His vice presidential running mate was <a href="/wiki/Pat_Choate" title="Pat Choate">Pat Choate</a>. Because of the ballot access laws, he had to run as an independent on many state ballots. Perot received 8% of the popular vote in 1996, lower than in the 1992 race, but still an unusually successful third-party showing by U.S. standards. He spent much less of his own money in this race than he had four years prior, and he also allowed other people to contribute to his campaign, unlike his prior race. One common explanation for the decline was Perot's exclusion from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">presidential debates</a>, based on the preferences of the Democratic and Republican party candidates. Law professor <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Jamie Raskin</a> filed a lawsuit over Perot's exclusion years later.<sup id="cite_ref-od_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-od-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbsdeb_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsdeb-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_activities">Later activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg/200px-Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg/300px-Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg/400px-Ross_Perot_addresses_the_audience_at_the_%E2%80%9CA_Time_of_Remembrance%E2%80%9D_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Perot addresses the audience at the "A Time of Remembrance" ceremony in Washington, D.C., September 20, 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, Perot refused to become openly involved with the internal Reform Party dispute between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a>. Perot was reportedly unhappy with what he saw as the disintegration of the party, as well as his own portrayal in the press; thus, he chose to remain quiet. He appeared on <i>Larry King Live</i> four days before the election and endorsed <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> for president. Despite his earlier opposition to NAFTA, Perot remained largely silent about expanded use of guest-worker visas in the United States, with Buchanan supporters attributing this silence to his corporate reliance on foreign workers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Perot was asked to testify before the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> in support of proposals to extend access to technology to students, including making laptops available to them. He supported changing the process of buying textbooks by making <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">e-books</a> available and by allowing schools to purchase books at the local level instead of going through the state. In an April 2005 interview, Perot expressed concern about the state of progress on issues that he had raised in his presidential runs.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2008, Perot publicly came out against Republican candidate <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and endorsed <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> for president. He also announced that he would soon be launching a new website with updated economic graphs and charts.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2008, his blog launched, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Entitlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Entitlements">entitlements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a>), the U.S. national debt, and related issues.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Perot endorsed Romney for president again.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot did not give any endorsements for the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perot did not fit the usual political stereotypes; his views were seen as either pragmatic or populist, depending on the observer, and usually focused on his economic policy, such as balancing the budget, to gain support from both Democratic and Republican voters. Perot supported stricter gun control such as an <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">assault weapons</a> ban and supported increased research in <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot was hesitant on covering the issue of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">gay rights</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a>, but openly supported gay rights in <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot spoke in favor of "comprehensive national health care plan — one that would be akin to Medicare but for all Americans, not just the needy".<sup id="cite_ref-grant_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became known for his opposition to NAFTA; Perot believed that the power of corporations must be curbed, and saw the transfer of jobs to other countries as a symbol of corruption and inequality. He argued that such trade agreements only benefited the companies while robbing the US of its tax base and blue-collar jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot famously stated during the October 15 debate that NAFTA would create a "<a href="/wiki/Giant_sucking_sound" title="Giant sucking sound">giant sucking sound</a>" on American jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-judis_50_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_50-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The populism of Ross Perot is hard to define and is a contested topic amongst political scientists. Perot was described as a "classical populist",<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liberal populist, "telepopulist" and also a "third way" populist.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neal Allen and Brian J. Brox argue that Perot was neither left nor right-wing ideologically, and focused first and foremost on promoting reforms of the political process and grassroots democracy; despite this, they also found some notable similarities between Perot and the left-wing populism of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, and an average Perot voter had liberal leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anton_Pelinka" title="Anton Pelinka">Anton Pelinka</a> described Perot's ideology as the "populism of the centre", presenting a distinct form of populism that significantly differed from left-wing and right-wing populist movements that appeared in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthijs Rooduijn argues that Perot was an example of a liberal populist with centre-left leanings, noting his hostility to <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a> - in the 1992 election, Perot stated that USA was in crisis caused by "the decade of greed, the era of trickle-down economics".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his famous <i>The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics</i> publication, <a href="/wiki/John_Judis" title="John Judis">John Judis</a> wrote that "Perot represented a left and center-left populism",<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in tradition of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-judis_50_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_50-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Judis, Perot "represented the first clear repudiation of the neoliberal agenda."<sup id="cite_ref-judis_50_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_50-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding foreign policy, Perot was an outspoken opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and condemned Bush for the military intervention against Iraq. He instead promoted a more isolationist foreign policy, arguing that USA should focus on rebuilding its economy. In his 1992 presidential campaign, Perot stated that his "highest foreign policy priority is to get our house in order and make America work again".<sup id="cite_ref-judis_49_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_49-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attacked Bush for his ties to Saddam Hussein prior to the invasion of Kuwait - according to Perot, the Bush administration covertly aided Hussein's chemical weapons programs and turned a blind eye to Iraqi plans against Kuwait, instructing <a href="/wiki/April_Glaspie" title="April Glaspie">April Glaspie</a> to greenlight Hussein's invasion on assumption that he would only seize Kuwait's northern oil fields. Perot claimed that Bush invaded Iraq because its actions threatened Bush's "manhood", and stated: "off we go into the wild blue yonder with the lives of our servicemen at risk because of 10 years of stupid mistakes".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot also focused on anti-lobbying and political reform proposals - he favored a <a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto_in_the_United_States" title="Line-item veto in the United States">presidential line item veto</a> against "<a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork barrel</a> spending and waste", elimination of <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committees</a> (PACs) to curb the influence of special interest groups, replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Gramm%E2%80%93Rudman%E2%80%93Hollings_Balanced_Budget_Act" title="Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act">Gramm–Rudman–Hollings Balanced Budget Act</a> with a different balanced budget apparatus that would focus on limiting "tricks, loopholes, and improper accounting procedures" and a ban on <a href="/wiki/Exit_polling" class="mw-redirect" title="Exit polling">exit polling</a> during elections. He also postulated a ban on lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-grant_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-judis_50_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_50-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1992, Perot was a <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">pro-choice</a> activist, and a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>. He stated that poorer women in particular should have access to abortions via federal funding. From 2000, he was pro-choice reluctantly.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perot believed taxes should be increased on the wealthy, while spending should be cut to help pay off the national debt. Perot also believed the capital gains tax should be increased, while giving tax breaks to those starting new businesses. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>"We cut the capital gains tax rate from a maximum rate of 35% to a maximum rate that got as low as 20% during the 1980s. Who got the benefit? The rich did, of course, because that's who owns most of the capital assets."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Not For Sale at Any Price</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Together with increased taxes on the wealthy, Perot also supported curbing entitlement payments and tax rebates to the affluent, and spoke in favor of eliminating the government's air fleet and other Washington perks for legislators, mocking the privileges that the US legislators enjoyed. He also argued that the government should protect the job base through intervention in the market. He spoke in support of creating a national industrial ministry based on the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a>, which would increase state control over large businesses and direct their investment.<sup id="cite_ref-grant_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot stressed that the government should ensure that both public and private investments would target the "industries of the future". When asked about objections to his plans from free-market advocates, Perot said: "Don’t they realize that the biogenetics industry is the result of our federally funded research universities and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>?"<sup id="cite_ref-judis_49_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judis_49-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot was strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, and was credited with marking the "first clear repudiation" of the neoliberal economic policies pursued by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>"A disturbing trend has emerged from the decade of greed, the era of trickle-down economics and the period of capital gains tax manipulation. We are headed for a two-class society."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Pox Populi: Ross Perot and the corruption of populism. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>. August 9, 1993. Retrieved August 14, 2024.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In his 1993 book <i>Not For Sale at Any Price</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perot expressed support for giving tax cuts for <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>, as opposed to larger corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Perot supported a <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budget</a> amendment, stating, "spending should not exceed revenue for 27 consecutive years." On trade, Perot stated that <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">NAFTA</a> caused the trade deficit between Mexico and the United States and a loss of manufacturing jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His position on free trade and NAFTA became his defining campaign principle of both the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections. Perot argued: "We have got to stop sending jobs overseas. It's pretty simple: If you're paying $12, $13, $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border, pay a dollar an hour for labor, ... have no health care—that's the most expensive single element in making a car—have no environmental controls, no pollution controls and no retirement, and you don't care about anything but making money, there will be a giant sucking sound going south." </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>... when [Mexico's] jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour, and ours go down to six dollars an hour, and then it's leveled again. But in the meantime, you've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The 1992 Campaign: Transcript of 2nd TV Debate Between Bush, Clinton and Perot". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. New York Times Company. October 16, 1992. Retrieved May 16, 2016.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>For the 1992 election, Perot unveiled an ambitious budget program that would balance the budget through redistributive policies. The most prominent element of the plan was Perot's proposal to raise the income tax bracket of 4% wealthiest households from 31 to 33 percent, and to raise it further to 35 percent in the future. Other points included increasing the taxable portion of Social Security benefits from 50 to 85 percent for recipients with income of $25,000 or more, as well as implementing a tax on hitherto tax-free employer-paid health insurance, with Perot arguing that a tax-free workplace insurance creates an unfair advantage for those who receive health insurance through their job. The plan also called for doubling cigarette tax and increasing gasoline tax by 50 cents a gallon; Perot explained that higher gasoline tax would help conserve energy and reduce pollution, but also advocated the creation of a special allowance for the workers disproportionately affected by the higher gasoline price. The plan also included massive cuts in military spending and scrapping the proposed space station project, which Perot derided as "a vacation home in space".<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(L-R)_Larry_Hagman,_Ross_Perot,_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_(8392304697).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg/280px-%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg/420px-%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg/560px-%28L-R%29_Larry_Hagman%2C_Ross_Perot%2C_Margot_Perot_and_Suzanne_Perot_at_the_Rosewood_Crescent_Club_%288392304697%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Larry_Hagman" title="Larry Hagman">Larry Hagman</a>, Ross Perot, Margot Perot and Suzanne Perot (in 1988)</figcaption></figure> <p>Perot and his wife Margot (née Birmingham; born November 15, 1933),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Goucher_College" title="Goucher College">Goucher College</a>, had five children (<a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_Jr." title="Ross Perot Jr.">Ross Jr.</a>, Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine)<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 19 grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot was raised in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> faith, but he converted to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Presbyterian_Church_(University_Park,_Texas)" title="Highland Park Presbyterian Church (University Park, Texas)">Highland Park Presbyterian Church</a> in late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described as very faithful in church attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perot died from <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, on July 9, 2019, less than two weeks after his 89th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, he had an estimated net worth of about $4.1 billion ($4.8 billion in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-death_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-death-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was ranked by <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> as the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">167th-richest person in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Sparkman-Hillcrest_Memorial_Park_Cemetery" title="Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery">Sparkman-Hillcrest Memorial Park Cemetery</a> and a memorial service was held at <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_United_Methodist_Church" title="Highland Park United Methodist Church">Highland Park United Methodist Church</a>, with 1,300 invited guests.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_achievements">Honors and achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honors and achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1970, he was the recipient of the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1985, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners" title="Hall of Great Westerners">Hall of Great Westerners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum" title="National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum">National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1986, Perot became the third American to receive the <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts" title="Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts">Winston Churchill Award</a> for his efforts on behalf of American POWs in Vietnam in the 1960s and for organizing the rescue of two EDS employees from a prison in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1980, he received the Oak Cliff Lions Clubs' "Humanitarian Award".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1986, Perot received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Perot was inducted into the Junior Achievement <a href="/wiki/U.S._Business_Hall_of_Fame" title="U.S. Business Hall of Fame">U.S. Business Hall of Fame</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On April 22, 2009, Ross Perot was made an honorary <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">Green Beret</a> at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a>, North Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In May 2009, he was appointed an honorary chairman of the <a href="/wiki/OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On September 18, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Texarkana_Independent_School_District" title="Texarkana Independent School District">Texarkana Independent School District</a> named him (1947 graduate of <a href="/wiki/Texas_High_School" title="Texas High School">Texas High School</a>) as a 2009 Distinguished Alumnus.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 15, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a> awarded him with the distinguished <a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer_Award" title="Sylvanus Thayer Award">Sylvanus Thayer Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USMA_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USMA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On April 20, 2010, Perot was presented with the Distinguished Leadership Award from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a> Foundation, Inc., Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In honor of Perot's 80th birthday, the bridge connecting Walton and University drives in Texarkana, Texas, was named the H. Ross Perot Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 2, 2010, Perot was given the <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> Award from the <a href="/wiki/OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a> at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Washington, D.C. He is the 26th recipient of the award.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2011, Perot accepted the <a href="/wiki/Army_Heritage_Center_Foundation" title="Army Heritage Center Foundation">Army Heritage Center Foundation</a>'s Boots on the Ground Award.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On October 28, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Perot_Museum_of_Nature_and_Science" title="Perot Museum of Nature and Science">Perot Museum of Nature and Science</a> announced it was naming a new species of the dinosaur genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pachyrhinosaurus" title="Pachyrhinosaurus">Pachyrhinosaurus</a></i> after the Perot family. The new species is named <i>Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 United States Presidential Election">1992 United States Presidential Election</a><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>44,909,806 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>43.0% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (incumbent)/ <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (incumbent) </td> <td style="text-align:right">39,104,550 </td> <td style="text-align:right">37.4% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#DDDDBB;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Independent_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (United States)">Independent</a> </td> <td class="fn">Ross Perot/<a href="/wiki/James_Stockdale" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">19,743,821 </td> <td style="text-align:right">18.9% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1996_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Reform Party presidential primaries">1996 Reform Party presidential primaries</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#6A287E;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b>Ross Perot </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>32,145 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>65.2% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#6A287E;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lamm" title="Richard Lamm">Richard Lamm</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">17,121 </td> <td style="text-align:right">34.8% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 United States Presidential Election">1996 United States Presidential Election</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:5px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (incumbent)/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (incumbent) </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>47,401,185 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;margin-right:0.5em"><b>49.2% </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">39,197,469 </td> <td style="text-align:right">40.7% </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#6A287E;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party (United States)">Reform</a> </td> <td class="fn">Ross Perot/<a href="/wiki/Pat_Choate" title="Pat Choate">Pat Choate</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,085,294 </td> <td style="text-align:right">8.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Forbes 400: 2017 Ranking". <i>Forbes</i>. October 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2019" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (July 9, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/09/us/politics/ross-perot-death.html">"Ross Perot, Brash Texas Billionaire Who Ran for President, Dies at 89"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Perot+to+Testify+in+Senate+on+Americans+Missing+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.date=1992-06-05&rft.au=Patrick+E.+Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9E0CE7DC1F31F936A35755C0A964958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsikoff1992" class="citation news cs1">Isikoff, Michael (May 31, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/pb/archive/politics/1992/05/31/unlikely-suitors-pushed-perot-bid/bc22e3e3-16b5-4d87-a852-2277c6d26952/?resType=accessibility&nid=menu_nav_accessibilityforscreenreader">"Unlikely Suitors Pushed Perot Bid"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Unlikely+Suitors+Pushed+Perot+Bid&rft.date=1992-05-31&rft.aulast=Isikoff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpb%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1992%2F05%2F31%2Funlikely-suitors-pushed-perot-bid%2Fbc22e3e3-16b5-4d87-a852-2277c6d26952%2F%3FresType%3Daccessibility%26nid%3Dmenu_nav_accessibilityforscreenreader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131132826/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/long.beach/perot/political.fray.shtml">"The 1992 Run For The Presidency"</a>. Reform Party. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/long.beach/perot/political.fray.shtml">the original</a> on January 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1992+Run+For+The+Presidency&rft.pub=Reform+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgi.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2F1996%2Fconventions%2Flong.beach%2Fperot%2Fpolitical.fray.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wait-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wait_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuindlen1992" class="citation news cs1">Quindlen, Anna (June 3, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/03/opinion/public-private-waiting-for-perot.html">"Public & Private; Waiting for Perot"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Public+%26+Private%3B+Waiting+for+Perot&rft.date=1992-06-03&rft.aulast=Quindlen&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F03%2Fopinion%2Fpublic-private-waiting-for-perot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people-press.org/report/19920616/year-of-the-outsider">"Year of the Outsider"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i>. June 16, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Year+of+the+Outsider&rft.date=1992-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople-press.org%2Freport%2F19920616%2Fyear-of-the-outsider&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerot1992" class="citation book cs1">Perot, Ross (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rossperotspeakso00pero"><i>Ross Perot Speaks Out: Issue by Issue, what He Says about Our Nation : Its Problems and Its Promise</i></a></span>. Prima Pub. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rossperotspeakso00pero/page/55">55</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55958-274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55958-274-2"><bdi>978-1-55958-274-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ross+Perot+Speaks+Out%3A+Issue+by+Issue%2C+what+He+Says+about+Our+Nation+%3A+Its+Problems+and+Its+Promise&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Prima+Pub.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55958-274-2&rft.aulast=Perot&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frossperotspeakso00pero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060627205758/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19920525,00.html">"<i>Time</i> magazine cover: H. Ross Perot"</a>. <i>TIME Archives</i>. May 25, 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19920525,00.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME+Archives&rft.atitle=Time+magazine+cover%3A+H.+Ross+Perot&rft.date=1992-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19920525%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Royko1992" class="citation web cs1">Mike Royko (October 14, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1992-10-14-9210140963-story.html">"Ross Perots' plan to tax gasoline primes the pump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513194033/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1992-10-14-9210140963-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Ross+Perots%27+plan+to+tax+gasoline+primes+the+pump&rft.date=1992-10-14&rft.au=Mike+Royko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandosentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fos-xpm-1992-10-14-9210140963-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/11/us/the-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html">"The 1992 Campaign: On the Trail – Poll Gives Perot a Clear Lead"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 11, 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+1992+Campaign%3A+On+the+Trail+%E2%80%93+Poll+Gives+Perot+a+Clear+Lead&rft.date=1992-06-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fthe-1992-campaign-on-the-trail-poll-gives-perot-a-clear-lead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-milwaukee-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milwaukee_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milwaukee_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jd8VAAAAIBAJ&pg=5420,3383510&dq=ross-perot&hl=en">"Perot advisers reportedly at odds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal_Sentinel" title="Milwaukee Journal Sentinel">The Milwaukee Sentinel</a></i>. July 14, 1992. p. 2A<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Perot+advisers+reportedly+at+odds&rft.pages=2A&rft.date=1992-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DJd8VAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5420%2C3383510%26dq%3Dross-perot%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1992/07/14/perot-asks-volunteers-to-sign-loyalty-oaths/">"Perot asks volunteers to sign loyalty oaths"</a>. <i>Tampa Bay Times</i>. Associated Press. July 14, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Perot+asks+volunteers+to+sign+loyalty+oaths&rft.date=1992-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1992%2F07%2F14%2Fperot-asks-volunteers-to-sign-loyalty-oaths%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1992" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Steven A. (July 14, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/14/news/opposition-independent-perot-adviser-threatens-quit-over-frustrations-with.html">"Perot Adviser Threatens to Quit Over Frustrations With Campaign"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Perot+Adviser+Threatens+to+Quit+Over+Frustrations+With+Campaign&rft.date=1992-07-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F14%2Fnews%2Fopposition-independent-perot-adviser-threatens-quit-over-frustrations-with.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1992" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Anthony (October 2, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/02/opinion/abroad-at-home-why-perot.html?pagewanted=1">"Abroad at Home; Why Perot?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Abroad+at+Home%3B+Why+Perot%3F&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1992-10-02&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F10%2F02%2Fopinion%2Fabroad-at-home-why-perot.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1992" class="citation news cs1">Holmes, Steven A (July 16, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/16/news/campaign-ross-perot-rollins-quits-perot-s-campaign-asserts-his-advice-was.html">"Rollins Quits Perot's Campaign; Asserts His Advice Was Ignored"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rollins+Quits+Perot%27s+Campaign%3B+Asserts+His+Advice+Was+Ignored&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1992-07-16&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Steven+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F16%2Fnews%2Fcampaign-ross-perot-rollins-quits-perot-s-campaign-asserts-his-advice-was.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerke1992" class="citation news cs1">Berke, Richard L. (October 26, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/26/us/1992-campaign-overview-perot-says-he-quit-july-thwart-gop-dirty-tricks.html">"The 1992 Campaign: The Overview – Perot Says He Quit in July to Thwart G.O.P. 'Dirty Tricks'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Gore's decisive victory was the saving of NAFTA and the beginning of the end of Perot as even a semi-serious public figure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+plays+off+expectations%3B+Gore+learns+from+mistakes&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft.aulast=Reaves&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Frank+Pelligrini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2000%2FALLPOLITICS%2Fstories%2F10%2F03%2Fdebate.games.tm%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (December 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.time.com/2010/12/16/top-10-larry-king-moments/slide/al-gore-and-ross-perot-debate-nafta/">"Al Gore and Ross Perot Debate NAFTA"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Al+Gore+and+Ross+Perot+Debate+NAFTA&rft.date=2010-12-15&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.time.com%2F2010%2F12%2F16%2Ftop-10-larry-king-moments%2Fslide%2Fal-gore-and-ross-perot-debate-nafta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-od-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-od_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053730/http://www.opendebates.org/aboutus/boardofdirectors.html">"Open Debates: Board of Directors"</a>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.tulane.edu/~bbrox/Allen%26Brox.pdf">"The Roots of Third Party Voting: The 2000 Nader Campaign in Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Party Politics</i>. <b>11</b> (5). 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Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. <i>Bloombsbury Academic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+for+Sale+At+Any+Price%3A+How+We+Can+Save+America+for+Our+Children&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft.date=1993-04&rft.isbn=978-1-56282-723-6&rft.aulast=Perot&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotforsaleatanyp00pero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontheissues.org/At_Any_Price.htm">"<i>Not For Sale at Any Price</i>, by Ross Perot"</a>. <i>ontheissues.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Accessed May 24, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-10-31-me-821-story.html">"Contenders From Mainstream Faiths : Religion: Statistics give Bush, an Episcopalian, the best chance, followed by Perot, a Presbyterian. Only 2 Presidents have been Southern Baptists, Clinton's denomination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 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Associated Press. October 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/news/texas/new-dinosaur-species-named-for-perot-family-1939266.html">the original</a> on November 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+dinosaur+species+named+for+Perot+family&rft.date=2011-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statesman.com%2Fnews%2Ftexas%2Fnew-dinosaur-species-named-for-perot-family-1939266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1992&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">"1992 Presidential General Election Data – National"</a>. <i>Uselectionatlas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uselectionatlas.org&rft.atitle=1992+Presidential+General+Election+Data+%E2%80%93+National&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fdata.php%3Fyear%3D1992%26datatype%3Dnational%26def%3D1%26f%3D0%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/data.php?year=1996&datatype=national&def=1&f=0&off=0&elect=0">1996 Presidential General Election Data - National</a>, Uselectionatlas.org.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election#Further_reading" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election § Further reading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election#Further_reading" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 United States presidential election § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Berens, Charlyne. "Amplifying the giant sucking sound: Ross Perot and the media in the NAFTA negotiations." <i>Newspaper Research Journal</i> 20.2 (1999): 90–103.</li> <li>DeFrank, Thomas M. et al. <i>Quest for the Presidency, 1992</i>. (Texas A&M University Press. 1994).</li> <li>Gold, Howard J. "Third party voting in presidential elections: A study of Perot, Anderson, and Wallace." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 48.4 (1995): 751–773.</li> <li>Gross, Ken. <i>Ross Perot: The Man Behind the Myth</i> (Random House, 2012).</li> <li>Holian, David B., Timothy B. Krebs, and Michael H. Walsh. "Constituency opinion, Ross Perot, and roll-call behavior in the US House: The case of the NAFTA." <i>Legislative Studies Quarterly</i> (1997): 369–392.</li> <li>Jelen, Ted G., ed. <i>Ross for boss: The Perot phenomenon and beyond</i> (SUNY Press, 2001).</li> <li>Lacy, Dean, and Barry C. Burden. "The vote-stealing and turnout effects of Ross Perot in the 1992 US presidential election." <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> (1999): 233–255. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.dartmouth.edu/dist/9/280/files/2016/09/LacyBurdenAJPS1999.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Levin, Doron P. <i>Irreconcilable Differences: Ross Perot Versus General Motors</i> (New York: Plume, 1990)</li> <li>Mason, Todd. <i>Perot</i>. (Business One Irwin, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55623-236-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55623-236-7">978-1-55623-236-7</a> An <a href="/wiki/Unauthorized_biography" title="Unauthorized biography">unauthorized biography</a> by a longtime Perot watcher.</li> <li>Moore, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1988/02/15/70199/index.htm"><i>The GM System is Like a Blanket of Fog</i></a>, <i>Fortune</i>, February 15, 1988</li> <li>Owen, Diana, and Jack Dennis. "Anti‐partyism in the USA and support for Ross Perot." <i>European Journal of Political Research</i> 29.3 (1996): 383–400.</li> <li>Posner, Gerald <i>Citizen Perot: His Life and Times</i> (Random House, 1996).</li> <li>Post, Jerrold M. "The Political psychology of the Ross Perot phenomenon." in <i>The Clinton Presidency</i> (Routledge, 2019. 37–56).</li> <li>Rapoport, Ronald and Walter Stone. <i>Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence</i> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005).</li> <li>Simons, Herbert W. "Judging a policy proposal by the company it keeps: The Gore‐Perot NAFTA debate." <i>Quarterly Journal of Speech</i> 82.3 (1996): 274–287.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clinton, Bill. <i>My Life</i>. (Vintage, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3003-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3003-3">978-1-4000-3003-3</a>.</li> <li>Perot, Ross. <i>United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our Country</i> (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedwestandhow00pero">online</a>.</li> <li>Schulte-Sasse, Linda. "Meet Ross Perot: The Lasting Legacy of Capraesque Populism." <i>Cultural Critique</i> 25 (1993): 91–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354562">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001209140400/http://www.uwsa.com/books/Uwsabook.html"><i>United We Stand</i>, H. Ross Perot</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 9, 2000); text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year <i>United We Stand America</i>, as saved by <i>The Internet Archive</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ross_Perot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ross_Perot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ross_Perot" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/54/biz_06rich400_Henry-Ross-Perot_C6KA.html">"#57 Henry Ross Perot"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%2357+Henry+Ross+Perot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Flists%2F2006%2F54%2Fbiz_06rich400_Henry-Ross-Perot_C6KA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoss+Perot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1073">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?53808-1/perot-people"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Carolyn Barta on <i>Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power</i>, January 16, 1994.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?301281-1/contenders-ross-perot-1992-1996">"Ross Perot, Presidential Contender"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Contenders" title="The Contenders">The Contenders</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/200978511">Ross Perot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/taro/utarl/02106/arl-02106.html">H. Ross Perot Political Collection</a> <a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">finding aid</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Arlington#Libraries" title="University of Texas at Arlington">University of Texas at Arlington Libraries Special Collections</a> via Texas Archival Resources Online (TARO)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/04/04/clinton-bush-heavyweight-orig.cnn">1992 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DXC_Technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DXC Technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DXC_Technology60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DXC_Technology" title="DXC Technology">DXC Technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_Jones_(American_entrepreneur)" title="Fletcher Jones (American entrepreneur)">Fletcher Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Nutt" title="Roy Nutt">Roy Nutt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ross Perot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Corporation" title="Computer Sciences Corporation">Computer Sciences Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Sciences_Raytheon" title="Computer Sciences Raytheon">Computer Sciences Raytheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSC_India" class="mw-redirect" title="CSC India">CSC India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DynCorp" title="DynCorp">DynCorp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VP/MS" title="VP/MS">VP/MS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_CSC" class="mw-redirect" title="Team CSC">Team CSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Template:Reform Party of the United States of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Template talk:Reform Party of the United States of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reform Party of the United States of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party of the United States of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pat_Choate" title="Pat Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Camejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Weill" title="Ted Weill">Weill</a>/McEnulty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Barnett" title="Andre Barnett">Barnett</a>/Cross</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">De La Fuente</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Steinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a>: De La Fuente/Richardson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicole_Shanahan" title="Nicole Shanahan">Shanahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primaries or convention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Reform Party presidential primaries">1996 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">2000 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Reform Party presidential primaries">2004 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Reform Party presidential primaries">2008 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Reform Party presidential primaries">2012 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Reform Party presidential primaries">2016 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Reform Party presidential primaries">2020 primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Reform_National_Convention" title="2024 Reform National Convention">2024 convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Verney" title="Russ Verney">Russ Verney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Schunk" title="Mae Schunk">Mae Schunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lamm" title="Richard Lamm">Richard Lamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Zschau" title="Ed Zschau">Ed Zschau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Roemer" title="Buddy Roemer">Buddy Roemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">Donald Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America#Active_state_affiliates" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Parties</a> by <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Party of New York">New York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections788" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Template:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Template talk:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Notable third-party performances in United States elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Notable_third-party_performances_in_United_States_elections788" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">Notable third-party performances in United States elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* Third party is endorsed by a major party</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Presidential</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89</a></b>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senatorial (since 1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1940 United States Senate election in California">California 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1940 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1940 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1940</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1940 United States Senate election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin 1940</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Minnesota" title="1942 United States Senate special election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1942 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="1942 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1942 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1944 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wisconsin" title="1944 United States Senate election in Wisconsin">Wisconsin 1944</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">California 1946 (Republican write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1946 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1946 United States Senate special election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1946 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1950 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 United States Senate election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1952 United States Senate election in California">California 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1952 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1952 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="1952 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1952 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1952</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="1954 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina 1954 (Democratic write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1954 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="1958 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1958 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1960 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1964 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1966 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Virginia" title="1966 United States Senate special election in Virginia">Virginia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1966 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1968 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1968 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="1968 United States Senate election in Maryland">Maryland 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1968 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut" title="1970 United States Senate election in Connecticut">Connecticut 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1970 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1970</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1970 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1970</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1970 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1970</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1972 United States Senate election in Louisiana">Louisiana 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="1974 United States Senate election in Florida">Florida 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Hawaii" title="1974 United States Senate election in Hawaii">Hawaii 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nevada" title="1974 United States Senate election in Nevada">Nevada 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1974 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="1974 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1976 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1976</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1976 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1976</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alabama" title="1978 United States Senate election in Alabama">Alabama 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="1978 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="1978 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="1978 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1980 United States Senate election in New York">New York 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Washington" title="1982 United States Senate election in Washington">Washington 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_election_in_Tennessee" title="1984 United States Senate election in Tennessee">Tennessee 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1990 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1992 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="1992 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Hawaii" title="1992 United States Senate election in Hawaii">Hawaii 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Louisiana" title="1992 United States Senate election in Louisiana">Louisiana 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1992 United States Senate election in Ohio">Ohio 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="1994 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1994 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Ohio" title="1994 United States Senate election in Ohio">Ohio 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="1994 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="1994 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="1996 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="1996 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="2000 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2000 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2002 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2002 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2002 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">Massachusetts 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Mississippi" title="2002 United States Senate election in Mississippi">Mississippi 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2002 United States Senate election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_election_in_Virginia" title="2002 United States Senate election in Virginia">Virginia 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oklahoma" title="2004 United States Senate election in Oklahoma">Oklahoma 2004</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut" title="2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut">Connecticut 2006</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2006 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2006 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2006</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2006</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2008 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2008 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2008 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon" title="2008 United States Senate election in Oregon">Oregon 2008</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2010 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2010 (Republican write-in)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="2010 United States Senate election in Florida">Florida 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2010 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Carolina" title="2010 United States Senate election in South Carolina">South Carolina 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2010 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2012 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2012</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2012 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2012</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maryland" title="2012 United States Senate election in Maryland">Maryland 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="2012 United States Senate election in Missouri">Missouri 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana" title="2012 United States Senate election in Montana">Montana 2012</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2012</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2014 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_South_Dakota" title="2014 United States Senate election in South Dakota">South Dakota 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Senate_election_in_Wyoming" title="2014 United States Senate election in Wyoming">Wyoming 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2016 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arizona" title="2016 United States Senate election in Arizona">Arizona 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2016 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="2016 United States Senate election in Indiana">Indiana 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_Kansas" title="2016 United States Senate election in Kansas">Kansas 2016</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2018 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2018</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" title="2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico">New Mexico 2018</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2018</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska" title="2020 United States Senate election in Alaska">Alaska 2020</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Arkansas" title="2020 United States Senate election in Arkansas">Arkansas 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Minnesota" title="2020 United States Senate election in Minnesota">Minnesota 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="2020 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Idaho" title="2022 United States Senate election in Idaho">Idaho 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_North_Dakota" title="2022 United States Senate election in North Dakota">North Dakota 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2022 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2022</a>*</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2024 United States Senate election in Maine">Maine 2024</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Nebraska" title="2024 United States Senate election in Nebraska">Nebraska 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Utah" title="2024 United States Senate election in Utah">Utah 2024</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">Vermont 2024</a></b>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_performances_in_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third-party performances in United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a> (since 1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1940 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1940 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1942</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1942_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1942</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1944 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="1944 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">California 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1952 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1952 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1956 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="1960 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1965 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Georgia_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Georgia gubernatorial election">Georgia 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Maryland_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Maryland gubernatorial election">Maryland 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Tennessee_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 Tennessee gubernatorial election">Tennessee 1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Alabama_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Alabama gubernatorial election">Alabama 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Arkansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 Arkansas gubernatorial election">Arkansas 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Mississippi_gubernatorial_election" title="1971 Mississippi gubernatorial election">Mississippi 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Washington_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 Washington gubernatorial election">Washington 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1973 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 1973</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1974</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nebraska_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Nebraska gubernatorial election">Nebraska 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nevada_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Nevada gubernatorial election">Nevada 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California gubernatorial election">California 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1988 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1988</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1990</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1990_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1990</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_West_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1992 West Virginia gubernatorial election">West Virginia 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Connecticut gubernatorial election">Connecticut 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 1994</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1994</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 1998</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 1998</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1998_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 1998</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 New York gubernatorial election">New York 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Pennsylvania_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election">Pennsylvania 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="1999 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky 1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_New_Hampshire_gubernatorial_election" title="2000 New Hampshire gubernatorial election">New Hampshire 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2000 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Arizona_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Arizona gubernatorial election">Arizona 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California gubernatorial election">California 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_New_Mexico_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 New Mexico gubernatorial election">New Mexico 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 New York gubernatorial election">New York 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Oklahoma gubernatorial election">Oklahoma 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Wisconsin_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 Wisconsin gubernatorial election">Wisconsin 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Illinois_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Illinois gubernatorial election">Illinois 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Louisiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2007 Louisiana gubernatorial election">Louisiana 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2008 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_New_Jersey_gubernatorial_election" title="2009 New Jersey gubernatorial election">New Jersey 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Colorado_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Colorado gubernatorial election">Colorado 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">Massachusetts 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Minnesota_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Minnesota gubernatorial election">Minnesota 2010</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2010_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 2010</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Wyoming gubernatorial election">Wyoming 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kentucky_gubernatorial_election" title="2011 Kentucky gubernatorial election">Kentucky 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="2013 Virginia gubernatorial election">Virginia 2013</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2014</a></b>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election">Hawaii 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">Rhode Island 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wyoming_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Wyoming gubernatorial election">Wyoming 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Kansas_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Kansas gubernatorial election">Kansas 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Indiana gubernatorial election">Indiana 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Vermont gubernatorial election">Vermont 2020</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Alaska gubernatorial election">Alaska 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Idaho_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Idaho gubernatorial election">Idaho 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Oregon gubernatorial election">Oregon 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_North_Dakota_gubernatorial_election" title="2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election">North Dakota 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Utah_gubernatorial_election" title="2024 Utah gubernatorial election">Utah 2024 (Republican write-in)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial Governors (since 1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1972 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="1974 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 1974</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1974</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1978</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1980 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="1988 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1990</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1994</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2000 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Northern_Mariana_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Northern Mariana Islands gubernatorial election">Northern Mariana Islands 2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2002</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2005_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2005 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2005</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2006</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2009_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2009 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2009</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2010 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2014 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2014 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2014</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2014</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2016 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2018 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Guamanian_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Guamanian gubernatorial election">Guam 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2018 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2020 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election" title="2022 Washington, D.C., mayoral election">District of Columbia 2022</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Mariana_Islands_general_election" title="2022 Northern Mariana Islands general election">Northern Mariana Islands 2022</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Virgin_Islands_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election">U.S. Virgin Islands 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Puerto_Rican_general_election" title="2024 Puerto Rican general election">Puerto Rico 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_performances_in_United_States_state_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third-party performances in United States state legislative elections">State legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Alaska_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Alaska state legislative elections">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Hawaii_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Hawaii state legislative elections">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Louisiana_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Louisiana state legislative elections">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Montana_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Montana state legislative elections">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_West_Virginia_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in West Virginia state legislative elections">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_Wyoming_state_legislative_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in Wyoming state legislative elections">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal:Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1988)_1992_United_States_presidential_election_(1996_→)509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1992 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1988)_1992_United_States_presidential_election_(1996_→)509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">← 1988</a>) <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonism" title="Clintonism">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Larry_Agran" title="Larry Agran">Larry Agran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin" title="Tom Harkin">Tom Harkin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Harkin_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Tom Harkin 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kerrey" title="Bob Kerrey">Bob Kerrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Laughlin" title="Tom Laughlin">Tom Laughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">Paul Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Woods_(politician)" title="Charles Woods (politician)">Charles Woods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennie_Rogers" title="Tennie Rogers">Tennie Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Candidate: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ross Perot</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1992 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP candidate: <a href="/wiki/James_Stockdale" title="James Stockdale">James Stockdale</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_independent_and_third-party_candidates461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="1991 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Marrou" title="Andre Marrou">Andre Marrou</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lord" title="Nancy Lord">Nancy Lord</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 NavajoWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tompkins" title="Mike Tompkins">Mike Tompkins</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Lenora_Fulani" title="Lenora Fulani">Lenora Fulani</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b>Maria Elizabeth Muñoz</b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/George_Ormsby_(politician)" title="George Ormsby (politician)">George Ormsby</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/J._Quinn_Brisben" title="J. Quinn Brisben">J. Quinn Brisben</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Garson" title="Barbara Garson">Barbara Garson</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_Warren_(presidential_candidate)" title="James Warren (presidential candidate)">James Warren</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE; : ''[[Constitution Party National Convention#1992 Convention|Convention]]''"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Albion_W._Knight_Jr." title="Albion W. Knight Jr.">Albion W. Knight Jr.</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b>Larry Holmes</b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Daniels_(politician)" title="Ronald Daniels (politician)">Ronald Daniels</a></b> (running mate: <b><a href="/wiki/Asiba_Tupahache" title="Asiba Tupahache">Asiba Tupahache</a></b>)</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gritz" title="Bo Gritz">Bo Gritz</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1992 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1992 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1992 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1992)_1996_United_States_presidential_election_(2000_→)532" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1996 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1996 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1996 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1992)_1996_United_States_presidential_election_(2000_→)532" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">← 1992</a>) <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clintonism" title="Clintonism">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_D._Griffin" title="James D. Griffin">James D. Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Paulsen" title="Pat Paulsen">Pat Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Riemers" title="Roland Riemers">Roland Riemers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Collins_(politician)" title="Charles E. Collins (politician)">Charles E. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dornan" title="Bob Dornan">Bob Dornan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fletcher" title="Arthur Fletcher">Arthur Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Gramm" title="Phil Gramm">Phil Gramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Richard Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennie_Rogers" title="Tennie Rogers">Tennie Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morry_Taylor" title="Morry Taylor">Morry Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Reform Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ross Perot</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Ross Perot 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Choate" title="Pat Choate">Pat Choate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lamm" title="Richard Lamm">Richard Lamm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lamm_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Lamm 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_Third-party_and_independent_candidates580" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_Green_Party_National_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 Green Party National Convention (page does not exist)">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 1996 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #50C878;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Grassroots_Party" title="Independent Grassroots Party">Independent Grassroots Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_Birrenbach" title="John Birrenbach">John Birrenbach</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/George_McMahon_(activist)" title="George McMahon (activist)">George McMahon</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Libertarian_National_Convention#1996" title="1996 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 NavajoWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tompkins" title="Mike Tompkins">Mike Tompkins</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bubar_Kelly" title="Rachel Bubar Kelly">Rachel Bubar Kelly</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cal_Hollis" title="Mary Cal Hollis">Mary Cal Hollis </a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chester" title="Eric Chester">Eric Chester</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">U.S. Taxpayers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Herb_Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herb Titus">Herb Titus</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></b></dd> <dt>VP nominee</dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joan_Jett_Blakk" title="Joan Jett Blakk">Joan Jett Blakk</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Feinland" title="Marsha Feinland">Marsha Feinland</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Steve_Michael" title="Steve Michael">Steve Michael</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Peron" title="Dennis Peron">Dennis Peron</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Other 1996 elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1996 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1996 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2517" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2517" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313697#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081624464">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88562847">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/240023/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCRfxJBq9VPkmGXFCG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118923307">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88028223">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125120527">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125120527">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472935">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Perot, Ross <1930-2019>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PARV519622">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090512008&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p423138286">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90681519">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018J7518">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582759505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266586605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14722402">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08568248?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118923307">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031695590">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572229">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hf8jxq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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